IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
-
Upload
yudha-satria -
Category
Documents
-
view
219 -
download
0
Transcript of IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
1/16
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
2/16
Molybdenum,
Its Alloys, and Its
Processing
Table 1summarizes some of the properties ofmolybdenum and identi f ies competi t ive mater ia ls
and mat er ia ls systems. While i t is tempt ing to
bel ieve that appl i cations are control led by a single
property, in truth many molybdenum appl ications
exist because of a useful combination of several
properties. For instance, hot strength is a critical
property for high -tem perature tool ing l ike casting
die inserts, but molybdenum s high resistance to
fai lure by thermal shock and thermal fatigue are
equal ly important. These qual i t ies relate to
molybdenums unique combination of low heat
capacity and high therm al conductivi ty, which
min imizes thermal stresses. Molybdenum s long-
standing use as a power semiconductor heat sink
is due in part to its excellent thermal expansion
match w ith si l icon, but i ts good electrical and
thermal conductivi ty provide addit ional
advantages compared to competi t ive m ater ia ls.
Table I Isummarizes classes of molybdenum-
based al loys and mat er ia ls systems that have
evolved in order to optimize specific properties and
improve performance. Each of the systems
evolved in response to performance needs in
certain applications. The carbide-stabilized alloy
TZM is one of the oldest comm ercial alloys; MH C,
stabi l ized wi th hafn ium carbide precipi tates, is a
more recent memb er of the same family. Theseal loys improve molybdenum s hot strength, creep
resistance, and recrystallization resistance.
Al loying with tungsten also improves hot strength,
but molybdenum-tungsten al loys f ind widest use
in han dl ing m olten zinc, where they resist zinc
corrosion. The Mo-3 0 wt . % W al loy is nearly as
corrosion resistant as pure tungsten at a greatly
reduced density and cost. Oxide-di spersed alloys
impart extraordinary creep resistance at
temperatures as high as 20 00 C. Molybdenum
sheet clad with copper provides enhanced thermal
and electrical conductivity and increased thermal
expansion coefficient (CTE), allowing a good
mat ch with ceramic substrates used in int egrated
circuits. Copper-molybdenum powder composite
mat er ia ls have the added advantage of i sotropic
properties; if enhanced properties are required,
they can also be clad with copper. Molybdenum -
nickel laminates provide an easily soldered or
brazed nickel surface, el imina ting environmental l y
challenging nickel plating processes.
Molybdenum is produced by both powder metal-
lurgical (PM) a nd vacuum casting t echniques.
Figu res 1 and 2i l lustrate the two
processing routes schem aticall y. In the PM route,
pure metal powder is made from high-puri ty
s tar t ing mater ia l (amm onium d im o lybdate o r
molybdenum tr ioxide) in a two-step hydrogen
reduction process. This powd er is blended wi th
consti tuents appropriate to t he al loys being
manu factured. Blended powder is isostatical ly
pressed to produce a preform, which is sintered at
high tem peratures in hydrogen or vacuum to
produce a b i l le t tha t i s 94%-97% o f
molybdenum s pore-free density. Hot and cold
processing operations are combined with
appropriate intermediate and f inal anneal ing
practices to m anufacture mil l products (plate,
sheet, fo i l , ba r, rod, wire, and forgings).
PM processing has the advantage of being a
lower-cost route to produce mater ia l , and can
produce shapes with relatively low scrap losses.
2
Table I . Pr oper ti es of Molybdenum
Prop ert y Cl ass Pro perty Ap pl ica ti ons Com pet i ng M at eri al s
H ot str en gth Li gh ti ng, fu rn aces, Tu ng stenhot tool ing
Creep resistance Lighti ng, furnaces Tungsten , graphi te
Wear resistan ce Hot tool ing, Tu ngstenant i-f r i ct ion coat ings
M a ch i na b il i ty Fa b ri ca te d p a rt s f or a M a ny, m o st a r evariety of applicat ions more machinable
Co rr osi on r esi st an ce M et al h an dl i ng N ob le m et al s,and casti ng graphi te
Compat i bi l i ty with Glass melt ing electrodes, Plat inum , t in oxide,mo lten gla ss fur nace comp onents nickel all oys
Adherence to glass Light ing components, Titanium ,substrates integr ated circuits chro mi um
Etchabi l i ty Lighti ng com ponen ts, Ti tan ium ,integ rated circuits chro mi um
L ow v ap or p r essu r e H i gh t em p er a tu r e Tu n gst en ,vacuum com ponents tanta lum
Electron em ission Lam p com ponents Nickel , others
Thermal expansion Si l icon power devices, W, W-Cu, AlSiC,integ rated circuits, AlN, AlGrhot work tool ing Tradit iona l tool ing material s
Thermal conduct iv i t y Si l icon power devices, Copper, a luminum ,integ rated circuits, W, W-Cu, AlSiC,hot work tool ing AlN, AlGr
Electri cal condu ctivity Silicon power devices, Copper, alu mi num ,integr ated circuits W, W-Cu, AlSiC,
AlN, AlGrLow diffu sivity into Integr ated circuits, Ti,
other materia ls f lat panel displays Cu-Al
Low fr i cti on An ti - f r iction coat ings Carbon, brass
Mechanical
Chemical
Physical
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
3/16
The oxide-doped alloys cannot be produced by
m elting techniq ues at all. Powder processes are
required to obtain th e f ine dispersion of oxide
particles in the molybdenum matr ix that are
responsible for these alloys extraordinary high-
temperature mechanical properties. PM processing
must be control led careful ly to avoid the
detrimental effects of adsorbed oxygen and oxide
fi lm s on powder particles. Al loys containing
reactive metals like Ti, Zr, and Hf form very stable
oxides that affect microstructure and can affect
performance as well. Manufacturers, over the
years, ma de great progress on these problem s,
and PM processing now accounts for the vast
major i ty of a l l molybdenum metal and al loy pro-
duced in the world.
Both vacuum arc-casting (VAC) and electron beam
(EB) melt ing are used to cast molybdenum and i ts
alloys. In the arc-casting process,
molybdenum ingot is melted using a
semi- continuous press-sinter-m elt (PSM)
process. The process consolidates powd er
blends into electrodes and melts the
electrodes in a water-cooled copper crucibleunder vacuum. Arc-cast ingots are usually
extruded in their first processing step to
prevent hot cracking at grain boundaries
and break dow n the l arge as-cast grains.
EB melting also uses a water-cooled
copper crucible to contain the melt. I t is
usually performed under lower pressures
than VAC m elting . EB m elting does not
require virgin powd er; th is means that the
process can be used to recycle process
scrap. Because the heat used to m elt the
mater ia l is appl ied independently of the
heat to maintain the molten sol id i f ication
pool, EB-melted ingots typical ly have
smaller grain size than VAC ingots.
Because of th is, EB-melted m ater ia l is
often forged in the as-cast condit ion.
Table I I . Molybdenum A lloys and Materi als Systems
System Exam ple Propert i es o f I nterest
Pure Mo 99.95 wt % Mo Elevated tem perature strength,thermal conduct ivi ty, therm al expansion
Mo-W Im proved hot strength ;Zn corrosion resistance
Subst i tut ional al loys
Mo-Re Impr oved low temperature duct i l i ty
TZM Imp roved hot strength and creep resistanceCarbide- stabi l ized al loys
MHC High er hot strength and creep resistancethan TZM
La O (ML,ODS-Mo) Outstanding hot strength and creep2 3
resistanceOxide- dispersed systems
YO (MY) Outstanding hot strength, creep resistance2 3
Cu- Mo -Cu lam in ate Engi neered ther mal proper ti es
Other system s Mo-Ni lam inate Solderabi l i ty
M o-Cu pow der com posi t e I so t rop i c engineered the rm a l p rope rt i es
3
Figur e 1.Powder metallu rgical processin g of molybdenum metal products.
Figur e 2.Processin g molybdenum via EB meltin g or arc-casti ng technol ogy. Cour tesy of PLANSEE Metall.
Court esy of PLAN SEE Metall.
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
4/16
All ingot-casting techniques require a surfacepreparation step prior to forging or extrusion, in
order to remove surface porosity and possible
contaminants from the ingot mold. Cast al loys,
while typically more expensive to produce than
PM al loys, provide benefi ts for that addit ional cost.
They are lower in impurities, especially volatile
species that evaporate in the casting process.
Al loying is accomplished in the m elt, where i t is
more l ikely to be homogenized than in sol id-statesintering. Since the technologies use a deoxidizer,
excess oxygen is not a problem . Oxygen contents of
10 ppm or less are normal in cast mater ia l .
In all of these processing techniques,
thermomechanical processing serves two roles: to
create a useful f inal product form, and to impart the
required mechanical properties. Manufacturers
employ var ious hot, warm, and cold deformation
processes in combination with annealing steps to
produce the desired microstructures and properties
in f in ished products. Round, f lat, and shape
rol l ing, rod and wire drawing, rotary forging,
swaging, forming and deep drawing are al l used to
process molybdenum.
Appl icat ions
Molybdenum touches our l ives every day, but inways that are usual ly invisib le to the end u ser.
Tradit ional appl ications consume signif icantvolumes of mater ia l , but new appl ications are
emerging that promise to supplant and surpass
many tradit ional appl ications.
Light ing
Lighting is the oldest appl ication for m olybdenum
metal. In fact, some appl ications in th is market
are nearly unchanged from the ear l iest appl ications.
Figu re 3i l lustrates the most highl y evolved
example of the tradit ional tungsten f i lament
incandescent lam p: the autom otive halogen
headlamp. The high temperatures in halogen
lamps require a pure silica (quartz) glass envelope.
Molybdenum seal ing r ibbons provide a transit ion
from the external lamp wir ing to the internal
refractory metal components. Molybdenum s low
thermal expansion coeff icient and good bonding
with si l ica glass make i t ideal for th is appl ication.
The profile of the strip used in the sealing ribbons is
engineered to minimize stresses in the glass arising
from expansion mismatches during manufa ctur ing
and operation. Molybdenum reflector caps controlthe shape of the lamp beam, so that i t does not
impa ir the vision of oncoming dr ivers. Str ip used
for reflectors must meet stringent surface finish and
ducti l i ty requirements because i t is drawn i nto the
cup shape at high speeds. Strip failure during
drawing creates significant productivity losses, and
may result in damage to expensive mult i -cavity
tool ing. Molybdenum also f inds appl ication in
other tradit ional l ighti ng appl ications such as
discharge lamps.
A example of an emerging l ighting appl ication is
shown in Fi gur e 4. The cold cathode
fluorescent lamp (CCFL) il luminates liquid crystal
flat pan el displays (FPDs). The dram atic increase in
sales of FPDs drives demand for molybdenum in
these lamps. Molybdenum hol low cathode cups
replaced the formerly used nickel cups due to its
better sputter resistance and emissivity, while doped
molybdenum lead pins replaced Kovar, offering a
much higher thermal conductivi ty and al lowing
lower lamp tem peratures. The rapidly evolving high
brightness l ight emitt ing diode (HBLED) technology
may also be an area wh ere copper-clad
molybdenum or Mo- Cu composites are needed.
Even though HBLEDs are extremely efficient in
4
Figu re 3.Aut omotiv e halogen lam p, show in g m olybdenum sealing ribbons and reflector caps.
Court esy of PLANSEE Metall.
Figu re 4.
Cold cathode fluorescence lamp (CCFL) and m olybdenum components.
Clockw ise from upper left: examples of lamp geomet ries,
molybdenum cups, Mo/Mo/Dum et electode assembly, HT pins.
Cour tesy of PLANSEE Metall.
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
5/16
comparison to tradit ional incandescent l amps, t hey
sti l l generate high power densit ies that require
eff icient heat removal.
Table I I Isumm arizes the status of l ighting
appl ications. Tradit ional appl ications depend
primari ly on molybdenums elevated temperature
strength and creep resistance, and its chemicalcompatib i l i ty w ith the gl ass systems and hal ogen
gases present in lam ps. Molybdenum s attractive
thermal properties (conductivi ty and expansion)
and electrical conductivity are also factors in these
appl ications. Because of molybdenum s unique
property suite, no suitable replacement m ater ia ls
have yet been found. Emerging appl ications l ike
CCFLs rely on the same suite of properties,
combined with sputter resistance and emissivity,
while HBLEDs exploit the thermal and electrical
properties of molybdenum . In these appl ications,
there are numerous al ternatives to m olybdenum.
Time an d the evolution of device design wi l l
determine the ul t imate optimal mater ia l choices.
The m ater ia l competi t ion is particular ly robust in
the area of HBLEDs, where many of the well-
developed thermal management mater ia ls also
compete, and where design im provements may sti l l
significantly reduce thermal loads on the devices.
Emerging appl ications, whi l e not yet consumi ng as
much powder as tradit ional ap pl ications, have
high growth rates. The quanti ty of molybdenum
powder required to serve tradit ional markets is
Table I I I . Characteri st i cs and Statu s of Li ghtin g I ndu str y App li cati ons
Ap p li ca t io n M o Pr od u ct El eva t ed - te mp er at ur e Ch em i ca l Ph ysi ca l Al t er na ti veMechanical Propert ies Propert i es Propert i es Mat erial s
Tr adi t ional appl icat ions
Halogen lamps
Dischargelamps
Sealing andsupport wire
Reflector caps
Sealing foil
CCFL lamps
HBLED lamps
CCFL: Mo cup and pin
for electrode
HBLED: MoCu or
Cu-Mo-Cuheat sink
CCFL: Strength for
seali ng process
Creep resistance
CCFL: Compatible
with mercury
CCFL: Electron
emission,thermal andelectricalconductivity
Sputterresistance
HBLED: Thermal
and electricalconductivity
CTE
CCFL: Ni & Ni a l loy Nb Kovar
HBLED: Cu Al AlSiC Al N Etc.
Strength forseali ng process
Creep resistance
Corrosionresistanceagainst l ampgases
Good bondstrength withglass
High melt ingpoint
CTE
Thermaland electricalconductivity
None
Mo powder demand: ~ 1300 mt / y r Marke t sta tus: shr i nk ing
Emerging appl icat ions
Mo powder demand: ~ 100 mt / y Marke t sta tus: rap id l y g row ing
5
Figu re 5.
Glass m elting furn ace components. Top left to bott om left: furn ace protection
shi elds, glass-meltin g electrodes, m olbdenum glass sti rrers. Right: schematic
of glass-meltin g fur nace show in g m olybdenum appli cations.
Court esy of PLANSEE Metall.
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
6/16
signifi cant now, but is decreasing. The extent towhich emerging m arkets wi l l replace tradit ional
markets wi l l depend cri t ical ly upon the evolution of
the appl ications within the markets, and upon
molybdenum s abi l i ty to succeed against competing
m aterials. Cost is a significant factor in all these
appl ications.
The tradit ional l ighting appl icationsare commodity- l ike businesses, and require low
costs. The emerging appl ications, aimed at th e
high- volume consumer markets, are also highly
cost-sensit ive. Mater ia l cost stabi l i ty and t igh t
control of manu factur ing costs are im portant factors
for success in this market.
Glassmaki ng and
High-temperature
Furnaces
Glass manufacturing and furnace construction have
long been important appl ications for molybdenum.Molybdenums high-temperature strength,
fabr icabi l i ty, and compatib i l i ty with most glass
composit ions make i t an ideal choice in
glassmaking. Fi gur e 5i l lustrates a typical
glass-melt ing furnace instal lation with
molybdenum components. Molybdenums strength,
creep resistance, and erosion resistance in glass
melts m ake i t ideal for sti r rers, g lass melt ing
electrodes (GMEs), and furnace shields, all of whichmust resist stresses and erosion imposed by the
mol ten glass. Moly bdenum also resists glass
corrosion, and the smal l amount s that dissolve in
the melt do not discolor the glass. Molybdenum
can be made wi th very low carbon con ten t (< 20
wt. ppm ), preventing the formati on of CO bubbles2
Table I V. Char acter i sti cs and Statu s of Glass and Fur nace I nd ustr y App li cation s
Glass tankcomponents
GMEs
Stirrers
Shields
Dies for glassfibermanufacture
Vacuumfurnaces
Hydrogenatmospherefurnaces
Heat shields
Heat ingelements
Supportstructures
Boats
Setter t i les
Strength
Creep resistance
Melt ing point
Thermaland electricalconductivity
Low vaporpressure
Graphite
Tungsten
Tantalum
Ceramics
Compatibil itywith hydrogen
Strength
Creep resistance
Corrosionresistance i nmolten glass
No discolorati onof glass
No format ion
o f CO bubb les2
Melt ing point
Thermaland electricalconductivity
Noble metals
Nickel baseal loys
SnO
Refractories
Mo powder demand: ~ 400 mt / y Marke t sta tus: shr i nk ing
Emerging appl i cat ions
Mo powder demand: ~ 300 mt / y Marke t sta tus: sl ow ly g row ing
Tradi t ional appl i cat ions
Ap p li ca ti o n M o Pr od u ct El eva te d- t em p er at ur e Ch em i ca l Ph ysi ca l Al t er na ti veMechanical Propert i es Propert ies Propert i es Mat erial s
Figu re 6.
Typical m olybdenum vacuum furn ace and component s.
Bottom right: load support stru ctu re. Top right: Heating elements and heat shi elds.
Court esy of PLANSEE Metall.
6
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
7/16
in the molten glass due to reaction between glassand carbon in solution.
Figu re 6i l lustrates typical app l ications in the
vacuum furnace industry. Pure molybdenum,
oxide-dispersion strengthened alloys such as ML or
ODS Mo, and TZM are used because of their high
temperature strength and creep resistance.
Molybdenum s low vapor pressure at h igh
temperature means that i t does not contaminate
workloads, an important factor when heat treating
reactive metals l ike t i tanium . Molybdenum is used
for support structures, heat shields, heating
elements, and al l manner of vacuum furnace
hardware. Molybdenum s poor oxidation resistance
prevents its use in oxygen-containing atmospheres,
but it is used extensively for furnace boats, setter
t i les, heating elements, and load-bearing
components in hydrogen atmosphere furnaces.
Unl ike the refractory metals tantalum and niobium,
molybdenum forms no deleterious hydrides.
Hydrogen gas protects molybdenum against
oxidation, providing an ideal environment.
Table I Vsummarizes the status of glass
melting and furnace appl ications. Molybdenum
has held a signif icant posit ion in the glass melt ing
industry since the advent of electrically boosted
furnaces to increase productivi ty. Several mat erialstheoretical ly can compete with molybdenum in
certain areas, but none ha s a combination of
properties l ike molybdenum s. For examp le t inoxide and platinum are used in n iche appl ications
requiring specific chemical characteristics or other
properties, but they cannot compete w ith
molybdenums overall cost-effectiveness.
Imp rovements in eff iciency gained by furnace
design and operating practice have resulted in a
slowly decl in ing demand for molybdenum in
these applications.
Competing mater ia ls have had an effect on
molybdenum consumption in the furnace industry,
especially in vacuum furnace technology. Graphite
is a strong competitor for vacuum furnaces in
general duty appl ications. Molybdenum s place
in the vacuum furnace industry is in appl ications
that require the ul t im ate in cleanl iness and
contamination- free operation. Superal loys and
high-tech materials systems are processed in
al l -m olybdenum furnaces. This segment h as seena sl ight growth with t im e. With the increasing
interest in nuclear technology, there may be an
increase in demand for fuel sintering furnaces,
which typical ly use molybdenum components.
Mater i al Form in g
Molybdenum and i ts al loys have made important
contr ibutions to hot metal forming. Molybdenumshigh strength at elevated temperatures, creep
resistance, and resistance to thermal shock and
fatigue make i t the mater ia l of choice for
demanding appl ications. Hot work tool ing is
manufactured from TZM or MHC, because of their
improved strength and creep resistance over pure
molybdenum. Fi gur e 7i l lustrates two
wel l know n appl ications for these al loys:
isothermal forging dies and components, and
piercing plugs for stainless steel tube forming.
Molybdenums unique high-temperature
mechanical properties and wear resistance allow it
Figu re 7.
Traditional molybdenum applications in hot metal formi ng. U pper right: TZ M
and MHC isotherm al forging die components used to m anufacture aircraft gas
turbi ne (upper left) components. Lower right: T ZM piercing plugs for the
m anu facture of pierced stain less steel tubin g (lower left). Cour tesy of PLANSEE Metall.
Figu re 8.
Emerging application s of mol ybdenum alloys (right) and products made using
them (left). Top to bottom : MHC dies for brass extrusion, TZM
inserts for Al and Mg die-casti ng, TZM hot ru nn er die in serts for
plastic in jection m olding. Cour tesy of PLANSEE Metall. 7
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
8/16
to forge nickel base superalloys in thesuperplastic deformation regime. The machining
savings that accrue by producing a near net shape
part easily justify the expense of using massive
molybdenum die sets, in forging presses operating
in control led environments to p revent oxidationof the tool ing. Piercing plugs operate in am bient
atmospheres, and the same strength and w ear
resistance enable significant increases in
productivi ty in tube-making mil ls.
The molybdenum tr ioxide that forms during usecan also provide some lubricity, reducing friction
and im proving internal surfaces of the f in ished
product.
Fi gur e 8i l lustrates several emerging
appl ications for molybdenum tools. Some of these
were identi f ied in th e past, but ear l ier a l loys could
not provide the required performance.
Improvements in molybdenum al loy properties and
increased dem ands for productivi ty and qual i ty
have made them feasible, and they now consume
substantia l am ounts of mat er ia l . TZM al loy has
been used for many years as a die insert material
for brass extrusion dies, but was relegated to
leaded brass alloys and small sizes because of
strength l im itations. The higher strength MHC
alloy can extrude a wider range of stronger, more
abrasive alloys, and can produce larger sizes.
Molybdenum has also been used for inserts in
aluminum and magnesium die casting dies where
Table V. Character ist ics and Statu s of Materi al Form in g Appli cati ons
Isothermalforging
Tube form ing
Molten Znhandl ing
TZM and MH Cforging diesand accessories
TZM piercingplugs
Mo-W moltenZn tooling
Metalextrusion
Plasticinjectionmold ing
Al and Mgcasting
MHC dies
TZM hotrunner nozzles
TZM tool inserts
Extrusion and casting:
High temperaturestrength
Creep resistance
Thermalconductivity andheat capacity(therm al shockresistance)
Wear resistance
Stell ite
CuBe
Steel
Plastic injectionmolding: Good corrosion
resistanceagainst plasticsat mediumtemperatures
Casting: Stable to Al,
Mg, Zn attack
High temperaturestrength
Creep resistance
TZM, MHC:None identif ied
MoW al loys: Corrosion
resistance i nmolten Zn
Goodhot strength
Thermalconductivity andheat capacity
(therm al shockresistance)
Wear resistance
None
Mo powder demand: ~ 100mt /y Marke t sta tus: stab le
Emerging appl icat ions
Mo powder demand: ~ 10 mt / y Marke t sta tus: g row ing
Tradi t ional appl i cat ions
Ap p li ca t io n M o Pr od u ct El eva t ed - te mp er at ur e Ch em i ca l Ph ysi ca l Al t er na ti veMechanical Propert i es Propert ies Propert ies Materi als
8
Figu re 9.Medical X-ray tube (right) and molybdenum components. Left, top to
bott om : rot atin g anodes, rotors, and cathodes. Cour tesy of PLANSEE Metall.
X-Ray TargetCathode components
Rotor
Mounting
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
9/16
hot cracking is a problem. Molybdenums
combination of low heat capacity and low thermal
expansion m ake i t signif icantly m ore resistant t o
surface cracks from thermal shock. Increasing
demands for qual i ty in automotive castings, and
casting d esign th at has pushed tradit ional d ie
materials to their limits, spurred an increased use
of TZM in critical regions of casting tools.
Manufacturers of p lastic in jection-m olded
components are finding advantages for TZM
tool ing, despite the fact that their operating
temperatures are much lower than
tradit ional metalworking or metal casting
processes. TZM s excellent strength, corrosion
and erosion resistance, and thermal stabi l i ty al l
contribute to its selection in this application.
Table Vprovides an overview of the m ater ia l
forming industry and molybdenums place in i t .
Here the emerging appl ications are evolutionary in
nature, representing extensions of applications long
known for molybdenum and i ts al loys. The
tradit ional appl ications provide a stable market,
whi le the em erging appl ications are growing.
Medical
Medical appl ications of molybdenum are almost
exclusively components of h igh-energy rotatin g
anode tubes used in computerized axial
tomography (CAT) scanners. Some molybdenum isalso used i n t he detector a rrays of CAT scanners,
but here i t competes against tun gsten, which
absorbs the scattered radiation even more
effectively than molybdenum. Fi gur e 9
i l lustrates molybdenum appl ications in a typical
rotating anode X-ray tube. The rotating anode, the
tubes "business end," uses pressed, sintered, and
forged TZM. The anode contain s a focal track of
W-Re al loy m anufactured integral ly with th e rest of
the target in this process. Electrons emitt ed by the
cathode assembly bombard the W- Re track as the
anode rotates, causing the track to emit X-rays.
The electron beam heats the W-Re track nearly to
i ts melt ing point immediately underneath the
beam, generating enormous amounts of heat. The
tube stores this heat in a graphite heat sink brazed
to the TZM t arget, and then re-radiates i t from the
heat sink to the surrounding environment, w hich in
the case of the tube assembly is an oil bath.
The rotor used to spin the target also reaches high
temperatures, so it is made from TZM alloy.
The rotor is designed to l imi t the am ount of heat
transferred down the shaft to the bearings.
Table VI . Characteri st i cs and Statu s of Medi cal App li cati ons
X-ray tubes
X-ray detectors
Rotating anodes
Bearings androtors
Cathode p arts
Collimatorcomponents
High temperaturestrength
Creep resistance None identif ied
Tubes: Thermal
conductivity CTE
Collimators: Radiation
absorption
Dimensional
control of sheet
Surface finish
Tubes: Tungsten
Collimators: Tungsten
Tungstenheavy alloy
Mo powder demand: ~ 350mt /y Marke t sta tus: sl ow ly g row ing
Tradi t ional appl icat ions
App l i ca t i on M o Pr oduct El eva t ed - t em pe ra t ur e Chem i ca l Physi ca l Al t er nat i ve
Mechanical Propert i es Propert i es Propert i es Ma terial s
Figu re 10.
Traditional m olybdenum electronic applications. Clockwi se from upper left:
Di odes used for low power rectification, m olybdenum heat sink s used in t hat
application , molybdenum base plates for high-power sem icondu ctors, assembled
power semi conduct or packages. Court esy of PLANSEE Metall.
9
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
10/16
X-ray tu be components are a tradit ional
appli cation. The designs are high ly evolved, and
the higher power densities they require push the
mater ia ls to th eir l imit s. Larger and larger targets
spinning at faster and faster speeds are needed to
handle the energy deposited by the electron beam.
Weight restrictions driven by stress and balance
considerations continue to force reduction in
molybdenum weight in the targets. As a result, the
amount of powder required to serve the m edical
industry grows only slowly.
Table VIsummarizes these considerations.
Given the unique engineering requirements of X-ray
tube design, molybdenum is one of only a few
alternatives now avai lable.
Electronics
Electronic applications have required molybdenum
from the ear l iest days. Molybdenum s elevated
temperature strength and creep resistance,
compatib i l i ty with tube glass formulations, low
vapor pressure, and compatib i l i ty with standard
metalworking technologies made i t an optim choicein vacuum tubes. These applications
consumed a signif icant amount of mater ia l for
many years. With the advent of sol id-state
electronics, i t appeared that m olybdenums place
in the industry might disappear. However,
molybdenums unique combination of physical
properties (excel lent thermal expansion m atch with
si l icon, good electr ical and thermal conductivi ty) ,
good m echanical properties at am bient
temperatures, ease of plating, and compa tib i l i ty
with existing brazing and solder ing technologies
made i t the mater ia l of choice for construction of
these devices as well. Mol ybdenum is used
extensively in the industry as a heat sink m ater ia l
for rectifier diodes in consumer goods, and for
high- power semiconductors used in motor control
and pow er generation. Figu re 10i l lustrates
some of these compon ents. The smal l heat sink s
are manufactured by the mil l ions dai ly in highly
automa ted pressing and sinter ing operations, whi le
the heat sinks for large power devices are typically
made from sheet that is stamped, machined, and
plat ed to exacting specifications. These tradit ional
appl ications consume molybdenum at growth rates
that m irror the overal l economic development
of the world, an d are t ied to rai l transportation,power generation, and capital investment in
manufactur ing plant equipment.
Molybdenum is also found in tool ing and other
equipment used to manufacture electronic devices
and mult i layer circui t board assembl ies.
Molybdenum sheet is used in m asks to apply circui t
inks in mult i layer ceramic circui t board assembl ies.
In the same technology, molybdenum powders
formulated to specific particle size distributions are
contained in inks that create the circuits on these
boards.
Arc chambers of ion im planter equipments used to
dope semiconductors are often entirely made of
molybdenum or TZM enabl ing a long service l i fe in
the highly corrosive environment created by the
chemicals used in this process.
Appl ications for molybdenum are also emerging in
the integrated circui t and power semiconductor
areas. Fi gur e 11i l lustrates a few.
Integrated circuits are built on ceramic substrates
having higher thermal expansion coeff icients than
si l icon. Molybdenums thermal expansion
coefficient (CTE) must be modified to provide an
acceptable expansion m atch. This can be done by
cladding molybdenum sheet with copper, bycreating a MoCu powder composite ma ter ia l , or
even by cladding this composite mater ia l with
copper. This approach can produce tail ored
thermal properties and im proved device
performance. Telecommunications growth is a
maj or dr iving force in th is market. The expansion
of m obi le te lephone technology around the globe
created a large demand for integrated circuits,
which generate high power densit ies and requireadvanced thermal management mater ia ls. The
same ma ter ia ls used in te lecommuni cation have
recently found a ppl ication in h eat sinks for
integrated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) power
modules used in hybrid vehicles.
Figu re 11.
Emerging molybdenum electronic applications. Clockwi se from upper left:
Radio frequency in tegrated circuit for telecommun ications,
PVD-coated Cu-Mo-Cu h eat sin ks for radio frequency packages, nick el plated
baseplates for power electroni cs, tw o IGBT power modules for hybri d vehicles.
Center: Cu-CuMo-Cu clad sheet m icrostru cture.Cour tesy of PLANSEE Metall.
10
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
11/16
Table VI Isummarizes molybdenum usagein electronic applications. The traditional
applications use more or less material in concert
with the general world economy, a nd particular ly
in relation to capita l- intensive investments.
The emerging appl ications show rapid growth in
mater ia l consumption, an d are l ikely to surpass
the tradit ional app l ications.
Table VI I . Characteri st i cs and Statu s of Electr onic Appl ications
App l i ca t i on M o Pr oduct El eva t ed - t em pe ra t ur e Chemi ca l Physi ca l Al t er nat i veMechanical Propert ies Propert ies Propert ies Mat erial s
Tradi t ional appl i cat ions
Powersemiconductors
Multi layerceramic boardmanufactur ing
Devicemanufactur ing
Semiconductors: Mo
semiconductorbase plates
Mo gla ssdiode pins
Multi layer boards: Fine powders
Sheet masksfor circuitapplication
Device
manufactur ing: Ion implanter
par ts
Radio
frequency,server, andprocessorchips
IGBTs forhybrid cars
Cu-Mo-Cu
MoCu
Cu-MoCu-Cu
None iden ti f ied None identi f ied
CTE
Thermal andelectricalconductivity
Cu Al AlSiC Al N Others
None identif ied
Mult i la ter boards Controlled
etchabilityDevicemanufacturing: Corrosion
resistanceagainstdopantchemicals
Semiconductors: CTE
Thermal andelectricalconductivity
Multi layer boards: Powder
sinteringpropertiesmatchinga luminasubstrates
Resistan ce t o
erosion frommetal powder-f i l led inks
Strength andstiffness
Flatn ess contr olof sheet
Power semi-conductors:
AlSiC
Multi layer boards: Glass ceram ic
boardsemployingal ternate inkformulat ions
Mo powder demand: ~ 400 mt / y r Marke t sta tus: stab le
Mo powder demand: ~ 350 mt / y Marke t sta tus: rap id l y g row ing
Emerging appl icat ions
11
Fi gur e 12.
Traditional m olybdenum coatin g applications. Clockwi se from low er left:
coating a shaft for w ear resistance, mol ybdenum -coated synch roni zer rings,
m olybdenum w ire for flam e spray coating. Court esy of PLANSEE Metall.
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
12/16
Coatings
Figur es 12an d 13i l lustrate tradit ional
coating appli cations. Flame spraying has been used
for years to improve the wear and friction propertiesof automotive components like gears, synchronizers,
and piston r ings. Recently, engineered molybdenum
powders have taken a more promin ent role in these
appl ications, using plasma spray technology. The
powders are often al loyed with nickel and chromium
to produce highly corrosion resistant coatings.
The composit ional f lexibi l i ty an d im proved
performance has al lowed molybdenum thermal
spray powders to gain the l ion s share of thetradit ional coating market. Even so, th is tradit ional
market is not growing, but stable.
Figur es 14an d 15i l lustrate coating
appl ications that are growing steadi ly, aft er several
years of very rapid growt h. They are in the
Table VI I I . Characteri st i cs and Status of Coatin g Appl ications
Flamespraying ofwear par ts
Plasmaspraying ofwear par ts
Mo spray wire
Mo and Moalloy powderblends
PVD coatingof TFT-LCDan dsolar pan els
Mo and Moalloy sputteringtargets
None identif ied
Good el ectri calconductivity
No diffusion ofMo into Al, Cuand gla ss
Cu and Alalloys
Ti
Cr
Organicmater ia lswith spincoating
Good adhesionto glass
Good etchingbehavior
Compatibil itywith processingenvironments
High yield strengthcontrib utes to goodwear properties
Corrosionresistanceagainst oils
Low fr i ction
Good wearresistance
Carbon
Brass
CrN (pistonrings)
Mo powder demand: ~ 500mt /y Marke t sta tus: stab le
Emerging appl i cat ions
Mo powder demand: ~ 2000 mt /y Market status: steadi ly growing
Tradi t ional appl icat ions
Ap p li ca ti o n M o Pr od uct El ev at ed - te mp er at ur e Ch em i ca l Ph ysi ca l Al t er na ti veMechanical Propert ies Propert i es Propert ies Materi als
12
Figu re 13.
Thermal spray coating w it h powders. Clockw ise from u pper left: engineered powder
for plasm a spray applications, plasm a spray torch, aircraft engine empl oying plasm a
spray coatin gs. Courtesy of H.C. Starck, I nc.
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
13/16
solid-state electronics area, where sputtered
molybdenum coatings are used in the production of
solar cel ls and thin f i lm transister f lat panel
displays (TFT-FPDs). Molybdenum bonds well to
glass, matches the thermal expansion of the glassor silicon substrate well, forms a stable diffusion
barrier, and is compatible with processing
environments used during device m anufactur ing.
Figu re 14shows the growth in glass
substrate sizes for flat panel display manufacturing
over the past several years. The nested blue
squares illustrate the glass panel sizes that are
coated using various generations of the technology
(each glass panel yields multiple FPD glasses).
Early in development of FPD manufactur ing
processes, molybdenum targets were sized to equal
the glass substrate being coated. This required
manu facturers to f ind ways to rol l larger and larger
plates. The largest m olybdenum targets made were
the Generation 5 t argets. At th is point in the
process evolution, equipment designers realized
they would soon exceed the abi l i ty of m i l ls to rol l
individual molybdenum targets. Succeeding
generations continued to coat larger and larger
glass panels, but sputtering is now accomplished
with an array of narrow and long molybdenum
targets, each with i ts own magnetron. An example
of such a target array is also shown in
Figu re 14. Molybdenum tubular targets are
also avai lable. Figu re 15shows examples of
both f lat targets and cyl indr ical targets.
Table VI IIsummarizes tradit ional andemerging coating appl ications. Whi le wire and
powder demand for tradit ional thermal spray
appl ications is stable, the amount of molybdenum
required for emerging appl ications in the sputter ing
target market continues to increase at a steady
rate, after several years of rapid growth . Here
success depends upon molybdenums physical and
chemical properties, not on i ts high- temperature
strength and creep resistance, properties that havebeen responsible for molybdenums success in its
tradit ional app l ications.
Fi gur e 14.
Emerging coating application s in fl at panel display (FPD) technology. Clockw ise from top
left: Modern w all-moun ted FPD, Gen 6/7 target array, schematic of relative production
glass sizes as a function of process generation (dim ensions in mm ), moun ted Gen 5 target.
Cour tesy of PLANSEE Metall.
???
2200x2700
1800x2300
1431x1700x10
880x980x10
500x500x6
Gen 8
Gen 7
Gen 6
Gen 5
Gen 4
Gen 3
Figu re 15.
Targets can be manu factured as flat panels bonded to copper substrates
(right t op, bottom ), or as tu bul ar targets (left). Cour tesy of PLANSEE Metall.
13
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
14/16
Summary
Table I Xsummarizes characteristics of
tradit ional and emerging appl ications, and
presents estim ates of the molybdenum
powder required to serve each application
type in 2005 . There is a shift in the
properties that dr ive m olybdenum s use in
emerging markets. Elevated temperature
strength and creep resistance have been key
in tradit ional appl ications, but emerging
appl ications take advantage of
molybdenums unique combination of
physical properties (coefficient of thermal
expansion, thermal conductivity, electrical
conductivi ty) and chemical properties
(compatib i l i ty with the appl ication
environment). This change br ings with i t
more competi t ion. Elevated temperature
mechanical properties are directly correlated
with melt ing temperature, l imit ing the
number of potentia l competi t ive mater ia ls.
Physical properties do not necessarily
correlate with melt ing temperature, and
this al lows a w ider spectrum of competi tvematerials. In fact, creative materials system
design w ith composite m ater ia ls can readi ly
create new materials systems capable of
competing with molybdenum and in some
cases exceeding molybdenums performance in
emerging app l ications.
Emerging applications are also concentrated in
markets like consumer electronics that are
extremely price sensitive. Cheaper alternati ve
solutions are constantly being evaluated in these
appl ications, and mat er ia ls substi tution is
commonplace. Molybdenum has always been a
target for substitution because of its cost.
It is not used unless it confers a clear performance
advantage or an overal l cost benefi t.
Molybdenum has not previously faced the breadth
of potentia l competi t ion that i t now faces in
emergin g applicatio ns. There are reasons for
optimism, as wel l as caution regarding the growth
of molybdenum appl ications, as noted in thefol lowing points:
Tradit ional app l ications are mainly based
on m olybdenums uniqu e mechanical properties at
elevated tem peratures, with very few mater ia l
al ternatives (optimism);
Demand for tradit ional appl ications is
stable or shrinking (caution);
Mater ia l requirements for emerging
applications are already one third of those for
tradit ional appl ications and have potentia l
for strong growth (optimism);
Emerging appl ications are mainly based on
molybdenum s chemical and physical properties
with many competing m ater ia ls whose pr ices are
lower and less volati le (caution);
Emerging appl ications are mainly in the
price-sensitive electronics and automobile industry(caution); and
Averaged over all products, raw material
costs account for 60 % or more of total p roduction
costs, and are the main cost driver (caution).
The stable or decl in ing nat ure of tradit ional
appl ications means that n ew appl ications based on
molybdenums unique suite of mechanical,
physical, and chemical properties are critical to the
health of the molybdenum metal industry.
Molybdenum technologists have establ ished an
enviable record of new product generation over the
years, and there is every reason to expect them to
continue to identi fy new opportunit ies for growth.
However, to be successful in emerging markets
where cost is constantly under pressure, reasonable
and stable raw mater ia l pr ices are requirements.
14
Table I X. App li cati on Characteri st i cs and
Estimated 2005 Powder D emand
Tradit ional :
Stable or slowlygrowing markets
Molybdenum powder demand, mt :
Light ing 1300Glass/ Furnace 700
Mater ia l form ing 100
Medical 350
Electronics 400
Coating 500
Other 3000
Tota l 6350
Lighting 100
Mater ial form ing 100
Electronics 350
Coat ing 2000
Tota l 2550
Emerging:
Steadily growingmarkets
Very im portant Less i mportant Im portant Li m i ted
Appl i cat io n Elevated- tempera ture Chemi cal Physical Al ternat i veMechanical Propert ies Propert ies Propert i es Ma terial s
Elevated- tempera ture Chemi cal Physical Al ternat iveMechanical Propert ies Propert i es Propert ies Materi als
Un im portant Very i mportant Very Im portant M any
Molybdenum powder demand, mt :
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
15/16
AUSTRALIA
Moly M ines Ltd46- 50 Kings Park Road, West Perth,WA 60 05, AUSTRALIATe l: + 6 1 8 9 4 2 9 3 3 0 0 ;
Fa x: + 6 1 8 9 4 2 9 3 3 9 9Emai l : in fo@ molymines.comWebsite: www.molymines.com
AUSTRIA
Interalloys Trading & Business ConsultingGmbHFloragasse 7, A-1 040 Vienna, AUSTRIATe l: + 4 3 1 5 0 4 6 1 3 8 ; Fa x: + 4 3 1 5 0 4 6 1 9 2Emai l : in tera l@ ycn .com
Plansee SE660 0 Reutte, AUSTRIATe l: + 4 3 5 6 7 2 6 0 0 0 ; Fa x: + 4 3 5 6 7 2 6 0 0 5 0 0Emai l : in fo@ plansee .comWebsite: ww w.plansee.com
Treibacher Industrie AGAuer-von-Welsbach, Strasse 19330 Althofen, AUSTRIATe l: + 4 3 4 2 6 2 5 0 5 ; Fa x: + 4 3 4 2 6 2 5 0 5 8 4 16Emai l : f e rd inand .kamp l@ t reibacher .comWebsite: www.treibacher.com
BELGIUM
Sadaci NVLangerbruggekaai 13, B-9000 Gent, BELGIUM.Te l: + 3 2 9 2 5 4 0 5 1 1 ; Fa x: + 3 2 9 2 5 4 0 5 7 1Email: daisy.sergeant@ sadaci.be
Website: www.sadaci.be
CANADA
Oriental Minerals Inc24t h Floor, 11 11 West Georgia Street, Vancouver,BC, V6E 4M3, CANADATe l: + 1 6 0 4 6 8 1 5 7 5 5 ; Fa x: + 1 6 0 4 6 8 4 2 9 9 0Emai l : in fo@ or ien ta lm inera ls .comWebsite: www .or ientalminerals.com
CHILE
Codelco Chil eHuerfanos 1270, Sant iago, CHILETe l: + 5 6 2 6 9 0 3 4 0 6 ; Fa x: + 5 6 2 6 9 0 3 3 6 6Email: vperez@ codelco.cl
Website: www.codelco.cl
Estudios Antofagasta Copper LtdaAhumada 11, Oficina 613, Sant iago, CHILETe l: + 5 6 2 3 7 7 5 0 0 0 ; Fa x: + 5 6 2 3 7 7 5 0 9 6Emai l : gsanchez@ aminera ls.clWebsite: www.antofaga sta.co.uk
Molibdenos y Metales SAHuerfanos 812, 6th Floor, Sant iago, CHILETe l: + 5 6 2 3 6 8 3 6 0 0 ; Fa x: + 5 6 2 3 6 8 3 6 5 3Emai l : in fo@ molymet .clWebsite: www.molymet.cl
CHINA
Chaoyang Jinda Molybdenum Co LtdNo 78 8 Sect ion 4, Longshan Street, Chaoyang,Liaoning, 122000, CHINATe l: + 8 6 4 2 1 2 9 7 6 8 8 8 ;Fa x: + 8 6 4 2 1 2 9 7 6 6 6 6Emai l : j i ndamo lybdenum@ 163.comWebsite: www.j indamoly.com
Grand Bui ld Metal International Co Ltd100 2B East Ocean Centre, 98 Granvi l le Road,Kowloon, Hong Kong, CHINATe l: + 8 5 2 3 5 4 2 5 6 5 9 ;Fa x: + 8 5 2 3 5 4 2 5 65 5Emai l : g randbu i ld@ grandbu i ld .com.hk
Huludao Hongda Moly Co LtdNo 16-1 3-14 -15 Sou th Boha i St ree t,Lianshan Distr ict , H uludao,L iaon ing 125 001 , CHINATe l: + 8 6 4 2 9 8 5 8 6 6 6 6 ; Fa x: + 8 6 4 2 9 2 1 3 9 8 8 8E m ai l : d r ea m l i a ng @ 2 6 3 . n e tWebsite: www.hongdamoly.com
Jiangsu Fengfeng Tungsten andMolybdenum Mater ia ls Co LtdTang Jia Se,The Northern Suburbs of Dongtai,Jiangsu 224200, CHINATe l: + 8 6 5 1 5 5 2 7 3 3 1 1 ;
Fa x: + 8 6 5 1 5 5 2 7 1 2 3 7E m ai l : d j p p aa @ 1 2 6 . co mWebsite: www .fengfeng.com.cn
Jinduicheng M olybdenumGroup Co Ltd17th Floor, Jie Rui Mansion,No 5 West section of the second South Ring Road,Xian, Shaanxi 710068, CHINATe l: + 8 6 2 9 8 8 3 7 8 6 7 6 ;Fa x: + 8 6 2 9 8 8 3 7 8 7 7 1Emai l : j ck@ jdcmmc.comWebsite: www.jdcmm c.com
Luoyang Luanchuan MolybdenumGroup Co Ltd374 Junshan West Road,
Luanchuan County, Luoyang,Henan 47150 0 , CHINA
Te l: + 8 6 3 7 9 6 6 8 1 9 8 5 5 ;Fa x: + 8 6 3 7 9 6 6 8 1 9 8 54E m ai l : w e n hu i w @ 1 2 6 . co mWebsite: ww w.clcmo.com
15
LISTof MEMBERSR
INTERNATIONAL MOLYBDENUM ASSOCIATIONSecretary-General: Michael Maby Technical Director: Nicole Kinsman
HSE Managem ent Team : Sandra Carey and Wieslaw Piatki ewi cz
MembershipWelcome to:
Comm ercial Met als Co , a US company i nvolved inm arketin g, distribut ion and project in vestm ent on m oly
related product s
Dala M ining LLC, a private com pany in corporated
in t he Republic of Kazakhstan, w orkin g on thedevelopment of the Kokt enkol m olybdenum project
Glencore In ternat ional AG, a Sw iss company tradingFerro Molybdenum and Molybdenum Oxide
Hal dor Topsoe A/S, a Dani sh consum er ofm olybdenum com pounds used in m anufacturi ng of
catalysts, and a suppl ier of technology for sul phu ric acid
recovery from m olybdenum sul phide and other metal
sulphi de roaster of f-gasses
Joe H Smi th Co Ltd , a long-term distri but or inSouth ern U SA for a major US producer
Oriental Minerals Inc, a Canadian -basedexploration and m ine development com pany, wi th a
diverse port foli o of precious and base metals projects in
South Korea. The Com pany's current projects inclu de
the Sangdong tu ngsten-m olybdenum m in e, historically
one of the largest past produci ng tun gsten m in es in the
world
Stainless Steel World Conference
As an official "Supporter" of theseconferences w hich a re organised every t wo
years by "Stainless Steel World", IMOA draws
the attention of readers to the 2007 event
which will be held from 6-8 November in
Ma astricht. For further informa tion, visit
th eir website - www.stainless-steel-world.net,or contact t hem by email
[email protected] Fax No: +31 575 511099
REACH .
Molybdenum Consor t i um
formed by IMOA .
Member compani es and
non-member s i nvi t ed t ojoi n.
See IMOA websi te for detai ls
(i n Engli sh and Chi nese)
-
7/27/2019 IMOA Newsletter 2007 07
16/16
DENMARK
Haldor Topsoe A/SNymoellevej 55, DK-2800 Lyngby, DENMARKTe l: + 4 5 4 5 2 7 2 0 0 0 ; Fa x: + 4 5 4 5 2 7 2 9 9 9Emai l : ca ta lys t@ topsoe .dkWebsite : w ww.topsoe.com
FRANCE
Ampere Al loys12 Mail Jol iot Cur ie,Saint Ouen LAumone (95), 95310 FRANCETe l: + 3 3 1 3 4 3 2 4 0 0 7 ; Fa x: + 3 3 1 3 0 3 7 0 5 8 4Email: f .celer ier@ amperealloys.com
Arcelor Mittal Purchasing5 Rue Luigi Cherubini93212 La Plaine Saint-Denis Cedex, FRANCETe l: + 3 2 2 5 3 3 3 6 1 3 ; Fa x: + 3 2 2 5 3 3 3 6 0 1Email: car l . landuydt@ purchasing.arcelor .comWebsite: www.arcelor .com
Molycorp Inc129 rue Servient, 69 003 Lyon, FRANCETe l: + 3 3 4 7 8 6 3 7 9 3 6 ; Fa x: + 1 2 8 1 2 7 6 9 3 1 7Emai l : gdebeco@ molycorp .comhttp:/ /www.molycorp.com
GERMANY
CM ChemieMetal l GmbH Bitter fe ldChemiePark Bit ter feld-Wolfen, Areal E,Niels-Bohr-Strae 5, D-06749 Bit ter feld, GERMANYTe l: + 4 9 3 4 9 3 6 0 4 0 0 0 ; Fa x: + 4 9 3 4 9 3 6 0 4 0 0 1Emai l : in fo@ chemiemeta l l . deWebsite: www.chemiemetal l .de
GfM Fesil GmbHSchif ferstrasse 200, D-47 059 Duisburg, GERMANYTe l: + 4 9 2 0 3 3 0 0 0 7 0 ; Fa x: + 4 9 2 0 3 3 0 0 0 7 1 1 0Emai l : in fo@ gfm- fesi l . deWebsite: www.gfm-fesi l .de
Grondmet Metal l -und Rohstoffver tr iebsGmbHLuegallee 55, 4 054 5 Dsseldorf Oberkassel,
GERMANYTe l: + 4 9 2 1 1 5 7 7 2 5 0 ; Fa x: + 4 9 2 1 1 5 7 7 2 5 5 5Emai l : in fo@ grondmet .deWebsite: www.grondmet.de
FW Hempel M etal lurg ical GmbHLeopoldstr . 16, D-40 211 Dsseldorf , GERMANYTe l: + 4 9 2 1 1 1 6 8 0 6 0 ; Fa x: + 4 9 2 1 1 1 6 8 0 6 4 8Emai l : in fo@ meta l lu rg ical .deWebsite: www.metal lurgical.de
Metherma GmbHArnheimer Str . 103D-40 489 Dsseldorf , GERMANYTe l: + 4 9 2 1 1 4 0 8 0 8 4 0 ; Fa x: + 4 9 2 1 1 4 0 7 1 2 6Emai l : mo lybdenum@ metherma.de
HC Starck GmbHIm Sch leeke 78 - 9 1 ,
D-38 642 Goslar , GERMANYTe l: + 4 9 5 3 2 1 7 5 1 0 ; Fa x: + 4 9 5 3 2 1 7 5 1 6 1 9 2Emai l : in fo@ hcsta rck .comWebsite: www.hcstarck.com
IRAN
Pars Molybden CoNo 46 Bahar Al ley, South Shiraz StMolla Sadra Ave, 14358 Tehran, IRANTe l: + 9 8 2 1 8 0 6 3 9 1 7 ; Fa x: + 9 8 2 1 8 0 6 1 4 7 6Emai l : in fo@ parsmo lybden.com
ISRAEL
Comm odit y Resources IncDor Dor VDorshav 4, Jerusalem 931 17, ISRAELTe l: + 9 7 2 2 5 6 1 0 6 5 8 ; Fa x: + 9 7 2 2 5 6 1 0 6 6 0
Emai l : jdm@ at tg lobal .ne tMetal-Tech LtdRamat Hovav, PO Box 2412,Beer-Sheva 84874, ISRAELTe l: + 9 7 2 8 6 5 7 2 3 3 3 ; Fa x: + 9 7 2 8 6 5 7 2 3 3 4Emai l : genera l@ meta l - tech .co. i lWebsite: www.metal- tech.co. i l
JAPAN
Kohsei Co LtdKohsei Building, 2-11 Kobunacho NihonbashiChuo-ku, 103-0024 Tokyo, JAPANTe l: + 8 1 3 5 6 5 2 0 9 0 1 ;Fa x: + 8 1 3 5 6 5 2 0 9 0 5Emai l : i t ibu@ kohse i . co . jpWebsite: www .kohsei.co. jp
Mitsubishi Corp16-3 Konan 2 -chome, M ina to -ku ,Tokyo 108-8228, JAPANTe l: + 8 1 3 6 4 0 5 3 2 7 3 ;Fa x: + 8 1 3 6 4 0 5 88 7 1Emai l : yu j i . fukumoto@ mi tsub ish icorp .comWebsite: ww w.mit subishicorp.com
Sojitz CorpFerroalloys Section 1Iron Ore and Ferroalloys Dept1 -20 Akasaka 6 -chome, M ina to -ku ,Tokyo 107-8655, JAPANTe l: + 8 1 3 5 5 2 0 3 5 2 9 ;Fa x: + 8 1 3 5 5 2 0 3 5 1 7Emai l : ma tsumura.h i rosh i@ so ji t z . comWebsite: ww w.soji tz.com
Taiyo Koko Co Ltd3-1, 3-chome Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku,Tokyo 100-0005, JAPANTe l: + 8 1 3 3 2 1 6 6 0 4 1 ; Fa x: + 8 1 3 3 2 1 6 6 0 4 5Emai l : t r ade@ ta iyokoko .co . jp
KAZAKHSTAN
Dala M ining LLC050043, Koshek Batyr , 5, Almaty,KAZAKHSTANTe l: + 7 3 2 7 2 2 6 6 8 2 0 ; Fa x: + 7 3 2 7 2 2 6 6 8 2 3Emai l : in fo@ da lamin ing .kz
LUXEMBOURG
Traxys Europe SA3 rue Pletzer, Centre Helfent, L-80 80 Bertrange,LUXEMBOURG
Te l: + 3 5 2 4 5 9 9 9 9 1 ; Fa x: + 3 5 2 4 5 9 9 9 9 2 2 3Email: heinz.duecht ing@ traxys.com
MEXICO
Mexicana de Cobre SA de CVAv Baja Cali fornia 200, Col. Roma Sur06760 Mexico DF, MEXICOTe l: + 5 2 5 5 5 2 6 4 7 7 7 5 ;Fa x: + 5 2 5 5 5 2 6 4 7 7 6 9Emai l : a r ch iba ldo .deneken@ mm.gmex ico .comWebsite: www .gmexico.com
Molymex SA de CVTehuantepec No 90 Col. Centenario,Hermosil lo, Sonora 83260, MEXICOTe l: + 5 2 6 6 2 2 8 9 3 6 4 0 ;Fa x: + 5 2 6 6 2 2 8 9 3 6 5 0Emai l : admin is t rac ion@ molymex.com.mx
Website: www.molymex.com.mx
PERU
Southern Copper CorporationAv Caminos del Inca 171Chacarilla del Estanque, Surco, Lima 33, PERUTe l: + 5 1 1 5 1 2 0 4 4 0 ; Fa x: + 5 1 1 2 1 7 1 3 5 1Email: jd lheros@ southernperu.com.peWebsite: w ww.southernperu.com
RUSSIA
Baltic Enterprise Ltd40, The 17th Line, VO, Saint-Petersburg,1991 78 , RUSSIATe l: + 7 8 1 2 3 2 5 8 6 8 8 ;Fa x: + 7 8 1 2 3 2 5 8 6 8 7
E m ai l : b m @ s ol i . ruWebsite: www.soli . ru
JSC Polema CorpPrzhevalskogo Str 3, Tula, 300 016 , RUSSIATe l: + 7 0 9 5 6 3 3 1 1 7 7 ; Fa x: + 7 0 9 5 6 3 3 1 5 2 7Emai l : po lema@ metho ld ing .comWebsite: www.polema.ru
SWEDEN
AB FerrolegeringarPO Box 71 63, Sveavgen 9, 103 88 Stockholm,SWEDENTe l: + 4 6 8 4 5 4 6 5 6 0 ; Fa x: + 4 6 8 7 9 6 0 6 3 6Emai l : in fo@ ferro legeringar .seWebsite: www.ferroleger ingar.se
Outokumpu Stainless AB
PO Box 74, S-774 22 Avesta, SWEDENTe l: + 4 6 2 2 6 8 1 0 0 0 ; Fa x: + 4 6 2 2 6 8 1 3 0 5Emai l : in fo .sta in less@ outokumpu.com
Scandinavi an Steel ABBirger Jar lsgatan 15, SE 111 45 Stockholm,SWEDENTe l: + 4 6 8 6 1 4 2 8 5 0 ; Fa x: + 4 6 8 6 1 1 6 4 3 4Email: metals@ scandinaviansteel.se
SWITZERLAND
Cronimet Suisse AGAllmendstrasse 11, CH-6312 Steinhausen,SWITZERLANDTe l: + 4 1 4 1 7 4 8 5 0 4 0 ; Fa x: + 4 1 4 1 7 4 8 4 2 0 1Email: tendoornkatt . f r i tz@ cronimet.ch
Glencore International AGBaarermattstrasse 3, CH-6341 Baar, SWITZERLANDTe l: + 4 1 4 1 7 0 9 2 0 0 0 ; Fa x: + 4 1 4 1 7 0 9 3 0 0 0Emai l : in fo@ glencore.comWebsite: w ww.glencore.com
UK
Adams Metals Ltd1 Milkhouse Gate, Guildford, Surrey, GU1 3EZ, UKTe l: + 4 4 1 4 8 3 5 7 7 9 0 0 ; Fa x: + 4 4 1 4 8 3 5 7 8 0 0 8To l l F re e: + 1 8 0 0 4 7 3 8 4 2 7 ;Fa x: + 1 8 0 0 4 7 3 8 4 2 8Emai l : in fo@ adamsmeta ls .comWebsite: www.adam smetals.com
Alfred H Knight International LtdEccleston Grange, Prescot Road, St Helens,Merseyside WA10 3 BQ, UK
Te l: + 4 4 1 7 4 4 7 3 3 7 5 7 ; Fa x: + 4 4 1 7 4 4 2 7 0 6 2Emai l : enqu i r ies@ ahkgroup .comWebsite: www.ahkgroup.com
Derek Raphael & Co Ltd8-10 Castle Street, Cirencester,Gloucestershire GL7 1QA, UKTe l: + 4 4 1 2 8 5 8 8 5 8 2 1 ; Fa x: + 4 4 2 0 7 5 0 4 8 4 8 3Emai l : a raphae l@ derek- raphae l . co .ukWebsite: www.derek-raphael.co.uk
Alex Stewart (Assayers) LtdCaddick Road, Knowsley Industrial Estate,Merseyside L34 9ER, UKTe l: + 4 4 1 5 1 5 4 8 7 7 7 7 ; Fa x: + 4 4 1 5 1 5 4 8 0 7 1 4Email: enquir ies@ alexstewart.comWebsite: w ww.alexstewart.com
Wogen Resources Ltd
4 The Sanctuary, Westminster , London,SW1P 3JS, UKTe l: + 4 4 2 0 7 2 2 2 2 1 7 1 ; Fa x: + 4 4 2 0 7 2 2 2 5 8 6 2Emai l : A l lan .ker r@ wogen .comWebsite: www.wogen.com
Wyseway (UK) LtdPower Road Studios, 11 4 Power Road,Chiswick, London W4 5PY, UKTe l: + 4 4 2 0 8 7 4 2 3 4 2 0 ; Fa x: + 4 4 2 0 8 7 4 2 3 4 2 1Emai l : ma i l@ wyseway.co .uk
USA
Albemarle Corp451 Flor ida Street, Baton Rouge, LA 70801, USATe l: + 1 2 2 5 3 8 8 8 0 4 2 ; Fa x: + 1 2 2 5 3 8 8 7 6 8 6Emai l : ch r is_ kn igh t@ albemar le.com
Website: www.albem arle.comBarex Resources Inc105 B Van Hout en Avenue, Passaic Park,NJ 07055-5518 , USATe l: + 1 9 7 3 7 7 8 6 4 7 0 ;Fa x: + 1 4 1 3 4 6 0 7 9 3 0Email: nrs@ barexresources.com
Bear Metal l urg ical Co679 East But ler Road, But ler , PA 16002, USATe l: + 1 7 2 4 2 8 3 6 8 0 0 ;Fa x: + 1 7 2 4 2 8 3 6 0 7 8Emai l : m ike .bourgeo is@ bearmet .com
The Chem- Met CoP O Box 819 , Cl in ton , MD 20735- 0819 , USATe l: + 1 3 0 1 8 6 8 3 3 5 5 ;Fa x: + 1 3 0 1 8 6 8 8 9 4 6
Emai l : a fox@ chem-metco .com
Climax Molybdenum CoOne North Central, Phoenix, AZ 85 004 , USATe l: + 1 6 0 2 3 6 6 8 1 0 0 ;Fa x: + 1 6 0 2 3 6 6 7 3 2 9Emai l : c l imax@ phe lpsdodge.comWebsite: www.cl imaxmolybdenum.com
Commercial Metals Co205 0 Center Avenue, Suite 25 0, Fort Lee, NJ0 7 6 4 7 , U S ATe l: + 1 2 0 1 3 0 2 0 8 8 8 ;Fa x: + 1 2 0 1 3 0 2 9 9 1 1Emai l : j z@ cmc.comWebsite: www .cmc.com
Comsup Commodities Inc220 0 Fletcher Avenue, 7th Floor, Fort Lee, NJ0 7 0 2 4 , U S ATe l: + 1 2 0 1 9 4 7 9 4 0 0 ;Fa x: + 1 2 0 1 4 6 1 7 5 7 7Emai l : comsup@ comsup inc.com
CRI/Criterion IncTwo Greenspoint Plaza, Suite 1 000 ,16825 Northchase Dr ive, Houston, TX 77060,USATe l: + 1 2 8 1 8 7 4 2 6 6 1 ; Fa x: + 1 2 8 1 8 7 4 2 5 8 0Email: ken.darmer@ cri-cri ter ion.com
Gulf Chemical & Metal lurg i cal CorpPO Box 2290, Freeport, Texas 77542-2290, USATe l: + 1 9 7 9 2 3 3 7 8 8 2 ; Fa x: + 1 9 7 9 2 3 3 7 1 7 1Emai l : kev in. jones@ gu l fchem.com
Kennecott Molybdenum Co
8315 West 3595 Sou th,PO Box 6001, Magna,U t a h 8 4 0 4 4 - 6 0 0 1 , U S ATe l: + 1 8 0 1 2 5 2 3 0 0 0 ; Fa x: + 1 8 0 1 2 5 2 3 2 9 2Emai l : cowley j@ kennecot t . com
Osram Sylvania Products IncHawes Street, Towanda, PA 18848, USATe l: + 1 5 7 0 2 6 8 5 0 0 0 ; Fa x: + 1 5 7 0 2 6 8 5 1 1 3Emai l : susan .dunn@ sylvan ia .comWebsite: www .sylvania.com
Powmet In cPO Box 5086, 2625 Sewell Street, Rockford,IL 61125 , USATe l: + 1 8 1 5 3 9 8 6 9 0 0 ; Fa x: + 1 8 1 5 3 9 8 6 9 0 7Emai l : wc t@ powmet .com
Shangxiang Mi nmetals Inc
150 N Santa Anita Avenue, Suite 500, Arcadia,CA 91006, USATe l: + 1 6 2 6 4 4 5 8 9 4 6 ;Fa x: + 1 6 2 6 4 4 5 6 9 4 3Emai l : georgesong@ emeta lmarke t . com
Sheng Tong Enterprises (USA) Corp17870 Cast leton Street, Suite 240,City of Industry, CA 9174 8, U SATe l: + 1 6 2 6 5 8 1 7 1 0 5 ;Fa x: + 1 6 2 6 5 8 1 7 1 9 5Emai l : j iwe i j ia@ r isingst . comWebsite: w ww.r isingst.com
Joe H Smith Co LtdPO Box 837, Cypress , TX 774 10 , USATe l: + 1 2 8 1 4 6 9 7 1 1 0 , Fa x: + 1 2 8 1 8 9 0 6 5 4 1Emai l : khsmi th@ sbcg loba l .ne t
Thompson Creek Metals Co945 West Kenyon Avenue, EnglewoodCO 80110-3469 , USATe l: + 1 3 0 3 7 6 1 8 8 0 1 ;Fa x: + 1 3 0 3 7 6 1 7 4 2 0Emai l : margo l@ tcrk .comWebsite: w ww.thom psoncreekmetals.com
LISTof MEMBERS continued