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Transcript of IMMUNOLOGIC DISORDERS.pptx
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IMMUNOLOGIC
DISODERS
By:
Manuel L. Hermosa, EdDProfessor
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I. STRUCTURES AND UNCTI!N ! THEIMMUNE S"STEM
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A. un#$%ons of $&e Immune Sys$em
'. Defense a(a%ns$ )&ys%#al %n*uryand %nfe#$%on
+. Ma%n$enan#e of &omoeos$as%s, as$a$e of eu%l%-r%um of $&e %n$ernalen%ronmen$
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B. !r(ans and T%ssues of $&e Immune Sys$em %n#lude$&e -one marro/ and lym)&o%d $%ssue, /&%#& #om)r%se$&e $&ymus (land, lym)& nodes, s)leen, $ons%ls, and
adeno%ds. '. Bone marro/ %s s)e#%al%0ed sof$ $%ssue 1ll%n( $&e
s)a#es %n #an#ellous -one of $&e e)%)&yses. I$ %sres)ons%-le for:
a. releas%n( ma$ure B lym)&o#y$es %n$o $&e -lood#%r#ula$%on
-. mo%n( T lym)&o#y$es from -one marro/ $o $&e$&ymus
+. T&e $&ymus %s a s%n(le un)a%red (land $&a$ %s
lo#a$ed %n $&e med%as$%num and %s $&e )r%mary #en$ral(land of $&e lym)&a$%# sys$em. I$s )r%mary fun#$%on %sallo/%n( $&e T lym)&o#y$es $o deelo) -efore m%(ra$%n($o $&e lym)& nodes and s)leen
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2. Lym)& nodes and essels )erform seeral %m)or$an$fun#$%on, su#& as:
a. $rans)or$%n( lym)&
-. 1l$er%n( and )a$&o(o#y$%0%n( 3)ro#ess%n( and4%ll%n(5 an$%(ens
#. (enera$%n( lym)&o#y$es and mono#y$es
6. S)leen fun#$%ons %n#lude :
a. remo%n( /orn7ou$ ery$&ro#y$es from -lood -. s$or%n( -lood and )la$ele$s
#. 1l$er%n( and )ur%fy%n( -lood
8. T&e $ons%ls, adeno%ds, and o$&er mu#o%d lym)&a$%#
$%ssues defend $&e -ody a(a%ns$ m%#roor(an%sms 9. In $&e &ema$o)o%e$%# sys$em, -one marro/ and
lym)&a$%# $%ssue )rodu#ed -lood #ells %n#lud%n( $&ose%noled %n %mmunolo(%# defense 3%.e. leu4o#y$es5
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C. Nons)e#%1# Immunolo(%# defense %sa $y)e of %mmun%$y ee#$%e a(a%ns$any &armful a(en$ en$er%n( $&e -ody.
T&e -ody;s na$ural %mmun%$y #an
d%s#r%m%na$e fr%ends from for or selffrom nonself -y #anno$ d%s$%n(u%s&-e$/een and )a$&o(ens.
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Na$ural me#&an%sm %n#ludes $&e follo/%n(:
'. P&ys%#al -arr%ers. In$a#$ s4%n and mu#ous mem-rane )reen$
)a$&o(ens from (a%n%n( a##ess $o $&e -ody. C%l%a of $&e res)%ra$ory$ra#$ 1l$er and #lear )a$&o(ens from $&e u))er res)%ra$ory $ra#$
+. C&em%#al -arr%ers. A#%d%# (as$r%# *u%#es, en0ymes %n $ears and
sal%a, and se-a#eous and s/ea$ se#re$%ons a$$em)$ $o des$roy%nad%n( -a#$er%a and fun(%.
2. B%olo(%# res)onse mod%1ers. In$erferon, a %r%#%dal su-s$an#e,
#oun$er %ruses and a#$%a$es o$&er #om)onen$s of $&e %mmunesys$em
6. A#$%on of /&%$e -lood #ells
a. Neu$ro)&%ls are 1rs$ $o arr%e a$ $&e %n%ns
d. Mono#y$es or ma#ro)&a(es fun#$%on as )&a(o$o# #ells en(ulf,%n(es$ and des$roy fore%(n $o>%ns
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8. In
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D. S)e#%1# %mmunolo(%# defense %s a $y)e of%mmun%$y ee#$%e a(a%ns$ s)e#%1# &armful a(en$sen$er%n( $&e -ody. Immun%$y %s a normal ada)$%eres)onse des%(ned $o )ro$e#$ $&e -ody a(a%ns$)o$en$%ally &armful an$%(ens 3%.e. any su-s$an#ere#o(n%0ed as fore%(n -y $&e %mmune sys$em5
'. Ty)es of %mmun%$y
a. In-orn %mmun%$y %s an %n&er%$ed %mmun%$y ofs)e#%es 3e.(. &uman do no$ #on$ra#$ #er$a%n an%mald%seases5, ra#es, and %nd%%duals $o #er$a%n d%seases.
-. A#u%red %mmun%$y %s %mmun%$y $&a$ deelo)s
as an %nd%%dual en#oun$ers s)e#%1# &armful a(en$s.I$ may -e na$ural 3%.e. a#$%a$ed -y $&e ae#$ed%nd%%dual5 or as ar$%1#%al 3%.e. a#$%a$ed -y a##%ne5and a#$%e or )ass%e
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7 A#$%e %mmun%$y %noles )rodu#$%on of an$%-od%esand
7 Memory #ells do no$ se#re$e an$%-od%es, -u$ on re7e>)osure $o $&e s)e#%1# an$%(en, $&ey deelo) %n$oan$%-ody se#re$%n( )lasma #ells.
7 Im)or$an$ a##%nes %n#lude IM $e$anus andd%)&$&er%a -oos$er %n*e#$%on /&%#& %s reu%red for adul$
a$ leas$ eery ' years, and $&e &e)a$%$%s B a##%ne,/&%#& %s reu%red for all &eal$& #are /or4ers
7 Pass%e %mmun%$y %s a $em)orary %mmun%$yreu%red -y %n$rodu#$%on of an$%-od%es or sens%$%0edlym)&o#y$es from ano$&er sour#e 3e.(. an$%-od%es
$&rou(& )la#en$al #%r#ula$%on $o a fe$us, (amma(lo-ul%n, an$% serum from -lood )lasma of a )erson/%$& a#u%red %mmun%$y5. T&e -ody dose no$ (enera$ememory #ells.
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+. T&e me#&an%sm of s)e#%1# %mmun%$y are of $/o$y)es : &umoral 3B lym)&o#y$es5 and #ell med%a$ed 3Tlym)&o#y$es5 %mmun%$y. T&ese $/o $y)es of
%mmunolo(%# res)onses d%s#r%m%na$e self from nonselfand d%s$%n(u%s& $&e forma$%on of an$%-od%es -y )lasma#ells %n res)onse $o fore%(n )ro$e%ns.
7 Humoral %mmun%$y fun#$%ons )r%mar%ly %n $y)e I, $y)eII, and $y)e III &y)ersens%$%%$y rea#$%ons
7 B lym)&o#y$es 3 so named -e#ause $&ey /ere 1rs$%den$%1ed %n $&e a%an -ursa5 are %noled %n an$%-ody3%.e. %mmuno(lo-ul%n 3I(55 )rodu#$%on
7 Unsens%$%0ed B #ells )rol%fera$e and ma$ure %n$o
)lasma #ells af$er e>)osure $o an$%(en 7 Plasma #ells d%eren$%a$e %n$o memory #ells 3/&%#&
$r%((er a B7#ell res)onse on su-seuen$ e>)osure $osame an$%(en5 and an$%-od%es
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7 %e $y)es of an$%-od%es are )rodu#ed -y $&e -ody:
7 I(= a#$%a$es #om)lemen$, en&an#es )&a(o#y$os%s,
#rosses )la#en$a 3%.e. )ass%e %mmun%$y5, and %s a#$%e %n
a se#ond res)onse 3re%nfe#$%on5
7 I(A %s )resen$ %n $&e -ody a#$ role %s
un#lear 7I(E %s asso#%a$ed /%$& aller(%# and &y)ersens%$%%$y
rea#$%ons and )oss%-ly &el)s %n defense a(a%ns$ )aras%$es
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-. Cell med%a$ed %mmun%$y %noles a$$a#4 of m%#ro-es -y
s)e#%al 4%ller T #ells formed from lym)&o#y$es
7 Cellular %mmun%$y fun#$%ons )r%mar%ly delayed
&y)ersens%$%%$y rea#$%ons re*e#$%on of $rans)lan$s and%ral, fun(al, and #&ron%# %nfe#$%ons
7T lym)o&o#y$es 3#ells are $&ymus der%ed5, one>)osure $o an$%(en, )rol%fera$e and d%eren$%a$e %n$o oneof seeral $y)es of T #ells.
7 Hel)er T #ells 3T65 ass%s$ B7#ells %n &umoral res)onse
$o form an$%-od%es
7 Su))ressor T #ells 3T5 su))ress B7#ell syn$&es%s ofan$%-ody )rodu#$%on $&rou(& a feed-a#4 me#&an%sm
7 Memory T #ells s$ore fu$ure %mmune res)onse $osome an$%(en
7 Cy$o$o>%# T #ells d%re#ly a$$a#4 an$%(en, al$er%n( #ell
mem-rane /%$& resul$an$ #ell lys%s
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2. S$a(es of s)e#%1# %mmune res)onses
a. Re#o(n%$%on. C%r#ula$%n( lym)&o#y$es
and ma#ro)&a(es re#o(n%0e fore%(nma$ernal or an$%(ens as nonself
-. Prol%fera$%on. Sens%$%0ed lym)&o#y$es)rol%fera$e, d%eren$%a$e, and ma$ure %n$oa res)e#$%e T and B #ells
#. Res)onse. An$%-ody %s )rodu#ed /%$&s)e#%1# T7#ells a#$%on
d. Ee#$or. An$%(en %s des$royed -yan$%-ody, /&%#& %s )rodu#ed -y B7#ell or#y$o$o>%# T #ell a#$%on
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II. THE IMMUNES"STEM
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A. Assessmen$
'. Heal$& &%s$ory
a. El%#%$ a des#r%)$%on of $&e #l%en$;s )resen$ %llness and#&%ef #om)la%n$, %n#lud%n( onse$, #ourse, dura$%on,lo#a$%on and )re#%)%$a$%n( and alle%a$%n( fa#$ors. El%#%$ ades#r%)$%on of $&e #l%en$;s oerall &eal$& s$a$us, %n#lud%n(%mmun%0a$%ons s$a$us usual #&%ld&ood d%seases, 4no/
aller(%es, and a &%s$ory of )as$ and )resen$ med%#a$%ons.Card%nal s%(ns and sym)$oms %nd%#a$%n( al$ered%mmun%$y are su-seuen$ly des#r%-ed.
7 =eneral
7 Re#urren$ %nfe#$%ons
7 Seasonal sym)$oms 7 e%(&$ loss
7 eer
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7 Head
7 I$#&%n(, -urn%n(, /a$er%n( eyes %s%on )ro-lems and eye %nfe#$%ons
7 Re#urren$ ear %nfe#$%ons
7 R&%n%$%s and snee0%n( 7 Res)%ra$ory Sys$em
7 Cou(&
7 Dys)nea
7 Re#urren$ %nfe#$%on
7 Card%oas#ular sys$em
7 Pa%n
7 Reynaud;s )&enomenon 3%.e. e>$reme )allor and $&en #yanos%s ofe>$rem%$%es -rou(&$ on -y #old e>)osure5
7 =I Sys$em
7 Nausea and om%$%n(
7 D%arr&ea 7 =en%$our%nary Sys$em
7 Re#urren$ %nfe#$%ons
7 dysur%a and &ema$ur%a
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7 Mus#ulos4ele$al sys$em
7 ea4ness and fa$%(ue
7 Ina-%l%$y $o )erform a#$%%$%esof da%ly l%%n( 3ADLs5
7 Neurolo(%# Sys$em
7 D%sor%en$a$%on $o name. da$e,and )la#e
7 Al$ered leel of#ons#%ousness
7 Pares$&es%as
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-. E>)osure $&e #l%en$;s &eal$& &%s$oryfor r%s4 fa#$ors asso#%a$ed /%$&%mmune d%sorders, %n#lud%n( no$
4ee)%n( u) $o da$e %mmun%0a$%ons,e>)osure $o %nfe#$%on d%sease, ande>)osure $o )ollen, %nse#$s, and
aller(ens
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+. P&ys%#al E>am%na$%on
a. Ins)e#$%on
7 Ins)e#$ s4%n and mu#ous mem-ranes fro ras&es, les%ons,
derma$%$%s, )ur)ura 3su-#u$aneous -leed%n(5 and any $y)e of%n
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2. La-ora$ory and d%a(nos$%# s$ud%es
a. Mul$%7aller(en aller(y $es$%n( measures $&e %n#rease and uan$%$y ofaller(en s)e#%1# %mmuno(lo-ul%n 3I(5 E an$%-od%es and %s done $o %den$%fyaller(ens $o /&%#& $&e #l%en$ &as %mmed%a$e &y)ersens%$%%$y
-. T7 and B7lym)&o#y$es assays ealua$e $&e num-er of lym)&o#y$es %n$&e %mmune sys$em
#. I( assays 3I(=, I(A, I(M5 #an de$e#$ and mon%$or %mmune de1#%en#%es
d. Serum #om)lemen$ assays $es$ for C2 and C6 #om)lemen$ /&en $o$al#om)lemen$ leel %s de#reased
e. Au$an$%-ody $es$s 7 An$%nu#lear an$%-ody 3ANA5 $es$ measures and d%eren$%a$es ANAs
asso#%a$ed /%$& #er$a%n au$o%mmune d%seases su#& as sys$em%# lu)usery$&ema$osus
7 R&euma$o%d fa#$or $es$ measures for a ma#ro(lo-ul%n $y)e of an$%-odyfound %n r&euma$o%d ar$&r%$%s
f. Rad%oaller(osor-en$ $es$ %s rad%o%mmunoassay $&a$ measures aller(en7s)e#%1# I(E.
(. T&e &uman %mmunode1#%en#y %rus 3HI?5 $es$ de$erm%nes $&e )resen#eof HI? an$%-od%es, /&%#& %s $&e e$%olo(%# fa#$or reu%red %mmunode1en#ysyndrome 3AIDS5
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B. Nurs%n( D%a(noses
'. Inee#$%e a%r/ay #learan#e
+. R%s4 for %nfe#$%on
2. A#u$e or #&ron%# )a%n
6. Im)a%red s4%n %n$e(r%$y
8. De1#%en$
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C. Plann%n( and ou$#ome %den$%1#a$%on.T&e (oal for a #l%en$ d%a(nosed /%$&
an %mmunolo(%# d%sorder %n#lude%m)roed a%r/ay #learan#e,)reen$%on of %nfe#$%on, %n#reased
#omfor$, %m)roemen$ andma%n$enan#e of s4%n %n$e(r%$y,%n#reased 4no/led(e re(ard%n(
d%sease )reen$%on and self7#are,a-sen#e of #om)l%#a$%ons and %n*ury,and %m)roed #o)%n(.
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D. Im)lemen$
'. Assess res)%ra$ory s$a$us, %n#lud%n( assessmen$ of $&elun(s, ra$e and de)$& of res)%ra$%ons, eor$ of -rea$&%n( use
of a##essory mus#les, #yanos%s, res$lessness, an>%e$y, orany #&an(e %n leel of #ons#%ousness
+. M%n%m%0e $&e r%s4 of %nfe#$%on
a. Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ on /ays $o ao%d %nfe#$%on, %n#lud%n($&e %m)or$an#e of )ersonal &y(%ene and ao%dan#e of
)eo)le /%$& %nfe#$%ons and lar(e #ro/ds -. Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ $o /as& $&e ae#$ed area /%$& /arm
/a$er -efore a))ly%n( $o)%#al #reams %ns$ru#$ &%m $o /as&&%s &ands -efore and af$er adm%n%s$er%n( $o)%#al #reams
2. Pro%de )a%n rel%ef. Assess $&e #l%en$;s )a%n, rule ou$ any
#om)l%#a$%ons, %m)lemen$ any non)&arma#olo(%#%n$eren$%ons 3%.e. %#e, #old, massa(e5 $o rel%ee )a%n,adm%n%s$er )a%n med%#a$%on, and ealua$e $&e ee#$%enessof %n$eren$%ons
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6. Promo$e s4%n %n$e(r%$y
a. Assess $&e s4%n and mu#ous mem-ranes for any ras&es,#olor #&an(es, les%ons, )allor, )ur)ura, &ydra$%on and
%n
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@. Promo$e self7#are. Ass%s$ $&e #l%en$ /%$&ADLs as needed, -u$ )romo$e %nde)enden#e.
Use any ener(y7sa%n( $e#&n%ues aa%la-le . Preen$ %n*ury. Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ $o /ear
%den$%1#a$%on $a(s or -ra#ele$s #on#ern%n(aller(%es or d%sease
F. Promo$e #l%en$ and fam%ly #o)%n( a. Tea#& $&e #l%en$ and &%s fam%ly /ays $o
#o)e /%$& #&ron%# %llness, %n#lud%n(er-al%0a$%on of feel%n(s and /ays $o )reen$
e>a#er-a$%ons
-. Pro%de referrals
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E. !u$#ome ealua$%ons
'. T&e #l%en$ d%s)lays no res)%ra$ory d%s$ress, as
e%den#ed -y an a-sen#e of #&es$ $%(&$ness,/&ee0%n(, #yanos%s, #ou(&, and e>a((era$ede>)%ra$ory eor$.
+. T&e #l%en$ s&o/s no sym)$oms ofo))or$un%s$%# %nfe#$%on, su#& as fa$%(ue, feer,n%(&$ s/ea$s, /e%(&$ loss and d%arr&ea
2. T&e #l%en$ er-al%0es rel%ef of *o%n$ )a%n andd%s#omfor$
6. T&e #l%en$ e>&%-%$s #lean, dry s4%n $&a$ %s freefrom ras&, %$#&%n(, -urn%n(, s#al%n(, ul#era$%onsand %nfe#$%on
8. T&e #l%en$ &as %n$a#$ s4%n and oral mu#osa
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9. T&e #l%en$ ma%n$a%ns adeua$e
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CATE=!RIES ! IMMUNE DIS!RDERS
A. Hy)ersens%$%%$y rea#$%ons are %mmune res)onses $oaller(ens $&a$ resul$ %n $%ssue des$ru#$%on
'. Ty)e I 3ana)&yla#$%#5 rea#$%ons are med%a$ed -y $&e
%mmuno(lo-ul%n 3I(5E an$%-ody, /&%#& )romo$es $&e release of&%s$am%ne and o$&er rea#$%e med%a$ors. T&ese -aso)&%l ormas$ #ells )rodu#e $&e #&ara#$er%s$%# sym)$oms of as$&ma or&ay feer.
+. Ty)e II 3#y$o$o>%#5 rea#$%ons 3e.(. &emoly$%# anem%a5 aremed%a$ed -y I(= and I=M an$%-od%es, /&%#& a$$a#& $o #ells3usually #%r#ula$%n( -lood elemen$s5 and #ause #ell lys%s
2. Ty)e III 3%mmune #om)le>5 rea#$%ons 3e.(. r&euma$o%dar$&r%$%s, serum s%#4ness5 are med%a$ed -y an$%(en7an$%-ody#om)le>es $&a$ de)os%$ %n $&e l%n%n( of -lood essels or on$%ssue surfa#es
6. Ty)e I? 3delayed &y)ersens%$%%$y5 rea#$%ons 3e.(. #on$a#$derma$%$%s, $rans)lan$ re*e#$%on5 are med%a$ed -y lym)&o4%nesreleased from sens%$%0ed T lym)&o#y$es
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B. Aller(%# d%sorders are &y)ersens%$%eres)onses $o an aller(en $o /&%#& $&e
or(an%sm &as )re%ously -een e>)osed and$o /&%#& $&e or(an%sm &as deelo)edan$%-od%es
'. In$era#$%on -e$/een an$%(en and
an$%-ody $y)%#ally resul$s on one or moreman%fes$a$%ons of $%ssue %n*ury
+. I(E an$%-od%es are formed -y )ersonse>)er%en#%n( aller(%es /&o are (ene$%#ally
)red%s)osed. H%s$am%ne and o$&er med%a$orsare released on ree>)osure $o $&e aller(en$o /&%#& $&e )erson %s sens%$%0ed
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C. Au$o%mmune d%sorders are#ond%$%ons %n /&%#& $&e -ody no
lon(er d%eren$%a$es self from nonself '. Al$era$%ons %n T #ells or B #ells
)rodu#e au$o%mmune-od%es and
au$osens%$%0ed T #ells $&e #ause$%ssue %n*ury. T&ese #&an(es may%nole one or(an or many or(an
sys$ems +. T&e #ause of au$o%mmune
d%sorders rema%ns un4no/n, -u$
many $&eor%es e>%s$
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D. Immune de1#%en#y %s de1ned as a #on(en%$alor a#u%red de1#%$ %n $&e %mmune sys$em $&a$ma4es $&e )erson sus#e)$%-le $o l%fe7$&rea$en%n(o))or$un%s$%# %nfe#$%on
'. In #on(en%$al 3)r%mary5 %mmunode1#%en#y,$&e -ody )rodu#es %nadeua$e amoun$s of oneor more %mmune #ells. De1#%$s #an -e &umoralFB #ell5, #ell7 med%a$ed 3T7#ell5, or #om-%ned
+. A#u%red 3se#ondary5 %mmunode1u#%en#y %sa$$r%-u$ed $o ar%ous e$%olo(%es, %n#lud%n(:
a. %mmunos))ress%e $&era)y, su#& as#&emo$&era)eu$%# a(en$s, #or$%#os$ero%ds,nos$ero%dal an$%7%n
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-. a(e7rela$ed fa#$ors, su#& asde$er%ora$%on %n $&e $&ymus (land and T
#ell fun#$%on%n( and a de#reased num-erof su))ressor T #ells and &el)er T #ells
#. d%sru)$%on of s4%n %n$e(r%$y, as o##urs/%$& -urns and $rauma
d. nu$r%$%onal de1#%$s
e. mal%(nan$ )ro#esses, su#& asleu4em%a and lym)&oma
f. %nfe#$%ous )ro#esses, su#& as se)s%sand a#u%red %mmunode1#%en#ysyndrome
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TYPES OF LEUKOLCYTES
Cell Type Normal Cell Characteristics
F!ctio!
=ranulo#y$esBaso)&%lsEos%no)&%ls
Neu$ro)&%ls
8, $o',mm2
J 'K of allleu#o#y$es
+K $o 6K of allleu4o#y$es8K $o @K ofall leu#o#y$es
ormed %n-one marro/ =ranular3underm%#ros#o)e5 =ranules 1lled
/%$& &e)ar%n,&%s$am%ne Con$a%n&e)ar%n,&%s$am%ne
'+ &ourl%fes)an + $o 6&our l%fes)an/%$& %nfe#$%on
%mmed%a$eres)onse $o#ellular %n*ury Play role %n%n
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TYPES OF LEUKOLCYTES
Cell Type Normal Cell Characteristics
F!ctio!
A(ran%lo#y$esLym)&o#y$es
Mono#y$es
+8K $o 22K ofall leu4o#y$es
6K $o 9K ofall leu4o#y$es
Produ#ed %nlym)&a$%#sys$em Non(ranular3underm%#ros#o)e5
Class%1ed as B#ells or T #ells
C%r#ula$e %n-lood -u$ alsose$$le %n $%ssue,/&ere $&ey are$ransformed %nma#ro)&a(es
%(&$ %nfe#$%on P&a(o#y$os%s Release oflym)&o4%nes Produ#$%on of
(amma(lo-ul%ns Cell med%a$edrea#$%ons P&a(o#y$os%s3#an %n(es$
lar(er )ar$%#les$&a$neu$ro)&%ls 1e$%mes as many%n one%n(es$%on5
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T"PES ! SPECIIC IMMUNIT"
3See )a(e @5
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"#CCIN#TION FOR #DULTS
$EP#TITIS # Recomme!%e% &or tra'elers (heresa!itatio! a!% hy)ie!e are !satis&actory
a!% &oe people at hi)h ris* +i,e, homose-alme!. I" %r) ser. health care perso!!el/,#%mi!istere% i! t(o %oses 0 1rst %ose. the!seco!% %ose 2 to 34 mo!ths a&ter the 1rst%ose
HEPATITIS B Re#ommended for )eo)le a$ &%(& r%s4 3%.e. &eal$&
#are )ersonnel, &emod%alys%s #l%en$s5.Adm%n%s$ered %n $&ree doses 1rs$ dose, se#onddose ' mon$& la$er, $&en $&%rd dose 8 mon$&saf$er $&e se#ond dose.
INLUENA lus&o$O
Re#ommended eery fall for )eo)le a(e 98 orolder res%den$s %n lon( $erm #are fa#%l%$%es
%nd%%dual /%$& &ear$ or lun( d%sease, d%a-e$es,4%dney d%sease or a #om)rom%sed %mmunesys$em and for $&ose /&o /or4 /%$& or l%e /%$&any of $&ese %nd%%duals
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"#CCIN#TION FOR #DULTS
PNEUMOCOCC#L
Recomme!%e% 3 time &or people a)es 25 orol%er a!% &or people yo!)er tha! a)e 25
(ho ha'e certai! chro!ic ill!esses, Forpeople (ith chro!ic respiratory %isor%ers. ao!e time re'acci!atio! %ose a&ter 5 years isrecomme!%e%
TETANUSDIPTHERIA 3Td5
$e$anus s&o$O
Mus$ &ae -oos$er eery ' years af$er #&%ld&ood%mmun%0a$%ons. If none %n #&%ld&ood, mus$ &ae
$&ree s&o$s 1rs$ dose, $&en se#ond dose 'mon$& la$er, $&en $&%rd dose 9 mon$&s af$er $&ese#ond dose
?ACIRELLA Re#ommended for )eo)le /&o &ae neer &ad#&%#4en )o>. Adm%n%s$ered %n $/o doses 1rs$dose, $&en se#ond dose ' $o + mon$&s af$er $&e1rs$ dose.
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$E#LT$ EDUC#TION FOR #LLERGY SYMPTOM CONTROL
Mai!tai! a %st &reee!'iro!me!t
Re%ce e-posre to polle!
Redu#e room #on$en$s $o$&e -ares$ m%n%mum -yremo%n( dra)es, #ur$a%ns,-l%nds 3use )ull s&ades%ns$ead5
as& /ood /or4 andl%noleum )osures 3e.(./%ndy days, mo/%n( yard5 Be a/are of &%(& )ollen#oun$s. Redu#e e>)osure a$$&ese $%mes and s$ay %n a%r7#ond%$%oned areas
Ensure a smo4e free
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DIS!RDERS
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ALLER=IC RHINITIS
A. Des#r%)$%on. Aller(%# r&%n%$%s 3%.e.
&ay feer5 %s an aller(%# rea#$%on $o%n&aled a%r-orne aller(ens#&ara#$er%0ed -y seasonal
o##urren#es. I$ %s $&e mos$ #ommonform of res)%ra$ory aller(y. Al$&ou(&%ldren and adoles#en$s &ae an
es)e#%ally &%(& %n#%den#e, %$ o##urs %nall a(e (rou)s
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B. E$%olo(y. Aller(%# r&%n%$%s %s %ndu#ed-y a%r-orne )ollens. Common
seasonal )ollens %n#lude: '. $ree )ollens 3e.(. oa4, ma)le,
and -%r#&5 %n $&e s)r%n(
+. (rass )ollens 3e.(. s&ee) sorrel,and )lan$a%n5 %n $&e summer
2. /eed )ollens 3e.(. ra(/eed5 %n
$&e fall
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C. Pa$&o)&ys%olo(y. Aller(%# r&%n%$%s
o##urs /&en %mmuno(lo-ul%n 3I(5Ean$%-od%es %n $&e nasal mu#osa#om-%ne /%$& %n&aled aller(ens on
$&e mu#osa surfa#e. T&e nasalmu#osa rea#$s -y slo/%n( of #%l%arya#$%on, edema forma$%on, and
leu4o#y$e %n1l$ra$%on. T%ssue edema%s a resul$ of asod%la$a$%on and%n#reased #a)%llary )ermea-%l%$y.
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D. Assessmen$ 1nd%n(s
'. Asso#%a$ed 1nd%n(s may -e
%n#lude a fam%ly &%s$ory of aller(%es
+. Cl%n%#al man%fes$a$%ons
a. I$#&%n(, -urn%n( nasal mu#osa
-. Co)%ous mu#ous se#re$%ons#aus%n( runny nose
#. Red, -urn%n( $ear%n( eyes
d. Snee0%n(
e. Pale, -o((y nasal mu#osa
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2. La-ora$ory and d%a(nos$%# s$udy 1nd%n(s
a. Nasal smears reeal eos%no)&%ls %n nasal
se#re$%ons -. Per%)&eral -lood #oun$ reeal a
lym)&o#y$es #oun$ a-oe $o$al ',+ml
#. To$al serum I(E de$erm%na$%on s&o/s an
elea$ed serum leel of I(E d. S4%n $es$%n( %den$%1es $&e oend%n(
aller(ens
e. Rad%oaller(osor-en$ $es$ measures
aller(en7s)e#%1# I(E. If an$%-od%es are )resen$,$&ey #om-%ne /%$& $&e rad%ola-eled aller(ens,/&%#& are #om)ared /%$& #on$rol alues
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E. Nurs%n( Mana(emen$
'. Adm%n%s$er )res#r%-ed med%#a$%ons, /&%#&may %n#lude an$%&%s$am%nes, de#on(es$an$s, and$o)%#al #osr$%#os$ero%ds
+. En#oura(e $&e #l%en$ $o use sal%ne s)ray $osoo$&e mu#ous mem-ranes. Ad%se $&e #l%en$ $o-lo/ &%s nose -efore adm%n%s$er%n( nasal
med%#a$%ons
2. Pre)are #l%en$ for %mmuno$&era)y, /&%#& %s)res#r%-ed only /&en I(E &y)ersens%$%%$y $os)e#%1#, unao%da-le %n&alan$ aller(ens 3&ouse
dus$ and )ollens5 %s demons$ra$ed 6. M%n%m%0e $&e r%s4 of %nfe#$%on
8. Pro%de #l%en$ and fam%ly $ea#&%n(
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ALLER=IC DERMAT!SES
A. Des#r%)$%on. Aller(%# derma$oses %sa (rou) of %n
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B. E$%olo(y
'. Aller(%# #on$a#$ derma$%$%s %s )rodu#ed -ymany su-s$an#es. Common #auses %n#ludee>)osure $o )o%son %y, $o)%#al med%#a$%ons,#osme$%#s, soa)s, and %ndus$r%al #&em%#als.
+. Al$&ou(& $&e #ause of a$o)%# derma$%$%s %sun4no/n, $&e #ond%$%on a))ears $o -easso#%a$ed /%$& a fam%ly &%s$ory of aller(%#res)%ra$ory d%sorders 3e.(. aller(%# r&%n%$%s,as$&ma5. E>a#er-a$%n( fa#$ors amy %n#lude%rr%$an$s, %nfe#$%on, and #er$a%n aller(ens
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C. Pa$&o)&ys%olo(y
'. Aller(%# #on$a#$ derma$%$%s %noles
delayed &y)ersens%$%%$y and reu%res a la$en$)er%od ran(%n( from seeral days 3 for s$ron(sen$%s%$%0er su#& as )o%son %y5 $o years
+. a$o)%# derma$%$%s %s $y)e I %mmed%a$e
&y)ersens%$%%$y d%sorder resul$%n( %n lar(eamoun$s of &%s$am%ne %n $&e s4%n, #&an(es %nl%)%d #on$en$ of $&e s4%n, se-a#eous (landa#$%%$y, and d%a)&ores%s. I$ mos$ #ommonly
-e(%ns %n %nfan#y or early #&%ld&ood. I$ maysu-s%de s)on$aneously $o -e follo/ed -yun)red%#$a-le e>a#er-a$%ons $&rou(&ou$ l%fe.
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D. Assessmen$ 1nd%n(s
'. Asso#%a$ed 1nd%n(s. Cl%en$ &%s$ory may
4no/n or sus)e#$ed e>)osure $o analler(en
+. Cl%n%#al man%fes$a$%ons
a. Aller(%# #on$a#$ derma$%$%s
7 Burn%n(, %$#&%n(, edema, and ery$&emaof s4%n
7 Crus$%n(, /ee)%n( les%ons
7 Dry%n( and feel%n( of $&e s4%n 7 Hemorr&a(%# -ullae, )oss%-ly /%$&
seere res)onses
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-. A$o)%# derma$%$%s
7 Prur%$us
7Hy)er%rr%$a-%l%$y of $&e s4%n
7 E>#ess%e dryness of $&e s4%n
7 Redness for '8 $o 2 se#ondsaf$er s$ro4%n( follo/ed -y )allorlas$%n( ' $o 2 m%nu$es
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2. La-ora$ory and d%a(nos$%# s$udy1nd%n(s
a. Aller(%# #on$a#$ derma$%$%s.Pa$#& $es$s of $&e s4%n #lar%fyd%a(nos%s /%$& oend%n( a(en$s
-e%n( %den$%1ed -. A$o)%# derma$%$%s
7 Serum %mmuno(lo-ul%n E leels
are freuen$ly elea$ed 7 S4%n -%o)sy s&o/s nons)e#%1#
e#0ema$ous #&an(es
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E. Nurs%n( Mana(emen$
'. Adm%n%s$ered )res#r%-ed med%#a$%ons, /&%#& may%n#lude an$%&%s$am%ne, an$%)rur%$%#s, or s$ero%dal #reams
+. M%n%m%0e $&e r%s4 of %nfe#$%on
2. Pro%de )a%n rel%ef
6. Promo$e s4%n %n$e(r%$y
8. Promo$e #l%en$ and fam%ly #o)%n(
9. Pro%de #l%en$ and fam%ly $ea#&%n(
a. Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ $o /ear #o$$on fa-r%#s and /as& /%$&a m%ld de$er(en$
-. Ad%se $&e #l%en$ $o $a4e da%ly -a$&s $o &ydra$e $&e s4%n
#. En#oura(e $&e #l%en$ $o use $o)%#al s4%n mo%s$ur%0er
d. Ad%se $&e #l%en$ $o &um%d%fy dry &ea$ dur%n( /%n$er.Re#ommend $&a$ $&e #l%en$ 4ee) $&e room $em)era$ure a$9$o @ 3+$o +'.C5
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ALLER=IC ASTHMA
A. Des#r%)$%on. Aller(%# as$&ma %s a
#&ron%# rea#$%e res)%ra$ory d%sorder)rodu#%n( e)%sod%#, reers%-le a%r/ayo-s$ru#$%on. T&e es$%ma$ed %n#%den#e
%s 2K $o K of $&e )o)ula$%on more$&an one &alf of #ases found %n#&%ldren youn(er $&an a(e '
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B. E$%olo(y. Aller(%# as$&ma resul$sfrom an %mmunolo(%#ally med%a$ed&y)ersens%$%%$y $o %n&aled aller(ens,
su#& as a%r-orne )ollens and molds,dus$, and an%mal danders.
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C. Pa$&o)&ys%olo(y. Al$&ou(& $&e )a$&olo(%#
me#&an%sms of aller(%# as$&ma rema%nsome/&a$ un#lear, $&e fundamen$al )ro#ess)resuma-ly %noles a rea#$%on of sens%$%0ed%mmuno(lo-ul%n E an$%-od%es $o an %n&aled
aller(en, /%$& su-seuen$ release of #&em%#almed%a$ors, su#& as &%s$am%ne, slo/7rea#$%n(su-s$an#e of ana)&yla>%s, and eos%no)&%ls#&emo$a#$%# fa#$or of ana)&yla>%s. !-s$ru#$%onresul$s from #ons$r%#$%on of -ron#&%al smoo$&mus#les, s/ell%n( of -ron#&%al mem-ranes,and &y)er se#re$%on of mu#us
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D. Assessmen$ 1nd%n(s
'. Asso#%a$ed 1nd%n(s. T&e #l%en$;s &eal$& &%s$orymay reeal a fam%ly &%s$ory of aller(%# as$&ma and
e>)osure $o a 4no/n or sus)e#$ed )re#%)%$a$%n(su-s$an#es
+. Cl%n%#al man%fes$a$%ons
a. C&es$ $%(&$ness
-. Prolon(ed, s$renuous e>)%ra$%ons #. &ee0%n( on e>)%ra$%ons
d. Bu##al and )er%)&eral #yanos%s
e. Cou(&, non )rodu#$%e a$ 1rs$, follo/ed -y %olen$
#ou(&%n( $&a$ )rodu#es $&%n, (ela$%nous mu#us and %srel%eed -y a -ron#&od%la$or
f. Nausea and om%$%n(
(. An>%e$y
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2. La-ora$ory and d%a(nos$%# s$udy 1nd%n(s
a. Pulmonary fun#$%on s$ud%es reeal a%r/ayo-s$ru#$%on and de#reased )ea4 e>)%ra$ory am%na$%on mays&o/ &y)er%n%de 3PaC!+5 and %n#reased )H
3res)%ra$ory al4alos%s5 7 La$er %n#reased PaC!+and de#reased )H
3res)%ra$ory a#%dos%s5
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E. Nurs%n( Mana(emen$
'. Adm%n%s$er )res#r%-ed med%#a$%ons, /&%#& %n#ludeadrener(%#s, -ron#&od%la$ors, leu4o$r%ene re#e)$or an$a(on%s$,mas$ #ell %n&%-%$ors, and oral #ors$o#os$ero%ds
+. Pro%de nurs%n( #are dur%n( an a#u$e a$$#4
a. Adm%n%s$er adrener(%#s , /&%#& are $&e %n%$%al med%#a$%ons-e#ause $&ey d%la$e -ron#&%al smoo$& mus#les, %n#rease #%l%arymoemen$s, and de#rease $&e #&em%#al med%a$ors of ana)&yla>%s
-. Colla-ora$e /%$& res)%ra$ory $&era)y and adm%n%s$er o>y(en
as )res#r%-ed #. Elea$e $&e &ead of $&e -ed, and lean $&e #l%en$ for/ard $o
)ro%de ma>%mum lun( e>)ans%on and esae res)%ra$ory eor$
d. Mon%$or res)%ra$ory ra$e and de)$& and aus#ul$a$e lun(sounds
e. Mon%$or AB=s for #&an(es from -asel%ne f. Adm%n%s$er %e$y
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2. Mon%$or for and $a4e )re#au$%ons $o )reen$#om)l%#a$%ons, su#& as )neumo$&ora>, )ulmonary&y)er$ens%on, r%(&$ &ear$ fa%lure, and res)%ra$ory
fa%lure 6. Pro%de #l%en$ and fam%ly $ea#&%n(
a. En#oura(e $&e #l%en$ $o under(o $es$%n( $o%den$%fy $&e #ause of as$&ma a$$a#4s
-. Coney $&e %m)or$an#e of s$r%#$ #om)l%an#e/%$& $&e $&era)eu$%# re(%men
#. D%s#uss $&e need for %n#reased
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ANAPH"LAQIS
A. Des#r%)$%on. Ana)&yla>%s %s ana#u$e, l%fe $&rea$en%n( aller(%#
rea#$%on mar4ed -y ra)%d)ro(ress%ely ur$%#ar%a andres)%ra$ory d%s$ress $&a$ may resul$ %n
ana)&yla#$%# s&o#4.
% l & l % l f
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B. E$%olo(y. Ana)&yla>%s resul$s from%n(es$%n( 3 or o$&er sys$em e>)osure5 $o
aller(en%# su-s$an#es. Poss%-le #ausa$%esu-s$an#es %n#lude:
'. Dru(s 3e.(. )en%#%ll%n and o$&eran$%-%o$%#s, a##%nes, &ormones,
sal%#yla$es, and lo#al anes$&e$%#s5 +. oods 3e.(. le(umes, nu$s, -err%es,
seafoods, and e(( al-um%n5
2. Sul1$e #on$a%n%n( food add%$%es 6. Inse#$ enom 3e.(. /as), &orne$s,
&oney-ee, #er$a%n s)%ders5
C P $& & % l
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C. Pa$&o)&ys%olo(y
'. Ana)&yla#$%# rea#$%on reu%res )re%oussens%$a0a$%ons $o $&e $r%((er%n( aller(en, /%$& )rodu#$%on
of s)e#%1# %mmuno(lo-ul%n 3I(5E an$%-od%es $&a$ -%nd $omas$ #ells and -aso)&%ls
+. !n e>)osure, I(E re#a$s %mmed%a$ely /%$& $&ealler(en and $r%((ers release of )o$en$ #&em%#al med%a$ors3e.(. &%s$am%ne, eos%no)&%l #&emo$a#$%# fa#$or of
ana)&yla>%s5 from -aso)&%ls and mas$ #ells. Con#urren$ly,I(= or I(M a#$%a$es release of #om)lemen$ fra#$%ons, and$/o o$&er #&em%#al med%a$ors 3%.e. -rady4%n%n andleu4o$r%enes5 $r%((er )rofound as#ular #&an(es $&a$ #anlead $o as#ular #olla)se 3%.e. ana)&yla#$%# s&o#45
2. Ana)&yla>%s %s a med%#al emer(en#y -e#ause of $&e)oss%-%l%$y of res)%ra$ory o-s$ru#$%on and as#ular#olla)se. In seere #ases, dea$& may o##ur /%$&%n 8 $o 'm%nu$es of onse$.
B A $ 1 d%
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B. Assessmen$ 1nd%n(s
'. Cl%n%#al man%fes$a$%ons de)end on /&e$&ermed%a$ors rema%n lo#al or are sys$em%#
a. Lo#al ee#$s %n#lude /&eals /%$& surround%n( red
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+. La-ora$ory and d%a(nos$%# s$udy
1nd%n(s a. Serum and ur%ne &%s$am%ne %s
elea$ed for a s&or$ $%me
-. Serum $ry)$ase, a mas$ #ellen0yme mar4er for aller(%# andana)&yla#$%# rea#$%ons, elea$ed 2
$o F m%nu$es af$er rea#$%ons onse$
E Nurs%n( Mana(emen$
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E. Nurs%n( Mana(emen$
'. Pro%de nurs%n( #are dur%n( an ana)&yla#$%# a$$a#4
a. Es$a-l%s& a )a$en$ a%r/ay
-. Adm%n%s$er e)%ne)&r%ne, IM or su-#u$aneously, $o
#ons$r%#$ d%la$ed -lood essels, a $u-er#ul%n syr%n(e $o ensure$&e e>a#$ dosa(e and mon%$or $&e #l%en$ #losely af$eradm%n%s$ra$%on
#. Es$a-l%s& a )a$en$ I? l%ne for dru( and y(en. Hae a
$ra#&eos$omy se$ a$ $&e -eds%de
e. Mon%$or %$al fun#$%ons, ealua$%n( -lood )ressure, )ulse,res)%ra$%ons, ar$er%al -lood (as alues, ele#$ro#ard%o(ram and
ur%nary ou$)u$ f. Adm%n%s$er )res#r%-ed med%#a$%ons, /&%#& may %n#lude
an$&%s$am%nse, -ron#&od%la$ors, aso)ressors, and#or#os$ero%ds
+ Tea#& )reen$%e measures
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+. Tea#& )reen$%e measures
a. En#oura(e $&e #l%en$ $o ao%d or el%m%na$e anyoend%n( aller(ens
-. Ad%se $&e #l%en$, /&o %s sens%$%e $o %nse#$ -%$es,$o #arry an$%7s$%n(O 4%$s
#. Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ $o /ear %den$%1#a$%on $a(s or
-ra#ele$s
2. Ma%n$a%n safe$y )re#au$%ons a. Al/ays 4ee) $&e #l%en$ %n $&e o#e for 2
m%nu$es af$er adm%n%s$er%n( any ne/ med%#a$%on $ode$erm%ne %f aller(%# rea#$%on o##urs
-. Al/ays #&e#4 for 4no/n aller(%es -eforeadm%n%s$er%n( any )res#r%-ed or oer $&e #oun$ermed%#a$%on
6. Pro%de referrals
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RHEUMAT!ID ARTHRITIS
A Des#r%)$%on. R&euma$o%d ar$&r%$%s %sa #&ron%#, )ro(ress%e d%sease%nol%n( %n
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B. E$%olo(y. R&euma$o%d ar$&r%$%s %sa))aren$ly an au$o%mmune d%sorder%$s #ause %s un4no/n. E>a#er-a$%ons
may -e asso#%a$ed /%$& %n#reased)&ys%#al or emo$%onal s$ress.
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C. Pa$&o)&ys%olo(y. Pa$&olo(%# #&an(es-e(%n as %n$end $o -ody or(ans and -lood
essels.
D Assessmen$ 1nd%n(s
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D. Assessmen$ 1nd%n(s
'. Cl%n%#al man%fes$a$%ons
a. Edema$ous, /arm, $ender *o%n$s -. L%m%$ed ran(e of mo$%on %n ae#$ed *o%n$s
#. =eneral%0ed edema or nodules aroundae#$ed *o%n$s
d. Im)a%red mo-%l%$y and a-%l%$y $o )erforma#$%%$%es of da%ly l%%n( 3ADLs5
e. a$%(ue, /ea4ness, and anore>%a
f. In la$er s$a(es, /e%(&$ loss, feer, anem%a,mus#le a$ro)&y, and S*o(ren;s syndrome
+ La-ora$ory and d%a(nos$%# s$udy
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+. La-ora$ory and d%a(nos$%# s$udy1nd%n(s
a. Rad%o(ra)&%# s$ud%es reeala-normal%$%es su#& as )ro(ress%e
*o%n$ dama(e
-. R&euma$o%d fa#$or %s )resen$%n more K of $&e #l%en$s
#. Ery$&ro#y$e sed%men$a$%on
ra$e %s s%(n%1#an$ly elea$ed d. Red -lood #ell #oun$ and C6
#om)lemen$ are de#reased
E Nurs%n( Mana(emen$
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E. Nurs%n( Mana(emen$
'. Adm%n%s$er )res#r%-ed med%#a$%ons, /&%#& may %n#ludenons$ero%dal an$% %ner#%ses are e>#ellen$ -e#ause/a$er )romo$es -uoyan#y, /&%#& eases *o%n$ moemen$
Re#ommend a /e%(&$ redu#$%on )ro(ram
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. Re#ommend a /e%(&$ redu#$%on )ro(ram,%f a))ro)r%a$e
F. Colla-ora$e /%$& $&e o##u)a$%onal$&era)%s$ and )romo$e $&e use of -ra#es,s)l%n$s and ass%s$%e mo-%l%$y de%#es, %fa))ro)r%a$e
'. D%s#uss rela>a$%on $e#&n%ues, su#& as%ma(ery, elf &y)nos%s, -%ofeed-a#4,d%ers%onary a#$%%$%es,a nd d%s$ra#$%on for)a%n mana(emen$
''. D%s#uss ma%n$a%n%n( o)$%mal nu$r%$%onals$a$us
'+. Pro%de a referral
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S"STEMIC LUPUS ER"THEMAT!SUS
A. Des#r%)$%on. Sys$em%# lu)usery&$ema$ous 3SLE5 %s a #&ron%#sys$em%# %n
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B. E$%olo(y. SLE %s $&ou(&$ $o -eau$o%mmune d%sorder
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C. Pa$&o)&ys%olo(y
'. SLE %noles mar4edly %n#reased B7#ell&y)er(amma(lo-ul%nem%a, au$oan$%-ody)rodu#$%on, and de#reased T #ell fun#$%ons.Sym)$oms resul$ from %mmune #om)le>%nas%on of -ody sys$ems. D%sease )ro(ress%on,
/&%#& %s #&ara#$er%0ed -y re#urr%n( rem%ss%onsand e>a#er-a$%ons, %s /%dely ar%a-le
+. Pro(nos%s %s (ood /%$& early de$e#$%on and$rea$men$ &o/eer, SLR #an lead $o )o$en$%ally
serous #om)l%#a$%ons, %n#lud%n( #ard%oas#ular,renal, and neurolo(%# )ro-lems and sere-a#$er%al %nfe#$%ons
D. Assessmen$ 1nd%n(s
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D. Assessmen$ 1nd%n(s
'. Cl%n%#al man%fes$a$%ons may -e %ns%d%ous or a a#u$e$&e #l%en$ may rema%n under d%a(nosed for many years
#l%n%#al man%fes$a$%ons %nole mul$%)le -ody sys$ems a. Mus#ulos4ele$al sys$em
7 Ar$&ral(%as and ar$&r%$%s 3syno%$%s5
7 o%n$ edema and $enderness
7 Pa%n on moemen$ and morn%n( s$%ness
-. In$e(umen$ary sys$em
7 Su-a#u$e #u$aneous lu)us ery$&ama$ous resul$s %n a-u$$er
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#. Card%oas#ular sys$em
7 Per%#ard%$%s
7 Po)ular, ery&$ema$ous, and )ur)ur%# les%ons on
1n(er $%)s, el-o/s, $oes, forearms, and &ands d. Res)%ra$ory sy$em
7 Pleural eus%on
7 Pleur%$%s
e. Neurolo(%# sys$em 7 Su-$le #&an(es %n )ersonal%$y and #o(n%$%e a-%l%$y
7 Commonly, de)ress%on and )sy#&os%s
f. !$&er sys$ems
7 Lym)&adeno)a$&y 7 %$& renal %nolemen$, $&e (lomerul% of 4%dney
are usually ae#$ed
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E. Nurs%n( Mana(emen$
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( (
'. Adm%n%s$er )res#r%-ed med%#a$%ons, /&%#& may%n#lude #or$%#os$ero%ds, nons$ero%dal, an$%7%n
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)) y ) * )s$%ness
@. Colla-ora$e /%$& $&e )&ys%#al $&era)y de)ar$men$ and
en#oura(e an a))ro)r%a$e e>er#%se )ro(ram $o &el)ma%n$a%n mo-%l%$y and s$ren($&
. Pro%de #l%en$ and fam%ly $ea#&%n(
a. En#oura(e )ro$e#$%on from $&e sun and ul$ra%ole$ l%(&$.Ad%se $&e #l%en$ $o ao%d (o%n( ou$ -e$/een ': am and
6: )m, use suns#reen /%$& a sun )ro$e#$%on fa#$or of a$leas$ 2, /ear a lar(e &a$ and $%(&$ /eae #lo$&%n(, andrefra%n from us%n( a $ann%n( -ed
-. Ad%se $&e #l%en$ $o #onsul$ a &eal$& #are )ro%der-efore re#e%%n( %mmun%0a$%ons or $a4%n( -%r$& #on$rol )%lls
or oer $&e #oun$er dru(s #. Ad%se $&e #l%en$ $o ao%d )ersons /%$& #on$a(%ous
%nfe#$%ons
F. Pro%de a referral
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ACUIRED IMMUN!DEICIENC" S"NDR!ME
A. Des#r%)$%on. A#u%red %mmunode1#%en#ysyndrome 3AIDS5 %s a seere%mmunode1#%en#y #aused -y $&e &uman%mmunode1#%en#y %rus 3HI?5, /&%#& allo/s
normally -en%(n or(an%sms $o
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(y
'. HI? %s $ransm%$$ed se>ually, $&rou(& d%re#$#on$a#$ /%$& -lood or -lood )rodu#$s and some -ody
se#re$%ons +. Persons a$ r%s4 for #on$ra#$%n( HI?
a. Anyone /&o en(a(es %n un)ro$e#$ed se>ual
a#$%%$y /%$& an %nfe#$ed )ar$ner.
-. Re#%)%en$s of $ransfused -lood or -lood#om)onen$s 3un#ommon s%n#e 'F8, /&en -lood
s#reen%n( /as %ns$%$u$ed5
#. I? dru( a-users
d. C&%ldren 3)er%na$ally5 of mo$&ers /%$& HI?
e. Heal$& #are /or4ers e>)osed $o HI? needle s$%#43 T&e %n#%den#e ofr &eal$& #are /or4ers e>)osed $oHI? -y needle s$%#4 %s es$%ma$ed $o -e less $&an 'K5
C. Pa$&o)&ys%olo(y. HI? %s a )ar$ of a (rou) of
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) y (y ) ( )%ruses 4no/n as re$ro%ruses, /&%#& #arry(ene$%#s ma$er%al %n r%-onu#le%# a#%d ra$&er $&an
deo>yr%-onu#le%# a#%d. HI? %nfe#$s #ells /%$& CD6lym)&o#y$es 3also #alled T6 or &el)er T #ells5.
T&%s %nfe#$%on #auses #ell dea$& and a de#rease %n$&e %mmune fun#$%on, resul$%n( %n o))or$un%s$%#
%nfe#$%ons and neurolo(%# )ro-lems. HI? #an -e%sola$ed from -lood, semen, sal%a, $ears, -reas$m%l4, and #ere-ros)%nal
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'. Asso#%a$ed 1nd%n(s. T&e Cl%en$ may re)or$ re#urr%n( %ral and -a#$er%al%nfe#$%ons
+. Cl%n%#al man%fes$a$%ons
a. a$%(ue
-. eer and n%(&$ s/ea$
#. e%(&$ loss
d. =eneral%0ed lym)&adeno)a$&y
e. Non)rodu#$%e #ou(& and s&or$ness of -rea$&
f. S4%n les%ons, dry s4%n, and )allor
(. =I u)se$ and #&ron%# d%arr&ea
&. Edema
%. ?%sual %m)a%rmen$
*. Pa%nful oral les%ons
4. Bru%s%n( and -leed%n( $enden#%es
l. o%n$ )a%n
m. !))or$un%s$%# %nfe#$%ons, su#& as Pneumo#ys$%s #ar%n% )neumon%a,my#o-a#$er%al %nfe#$%ons, #ry)$o#o##al %nfe#$%on, $o>o)lasmos%s, &%s$o)lasmos%sand #y$ome(alo%rus %nfe#$%on
n. Ga)os%;s sar#oma and AIDS demen$%a #om)le>
). HI? /as$%n( syndrome
2. La-ora$ory and d%a(nos$%# 1nd%n(s
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y ( (
a. En0yme l%n4ed %mmunosor-en$ assay 3ELISA5%nd%#a$es e>)osure $o or %nfe#$%on /%$& HI? -u$ does
no$ d%a(nose AIDS -. es$ern -lo$ assay %den$%1es HI? an$%-od%es
#. SUDS s#reen%n( $es$ %s only F8K a##ura$e -u$$&e resul$s are aa%la-le %n 2 $o 9 m%nu$es. T&%s
$es$ %s only useful /&en a &eal$& #are /or4ersus$a%ns a needle s$%#4 %n*ury, %f $&e #l%en$;s $es$#omes -a#4 )os%$%e, $&e &eal$& #are /or4ers %ss$ar$ed on )ro)&yla#$%# an$%7re$ro%ral med%#a$%ons
d. AIDS %s d%a(nosed on #l%n%#al &%s$ory, r%s4fa#$ors, )&ys%#al e>am%na$%on. La-ora$ory e%den#e
of %mmune dysfun#$%on and )os%$%e ELISA ores$ern -lo$ assay.
E. Nurs%n( Mana(emen$. No #ure or a##%ne &as -een found, and$ $ $ f % $ % % & l$& d % % % l
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$rea$men$ fo#uses on ma%n$a%n%n( &eal$& and %m)ro%n( sur%al$%me.
'. Adm%n%s$er )res#r%-ed med%#a$%on, /&%#& may %n#lude dru(
$&era)y for AIDS rela$ed o))or$un%s$%# %nfe#$%ons, an$%re$ro%ral$&era)y, an$%d%arr&eals, and an$%eme$%#s
+. Promo$e )reen$%e measures rela$ed $o $&e $ransm%ss%on ofHI?. T&%s %s a )r%me #on#ern un$%l a a##%ne %s found resear#&ers&ae re)or$ed $&a$ a a##%ne %s -e%n( %nes$%(a$ed and $es$ed for)reen$%on of HI? $ransm%ss%on
a. Promo$e )u-l%# edu#a$%on re(ard%n( HI? and AIDS. Tea#l%en$ and fam%l%es $o )ra#$%#e safe se>, ao%d%n( s&ar%n( needles,and ao%d $ou#&%n( ano$&er;s -ody #. Promo$e s$andard )re#au$%ons $o )ro$e#$ &eal$& #are )ro%der
from e>)osure $o $&e #l%en$;s -lood or -ody
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s#ra$#&%n( s$ron( )erfumed , soa)s, and ad&es%e $a)es follo/rou$%ne oral #are 4ee) anal area as #lean as )oss%-le. /ear/&%$e so#4s $o )reen$ foo$ )ro-lems 4ee) l%nens dry and
#lean and a))ly )ro$e#$%e -arr%ers $o $&e s4%n as ne#essary 6. Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ a-ou$ $&e )romo$%on of normal -o/el
moemen$s and )reen$%on of d%arr&ea. Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ $omon%$or $&e uan$%$y and olume of l%u%d s$ools and ao%d-o/el %rr%$an$s, su#& as ra/ fru%$s, e(e$a-les, s)%#y foods, and
&o$ and #old foods. 8. Promo$e %nfe#$%on )reen$%on. D%s#uss $&e %m)or$an#e of
ma%n$a%n%n( )ersonal &y(%ene, 4ee)%n( -a$&rooms and 4%$#&ens#lean, and (e$$%n( adeua$e res$ a#$%%$y and /ell -alan#e d%e$
9. Tea#& ener(y #onsera$%on $e#&n%ue su#& as s%$$%n( /&%le
do%n( morn%n( #are, us%n( a s&o/er #&a%r and arran(%n( $&e&ome %n a /ay sae $%me from /al4%n( or s$and%n(. In $&e&os)%$al, )u$ all ne#essary %$ems /%$&%n easy rea#&
@. D%s#uss /ays $&e #l%en$ and fam%ly #an ass%s$ /%$& men$al s$a$us )ro-lems.T&ese %n#ludes )u$$%n( no$es on $&e refr%(era$or or no$e -oards us%n(
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T&ese %n#ludes )u$$%n( no$es on $&e refr%(era$or or no$e -oards, us%n(#alendars and #lo#4s $o or%en$ $&e #l%en$s $o $%me and )la#e, and ass%s$%n( $&e#l%en$ /%$& )ay%n( -%lls, s&o))%n( and o$&er &ouse&olds a#$%%$%es
. Tea#& me$&ods for a%r/ay #learan#e. T&ese %n#lude $urn%n(, #ou(&%n(,
and dee) -rea$&%n( %n#reas%n( y(en %f ne#essary.
F Hel) ma%n$a%n nu$r%$%onal s$a$us -y #on$roll%n( nausea and om%$%n(en#oura(%n( foods $&a$ are easy $o s/allo/ en#oura(%n( oral &y(%ene -eforeand af$er meals )romo$%n( a &%(& )ro$e%n, &%(& #alor%e d%e$ mon%$or%n(/e%(&$, %n$a4e and ou$)u$, mon%$or%n(
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Classi1catio!s
I!%icatio!s
Selecte% I!ter'e!tio!s
Adrener(%#Al-u$erolE)%ne)&r%neIsoe$&ar%neIso)ro$erenolMe$a)ro$eren
ol$er-u$al%ne
Rela>smoo$&-ron#&%almus#leand d%la$ea%r/ays
Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ $o %n&ale $/%#e asfollo/s %n&ale on#e, /a%$ ' m%nu$e, and%n&ale on#e more
An$%-%o$%#sAm%no(y#os%des3(en$am%#%n,
$o-ramy#%n5Amo>%#%ll%nEry$&romy#%nPen%#%ll%n$e$ra#y#l%ne
Preen$or $rea$%nfe#$%ons#aused -y)a$&o(en%#m%#roor(an%sms
Before adm%n%s$er%n( $&e 1rs$ dose,assess $&e #l%en$ for aller(%es andde$erm%ne /&e$&er #ul$ure &as -eeno-$a%ned
Af$er mul$%)le doses, assess $&e #l%en$for su)er %nfe#$%on 3$&rus&, yeas$%nfe#$%on, d%arr&ea5 no$%fy $&e &eal$are )ro%der %f $&ese o##ur Assess $&e %nser$%on s%$e for )&le-%$%s %fan$%-%o$%#s are -e%n( adm%n%s$ered I?
To assess $&e ee#$%eness of
MEDIC#TIONS FOR IMMUNE DISORDERS
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Classi1catio!s I!%icatio!s Selecte% I!ter'e!tio!s
An$%d%arr&eal
A$$a)ul(%$eB%smu$&su-sal%#yla$eD%)&eno>yla$eand a$ro)%nelo)eram%de
A-sor- e>#ess
/a$er from s$ool
To assess $&e ee#$%eness
of $&e med%#a$%on, re#ord $&enum-er and #ons%s$en#y ofs$ools Mon%$or %n$a4e and ou$)u$,da%ly /e%(&$, and serumele#$roly$e leels
An$%eme$%#sBen0u%nam%deD%men&ydr%na$eTr%me$&o-en0am%deHydro#&lor%de
Prome$&a0%nes#o)olam%ne
Rel%ee nausea andom%$%n( -y%n&%-%$%n(medullary#&emore#e)$or$r%((ers dru(
#&o%#e de)ends on$&e #ause ofom%$%n(
Ad%se $&e #l%en$ $&a$ $&%smed%#a$%on may #ausedro/s%ness Be#ause $&e med%#a$%onmay #ause #&em%#al%rr%$a$%on, adm%n%s$er -y dee)
IM %n*e#$%on %n$o a lar(emus#le mass, %f a))ro)r%a$e Measure emes%s andma%n$a%n a##ura$e %n$a4e andou$)u$ mon%$or forde&ydra$%on
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Classi1catio!s
I!%icatio!s Selecte% I!ter'e!tio!s
An$%&%s$am%nesCe$%r%0%neC&olor)&en%ram%ne malea$eDes#lora$ad%ne
D%)&en&ydram%nee>ofenad%neLora$%d%ne$erfenad%ne
In&%-%$ &%s$am%nerelease -y -%nd%n(sele#$%ely $o H,re#e)$ors
Tea#& $&e #l%en$ $o ao%dal#o&ol, dr%%n(, or en(a(%n( %n&a0ardous a#$%%$%es -e#ause$&e med%#a$%on may #ausedro/s%ness. 3Somean$%&%s$am%nes are nonseda$%n(.
Ma4e sure $&e #l%en$ %s4no/led(ea-le of $&emed%#a$%on;s aderse ee#$s5 En#oura(e su#4%n( on &ard#andy or %#e #&%)s fro rel%ef ofdry mou$&
An$%)rur%$%#a(en$sTo)%#als$ero%dsDeso>%me$asone
Hydro#osr$%son
Rel%ee or )reen$%$#&%n( 3may -e$o)%#al s$ero%ds oranes$&e$%#s5
Ad%se $&e #l%en$ $o /as& &%s&ands -efore and af$er
a))l%#a$%on
Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ $o #lean $&e
ae#$ed area /%$& /arm /a$er
-efore a))l%#a$%on
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Classi1catio!s
I!%icatio!s Selecte% I!ter'e!tio!s
An$%re$ro%ralsNu#leos%de%n&%-%$orsD%danos%ne%doud%ne
No!!cleosi%ere'erseTra!scriptasei!hi6itorsDela%rd%neNe%ra)%ne
Proteasei!hi6itorsInd%na%rr%$ona%r
Su))ress syn$&es%s of %raldeo>yr%s-onu#le%# a#%dreerse $rans#r%)$ase51rs$ dru( used a(a%ns$&uman %mmunode1#%en#y%rus 3HI?5 %nfe#$%onrema%ns a ma%ns$ay of
$rea$men$Cause d%re#$ %n&%-%$%on ofHI? -y -%nd%n( $o a#$%e#en$er of reerse$rans#r%)$ase
B%nd $o $&e a#$%e s%$e ofHI? )ro$ease, $&ere-y)reen$%n( $&e en0ymeform #lea%n( HI?)oly)ro$%ens $&e %rusrema%ns %mma$ure andnon%nfe#$%ous /&en used
%n #om-%na$%on /%$&
T&e #l%en$ mus$ ad&ere#losely $o $&e )res#r%-eddos%n( s#&edule All med%#a$%ons are oral.E>#e)$ I? 0%doud%ne /&%#&mus$ -e adm%n%s$ered slo/ly
Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ $o $a4e $&emed%#a$%on ' &our -efore oraf$er food or an$a#%ds Inform $&e #l%en$ $o no$%fy &%s&eal$& #are )ro%der %f a ras&o##ur
Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ $o follo/)ro)er %ns$ru#$%ons /&en$a4%n( $&e med%#a$%on, somemus$ -e $a4en on an em)$ys$oma#&, and o$&ers mus$ -e$a4en /%$& food
Inform $&e #l%en$ $&a$ all
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Classi1catio!s
I!%icatio!s Selecte% I!ter'e!tio!s
Bron#&od%la$ors 3>an$&%neder%a$%es5$&eo)&yll%ne
Rela> -ron#&%alsmoo$& mus#le
Mon%$or serum leel of $&eo)&yll%ne
3$&era)eu$%# leel, ' $o + u(ml5
Pro%de $&e med%#a$%on a$ re(ular
%n$erals, -efore meals, and /%$& a full
(lass of /a$er
Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ $o no$%fy &%s &eal$&
#are )ro%der of %rr%$a-%l%$y, res$lessness,
&eada#&e, %nsomn%a, d%00%ness,
$a#&y#ard%a, )al)%$a$%ons, or se%0ures
Do no$ #rus& sus$a%ned release
med%#a$%on
Cor$%#os$ero%dsIn&aled7%mum da%ly dose of 6 s)raysnos$r%l
Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ $o r%nse &%s mou$&
af$er ea#& use $o )reen$ nasal#and%d%as%s
Ins$ru#$ $&e #l%en$ $o $a4e $&e
med%#a$%on e>a#$ly as d%re#$ed and $o
$a)er %$ ra$&er $&an s$o) %$ a-ru)$ly,
/&%#& #ould #ause ser%ous /%$&dra/al
sym)$oms lead%n( $o adrenal
%nsu#%en#y, s&o#4, and dea$&
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Classi1catio!s I!%icatio!s Selecte%I!ter'e!tio!s
C!Q7+ %n&%-%$orsCele#o>%-rofe#o>%d
In&%-%$ $&eforma$%on ofsu-s$an#es $&a$#an #ause *o%n$ and#onne#$%e $%ssue)ro-lems
Ins$ru#$ #l%en$ $o$a4e med%#a$%on %n$&e een%n(/%$&ou$ food E>)la%n $&a$ $&emed%#a$%on %s no$for a#u$e as$&maa$$a#4s
Leu4o$r%enere#e)$or an$a(on%s$mon$elu4as$
Redu#e%n
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Classi1catio!s I!%icatio!s Selecte%I!ter'e!tio!s
Mas$ #ell %n&%-%$orCromolyn sod%um
In&%-%$ mas$ #ell,$&ere-y releas%n(#&em%#al med%a$ors$&a$ resul$ %n-ron#&od%la$%on and ade#rease %n a%r/ay%n&ale #om)le$ely,)la#e $&e mou$&)%e#e -e$/een $&e
l%)s, %n&ale dee)ly,&old $&e -rea$& for 'se#onds, and $&ene>&ale Tell $&e #l%en$ $&a$an %n&aler %s used
)ro)&yla#$%#ally-efore e>er#%se, no$%n a#u$e as$&maa$$a#4
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Classi1catio!s I!%icatio!s Selecte%I!ter'e!tio!s
Nono)%od anal(es%#sNons$ero%dalAn$%7%n
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