Immigration 1865-1914 “America! The country where everyone could find work! Where wages were so...
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Transcript of Immigration 1865-1914 “America! The country where everyone could find work! Where wages were so...
Immigration 1865-1914“America! The country where
everyone could find work! Where wages were so high no one had to go hungry! Where all men were free and equal
and where even the poor could own land! But now we were so
near it seemed too much to believe.”
-Rosa Cristoforo (1884)
Immigration Factors
• Scarce land
• Farm jobs lost to new
machines
• Political and religious
persecution
• Revolution
• Poverty and hard lives
• Promise of freedom
and a better life
• Family or friends
already settled in the
United States
• Factory jobs
available
Old Immigrants• Protestants from
Northern and Western Europe
• Irish, English, Germans, Scandinavians
• Spoke English
• Little discrimination
1%
3%
2%
2%
92%
Northern and Western EuropeSouthern and Eastern EuropeAmericasAsiaAll Others
New Immigrants• Spoke different
languages• Celebrated special
holidays• Ate different foods• Looked different• Wore different
clothes• Faced
discrimination (Nativists, Chinese Exclusion Act, American Protective Association)
59%
33%
6%
1%
1%
Northern and Wetern EuropeSouthern and Eastern EuropeAmericasAsiaAll Others
Urbanization
80
74
72
65
60
54
49
20
26
28
35
40
46
51
0 50 100
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
UrbanPopulation
RuralPopulation
• Gradual
movement of
people from farms
to cities
• Immigrants settled
in cities
• Factory jobs
Population Growth in Ten Cities
City Population in 1870
Population in 1900
New York 1,478,103 3,437,202
Chicago 298,977 1,698,575
Philadelphia 674,022 1,293,697
St. Louis 351, 189 575,238
Boston 250, 526 560,892
San Francisco 149, 473 342,782
New Orleans 191, 418 287,104
Denver 4,759 133,859
Los Angeles 5,728 102,479
Memphis 40,226 102,320
Immigrant Life in America
• Ethnic neighborhoods• Tenements, cities• Settlement houses Jane Addams & Hull House• Religious organizations to help the poor• Assimilation
Segregation & Discrimination
• Racist attitudes have been developing since the introduction of slavery in America
• Many whites felt they were superior to African Americans, Asians, Native Americans, and Latin Americans.
• Led to discrimination• Jim Crow Laws• Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) “separate but
equal”• NAACP formed to help end segregation
City Look Transformed• Skyscrapers• Public transportation
(trolleys, subways)• Open spaces (zoos,
gardens, parks)• Shopping areas
remodeled into Department Stores (1902 R.H. Macy opened a 9-story building with 33 elevators in New York)
City Life Transformed• Daily Newspaper• Yellow journalism “less
news more scandal”• Vaudeville’s (variety
shows)• Ragtime• Baseball• Basketball• Football
Education• Growth of schools• Industry grew = needed an educated work
force• Typical school day 8:00 am-4:00 pm• Learned “three R’s: reading, ‘riting,
‘rithmetic”• Memorized and recited passages• Emphasized discipline and obedience• After 1870 towns building high schools-by
1900 6,000• Universities built• Adult education• New reading habits: dime novels, Harper’s
Monthly, The Nation
New Writers and Artistic Style• Realists showed the
harsh side of life• Used local color to
make stories realistic• Artists also painted
realistic everyday scenes by capturing the local color and “gritty” side of modern life