Immunodulator in Herbal Medicine

8/9/2019 Immunodulator in Herbal Medicine

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Herbal medicine Gamgungtang down-regulates autoimmunity through induction of TH2

cytokine production by lymphocytes in experimental thyroiditis model

Eun-Ho Saa, b, Un-Ho Jina, Dong-Soo Kimc, Bong-Seok Kanga, 1, Ki-Tae Hab, June-Ki

Kimb, Won-Hwan Park b and Cheor-Ho Kima, ,

aDepartment of Biological Science Sungkyunkwan !ni"ersity #hunchun-Dong $%%

&angan-Gu Suwon #ity 'yunggi-Do ((%-)(* +epublic of 'orea

bDepartment of ,riental edicine Dongguk !ni"ersity and #ardio"ascular +#

'yung.u )/%-)0( +epublic of 'orea

cDepartment of 1ood Science and Technology 'yungsung !ni"ersity am-Gu Busan

*%/-)$* +epublic of 'orea

+ecei"ed 0/ &uly 2%%34 re"ised $0 &uly 2%%*4 accepted 22 5ugust 2%%*6 5"ailableonline 2* 5ugust 2%%*6

!b"#rac#

The crude herbal formulation Gamgungtang 7GGT8 has been shown to protect animals

against a wide range of spontaneously de"eloping or induced autoimmune diseases6 9e

ha"e pre"iously reported that GGT shows marked down-regulation of se"eral

experimental autoimmune diseases6 5lthough "ery effecti"e at pre"enting thyroidinfiltrates in mice immuni:ed with mouse deglycosylated thyroglobulin and complete

1reund;s ad.u"ant and in spontaneous models of thyroiditis it completely failed to

modify experimental autoimmune thyroiditis 7


2/30

was obser"ed following treatment with GGT which peaked at day 3 7=?-0%8 or day 0%

7=?-(86 ,n the other hand =?-02 and =1-A production were either unchanged or

decreased6 =t seems therefore that GGT induces in "i"o a shift towards Th2 lymphocytes

which may be one of the mechanisms of down-regulation of the autoimmune reacti"ity in


3/30

Herbal Medicine and Treatments for ADHD

Quick Index to This Page •

What we think of this specific treatment

o Overview

o Herbal Treatments & Increased edical !se of "timulants

o Wh# are "timulants !seful in $%% and $%H%

o The !se of Herbal "timulants in $%H%

o Other Herbal "timulants' (rain $ntioxidants' and )erve Tonics*

+inkgo (Ginkgo biloba)

(rahmi (Bacopa monniera)

"iberian +inseng (Eleutherococcus senticosis)

+otu ,ola (Centella asiatica, Hydrocotyle asiatica)

+reen Oats (Avena sativa)

o Herbal -ormulas for $%H%

.hinese Herbs and the Treatment of $%H%

/ecommended .hinese Herbal -ormulas

Other .ommonl# /ecommended Herbal -ormulas

"harol Tilgner0s 12i3uid "erenit#1

%avid Winston0s 1-ocus -ormula1

ar# (ove0s 1.omponded elissa1

o Herb 4 %rug Interactions

o Precautions about %iscontinuing "timulant %rugs for $%H%

http://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#wethink%23wethinkhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Overview%23Overviewhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Increased%23Increasedhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Stimulants%23Stimulantshttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Herbal%23Herbalhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Other%23Otherhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Ginkgo%23Ginkgohttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Ginkgo%23Ginkgohttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Brahmi%23Brahmihttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Brahmi%23Brahmihttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Brahmi%23Brahmihttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Siberian%23Siberianhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Siberian%23Siberianhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Gotu%20Kola%23Gotu%20Kolahttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Gotu%20Kola%23Gotu%20Kolahttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Green%20Oats%23Green%20Oatshttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Green%20Oats%23Green%20Oatshttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Formulas%23Formulashttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Chinese%23Chinesehttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#RCHF%23RCHFhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Other%23Otherhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Tilgner%23Tilgnerhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Winston%23Winstonhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Bove%23Bovehttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Interactions%23Interactionshttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Precautions%23Precautionshttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#wethink%23wethinkhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Overview%23Overviewhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Increased%23Increasedhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Stimulants%23Stimulantshttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Herbal%23Herbalhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Other%23Otherhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Ginkgo%23Ginkgohttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Brahmi%23Brahmihttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Siberian%23Siberianhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Gotu%20Kola%23Gotu%20Kolahttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Green%20Oats%23Green%20Oatshttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Formulas%23Formulashttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Chinese%23Chinesehttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#RCHF%23RCHFhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Other%23Otherhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Tilgner%23Tilgnerhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Winston%23Winstonhttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Bove%23Bovehttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Interactions%23Interactionshttp://www.healing-arts.org/children/ADHD/herbal.htm#Precautions%23Precautions


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o -inding a Practitioner -amiliar with Herbal Therapies

o "ummar#

o /eferences

• 2ist of $rticles and Information concerning this treatment

• What others in the field think of this specific treatment

• What #ou think of this specific treatment 5Web4-orum %iscussions6

"ummar#*

There is a great need to explore alternative treatments for $%H%7 $s the use of/italin and amphetamine in children have increased to alarming proportions'parents and professionals alike are searching for effective alternatives tostimulant drugs7 Herbal medicines ma# offer a safe alternative' especiall# incombination with complementar# therapies7

$lthough more research is necessar# to confirm the implied benefits ofcommerciall# available herbal formulas' there are at least a few clinical trials ofherbs and herbal extracts' notabl# .hinese herbal formulas' that have shownpromising results in this arena7

httpC>>www6healing-arts6org>children>5DHD>herbal6htmSummary

66

ome 8 Health 8 Autoimmune Disease 8 Autoimmune Disease (general) 8Articles 8 Anti-inflammatory Herbs

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$nti4inflammator# HerbsHealing with Herbal Medicine and Phytochemicals

A Elaine Moore

Oct 21, 2006

This article describes the use of plant chemicals with anti4inflammator# propertiesas complementar# therapies for patients with autoimmune disease7

Inflammation is a ke# feature in autoimmune disease7 In some conditions' such

as Hashimoto0s th#roiditis' inflammation contributes to the disease process7 In

other conditions' such as .rohn0s disease' inflammation ma# occur as a result of

the disease7 Inflammation occurs as the immune s#stem reacts to inBur#'

infection' environmental agents' malignanc#' and cellular changes7 In skin'

inflammation is most visible because it causes noticeable swelling' redness'

discomfort and pain7 The process leading to inflammation' which is known as the

inflammator# response' also induces changes that aren0t seen but influence the

effects of inflammation and their severit#7

The inflammator# response is a complex cascade of steps that include an

activation of white blood cells' the release of immune s#stem chemicals such as

complement and c#tokines' and the production and release of inflammator#

mediators and prostaglandins7 Inflammation ma# be acute or chronic or

relapsing4remitting depending on the disease course7 ost conventional

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treatments for autoimmune disease' including corticosteroids' work b# reducing

or suppressing inflammation7

an# herbs also possess anti4inflammator# Calso known as antiphlogisticD

characteristics7 Herbs can be used as the sole therap# in autoimmune disease or as complementar# corticosteroid4sparing therapies allowing patients to take

smaller doses or shorter courses of corticosteroids7 Treatment protocols toda#

often rel# on both alternative and conventional treatment options in a discipline

known as integrative medicine7

H9/($2 9%I.I)9

Herbal medicine relies on active plant chemicals with biological properties7 an#

conventional medicines are s#nthetic compounds designed to mimic the action of plant chemicals7 -or instance' the heart medication digoxin is derived from the

foxglove plant7 In herbal medicine' active chemicals are extracted from the plant

parts Cstems' seeds' roots' or leavesD that are the richest sources7 The active

chemicals can be 3uantitativel# measured and prepared in the form of capsules'

tinctures' teas' tonics' oils' or poultices7 $romatic herbs such as lavender can

also benefit the immune s#stem when used topicall# or as healing oils7

$)TI4I)-2$$TO/E H9/("

Other herbs known to reduce inflammation include ginger ' turmeric' pokeroot'

cleavers' devils claw' licorice' autumn saffron' boswellin' curcumin' arnica'

bromelain' +erman chamomile' licorice' white willow' witch ha:el' and capsaicin7

P2$)T .H9I.$2"

an# plant chemicals are known to reduce inflammation' including the omega-!

essential oils' which can also be derived from marine sources7 Other plant

chemicals' which are also known as ph#tochemicals' that are known to reduce

inflammation include carotenoids and catechins' which belong to the plant

chemical famil# known as bioflavinoids bioflavinoids7

9--9.T" O- PHETO.H9I.$2"

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The medicinal effects of plant chemicals are referred to as ph#otherap#7 The

various plant chemicals found in plant and herbal sources all have different

properties as the# go about their business of reducing inflammation7 -or

instance' spice components' such as curcurmin' turmeric' and capsaicin from red

pepper reduce inflammation b# influencing arachidonic acid metabolism and also

the secretion of l#sosomal en:#mes b# macrophages7 .urcumin and capsaicin

also inhibited the secretion of collagenase' elastase and h#aluronidase

demonstrating that the# can control the release of pro4inflammator# mediators

such as eicosanoids7

.#tokines are chemicals that modulate the immune response7 High levels of

c#tokines cause man# of the detrimental conse3uences in autoimmune disease7

an# plant chemicals have effects on at least one of the following c#tokines*

interleukin4F CI24FD' interleukin4G CI24GD' tumor necrosis factor CT)-D' and

interferon CI-)D7 Herbs that reduce or modulate the secretion of one or more of

these c#tokines include $cal#pha wilkesiana' $canthopanax gracilis#lus' $llium

sativum CgarlicD' curcurmin' 9chinacea purpurea' +rifola frondosa' Panax

ginseng' Ol#gala tunuifolia' "il#bum marianum Cmilk thistleD' Tinospora cordifolia'

!ncaria tomentosa' and Withania somnifera7

.H9I.$2 I)T9/$.TIO)"

Herbs should never be added to a healing protocol without first consulting with

one0s integrationist ph#sician7 (esides their anti4inflammator# properties' some

herbs such as +erman chamomile also have sedative and spasmol#tic properties

that could interfere with the effects of other medications or cause undesirable

side effects7

/esources*

$ntoine $l4$chi' $nti4inflammator# Herbs' !7"7 Pharmacist' arch F' >>=7

,enneth Proefrock' 2atest !pdates in the (otanical Treatment of $utoimmune

%iseases' "outhwest .onference on (otanical edicine >>J7


8/30

,7 "pellman' odulation of c#tokine expression b# traditional medicines* a

review of herbal immunomodulators' $lternative edicine /eview' Kune >>GL

FFCFD* F7

6

"#inThera$y

etter &com6ritten for

Dermatologists byDermatologists .

Skin Therapy Letter About STL Subscribe Today Dermatology Dictionary SkinCareGuide Network Sit

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3L :amily ractice


9/30

ngal Treatment Psoriasisatment Psoriatic Arthritistment -osacea Treatmentn Cancer Treatment Skinre Treatments 3acterial

n7ection Treatment Liceatment 0erpes TreatmentLupus Treatment 8art

Treatment

Dermatologists must be educated not only in the benefits of

these therapies, but must also be aware of some of the risks anadverse effects. They need information about the effects of

herbal remedies in order to better serve their patients who ma

be using herbs to treat their dermatological conditions. This brireview summarizes some of the more common herbal therapie

used by many dermatology patients for their skin diseases, anthe adverse reactions and drug interactions that may occur.

Key Words: herbal remedies, adverse effects, dermatology, ant

inflammatory

The use o7 herbal therapy by dermatology patients is on the ris

3ecause o7 their con,enient a,ailability4 many patients withchronic dermatological diseases ha,e attempted to take more

control o,er their health by using herbal remedies along with o

instead o7 con,entional treatments2 Some patients ha,e lost

hope9 standard treatments ha,e 7ailed to be e77ecti,e 7or them2

a result4 they seek newer therapies in an attempt to 7ind a cur

7or their problems2

Go,ernment -egulations

The e;act 7re%**?2 ost o7 these regulations are still und

re,iew2 0owe,er4 regulations do e;ist with regard to de7inition

product licensing4 ad,erse reaction reporting4 site licensing4 gomanu7acturing practices4 clinical trials4 and labeling/packagin

These are pursuant to the subsection o7 the 5ood and Drugs A

entitled Natural 0ealth Products -egulations2 Some o7 these a

e;pected to be phased in o,er the ne;t two years2 At the

http://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/fungal/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/psoriasis/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/psoriasis/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/psoriasis/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/psoriatic_arthritis/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/psoriatic_arthritis/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/rosacea/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/rosacea/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/skin_cancer/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/skin_cancer/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/skin_care/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/skin_care/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/bacterial_infection/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/bacterial_infection/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/bacterial_infection/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/bacterial_infection/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/lice/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/lice/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/herpes/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/lupus/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/wart/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/wart/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/wart/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/fungal/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/psoriasis/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/psoriasis/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/psoriatic_arthritis/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/psoriatic_arthritis/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/rosacea/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/skin_cancer/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/skin_care/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/skin_care/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/bacterial_infection/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/bacterial_infection/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/lice/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/lice/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/herpes/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/lupus/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/wart/index.htmlhttp://www.skintherapyletter.com/treat/wart/index.html


10/30

pro,incial le,el4 3ritish Columbia established the College o7

Traditional Chinese edicine =TC? Practitioners and

Acupuncturists o7 32C24 becoming the 7irst pro,ince in Canada t

regulate the practice o7 TC2# No other pro,ince thus 7ar has

similar regulatory body2

There are many herbal remedies that ha,e scienti7ic merit9 the

may be o7 clinical bene7it and pro,ide sa7e4 e77ecti,e and reliab

alternati,es to con,entional medicine2 0owe,er4 herbal produc

cannot be patented2$ They are intended 7or the sel7%treatment o

sel7%diagnosed4 sel7limiting condition2 Although there are

numerous herbal therapies that are rele,ant to the specialty o

dermatology4 many o7 these ha,e not been studied in proper

randomi1ed4 double%blind4 placebo controlled trials2 ost herb

treatments ha,e e,idence that is based on sparse anecdotal

reports and word o7 mouth2

Drug 6nteractions and Side%.77ects

any o7 these therapies are considered natural and there7or

harmless2 0owe,er4 because o7 the poor regulations that e;ist

monitoring these drugs4 ad,erse reactions do occur2> 0erbal

therapy4 there7ore4 should be a,oided in pregnancy4 in7ants an

children because o7 the uncertainty o7 ad,erse reactions that

could occur2 There is little incenti,e 7or pharmaceutical

companies to in,estigate or standardi1e these preparations

because it is unlikely patents would be applicable2

3ecause o7 the assumed sa7ety o7 natural products4 many


11/30

patients belie,e these products ha,e 7ewer side%e77ects2 0erb

therapies should be regarded as drugs2 Since drugs ha,e side

e77ects4 such e,ents can be seen with herbals2 Drug interaction

although in7re


12/30

antimicrobial,

vulnerary

promotes 2ound4ealing-

ap4t4ous ulcers,

AD, bites, burns,

dermabrasions,frostbite, leg

ulcers, poisonivy, psoriasis,

sunburn

Calendula

(Calendulaofficionalis(,+,B,%"

Anti)inflammatory,

anti)septic,vulnerary

oils, burns,

ecema, 4erpessimple0 or oster,

mout4 irritations,ulcers, 2ounds

@es

re2ou4ealing-

Capsaicin

(#ostri$"+,B,%"Deplete neuronal

stores of substance

ityriasis Eubra

ilaris, post4erpetic

neuralgia H#-,

prurigo nodularis,pruritus

associated 2it4psoriasis s- and

FA

@es re

H#,soriasis

Goldenseal

(Hydratiscanadensi(

Anti)inflammatory,

antimicrobial,antiseptic,

astringent,vulnerary

oils,

4emorr4oids,tinea

#o

Licorice

(%lycyrrhi&a

'labralensis orura(,",+,%"

Anti)inflammatory,

antiviral, demulcent

mucous membranesoot4er-


13/30

(Ulmas fulva demulcent,

emollient

Abscesses, boils,

4erpes simple0,

s7in irritations,ulcers

&t. Jo4ns 6ort

(Hypericum perforatum(,"

Anti)inflammatory,

astringent,antimicrobial,

immunomodulator

e0ternal) urns,

neuralgia,2ounds

#o

34yme (Thymus

vul'aris(Antimicrobial,

astringent,antiseptic

Combined 2it4

4erbs foralopecia,

4alitosis,stomatitis

#o

Gin7go (%in'o

biloba%arlic, %in'er,

%insen' ()ana$

'insen'*,+,-

arious arious #o

3ea 3ree 9il(Melaleuca

alternifolia",+,B

Antimicrobial,antiseptic

Acne, impetigo,mout4 ulcers,

psoriasis, tineainfections

@es

romelain)

ineapple (.nanas

comosus%"

Anti)inflammatory 6ound 4ealing,

postsurgical pain

#o

@arro2 (.chillea

millefolium%"Anti)inflammatory Compress for

2eeping lesions,

pruritus

#o

:enugree7(Tri'onella foenum/

'raecum%"

Anti)inflammatory Compress for2eeping lesions

#o

C4amomile(Matricaria recuita

0(,",B,%",%+

Anti)bacterial, anti)inflammatory,

fungicidal

AD, Candidaalbicans, gram)

positive

infections

@es


14/30

Arnica (.

Montana+,BAnti)inflammatory Acne, boils,

bruises,

gingivitis,4emorr4oids,

insect bites

#o

Horse C4estnutseed e0tract

(.esculus

hippocastanum",+

Anti)inflammatory C4ronic venousinsufficiency

s2elling,

pruritus,tenderness-

@es

Table !: . revie1 of some herbal remedies2

DrugSide%.77ects Drug 6nteractions

?emap4yte (Chinese

Herbal Therapy",%')%(Diarr4ea, increased liver

function tests, reversibledilated cardiomyopat4y,

reversible acute 4epaticillness, fatal 4epatic

necrosis, symptomatic

nep4ropat4y bladdercarcinoma, 2orsening of

atopic dermatitis, acuteurticaria

>et4otre0ate


15/30

Aloe era(,",+,B,%" Contact dermatitis corticosteroids,

otassium

Calendula (Calendula

officionalis(,+,B,%"Allergic reactions, ACD #K

Capsaicin(#ostri$"+,B,%"

&evere burning,intolerability, allergy

can cross react 2it4late0, bananas, 7i2i,

c4estnut, avocado

#K

Goldenseal (Hydratiscanadensi(

Allergic ContactDermatitis

#K

Licorice (%lycyrrhi&a'labralensis or

ura(,",+,%"

Contraindicated in4ypertension, diabetes

mellitus, 4ypo7alemia,liver7idney disorders

Cyclosporin A CyA- digo0in, prednisone,

t4iaides

urple Cone :lo2er

(!chinaceaan'ustifolia or

internalpupurea(

Eecurrent eryt4ema

nodosumCAF3I9# in HI, C3D,

3, >&, rag2eed,

sunflo2er allergies

Immunomodulators

and CyA,>et4otre0ate,

coticosteroids

&lippery


16/30

Gin7go (%in'o

biloba

%arlic, %in'er,%insen' ()ana$

'insen'*,+,-

Can cause spontaneous

bleeding

Can potentiate aspir

#&AIDs, 2arfarin,

4eparin

3ea 3ree 9il(Melaleuca

alternifolia",+,B

e0t) ACD, burning,dryness, itc4ing, *

irritation, systemic

allergic reactions, cancross react 2it4

colop4ony. int) 39IC

#K

romelain)ineapple(.nanas comosus%"

ACD, GI upset, diarr4ea


17/30

including eryt4roderma and &tevens)Jo4nson syndrome from

combination 4erbal preparations.+ &erious systemic adverse events 4a

been reported 2it4 4erbal t4erapies for t4e treatment of dermatologic

diseases as 2ell.M >ost are 4epatoto0ic effects and some 4ave been fa

alt4oug4 t4is is rare.+ Herbals t4at are recommended for topical use

s4ould not be ingested and vice)versa. Drug interactions t4at most

commonly occur are due to immunomodulatory reactions, 4o2ever

effects on anticonvulsants and anticoagulants can occur.*

Conclusion

A brief searc4 of t4e literature reveals many t4erapies used for

dermatological disease 4o2ever t4ere are fe2er reports of t4eir side

effects in dermatologic or medical literature. 9nly t4ose t4erapies

relevant to t4e specialty of dermatology t4at also 4ave 4ad reports o

side)effects are discussed. 34ose t4erapies 2it4out 7no2n side)effect

are e0cluded from t4is manuscript. It is important for dermatologists

become a2are of t4ese adverse events and interactions in order to bet

educate t4eir patients and possibly prevent potential and une0pected

adverse reactions.+

Eeferences

%. 6ong HGC. C4inese atent >edicines of Herbal and Fn7no2n

Fsed for Allergic and ot4er Condidtions. Can 4 .ller'y Clin5mmunol "(-MM)B !''%-.

!. #eldner KH. Complementary and Alternative >edicine. DermatolClin %+%-%+B)B$ !''' Jan-.

$. Gold JL, La0er DA, Eoc4on, A. Herbal Eemedies A Critical

erspective. .nn RC)3C $$+-(BM)+ !''' Dec-.(. Gardiner , Kemper KJ. Herbs in pediatric and adolescent

medicine. )ediatr Rev !%!-(()*M !''' :eb-.


18/30

*. &itar D&. Important Drug Interactions. Can 4 CM! ppMM)+M

!''! :eb-.

". Dine4art &>, Hordins7y >K, Ja2ors7y C. Alternative >edicineand t4e &7in. resented at t4e American Academy of

Dermatology Annual General meeting, 6as4ington DC, >arc4!''%.

M. Keane :>, du ivier A6, et al. Analysis of C4inese 4erbal creamsprescribed for dermatological conditions. 6M4 $%+M%+$-*"$)(

%BBB :eb-.

+. edi >K, &4enefelt D. Herbal 34erapy in Dermatology. .rchDermatol %$+!-!$!)(! !''! :eb-.

B. #orman E, #elson D. Do Alternative Complementary 34erapies2or7 for common Dermatologic ConditionsN 3in 7 .'in' +!+)

$$ !''' :eb-.

%'. :erguson Jurray . 3o0icity of C4inese 4erbal

remedies. 0ancet $('++!'-"M( %BB! &ep-.

%(. Luciu7 G. C4inese Herbal >edicines. .ller'y 7 .sthma

%$(-%)! !''' Aug&ep-.%*. Levin Cl, >aibac4 H. edicines @ear inEevie2 Druglin7. pp%!)%( !''% :eb-.

%+. atelt)6encler E. roof of efficacy of KamillosanE-cream in atopic ecema. !ur 4 Med Res *(- %M%)* !''' Apr-.

%B. 6ong HCG. Allergic Eeactions Associated 2it4 C4ineseHerbal >edicine. .ller'y 7 .sthma %$(-%$)+ !''' Aug&ep-.!'. 6ong HGC. Acute Frticaria associated 2it4 C4inese Herba

>edicine Fsed for Atopic Dermatitis. Can 4 .ller'y 7 Clin5mmunol "!-%"!)* !''%-.

!%. 6ong HGC. Acute Generalied >aculopapular ercury Level


19/30

Associated 2it4 C4inese Herbal >edicine. Can 4 .ller'y 7 Clin

5mmunol M*"-B!)" !''! July)Aug-.

!!. 3ana7a A, #is4ida E, &a2ai K, et al. P3raditional remedy)induced C4inese 4erbs nep4ropat4y s4o2ing rapid deterioration

of renal functionQ 8ippon 4in&o %aai 3hi $B+-MB()M %BBMDec-.

!$. Gra4am)ro2n E. 3o0icity of C4inese Herbal remedies.0ancet $('++!'-"M$)( %BB! &ep-.

!(. Kane JA, Kane &, Jain &. Hepatitis induced by traditional

C4inese 4erbs; possible to0ic components. %ut $"%-%(")M%BB* Jan-.

!*. Giordano)Labadie :, &c42are H, ue0 J. Allergic contacdermatitis from camomile used in p4ytot4erapy. Contact

Dermatitis (!(-!(M !''' Apr-.

!". Gordon LA. Compositae dermatitis. .ustralas 4 Dermatol ('$-%!$)+;5ui %!B)$' %BBB Aug-.

%. Cutaneous Cleansers

!. Adverse Eeactions to Herbal 34erapy in Dermatology

$. Important &afety Information About DIA#


20/30

Habitat* Throughout )orth $merican prairies' plains' and open woodlands7

Part sed* The root7

*onstituents*

• 9chinacoside' in E. angustiolia but not E. purpurea./esearch suggests

that the echinacosides gl#cosides appear to be primar# anti4microbial

constituents in Echinacea7 However there are man# other biologicall#

active substances present' and there is evidence that the# work

s#nergisticall#7 The pol#saccharides' for example' possess the best

immune stimulating properties and are also antiviral7

• !nsaturated isobut#l amides' echinacin and others' in E. angustiolia and

E. pallida.

• Pol#saccharidesL a heterox#lan and an arabinorhamnogalactan

• Pol#acet#lenes' at least FJ of which have been isolated7 It has been

postulated that these are artifacts formed during storage' since the# are

found in dried but not fresh roots of E. pallida. • 9ssential oil' containing humulene' car#oph#llene and its epoxide'

germacrene % and meth#l4 p4h#drox#cinnamate

• iscellaneousL vanillin linolenic acid derivatives' a labdane derivative'

alkanes and flavonoids and the alkaloids tussilagine and isotussilagine7

ote* "es3uiterpene esters which were originall# identified in commercial

samples of E. purpurea have since been shown to be due to the presence of an

adulterant' !arthenium integriolium 27 C$merican -everfewD7 It appears that this

adulteration ma# be widespread in commercial samples7

Actions* $nti4microbial' immunomodulator' anti4catarrhal' alterative7

+ndications* Echinacea is one of the primar# remedies for helping the bod# rid

itself of microbial infections7 It is often effective against both bacterial and viral

attacks' and ma# be used in conditions such as boils' septicaemia and similar

infections7 In conBunction with other herbs it ma# be used for an# infection

an#where in the bod#7 -or example in combination with Earrow or (earberr# it

will effectivel# stop c#stitis7 It is especiall# useful for infections of the upper

respirator# tract such as lar#ngitis' tonsillitis and for catarrhal conditions of the

nose and sinus7 In general it ma# be used widel# and safel#7 The tincture or

decoction ma# be used as a mouthwash in the treatment of p#orrhoea and

gingivitis7 It ma# be used as an external lotion to help septic sores and cuts7

uch research is focussing upon this plant' providing important insights into its

activit# and potential uses7 +l#cosides from the roots have mild activit# against

"treptococci and "taphylococcus aureus7 9chinacoside was the most active with

about G mg being e3uivalent to one unit of penicillin7 The tincture was able to

reduce both the rate of growth and the rate of reproduction of #richomonas

vaginalis' and was found to be effective in halting the recurrence of Candida

albicans infection7 It seems to prevent infection and repair tissue damaged b#

infection' partiall# through inhibiting the activit# of the en:#me h#aluronidase7

The h#aluronidase s#stem is a primar# defense mechanism' involving connective

1ground1 substance' or h#aluronic acid' acting as a barrier against pathogenic

organisms7 "ome pathogens activate an en:#me' h#aluronidase' which once


21/30

activated destro#s the integrit# of the ground substance7 This causes the barrier

to become leak#' allowing pathogens to invade' attach themselves to exposed

cells' penetrate the membrane and kill the cell7 The result as an inflammator#

infection7 Echinacea inhibits the action of h#aluronidase b# bonding with it in

some wa#' resulting in a temporar# increase in the integrit# of the barrier7 -ewer

pathogens are able to stimulate the destruction of the ground substance7 $ rangeof constituents mediate this process' especiall# a complex pol#saccharide called

echinacin (7 This anti4h#aluronidase action is involved in regeneration of

connective tissue destro#ed during infection and in the elimination of pathogenic

organisms creating the infection7 Purified pol#saccharides prepared from

Echinacea possess a strong activating force on the bod#0s macrophage4

mediated defense s#stem7 These macrophages initiate the destruction of

pathogens and cancer cells7 Echinacea activates macrophages b# itself'

independent of an# effect with T4cells7 $ tumor4inhibiting principle has been

found' a oncol#tic lipid4soluble h#drocarbon from the essential oil7 The

echinacosides gl#cosides appear to be the primar# Mantibiotics0' but there are

man# other active substances present which probabl# function s#nergisticall#7

The pol#saccharides possess the best immune stimulating properties and are

also antiviral7 Other constituents have been shown to possess good anti4tumor'bacteriostatic' and anesthetic activit#7

This all points to the conclusion that its actions relate to immune s#stem

functioning on some level' helping deal with infections and stimulating the

immune response7 It activates the macrophages that destro# both cancerous

cells and pathogens' increases the level of phagoc#tosis b# raising levels of

white blood cells such as the neutrophils' monoc#tes' eosinophils' and (

l#mphoc#tes7 It also has an effect on properidin levels' indication an activation of

the complement s#stem7

Pre$arations , Dosage* %ecoction* put F4 teaspoonfuls of the root in one cup

of water and bring it slowl# to boil7 2et it simmer for F>4F minutes7 This shouldbe drunk three times a da#7 Tincture* take F4= ml of the tincture three times a

da#7 Echinacea is often' inappropriatel#' used as a dail# Mimmune support0

Cwhatever that is;D7 $ 3uote from %r7 %aniel owre#0s excellent review of

9chinacea in et .eneration Herbal Medicine is pertinent here*

1%ail# intake should be restricted to what is deemed necessar#7 %uring cold and

flu season' two to four capsules per da# is sufficient7 In the presence of acute

infection' that dosage ma# be increased' without danger' to more than <

capsules7 In the presence of chronic infections' such as chronic hepatitis'

echinacea ma# be used continuousl# for several months7 However' for the

maintenance of a health# immune s#stem' echinacea is most wisel# used

periodicall#44a few weeks on' and a few weeks off' throughout the #ear7

9chinacea is not a tonic in all aspectsL granted that it has been observed to

stabili:e the production of neutrophils' such tonic action has not been observed

on other immune factors' such as properdin production7 In the absence of

conclusive experimental findings' it is both safe and wise to assume that the

constant' unremitting use of echinacea could be stressful on certain aspects of

the immune s#stem7 %uring breaks' the immune s#stem will adapt and increase

in natural strength71


22/30

.itations from the edline database for the genus Echinacea

9chinacea /auer ' 0oster " Analysis of al#amides and caffeic acid

derivatives from Echinacea simulata and E& $aradoa roots&

Planta ed FNNF OctLCD*==4N /auer 1' 2urcic 3 Puhlmann 2 4agner H

5+mmunologic in vivo and in vitro studies on Echinacea etracts6

$r:neimittelforschung FN


23/30

thera$eutically used s$ecies of the genus Echinacea6

Pharm $cta Helv FNLG>CD*JN4> mg?m i7v7 ever# < da#s4' echinacin44G> mg?m

i7m744and th#mostimulin44J> mg?m i7m7' da# J4F> after 2%.E' then twice a week7

Therap# was well tolerated b# all patients7 Their ,arnofsk#0 index increased for

F>@ in the mean7 $ stable disease for more than < weeks was documented b#

abdominal ultrasonograph# in one patient7 "erum levels of $lpha4-etoprotein

C$-PD' .arcinoembr#onic $ntigen C.9$D and Tissue Pol#peptide $ntigen CTP$D

did not increase in patients7 edian survival time was 7 months7 One patientis still alive after < months7 $bsolute numbers of .%7>D decreased for @ F da# after 2%.E' whereas .%=R cells increased Cp

less than >7>D from da# F47 )umbers of natural killer C),4D cells increased for

F@ Cp less than >7>D' their activit# for N>@ Cp less than >7>D7 $ctivities of

peripheral pol#morphs Cp less than >7>D increased for @ and of 2#mphokine

$ctivated ,iller C2$,4D cells for F@ Cp less than >7>D7 %uettig / "teinmuller

* .ifford .E 4agner H %ohmann-Matthes M% Macro$hage activation by

the $olysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from $lant cell cultures of

Echinacea $ur$urea&

K )atl .ancer Inst FN>' was

effective in activating macrophages to c#totoxicit# against tumor cells and micro4

organisms C2eishmania enriettiiD7 -urthermore' this pol#saccharide induced

macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor CT)-4alphaD' interleukin4F CI24FD'

and interferon4beta 7 $rabinogalactan did not activate ( cells and did not induce

T cells to produce interleukin4' interferon4beta ' or interferon4gamma' but it did

induce a slight increase in T4cell proliferation7 When inBected ip' this agent

stimulated macrophages' a finding that ma# have therapeutic implications in the

defense against tumors and infectious diseases7

ose K

Effect of echinacin on $hagocytosis and natural #iller cells&

ed Welt J=* F=GJ4' FN


24/30

Echinacea $ur$urea to test sub


25/30

$r:neimittelforschung FNNF -ebL=FCD*F=F4 CPublished in +ermanD

9chinacea belongs to the most usable plants in medical treatment since man#

#ears7 It is applicable in the fields of homoepath# and allopath#' however' there

are man# different wa#s of treatment7 Two species are listed in the 9uropean

Pharmacopoea* 9chinacea angustifolia and 9chinacea purpurea7 The# differ inmorpholog# and their chemical composition7 There have been chemical and

biological anal#ses of 9chinacea for about #ears7 $fter exact investigations of

these reports' the following result were found* ost chemical anal#ses were

done with 9chinacea angustifolia' especiall# the older ones' whereas biological

activit# was tested with 9chinacea purpurea7 In almost all of these experiments'

proprietaries were preferred to use in contrast to an# plant extracts7 ost of the

reports' which declared the stimulating biological activit# of 9chinacea could not

resist an# critical opinion7 "o the fre3uenc# of medical application of this drug is

mainl# due to delivered practical knowledge7 The experiments described in this

stud# were practised with a water4 soluble plant extract of 9chinacea

angustifolia7 9chinacosid one of its low4molecular compounds and proprietaries

which contains this plant7 Their influence on the unspecified cellular immunit# of

the mouse after intraperitoneal' intravenous or peroral application was

investigated7 !nder various conditions no effects on the immuno s#stem could

be found using the carbon clearance test7 "tim$el M Pro#sch A 4agner H

%ohmann-Matthes M% Macro$hage activation and induction of macro$hage

cytotoicity by $urified $olysaccharide fractions from the $lant Echinacea

$ur$urea&

Infect Immun FN' >>> and

F>>' >>> was the most active in inhibiting the oedemaL it also reduced the

infiltration of inflammator# cells7 The activit# of this fraction was comparable with


26/30

that of a raw pol#saccharidic extract obtained from 97 angustifolia roots b#

differential solubilit#7 The high4molecular weight pol#saccharides are therefore

proposed as the anti4inflammator# principles of the plant7 Tubaro A Tragni E Del

egro P .alli *% Della %oggia ' Anti-inflammatory activity of a

$olysaccharidic fraction of Echinacea angustifolia&

K Pharm Pharmacol FN7 mg kg4F i7v7D almost inhibited the

carrageenan4induced oedema over < h and furthermore' 9P-' topicall# applied'

inhibited mouse ear oedema induced b# croton oil7 9P- also reduced the

leukoc#tic infiltration of the croton oil dermatitis' evaluated both as peroxidase

activit# and histologicall#7 $fter topical application 9P- appears to be slightl#

inferior in potenc# to indomethacin7 The results suggest that the anti4

inflammator# activit# of 97 angustifolia resides in its pol#saccharidic content7

oaden % and Kacobson *

Tumor inhibitors& !& +dentification and synthesis of an oncolytic hydrocar

bon from American coneflower roots&

K ed .hem F*GFN4J' FN 4ac#er A Hilbig 4 51irus-inhibition by

echinacea $ur$urea (authors transl)6

Planta ed FN< -ebLJJCFD* CPublished in +ermanD

Wagner ' Proksch $' /iess4aurer' et al*

+mmunostimulating $olysaccharides (heteroglycanes) of higher $lants -

$reliminary communications& $r:neim -orsch J=*GN4GG>' FNCFD*J4J CPublished in +ermanD

httpC>>www6healthy6net>scr>mmedica6aspET=dF0=dF2%%

6

Modulation of cytokine expression y traditional!edicines" a re#ie$ of %eral i!!uno!odulators&

S$eman K Burn" J %icho" D Win#er" % #er"berg S Tenborg '6

#linical Di"ision Department of Herbal edicine Tai Sophia =nstitute ))3%

ontpelier +oad ?aurel D 2%)2$ !S56 spelman02$earthlink6net6

http://www.healthy.net/scr/mmedica.asp?MTId=1&Id=200http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Spelman%20K%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Burns%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Nichols%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Nichols%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Winters%20N%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Ottersberg%20S%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Tenborg%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Tenborg%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.healthy.net/scr/mmedica.asp?MTId=1&Id=200http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Spelman%20K%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Burns%20J%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Nichols%20D%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Winters%20N%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Ottersberg%20S%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=PubMed&Cmd=Search&Term=%22Tenborg%20M%22%5BAuthor%5D&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.PubmedZJ_RVAbstractPlus2


27/30

odulation of cytokine secretion may offer no"el approaches in the treatment of a

"ariety of diseases6 ,ne strategy in the modulation of cytokine expression may be

through the use of herbal medicines6 5 class of herbal medicines known asimmunomodulators alters the acti"ity of immune function through the dynamic

regulation of informational molecules such as cytokines6 This may offer an

explanation of the effects of herbs on the immune system and other tissues6 1orthis informal re"iew the authors sur"eyed the primary literature on medicinal

plants and their effects on cytokine expression taking special care to analy:e

research that utili:ed the multi-component extracts eIui"alent to or similar towhat are used in traditional medicine clinical phytotherapy or in the marketplace6

>www6ncbi6nlm6nih6go">sites>entre:E

cmdF+etrie"edbFKubedlistLuidsF0*/0$(*2doptF5bstractKlus

>odulation of cyto7ine e0pression by traditional medicines a revie2 of

4erbal immunomodulators.&ubmitted by &ite


28/30

molecules such as cytokines6 This may offer an explanation of the effects of herbs on the immune system and other

tissues6 1or this informal re"iew the authors sur"eyed the primary literature on medicinal plants and their effects on

cytokine expression taking special care to analy:e research that utili:ed the multi-component extracts eIui"alent to or

similar to what are used in traditional medicine clinical phytotherapy or in the marketplace6 >herbalscienceresearch6com>node>($*

+mmunomodulating *om$ounds from Traditional*hinese Herbs&

HerbalGramThe &ournal of the 5merican Botanical #ouncil

#urrent =ssue M =ssues M Departments M 5uthors M Search M =ndex

=ssueC (0 KageC 0N

(mmunomodua#ing Com$ound" )rom Tradi#iona Chine"e Herb"*Krinter 1riendly

HerbalGram6 0NN)4(0C0N 5merican Botanical #ouncil

=mmunomodulators are agents that exert a general net effect 7positi"e or negati"e8 on

the acti"ity of the immune system or on a specific immune function6

=mmunomodulators ha"e the potential to be of clinical use in the enhancement 7e6g6 fortreating 5=DS8 or therapeutic suppression 7e6g6 for treating organ transplant re.ection or

autoimmune disease8 of immune function6 Some compounds that ha"e been isolated

http://herbalscienceresearch.com/keyword/herbalhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/keyword/herbalhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/keyword/immunityhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/keyword/immunityhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/keyword/immunityhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/keyword/reviewhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/keyword/traditionalhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/keyword/traditionalhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/node/436http://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/http://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/issuelist.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/deptlist.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/deptlist.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/authorlist.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/authorlist.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/authorlist.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/search.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/search.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/keyword.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/default.asp?i=41http://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/articleview.asp?a=784&p=Yhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/keyword/herbalhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/keyword/immunityhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/keyword/reviewhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/keyword/traditionalhttp://herbalscienceresearch.com/node/436http://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/http://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/issuelist.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/deptlist.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/authorlist.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/search.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/keyword.asphttp://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/default.asp?i=41http://content.herbalgram.org/new-chapter/herbalgram/articleview.asp?a=784&p=Y


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from herbs used in traditional #hinese medicine 7T#8 ha"e been shown to ha"e

immunomodulating acti"ity6

ore than )% compounds ha"e been isolated from the poisonous liana Tripterygium

wilfordii Hook6f6 #elastraceae largely alkaloids and terpenoids6 any ha"e been

shown to be immunosuppressors in "itro and in "i"o6 T6 wilfordii has been used in T#

to treat fe"er chills edema and inflammation and extracts of the plant;s xylem ha"e

been used for rheumatoid arthritis chronic nephritis skin diseases and immunological

disorders6

5rtemisinin known as Iing haosu in T# a sesIuiterpene lactone isolated from

5rtemisia annua 7Sweet 5nnie 5rtemisia annua OPing-HaoO ?6 5steraceae8 is an

antimalarial drug6 +ecent clinical studies ha"e found it to be an immunomodulator andthat it can be effecti"e in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosis psoriasis and

other autoimmune-related disorders6 5rteether a semisynthetic analogue of

dihydroartemisinin 7an artemisinin deri"ati"e8 is being de"eloped by the 9orld Health

,rgani:ation to treat malaria6 5nother compound artemether 7a homologue of

arteether8 is pro"ing to ha"e more potent antimalarial acti"ity than artemisinin6

The fruits of Sophora alopecuoides 71abaceae8 and the roots of S6 fla"escens are used in

T# for their antipyretic 7fe"er reducing8 effects6 5lkaloids isolated from these plants

ha"e been shown both to be immunosuppressors 7at high doses8 and immunostimulators

7at low doses86 Diterpenoid alkaloids isolated from the axial roots of 5conitum species

used in T# ha"e shown anti-inflammatory analgesic antipyretic and

immunomodulatory acti"ity6 The sinomenine alkaloids deri"ed from Sinomenium

acutum Diels6 7enispermaceae8 ha"e been shown to be clinically effecti"e in arthritis

and rheumatoid arthritis6

=n addition to these compounds se"eral polysaccharides such as those from the fruiting

bodies of Ganoderma lucidum 7+eishi mushroom8 ling chih 7?eyss6 ex 1r6 K6 'arst6

Ganodermataceae8 the fruits of ?ycium barbarum ?6 Solanaceae the whole plants of


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5maranthaceae ha"e been found to be immunostimulators6

QRhang ?ing-Hua Ji Huang ?i-9ei 9ang and Kei-Gen iao6 0NN36 Se"eral

#ompounds from #hinese Traditional and Herbal edicine as =mmunomodulators6Khytotherapy +esearch ol6 N $03-$226U

5rticle copyright 5merican Botanical #ouncil6

Immunodulator in Herbal Medicine

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