Immune 3Mammary Phases of Lactation Immune 1 Immune 2

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QUESTION:

•What is the smallest unit of the mammary gland? ANSWER:

•Alveolus

QUESTION:

•What is the most variable component of milk?ANSWER:

•Fat

QUESTION:

•The first milk produced by a female is called ____________ and contains _______________ to fight infection.

ANSWER:

•Colostrum, Antibodies

QUESTION:

•Describe the placement of organelles inside an epithelial cell.

ANSWER:

•Nucleus towards the outside of the cell – basal membrane•Golgi apparatus and other secretory organelles towards inside of cell – closer to lumen of alveoli

QUESTION:

•Draw an alveolus.ANSWER:

QUESTION:

•What is mammogenesis?ANSWER:

•Preparation/Growth of breast tissue for lactation

QUESTION:

•Suckling triggers release of oxytocin and milk letdown during what phase?

ANSWER:

•Galactokinesis

QUESTION:

•Remodeling of the mammary gland after lactation has ended is called what?

ANSWER:

•Involution

QUESTION:

•During lactogenesis which hormone stimulates the synthesis of what?

ANSWER:

• Lactose

QUESTION:

•Describe the hormonal effects of galactopoiesis. ANSWER:

•Prolactin maintains lactation, surges during periods of suckling•LH and FSH low due to inhibition of GnRH by prolcatin•Anovulation and amenorrhea can occur

QUESTION:

•Viral infected cells secrete this substance to protect neighboring cells from infection.

ANSWER:

•Interferons

QUESTION:

•What is the benefit of a moderate fever in fighting infection?

ANSWER:

•Spleen and liver sequester iron and zinc to stop microbial use•Metabolic rate increases to increase rate of repair

QUESTION:

•B cells proliferate to produce what?ANSWER:

•Antibodies•Memory cells

QUESTION:

•Name the four ways antibodies fight antigens.ANSWER:

•Precipitation•Complement-fixation•Agglutination•Neutralization

QUESTION:

•CD4 and CD8 cells are activated to become what?

ANSWER:

•CD4 – helper T cells•CD8 – cytotoxic T cells

QUESTION:

•Name two barriers in the first line of defense.ANSWER:

•Skin•Mucous membranes

QUESTION:

•Name two cell types that are a part of the second line of defense.

ANSWER:

•Macrophages•Neutrophils•Natural killer cells•Phagocytes

QUESTION:

•What are three signs of the inflammatory response?

ANSWER:

•Swelling•Redness•Heat•Pain

QUESTION:

•Name three characteristics of the adaptive immune system.

ANSWER:

•Antigen specific•Systemic•Has memory

QUESTION:

•Explain why there would not be an immune response if helper T cells were not present.

ANSWER:

•Recognize antigen which leads to activation and proliferation of T and B cells•Also activate and recruit other immune cells

QUESTION:

•Where do T-cells and B-cells mature?

ANSWER:

•Thymus•Bone marrow

QUESTION:

•How can an organism acquire immunity actively?

ANSWER:

•Having an infection•Vaccinations

QUESTION:

•What is one type of passive immunity?

ANSWER:

•Donor antibodies•Mother’s antibodies

QUESTION:

•What type of protein recognizes normal cells as “self?”

ANSWER:

•Class I major histocompatibility complex proteins (MCH)

QUESTION:

•Describe the steps involved in phagocyte mobilization.

ANSWER:•Leukocytosis – neutrophils released from bone marrow head to site of injury•Margination – neutrophils cling to capillary walls•Diapedesis – neutrophils flatten and squeeze through capillary walls•Chemotaxis – chemical signals attract neutrophils to specific area of injury