ImmunityPathogens disease producing microbes (bacteria virus, fungi)

Immunity bodys response to specific antigens (foreign proteins that invoke an immune response) Coordinated by T & B cells

Fig. 22.CO

Lymphatic VesselsLymphatic vessels carry lymph, contain one way valves very low pressureLymphatic capillaries blind pockets endothelial cells,prevent backflow into intercellular spacesThoracic duct drains lower abd. & pelvis, left half of head, neck & chest,empties into left subclavian & left jugular vein.Right lymphatic duct Drains Rt. side of body above diaphragm

Fig. 22.1

Lymph SystemLymph Fluid moved by skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump 3.6L/day eliminates local variations in the composition of interstitial fluid

Fig. 22.3a

Lymph SystemLymph Fluid moved by skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump 3.6L/day eliminates local variations in the composition of interstitial fluid

Lymphoid organsLymph nodes bean shaped -collection sites filled with phagocytes99% of the antigens will be removed by lymph nodes

Fig. 22.6a

Lymph SystemLymph Fluid moved by skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump 3.6L/day eliminates local variations in the composition of interstitial fluidLymphoid organsLymph nodes bean shaped -collection sites filled with phagocytes99% of the antigens will be removed by lymph nodesSpleen largest collection of lymphatic tissue(detects foreign substances), blood reservoirRecycle center macrophages engulf debrisRed pulp remove abnormal or past prime RBCs and recycle ironWhite pulp immune response - lymphoid nodules microphages, stimulated by foreign antigens

Fig. pf 22.7abc

Lymph SystemThymus max size by about age 1 decreases size in older adultsSite of T cell maturation mature in the cortex, migrate to the medulla and enter blood vesselsthymic hormone production (thymosins)= maturation of T cells (cell-mediated immunity)

Fig. 22.8

Lymph System FunctionsDrain excess interstitial fluid - 3.6L/day eliminates local variations in the composition of interstitial fluid30L of fluid/day from capillaries interstitial tissues27 L of fluid/day from interstitial tissues capillariesTransport dietary lipids - lacteals lymphatic vessels in small intestine Carry out immune responses destroy foreign invaders

Fig. 22.9

7 Major Non-specific DefensesPhysical barriers - keep hazardous organisms and materials outside the body. Phagocytes - cells that engulf pathogens and cell debris. Immunological surveillance - the destruction of abnormal cells by NK cells in peripheral tissues Interferons - are chemical messengers that coordinate the defenses against viral infection

7 Major Non-specific DefensesComplement - a system of circulating proteins that assist antibodies in the destruction of pathogens. The inflammatory response - a local response to injury or infection that is directed at the tissue level. Mast cells come from basophils Fever - an elevation in body temperature that accelerates tissue metabolism and defenses. Denatures proteins For each 1C rise in temperature, your metabolic rate jumps by 10 percent

Three Goals of Inflammation The three goals of inflammation are:To perform a temporary repair at the injury site and prevent the access of additional pathogens.To slow the spread of pathogens away from the injury site.To mobilize local, regional, and systemic defenses that can overcome the pathogens and facilitate permanent repairs. The repair process is called regeneration.

Specific Resistance Immunity response to a specific antigens molecular structure occurs slowly- requires lymphocytesInnate Immunity Genetically determinedNo prior exposure or antibody production involvedAcquired Immunity Produced by prior exposure or antibody production

Fig. 22.25

Fig. 22.24

Fig. 22.13

Fig. 22.14

Cell vs Antibody Mediated ImmunitiesCell-mediated immunity coordinated by T cells. Pathogens inside living cells - Viruses

Fig. 22.24

Cell vs Antibody Mediated ImmunitiesCell-mediated immunity coordinated by T cells. Pathogens inside living cells - Viruses

Antibody-mediated immunity Humoral immunityB CellsAntigens and pathogens in body fluidsAntibodies Y shaped

Fig. 22.24

Fig. 22.20abc

Fig. 22.20de

Immune DisordersAutoimmune disorders body mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, activated B cells manufacture antibodies against the cellsRheumatoid arthritisMSDiabetes mellitus insulin dependentThyroditisis

Fig. 22.a

Immune DisordersAllergies Foreign antigens bacteria, viruses, pollen, dander, foods, drugsBody creates an excessive responseSelf antigens- molecules produced by the body = adaptive immune response

Allergens antigens that trigger an allergic reaction

Immune DisordersAging : helper T cell production = cell mediated immunity primary and secondary antibody responseability to resist intracellular pathogens