Immigration Chapter 15 Section 2. Key Words for Section 2: Americanization Movement Tenements and...
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Transcript of Immigration Chapter 15 Section 2. Key Words for Section 2: Americanization Movement Tenements and...
Key Words for Section 2: Americanization Movement
Tenements and Rowhouses
Social Gospel MovementSettlement Houses
Why?Most immigrants became city dwellers because cheapest and most convenient
Offered unskilled laborers steady jobs in mills and factories
assimilate people into the dominant culture
Social campaign sponsored by government and citizens
Schools and voluntary associations had programs to teach skills needed for citizenship
Many immigrants did not want to abandon traditionsEthnic communities provided social support
speak own language & practice their customs and religion
Neighborhoods soon overcrowded
improvements in farming technology good for some farmers but not others
Inventions made farming more efficient but meant that fewer laborers were needed to work the land
Farms merging caused many rural people to move to city for work
Those farming lost livelihoods
escaping racial violence, economic hardship, and political oppression
working-class family: live outskirts and face transportation problems
rent cramped rooms in the city
As working-class left central city, immigrants moved behind them
Tenements were overcrowded and unsanitary
Housing the Poor:Dumbbell Tenements: cheap housing units which looked like a dumbbell with many housing units sharing a corridor.
New York City set minimum standards for plumbing/ventilation in apartmentsLandlords installed air shafts which were used as garbage cans and attracted vermin making situation worse
New forms of mass transit let workers go to work easilyStreet cars in San Francisco
Electric subways in Boston
mass transit networks linked city neighborhoods to one another
However:cities struggled to repair old systems and building new ones
Problem supplying drinking waterCities building public waterworks to support increasing demand
Residents of cities had little or noFew homes had indoor plumbing
residents had to collect water in pails from faucets on the street andheat it for bathing
It is needed to control disease
filtration and chlorination introduced in early 1900’s
Early 20th century, many city dwellers still had no access to safe water
Horse manure piled up on streets
Sewage flowed through open gutters
Factories spewed foul smoke into the air
Garbage dumped in streets
Though private firms hired to clean streets, outhouses, collect garbage, etc… they did bad jobs
By 1900, many cities developed sewer lines and created sanitation departments
As population increased, so did thieves
New York first to organize full-time police force with salary
Too small to impact crime problem
Limited water supply Major fires occurred in almost every city during 1870’s and 1880’s
Most cities packed in wooden dwellings
Use of candles and kerosene heaters
Earthquakes in San Francisco
First were volunteers and not always available
By 1900, most cities had full-time professional fire departments
Introduction of practical automatic fire sprinkler in 1874 and the replacement of wood as building material with brick, stone, or concrete
Social Gospel Movement Early reform program that preached salvation through service to the poor
Began the idea of Settlement Houses
Community centers in slum neighborhoods
Many workers lived there to learn problems of urbanization and create solutions
Run largely by middle-class, college-educated women
Provided educational, cultural, and social services such as classes in English and health
Sent nurses into homes of sick and provided aid needed to secure “support for deserted women, insurance for bewildered widows, damages for injured operators, furniture from clutches of installment store