1. Starter Answer the following Define linear motion Define angular motion Define general motion Identify the 5 effects a force can have on an objective Explain Newtons 1st law Explain Newtons 2nd law Explain Newtons 3rd law

2. SpecificationCandidates should be able: Evaluate critically the impact of different types of physicalactivity (contact sports, high impact sports, activitiesinvolving repetitive actions).........on the skeletal and muscular systems (osteoporosis,osteoarthritis, growth plate, joint stability, posture andalignment).........with reference to lifelong involvement in an activelifestyle. 3. Learning Objectives To be able to present research on the impact of different types ofexercise on a specific area of the muscular or skeletal systems and beable to evaluate your own and others success doing this To understand the following in relation to physical activity Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Growth plates Joint stability Muscle alignment and posture To be able to critically evaluate the impact of different types of exerciseon the skeletal and muscular system, using sporting examples andspecific terminology To understand the grading criteria for 10 mark answers 4. Possible exam questionTaking part in physical activity is considered essential to maintaining ahealthy lifestyle. However taking part in some activities can result ininjury and a reduction in activity levels.Discuss both the positive and negative impact of participating in differenttypes of physical activity on the joints and muscles of the body [10 marks] Specimen paper 2008 5. Impact of physical activity on the muscularand skeletal systemsType ofPositive impact Negative impactactivityLow impactenduranceHigh impact,ContactactivitiesRepetitiveactions 6. Osteoporosis Weakening of the bones caused by a reduction in the bones densitymaking them prone to fracture Most common in the bones of the hip, spineand wrist, although any bone can be affected Risk factors _______________ in childhood, adolescence or adulthood Inactivity __________ causing immobility and sedentary lifestyleInjury menopausal Post _________________ women calcium Low levels of ____________ and / or vitamin D in the diet With ageing there is a reduction in strength and density anyway due to a decrease in collagen 7. Osteoporosis and Physical Activity Best to try to prevent by combining a healthy diet with physical activity inchildhood and adolescence as this builds strong and healthy bones Peak bone density (when bone is at its strongest) occurs during earlyadulthood when bone growth/maturation is complete High peak bone density at this age reduces the risk of osteoporosis in laterlife High impact activity is thought to be mosteffective at achieving a high peak bone density, e.g. Resistance training 3 times per week NICE (the National Institute for Health andClinical Excellence) suggest that participationin resistance or strength training, weightbearing activities and high impact activitieshas a positive effect on bone health andreduces the long term risk of osteoporosis 8. Osteoporosis Osteoporosis can lead to...Increased riskof fracturePoor posture 9. Growth plate injuries The growth plate is a delicate plate of cartilage between the shaft and epiphysis of a long bone; this where bones continue to grow in length until maturation takes place Upon reaching the end of adolescence the growth plate fuses and becomes solid bone Also known as the epiphyseal plate 10. Growth plate injuries ossificationBones do not fully mature until ______________is complete in lateadolescence, so growth plates represent an area of weaknessYoung athletes run the risk of damaging the epiphysis and/or theepiphyseal plateRisk factors __________ activities causing fractures across the growth Impactplate, e.g. Football, rugby, basketball or hard/heavy falls inany activity Repetitive overuse _________________ of a bone or joint from excessivepractice can have similar effect, e.g. Rowers, runners,jumpers, racket players and gymnasts 11. OsteoarthritisA degenerative joint disease involving the breakdown and eventual loss of articular cartilage at the ends of long bonesin a joint Causes pain, swelling and reduced motion in your joints Commonly affects weight bearing joints, such as hips and kneesArticular cartilage... Absorbs shock Releases synovial fluid Prevents friction between bone movements 12. http://www.davidlnelson.md/Osteoarthritis.htmOsteoarthritisSymptoms... Pain, swelling and reduced joint motion Formation of bone spurs (bone projections) that limit motionand cause painCauses Trauma - High impact sports and contact sports Repetitive overuse Major injuries cause greater risk in later life Ageing (natural wear and tear with age) Overweight / obesity putting extra forces on the joint advanced cases there is a complete loss or articular cushion 13. Osteoarthritis 14. Osteoarthritis After knee replacement 15. Tiger Woods Tore ACL while jogging Bypassed surgery tocomplete 2008 season Articular cartilage damageddeveloped as a result of ACLinjury Also suffered stress fractureto tibia Surgery 3 times in 5 years 16. Impact of repetitive actionsPositive Negative Increased calcium deposits = Too much repetitive = toostrengthening of bones much stress Strengthened ligaments and Inflammation of tendons andtendonsbursae Thickens articular cartilage Tearing of muscles and tendons Wearing away of articular cartilage Bones stress fractures 17. Impact of high impact/contactactivity Can lead to bone fractures Growth plate damage - weak area in young Ligament damage Tendon damage Damage articular cartilagePreventing skeletal/muscle damage Strength training increases bone density and strength ofligaments and tendons Avoid repetitive actions of same joints Overload gradually as muscles and bones become stronger Flexibility training to avoid soft tissue/muscle tears 18. Joint stability The resistance offered by various musculo-skeletaltissues that surround a joint Exercise strengthens the ligaments and musclessurrounding the joint With no exercise.... Ligaments become shorter and less elastic and thereforeare more likely to tear Muscle tone will be lost, which will decrease thestabilising effect of the muscles Synovial fluid will be reduced, making the joint moreprone to other disorders 19. Joint stability and exercise Impact and contact sports can lead to ligament damage or dislocation Ankle and knee are particularly susceptible to ligamentdamage Shallow shoulder joint is particularly susceptible todislocation Resistance training can increased the strength of the muscles and make the joint more stable E.g. Rotator cuff muscles 20. Posture & muscle alignment Having good posture and muscle alignment allows you to carryout physical activity with both maximum efficiency andminimum risk of injury Core stability muscles around the trunk are important formaintaining good posture Multifidis and transverse abdominis Muscle tone even at rest the muscles are in a state of partialcontraction. The greater the muscle tone the better your postureand core stability Prevent excess pressure on lumbar spine prevents lower backpain 21. Posture and physical activity Right type of activity and performing using good posture and technique will can improve posture. Aerobic exercise reduced weight causing less pressure and strain to be put on the muscles and joints and becomes easier to maintain correct body alignment Strength training or Swiss ball training improves muscle tone in the postural muscles of the trunk, developing core stability and reducing risk of lower back pain 22. 10 mark questions 23. Introduction Set the scene Show you know what is meant by different types ofexercise Show you know what is meant by a healthy activelifestyle 24. Main discussion: Positive v Negatives Analyse the positive effects of the different types ofexercise Analyse the negative effects of the different types ofexercise You must use sporting examples and specificterminology 25. Conclusion Do the positive effects outweigh the negative effects? Explain why you think this is so 26. 10 mark marking tableCriteriaLevel 3 Level 2 Level 1 Comprehensive CompetentLimited8-10 marks 5-7 marks 0-4 marksKnowledge andunderstandingAnalysis/critical evaluationand/ordiscussion/explanation/developmentPractical application ofknowledge / examplesUse of technical andspecialist vocabularyStandard of writtencommunicationMark awarded Level: .. Marks: .. 27. Homework Complete the 10 mark question on the exam question sheet provided. Use the table to plan your answer 28. Learning Objectives To be able to present research on the impact of different types ofexercise on a specific area of the muscular or skeletal systems and beable to evaluate your own and others success doing this To understand the following in relation to physical activity Osteoarthritis Osteoporosis Growth plates Joint stability Muscle alignment and posture To be able to critically evaluate the impact of different types of exerciseon the skeletal and muscular system, using sporting examples andspecific terminology To understand the grading criteria for 10 mark answers 29. Plenary For each of the following types of activity, identify animpact on the muscular or skeletal system (positive ornegative) 30. Next lesson 31. MINIMUM Recommendations for Physical ActivityWorld Health Organisation (WHO)American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)Children &Young People Healthy adults (U65) Moderate intensity activity for at least 60 Moderate intensity cardio work for 30mins per day mins, 5 times per week OR, intense cardio for 20min 3 times perAdults (U65) week At least 30 minutes of moderate intensity AND, strength training twice per weekexercise most, if not all days Should include flexibility, muscular strengthand endurance exercise twice a weekCanbe split into several shorter bouts Build up gradually These are for healthy individuals and will maintain health 60 to 90mins to improve when already in poor health or to lose weightModerate exercise isModerate exercise is Brisk walk working hard enough to raise HR and Cycling, swimming, gardening with moderate break sweat, yet can still holdeffort conversation