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U.O.No. 9713/2014/Admn Dated, Calicut University.P.O, 15.10.2014

File Ref.No.7220/GA - IV - B2/2012/CU

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

Abstract

MA Malayalam Unified Syllabus applicable for Department of Malayalam, University of Calicut,

Affiliated Colleges and School of Distance Education - implemented with effect from 2014 Admission

- Approved - Orders issued

G & A - IV - B

Read:-1. UO GA1/J1/1373/08 dated 01.07.08

2. UO GA IV/J1/1373/08 dated 23.07.2010

3. Minutes of the Meeting of the Board of Studies in Malayalam P.G held on

20.11.2013 and 08.01.2014

4. Minutes of the Meeting of the Faculty of Language and Literature held on

23.01.2014 item number n, item number o

5. Minutes of the Meeting of the Academic Council held on 20.03.2014 item number II

E

6. Minutes of the Meeting of the Sub Committee on CUCSS P.G held on 07.04.2014

7. Letter dated 30.09.2014 from the Dean Faculty of Language and Literature

8. Orders of the Vice Chancellor in file of even number dated 15.10.2014

ORDER

Vide UO read first above Orders were issued implementing CCSS for PG Courses in the

Teaching Departments /Schools of the University, from the Academic Year 2008-09 onwards.

Vide UO read second Credit Semester System and Grading was introduced for PG Curriculum

in the Affiliated Colleges in the University with effect from 2010 admission and Regulations for the

same implemented.

The Board of studies in Malayalam (PG) at its meeting held on 20.11.2013 and

08.01.2014 discussed about the unification of MA Malayalam Syllabus and resolved that a unified

Syllabus be followed for MA Malayalam in the Affiliated colleges, University Departments and for the

School of Distance Education vide paper read third above.

The Faculty of Language and Literature at its meeting held on 23.01.2014 vide item no

n approved the decision of the Board of studies in Malayalam (PG) to revise and unify the

MA Malayalam (PG) syllabus and vide item number o referred the matter of unification of

Muhammed S

Deputy Registrar

Forwarded / By Order

Section Officer

Malayalam (PG) Syllabus to the Steering Committee vide paper read fourth above.

The Academic council at its meeting held on 20.03.2014 vide item number II E approved

the Minutes of the Meeting of the Facurty of Language and Literature vide paper read fifth above.

The matter of unification of MA Malayalam Syllabus was placed before the Sub Committee on

CBCSS (PG) for consideration and the Sub Committee on CBCSS (PG) resolved to form a

Committee to study the matter in detail vide paper read sixth above.

The Dean Faculty of Language and Literature vide paper read seventh above forwarded

the Unified Syllabus of MA Malayalam to be followed in Affiliated Colleges, University Departments

and School of Distance Education.

Vide paper read sixth the Vice Chancellor has ordered that the Unified Syllabus of

MA Malayalam for the Affiliated Colleges , University Departments and School of Distance Education

be implemented urgently with effect from 2014 admission.

Accordingly Orders are issued implementing the Unified Syllabus of MA Malayalam

to be followed in the University Departments, Affiliated Colleges and School of Distance Education

with effect from 2014 admission . The Syllabus applicable for S.D.E is implemented subject to

approval of the Regulations by the Academic Bodies.

Orders are issued accordingly.

The Unified Syllabus of MA Malayalam for the Affiliated Colleges, University

Departments and School of Distance Education with effect from 2014 admission is attached

herewith.

To

1. The Head of the Department of Malayalam

2. Principals of all Arts and Science Colleges offering MA Malayalam

3. Director , School of Distance Education

.

Copy to: PA to Controller of Examinations/EX Section/EG Section/DR & AR - PG Branch/

Exam S.D.E / Tabulation Section PG and S.D.E

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w kl

mb-

I-c-am-b

n-Øo-c

-Ww.

bqW

n‰v 1]

mN

o\K

Zya

mX

rII

fpw

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bps

S `mj

mN

cnX

˛

kmwk

v°mc

nI]

m[m\

yhpw -˛

1. i

mk

\ß

ƒ˛

hmg∏

n≈ni

mk

\w,

PqX

imk

\w

(`cW

`mj

, kh

nti

j]

tb

mKw)

2.`mj

mIuSe

obw˛

koX

m≤y£

w (I

rjns

b°

pdn

®p≈

`mK

w, h

nh¿Ø

\w.

kwk

vIrX

Øns

e h

n-

⁄m\

ßƒ

kz¥

am°

m≥ a

eb

mfw ]

mIs∏

Sp∂

p.

kº

pjvS`mj

bnte

°p≈

IpX

n∏v.)

1716

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

6]

›nt

amZ

bw (1847) h

nti

j]

T\

w˛ 10˛mw \º

¿,

(taml

≥Zmk

v hfvfn°

mhv, ]

›n-t

am-Z

-bw, `

mjm

C≥

kv‰yq-´

v, 2011, ]pd

w 224˛231.)

cmP

ykamN

mcw (1847)

(taml

≥Zmk

v h≈

n°mh

v, cmP

y-k-amN

mcw, X

ncp-h

-

\-¥

-]pc

w: kmwk

v°m-c

n-I-h

-Ip-∏

v, 1998.)

7⁄

m\\

nt£

]w ˛ (h

nti

j]

T\

w, H∂

mw e°

w,

⁄m\

\nt

£]

w:

]T\

hpw

]

mTh

pw,

_m_

p

sN

dnb

m≥ &

tP

°_

vv sF

k°

v Imf

naTw,

]pd

w 157˛164)

8anj

\dn \

nL≠

p°ƒ

, hymI

cW

ßƒ

(k

mam\

y-

]cnN

bw)

9P

cm¿

±ns

‚ A

e¶

mci

mkvX

w˛ ^m. P

cm¿

±v

(kma

m\y]

cnN

bw)

10_

mem`

yk\

w ˛ tP

m¿÷

v amØ

≥

kl

mbI

KŸ

ßƒ

:

1)tU

m. _m_

p sN

dnb

m≥, s

_©

an≥

s_

bve

n, tI

m´b

w:

Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 2009.

2)_

m_

p sN

dnb

m≥

&

tP

°_

vv sF

k°

v I

mfna

Tw,

⁄m\

\nt

£]

w: ]

T\

hpw

]mT

hpw,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

]`mX

v _p°

v luk

v, 2002.

3)k

maph

¬ N

µ\

∏≈

n (F

Un‰

¿),

h¿Ø

-am-\

-∏p-k

vXI

w,

tI

m´b

w: F≥

_nF

kv, 1989.

4)tU

m. h≈

n°mh

v taml

≥Zmk

v, cmP

ykamN

mcw H

cp ]

T\

w,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: k

mwkv°

mcnI

]k

n≤oI

cW

hI

p∏v, 1998.

5)k

n.F¬

.B‚

Wn,

mjm]

T\

ßƒ

, Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y

A°

mZan, 1989.

6)tU

m. kma

p-h¬

Nµ

-\-∏

-≈n (F

Un‰

¿), a

e-b

mfK

Zy-a

m-Xr-

I-I

ƒ.

7)P

n. ]nb

Z¿i

\≥

, BZyI

meamk

nII

ƒ, X

riq¿

: tI

cf

kml

nXy A

°mZ

an, 2007.

6)k

n. F

¬.

B‚

Wn,

`mj

m]

T\

ßƒ

, X

riq¿

: tI

cf

kml

nXy A

°mZ

an, 1989.

7)tU

m. sI

. Fw. ]

`mI

ch

mcnb

¿ &

tU

m. ]n. F

≥. c

hoµ

≥

(kº

m.),

ae

bmf`mj

m]

T\

ßƒ

, X

ncph

\¥

]pc

w:

tI

cf`mj

m C≥

Ãn‰

yq´v, 1990.

8)tU

m. sI

. cX

v\Ω

, ae

bmf

`mj

mNcnX

w FgpØ

—≥

hsc,

tI

m´b

w: Id‚

v _pI

vkv, 1994.

9)C

fwI

pfw I

p™≥

]n≈

, tI

cf`mj

bps

S h

nImk

]cnW

m

aß

ƒ, t

Im´

bw: F

kv]

n-kn-F

kv, 1953.

10)k

n. F¬

. B‚

Wn, `

mjmK

Zyw, k

mlnX

yNcnX

w

]ÿ

m\

ßfne

qsS,

(F-U

n.)tU

m.

sI

.Fw.t

Pm¿÷

v,

tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1973, ]pd

w 615-˛685.

12)tU

m. ]pX

pt»

cn c

maN

µ≥

, tI

cfN

cnX

Øns

e

ASnÿ

m\tcJ

Iƒ

, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

p-cw: t

Icf

mjm C

≥Ã

n-

‰yq-´

v, 2007 (2011)

13)sI

. F

w. ]

`mI

ch

mcnb

¿,

]q¿

∆tI

cf`mj

, aZnc

min

k¿∆

Ie

mime

, 1982.

bqW

n‰v 2a

eb

mfØ

ns‚

B[

p\nI

oIcW

w A®

SnL

´w ˛

]T\

hpw B

kqX

Wh

pw

tl

m¿Ø

qkv a

me_

mdn°

qkv ˛ h

m≥doU

v (1678)˛

(hnti

j]

T\

w)

1F

. F

≥. N

nZw_

c≥

, tl

m¿Ø

pkpw

C´n

AN

yp-

X\

pw: kX

yhpw a

nYyb

pw - 64, 85, 87 F∂

o ]pd

ß-

fn¬

sI

mSpØ

n´p≈

amX

rII

ƒ.

2k

wt£

]th

Zm¿

∞w ˛ ¢

a‚

v ]nb

m\nb

kv, 1772.

3h

¿Ø

am\

]pk

vXI

w ˛ (BZys

Ø c

≠p ]

Zß

ƒ)

4th

ZX

¿°

w ˛

5s_

bve

nbps

S s

s_

_nƒ

hnh

¿Ø

\w˛

Kp≠

¿´ns

‚ s

s_

_nƒ

hnh

¿Ø

\w ˛

(kma

m\y]

cnN

bw)

1918

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

kl

mbI

KŸ

-ßƒ

:

1)sI

. cma

Nµ

≥\

mb¿, t

Icfh

¿Ω

kvacW

, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰yq´

v, 1995.

2)tU

m. tP

m¿÷

v Ccpº

bw, a

eb

mft\

mh¬

]sØ

mºX

mw

\q‰

m≠n¬

, tI

m´b

w: F≥

._n.F

kv., 1984.

3)s]

m^. ]

∑\

cma

-N-µ

≥\

m-b¿ (F

Un-‰

¿), k

ºq¿

Æ-a-e

-

bmf

kml

nXyN

cnX

w, Xnc

p-h-¥

-]pc

w: ]n. s

I. ]

ctai

zc≥

-

\mb

¿ k

vamc

-I-K

Ÿm-h

-en, t

Im´

bw: I

d‚

v _pI

vkv, 2008.

4)D≈

q¿ F

kv. ]

c-ta-i

z-c-ø

¿, t

Icfk

mlnX

yNcnX

w,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

tI

cfk

¿∆

Ie

mime

m ]

kn≤

oIcW

-

hn`mK

w. (KŸ

-Imc

s‚

hn-P-\

-Iaw G

-gp-h

m-ey-ß

fm-b

n-mW

v.

5 ]pk

vX-I

-ßfm-b

n-´mW

v 1953 ¬ X

ncp-h

n-XmwI

q¿ k

¿∆

I-e

m-

ime

m ]k

n-≤o-I

-c-W

-hn-`

mKw A

®-Sn-®

-Xv. t

Icf

k¿∆

-I-

em-i

me B

b-X

n-\p-t

i-j

hpw B

Iaw X

s∂

XpS

¿∂

p.)

5)"t

\mh

¬∏

ga' k

ocok

n¬ N

n¥ ]

ªntj

gvk

v ]k

n≤oI

cn®

19˛mw \q‰

m≠ns

e t

\mh

epI

fps

S B

apJ

]T\

ßƒ

.

bqW

n‰v 4a

eb

mfØ

ns‚

B

[p\

nIoI

cW

w-˛a

eb

mfØ

ns‚

B[

p\nI

oIcW

hpw C

Xc`mj

Ifpa

mbp≈

kº

¿°

-

hpw˛ D

®mc

Ww, A

£came

, en]

nhyh

ÿ, ]

Zw, h

ymI-

cW

w, ssi

en,

Nn”

\w

F∂

o X

eß

fns

e ]

`mh

-

Øns

‚ h

na¿i

\mfl

Iamb

hne

bnc

pØ¬

k

aI

men-

Iae

bmf

KZyØ

ns‚

kz`

mhw˛ ]

iv\

ßƒ

˛ kwk

vIr-

XØ

ns‚

]`mh

w C

w•nj

ns‚

]`mh

w a

‰p

mj-I

-

fps

S I

S-∂

p-I-b

‰w

˛ k

mlnX

yØne

pw ssh

⁄m-

\nI

mhnj

vImc

Øne

pap≈

]

pXnb

]

hW

XI

ƒ ˛

`cW

`mj

mae

bmf

w I

ØpI

ƒ, \

nth

Z\

ßƒ

, DØ

c-

hpI

ƒ, ]

amW

ßƒ

XpS

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hyh

lmc

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p≥\

n¿-

Ønb

p≈ ]

cymt

emN

\I

ƒ k

mt¶

Xn]

Z\

n¿Ω

mWw

˛ A

Xn-s

‚ ]

iv\

ßsf°

pdn®

p≈ B

te

mN\

Iƒ

˛

kwk

vIrX

sØ

B

ib

n°te

m A

tX

m C

w•nj

n¬-

\n∂

p kzoI

cn°

te

m A`ne

jW

obw ˛ `

n∂m`

n]mb

-

8)F

≥.

kmw,

ae

bmf

]X

]h

¿Ø

\w

19˛mw \

q‰m≠

n¬,

tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv.

9)F

w. P

bcmP

v, ae

bmf A

®Sna

m[

yaw

`qX

hpw

h¿Ø

-

am\

hpw (`

mKw H

∂v), t

Img

n-t°

mSv: a

mXr`

qan _

pIvk

v, 2013.

10)P

n. Iae

Ω, a

eb

mf`mj

bps

S A

Snt

hcpI

ƒ, t

Im´

bw:

Id‚

v _pI

vkv, 1998.

11)tI

cf ]

kv A

°mZ

an (k

ºm-Z

-I¿), ]

X`mj

, sI

m®n: 1983.

bqW

n‰v 3B

[p\

nIae

bmf

Øns

‚ B

tcml

Ww

B[

p\nI

KZyk

mlnX

yhnI

mkw ˛

hnh

¿Ø

\h

pw kml

nXyt

]mj

Wh

pw ˛

BZyI

met\

mhe

pIƒ

, sN

dpI

YI

ƒ,

BJ

ym\amX

rII

ƒ ˛

^p¬

tam\

nbpw

tI

mcpW

bpw,

kpI

pamc

n, A

Iv_

¿,

am¿

ØmW

vUh

¿Ω

, Cµ

pte

J, h

mk\

mhnI

rXn F

∂o

cN

\I

sfb

pw F. B

¿. c

mP-cm-P

-h¿Ω

bps

S "k

mlnX

y-

kml

y'Øns

e ]

q¿∆

`mK

Øv s

ImS

pØn´

p≈ ]

tb

mK-

amX

rII

sfb

pw ]

cn-t

im-[

n®v K

Zyk

ml

nXyh

nIm-

ksØ

a\

ne

m°W

w. ]

m›mX

ykml

nXya

mXrI

-

Ifps

S t]

cW

Isfb

pw k

zm[o-\

-ßsfb

pw B

ib

-

kwL

¿j

ßsfb

pw IW

°ns

eSp°

Ww.

kml

nXyw F

∂ ]

T\

hk

vXp ˛

hnZ

ym`ymk

w ˛ ]mT

]pk

vXI

\n¿

ΩmW

w ˛

Kp≠

¿´v ˛ t

Icfh

¿Ω

.

˛\nc

q]W

w, kml

nXyN

cnX

w, Kth

jW

w,

`mj

m˛kml

nXyt

]mj

Wb

Xv\

ßƒ

˛

kml

nXys

Ø I

mt\

m\oI

cn°

p∂ ]

Inb

˛

(]T\

hpw k

mlnX

yhna

¿i

\h

pw NcnX

\n¿

ΩmW

hpw

\n¿

∆l

n°p∂

I

t\

m\oI

cW

w h

na¿i

\mfl

Iamb

n

a\

ne

m°W

w.)

2120

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

ßƒ

KZyh

nImk

Øn¬

sN

epØ

nb k

zm[o\

w s

sS]

v

ssd‰nwK

v L´w, e

n]n, e

n]n]

cnj

v°cW

w ˛ iqc

\m´

v

Ip™

≥ ]

n≈b

psSb

pw F

≥. h

n. I

rjvW

-hm-c

n-b-cp-

sSb

pw ]cn-j

v°-cW

w ˛ UnP

n‰¬

L´w ˛ I

ºyq´

dpw

A®

Snb

pw˛ C

‚¿s\

‰v ae

bmf

w, ssS∏

nMv tk

m^v‰v-

sh

bdpI

ƒ e

n]y¥

cW

coX

n ˛C

kvI

n L

´w

˛ sF

.-

Fk

v.Fw.,

cN

\,

X\

Xpe

n]n,

bq\

nt°

mUv L

´w

˛

bq\

nt°

mUv e

n]nk

©b

w (A£

cß

ƒ, A

°ß

ƒ

˛ a‰p N

n”ß

ƒ, A

Ie

w Dƒ

s∏

sS)

FgpØ

v/A®

Sn/

C‚

¿s\

‰v ae

bmf am\

IoI

cW

km≤

yX

Ifpw

kmwK

Xyh

pw.

kl

mbI

KŸ

ßƒ

:

1)sI

. Fw. t

Kmh

n, BZna

pZW

w˛`mc

XØ

nepw

ae

bmf

Øne

pw (A

®Snb

psS N

cnX

w), X

riq¿

: tI

cf-

kml

nXy A

°mZ

an, 1998.

2)X

ºm≥

F

w. B

¿.

(I¨

ho\

¿),

ae

bmfw A

®Snb

pw

FgpØ

pwHcp

ssÃ

¬ ]

pkvX

Iw

(ae

bmf

Ø\

nab

v°p-

th

≠n) X

ncph

\¥

]pc

w:tI

cf`mj

m C≥

Ãn‰

yq´v, 1999.

3)awK

ew

Fk

v. sP

., ]

mN

o\`mcX

nb e

n]ni

mk

vXh

pw

ae

bmf

en]

nbps

S h

nImk

hpw,

Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw:

tI

cf-

`mj

m C≥

Ãn‰

yq´v, 1997.

4)k

mw F≥

., tI

cfØ

nse

]mN

o\e

n]na

mXrI

Iƒ

tI

cfk

¿°

m¿: k

wÿm\

]pc

mtcJ

m hI

p∏v, 2006.

5)C

fwI

pfw

Ip™

≥]

n≈,

tI

cf`mj

bps

S h

nImk

]cn

Wma

ßƒ

,tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-Fk

v, 1957 (1953).

6)Sn. _

n. th

Wp-t

Km-]

m-e∏

-Wn-°

¿, N

nX-dn-t

∏mb

knwl

-\m-

Zh

pw N

ne `mj

mhnN

m-c-ß

fpw,

Xri

q¿: tI

cf k

mlnX

y

A°

m-Zan , 2006.

7)tU

m. sI

.Fk

v. ]

Imi

v & tU

m. F

kv.F

. j

m\h

mkv

(FU

n.), ae

bmf

`mj

bpw B

tK

mfh

ev°

cW

hpw, X

ncp-h

-

\-¥

-]pc

w:tI

cfk

¿∆

Ie

mime

.

ßƒ

˛ am\

IoI

cW

Øns

‚ k

mwKX

yw, sX

‰n√

mØ a

e-

bmf

w, sX

fna

eb

mfw

Ime

pjyw/Z

p¿K

lX

/ ssi

eo-

`wK

ßƒ

˛ hyX

ykvX

ho£

Wß

ƒ ˛ K

Zys

si

en°

p-

≠mb

ncnt

°≠

KpW

ßƒ

˛ h

nhn[

h

o£W

ßƒ

˛

]T\

˛Kth

jW

ßsf ap≥

\nd

p-Øn-b

p≈ ]

cymt

em

N\

Iƒ

˛

kl

mbI

KŸ

-ßƒ

:

1)G

. B

¿.

cmP

cmP

h¿Ω

, k

ml

nXyk

ml

yw,

tI

m´-b

w:

Fk

v]n-F

-kv, 1989 (1911).

2)Sn. _

n. th

Wpt

Km]

me∏

Wn°

¿, `

mjmt

emI

w, tI

m´b

w :

Un.k

n _pI

vkv, 1996.

3)I

p´nI

rjvW

amc

mcv,

ae

bmf

ssi

en,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: amX

r-

`q-a

n, 1957.

4)F

w. F≥

. Imc

-t»

-cn, X

mbvsam-g

n, tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv,

2012.

5)F

w. F

≥.

Imc

t»

cn,

ae

-bm-f

-hm°

v, tI

m´b

w: U

n. k

n.

_pI

vkv, 2012.

6)F

gpa

‰q¿

cmP

cmP

h¿Ω

, `mj

bpw `

cW

`mj

bpw, X

ncp-h

-

\-¥

-]pc

w: tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰yq-´

v, 2011 (2008).

7)`cW

i_

vZm-h

en,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-c-]

pcw:

tI

cf`mj

m C

≥Ã

n-

‰yq´

v, 1999.

8)A

£ch

n\ymk

w ae

bmf

Øn¬

, tU

m. Fw. ]

n. ]ctai

z-

c≥

& F

≥. F

≥. k

p_“

Wy≥

, ]X

`mj

, sI

m®n: t

Icf

]k

v A°

mZan, 1983.

bqW

n‰v 5k

mt¶

XnI

hnZyb

pw mj

m]cnW

mah

pw F

gpØ

phnZy,

A£

csagpØ

pcoX

n k

mt¶

XnI

hnZyb

psS h

nImk

w

˛ ine

mimk

\ß

ƒ, X

mfntb

meI

ƒ, I

Se

mkpw F

gp

Øpw, I

Se

mkpw A

®Snb

pw ˛ en]

nhnI

mkw˛ h

s´gp

Øv, tI

mse

gpØ

v ˛

KŸ

en]

n, _

m“n]

mcº

cyw

˛

A®

Sne

n]n, s

_©

an≥

s_

bne

n.

kml

nXyP

\p

pIfps

S B

hn¿

`mh

w ˛ B\

pIme

nI-

2322

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

8)sI

. ]n. h

nP-b

≥, K

Zy-i

n-ev]

n, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: ]q¿

W

]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v,1993 (1987).

9)k

p\oX

, Sn. h

n., ssk

_¿ a

eb

mfw, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: tI

cf

`mj

m C≥

Ãn-‰

yq-´v, 2012.

10.k

p\oX

, Sn. h

n., C. a

eb

mfw, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: tI

cf

mjm

C≥

Ãn-‰

yq-´v, 2012.

Code:

MA

L1C

O2

Fw.F

. ae

-bmf

w ˛ `m-j

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

BZy-I

m-e-a-e

-bm-f

Ih

nX(E

arly Malayalam

Poetry)

ae

bmf

kml

nXyØ

ns‚

kº

∂[

mcb

mb I

mhyk

mln-

XyØ

ns‚

De

v]Ø

nhnI

mksØ

bpw ]

mcº

cys

Øb

pw hk

vXp-

\nj

vTamb

n a\

ne

m°pI

bmW

v Cu t

Img

vkp-s

Im≠

v Dt±i

n°p-

∂X

v. hnh

n[ I

meL

´ß

fne

p≠mb

]Zya

mXrI

Isf k

q£vaX

-

tb

msS ]

cnN

bs∏

Sm\

pw hni

Ie

\w s

Nb

vXpa

\

nem°

m\pw

`mj

mkqX

W]

camb

hnj

bß

fn¬

sX

fn™

Img

vN∏

mtSms

S

CSs]

Sm\

pw Cu ]

T\

w kl

mbI

amI

Ww.

bqW

n‰v 1]

Zyh

pw KZyh

pw˛]Zyh

pw (hms

amg

n) Km\

]mc

ºcyh

pw˛

hms

amg

n Km\

]mc

ºcyw

\mS

≥]

m´pI

ƒ, t

Xm‰

ßƒ

˛

]Zyw

˛ O

µ

v, h

rØw,

]mk

w,

Ae

¶mcw ˛

Zmh

nUh

rØß

ƒ,

kwk

vIrX

hrØ

ßƒ

˛

A£

cI

mew, K

Wh

yhÿ

, amX

mcoX

n, Ci

epI

ƒ

]qa

me°

mhns

e ]

qch

nf°

v (tI

m¬°

fn∏

m´v)

]pe

ntb

mcp I

Æ≥

tX

m‰w (t

Im¬

°fn∏

m´v)

1)]

ø∂

q¿∏

m´v

2)s]

m∂nd

Ømƒ

°Y

3)h

S°

≥]

m´v˛ H

tX

\\

pw HmW

∏pS

hb

pw

]m´

psI

´pa

pd,

A⁄

mXI

¿X

rXzw,

]mT

t`Zß

fps

S

2524

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

(am-[

-h-∏

-Wn-°

-cps

S

K-h

-ZvKo-X

/ cma

-∏-W

n-°-cps

S i

nh-cmX

n-

aml

mflyw)

2)F

≥. h

n. Irj

vWh

m-cn-b

¿ (h

n-h¿Ø

-\w), A

Iw I

hn-X

-Iƒ

,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1981.

3)h

nZzm≥

h

n. I

rjvW

≥\

ºq-X

ncn,

io

\nc

WwI

hn-I

ƒ,

Xnc

pcph

-\¥

-]pc

w: Fk

v. _n. ]

v, 1956.

4)tU

mIvS¿ s

I. F

w. tP

m¿÷

v, kml

n-Xy-N

-cnX

w ]ÿ

m-\-

ß-fn-e

qsS, t

Im´

bw: F

kv]

n-kn-F

-kv, 1973 (1958).

5)Sn. P

n. am[

-h≥

Ip-

n, al

m-Im-h

y-]-ÿ

m-\w, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w:

tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq´

v, 1990 (1982).

6)ae

-bØ

v A

∏p-Æ

n, X

ang

v k

wL-I

me I

hn-X

-Iƒ

, tI

mgn-

t°

mSv: a

mXr-`

q-an, 2007.

bqW

n‰v 3a

Wn]

hmfk

ml

nXyw

˛ aW

n]h

mf]

ÿm\

w ˛

eoe

mXne

I\

n¿∆

N\

w h

¿§oI

cW

w I

mhyk

uµ

cy

imk

vXN

n¥I

ƒ ˛ ]

nev°

meae

bmf

`mj

bps

S c

q]o

IcW

Øn¬

aW

n]h

mfw s

Ne

p-Ønb

]m`

hw ˛ ]

m

No\

Nº

p°fpw a

[yI

meN

ºp°

fpw X

Ωne

p≈ k

mZr

iys

sh

kmZ

r-iy-ß

ƒ ˛

B´°

Y cwK

]tb

mKI

e

bps

S k

mlnX

yw A

hb

v°v N

ºp°

fpa

mbp≈

Nm¿

®

˛ B´-°

-Yb

pw \mS

Ih

pw ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

w)

1)DÆ

nb®

oNcnX

w (KZyw 11 h

sc)

2)DÆ

p\oe

oktµ

iw (]

q¿∆

`mK

w)

3)N

tµ

m’h

w (A©

mw `mK

w BZys

Ø 15 t

«mI

w)

4)]

p\w \

ºqX

ncn -˛ c

mamb

Ww N

ºp (D

Zym\

]th

iw)

5)agawK

ew ˛ `

mjms

s\

j[

w Nº

p

(]q¿

∆`mK

w BZys

Ø 10 t

«mI

w)

6)DÆ

mbnh

mcy¿

˛ \fN

cnX

w B´°

Y (H

∂mw Z

nhk

w)

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)C

fw-I

pfw I

p™≥

]n≈

, kwk

vIr-X

-an-i

-im-J

, kml

n-Xy-

NcnX

w ]ÿ

m-\-ß

-fn-e

q-sS, (P

-\-d¬

FU

n-‰¿) t

UmI

vS¿

[mc

mfnØ

w XpS

ßnb

t^

mIv k

hnti

jX

Iƒ

˛

Otµ

m_≤

amb

]

Zyc

N\

Ifpw

hms

amg

nKm\

ßfpw

XΩ

n-ep≈

kmP

mXys

sh

PmX

yßƒ

˛

kl

m-bI

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)N

nd°

¬ S

n. _me

Irj

vW≥

\mb

¿, t

Icf`mj

mKm\

ßƒ

,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

mZan, 1983.

2)i

qc-\

m´p

Ip™

≥]

n-≈ (k

am-l

¿Ø

m), ae

-bm-f

-Im-h

y-c-

Xv\

m-I-cw,

\yqU

¬l

n: kml

nXy A

°m-Z

-an, 1962.

3)C

fw-I

pfw I

p™-≥

]n-≈

, mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw \

q‰m-≠

p-

I-fn¬

, tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1962 (1956).

4)s]

m^. h

n. B\

-µ-°

p´≥

, tI

c-f-`m-j

m-Km-\

-ßƒ

, Xri

q¿:

tI

c-f-k

m-lnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1995 (1980).

bqW

n‰v 2]

m´pk

mlnX

yw H∂

mw L

´w˛

ae

bmf

Øns

e ]

m´v

F∂

]Zyk

mlnX

yP\

p v e

oemX

neI

Øns

e \

n¿∆

N\

w k

wLI

meI

mhyß

ƒ, h

msamg

nKm\

]mc

ºcyw

˛ aW

n]h

mfI

hnX

C

h X

Ωn-e

p≈ k

mPmX

yssh

Pm-

Xyß

ƒ

mjm]

camb

kh

nti

jX

Iƒ

N

cnX

]c-

amb

]k

‡n ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

w)

1)k

wLI

mesØ

Imh

yamX

rII

ƒ˛

(AI

w Ih

n-X-I

ƒ ˛ I

pdn-©

n-Øn-W

-bns

e

BZys

Ø 10 ]

m´p-I

ƒ)

2)]

m´p]

ÿm\

w ˛ cma

NcnX

w (BZys

Ø 3 ]

Se

w)

3)X

ncp\

ng¬

ame

˛ Bd∑

pfk

vXpX

n hsc

4)I

Æ»

cma

mbW

w˛ Inj

vIn‘

mImW

vUw (B

Zys

Ø 20 ]

mv)

5)`mj

m`Kh

XvK

oX ˛ (B

Zys

Ø 10 ]

m´v)

6)cma

IY

∏m´

v ˛ _me

ImW

vUw (H

∂mw h

ncpØ

w)

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)D≈

q¿ F

kv. ]

c-ta-i

z-c-ø

¿, a

≤y-I

m-e-a-e

-bmf

amX

r-I-I

ƒ

(c≠

mw mK

w), Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: _

n.hn. _

p°v U

nt∏

m, 1915.

2726

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

sI

. F≥

. Fgp-Ø

-—≥

, Inf

n-∏m´

v (]pd

w 355-˛435), (P\

-d¬

FU

n-‰¿) s

I.-F

w. tP

m¿P

v, kml

n-Xy-N

-cnX

w ]ÿ

m-\-ß

-

fn-e

qsS, t

Im´

bw: F

kv]

n-kn-F

-kv, 1973.

2)k

mln-X

y-]-©

m-\-\

≥ ]

n. sI

. \mc

m-b-a-]

n≈, ]

©m-\

\s‚

hna

¿i

X-b

w, Xri

q¿; t

Ic-f -k

m-lnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).

3)tU

m. ]

n. Dj

, ]

q¥m-\

-Øns

‚ `‡

nbpw

XX

z-Nn-¥

bpw,

ipI

-]pc

w:h

≈-tØ

mƒ h

nZym]

o-Tw, 2012.

4)Sn.

a≥

kq-d

-en

(FU

n-‰¿),

Ad_

nae

-bm-f

-km-l

n-Xy-]

-T-\

-

ßƒ

, tI

mgn-t

°m-S

v, eoU

v _pI

vkv, 2014.

bqW

n‰v 5]

cnh

¿Ø

\L

´w ˛ ]

sØ

mºX

mw \q‰

m≠ns

‚ A

h

km\

tØ

msS a

eb

mfI

hnX

mcwK

Øp≠

mb ]

co£

W

ßƒ

B

[p\

nIKZyk

mlnX

yP\

p pI

ƒ B

hn¿

`h

n

°p∂

Xn\

p kam¥

camb

n ]ZyØ

nep≠

mb B

hnj

vIm

cß

ƒ

Ah

bps

S s

sh

hn[

yhpw k

hnti

jX

Ifpw

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

w)

1)I

p™n°

p´≥

X

ºpc

m≥ ˛

al

m`mc

Xw˛

(I¿Æ

]¿∆

w ˛

I¿Æ

m¿÷

p\b

p≤h

pw I¿Æ

h[

hpw)

2)tI

cfh

¿Ω

he

nb t

Imb

nØº

pcm≥

˛

ab

qck

tµ

iw (]

q¿∆

`mK

w)

3)i

osh

m≈n, H

cp I

Y ˛ (s

h◊

Wn]

ÿm\

w)

4)sI

. kn. t

Ii

h∏

n≈ ˛ t

Ii

hob

w (kya

¥I

w) ˛

(ZznX

obm£

c]

mk\

ncmk

w)

5)I

p≠q¿

\mc

mbW

tat\

m≥ ˛ t

Ima

∏≥

(]®

ae

bmf

]ÿ

m\w)

6)h

n. kn. _

meI

rjvW

∏W

n°¿ ˛ H

cp h

nem]

w

(hne

m]I

mhy]

ÿm\

w)

7)G

. B¿. c

mPcmP

h¿Ω

˛ ae

bh

nemk

w

(Bfl

KoX

n]ÿ

m\w)

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1) D≈

q¿ F

kv. ]

c-ta-i

z-c-ø

¿, t

Ic-f-k

m-ln-X

y-N-cn-X

w.

sI

. -Fw. t

Pm¿

Pv,

tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1973.

2)C

fw-I

pfw I

p™≥

]n-≈

, (hym-J

ym-\w), D

Æp-\

oenk

tµ

-iw,

tI

m´b

w; Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1989 (1954).

3)sI

.Sn.

cma

-h¿Ω

, I

ma-]

q-P, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: ¢

mknI

v _

p°v

SÃ

v, 1985.

bqW

n‰v 4]

m´pk

mlnX

yw c≠

mw L´w

]m´

ns‚

bpw a

Wn]

hmf

Øns

‚b

pw [mc

Isf k

a\

zbn∏

n°p∂

]ne

v°me

]m´

p

kml

nXyw ˛ a

eb

mf`mj

bps

Sb

pw kml

nXyØ

ns‚

bpw

X\

nab

m¿∂

L

´w

˛ ]

mNo\

]m´

pkml

nXyh

p

amb

pw ]ne

v°me

Nº

p°fpa

mbpw t

N¿∂

v tI

cfob

`m

h\

sb

bpw

`mh

pIX

zsØ

bpw

CX

nlmk

]

mcº

cy

Ønt

e°

p I

Ænt

N¿°

p∂ ]

Inb

˛

`‡

n]ÿ

m

\Ø

ns‚

A

¿∞

am\

ßƒ

˛

tZi

obamb

]

m´p]

mc

ºcyw

`mc

Xob

amb

am\

-Øn-t

e°

p I

S°

p∂X

n\p

]n∂

mse

ssh

tZi

nIamb

`mh

pIX

zØns

‚ I

S-∂

p-h-

ch

v ˛

A¿tÆ

mkp

]mX

ncnb

psSb

pw tamb

n≥I

p´n

ssh

Zyc

psSb

pw kw`

m-h-\

-Iƒ

˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

1)sN

dpt

»cn ˛ I

rjvW

KmY

(cp‹

nWok

zbwh

cw)

2)F

gpØ

—≥

˛ A≤

ymflcma

bW

w Inf

n∏m´

v

(kpµ

cI

mWvU

w˛ e¶

mZl

\w)

3)F

gpØ

—≥

˛ ioa

lm`

mcX

w Inf

n∏m´

v

(I¿Æ

]¿∆

w ˛ ]m¿

∞k

mcY

oh¿Æ

\w)

4)]

q¥m\

w ˛ ⁄m\

∏m\

5)I

p©≥

\º

ym¿ ˛ I

eymW

kuK‘

nIw

6)cma

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Øph

mcy¿

˛ Ipt

Ne

hrØ

w h©

n∏m´

v

7)A

¿tÆ

mkv ]

mXnc

n ˛ NX

pc¥

yw, \cI

h¿Æ

\

8)tamb

n≥I

p´n s

sh

Zy¿

_

Zdp¬

ap\

odp¬

lpk

v\p¬

Pam¬

(]qa

Imf

msW

lpk

\p¬

Pam¬

F∂

Ci

¬)

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)s]

m^-k

¿ U

n. ]fl

-\m-`

≥ D

Æn, K

mY (]

pdw 301-˛354);

2928

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Code: M

AL

1CO

3

Fw. F

. ae

-bmf

w ˛ `m-j

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

B[

p-\n-I

-I-h

nX(M

odern

Poetry)

Ime

v]-\

n-I-X

-bn-t

e-°

p≈ a

e-b

mf I

hn-X

-bps

S a

m‰-Ø

ns‚

BZy-a

m-Xr-I

-Iƒ

F¥

v F∂

v BZy-I

m-e-I

-hnX

F∂

tI

mgvk

ns‚

`mK

-amb

n ]Tn-®

n-p-≠

v. ]m›

m-Xy-I

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-bp-a

m-bp≈

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gn-

bpw

tZi

o-b-]

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‚ ]

›m-Ø

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n¬ DW

¿∂

p-h∂

Bfl

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m-[-Ø

ns‚

^

e-amb

pw I

mev]

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X ae

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e-am-I

p-∂X

v B[

p-\nI

Ih

n-X-b

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‚ c

N-\

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q-sS-b

m-

Wv. a

e-b

m-f-I

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-bps

SX

s∂

Zni

am‰

nb I

mev]

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X h

f¿∂

v

Ime

v]-\

n-I-h

ncp≤

X-b

n-te

°pw B

[p-\

n-I-X

m-hm-Z

-Øn-te

°pw ]

cn-

W-an-°

p-∂-X

ns‚

Ih

n-Xm-h

-gn-I

-fmW

v Cu t

Img

vkn¬

hnZym¿

∞n-

Iƒ

]Tn-t°

-≠-X

v. At\

Iw ]

-h-W

-X-I

fpw ]

ÿm-\

ßfpw I

hn-

Xm-c

w-KØ

v ]

Xy-£

-am-b

n-´p-≠

v. A

Øcw

]h

-W-X

-I-sfb

pw

]ÿ

m-\-ß

-sfb

pw ]T-\

-hn-t[

-b-am-°

pI; I

mhy-ß

fps

S k

q£va-

amb

]mT

]T\

-ß-fn-e

qsS ]

pXnb

Bk

zm-Z\

-ta-J

-e-I

ƒ I

s≠

-

Øp-I

; -hn-a

¿i

-\Ø

ns‚

]pX

nb-am¿

§-ß

fne

qsS a

qey\

n¿Æ

-b-

Øn-\

p ]m]

vX-cm-h

pI C

h-b

mWv B

[p-\

nIae

-bm-f

-I-h

n-X-b

psS

]T-\

-Øn-e

qsS e

£y-a

m°p∂

-Xv.

bqW

-n‰v 1k

mln-X

y-Øns

e ]

ÿm-\

-ßƒ

¢

m n-k

n-kw, s

dma

m-

‚n-k

n-kw,

dob

-en-k

w, F

Ivk

-]-j

\n-k

w, C

w]-j

-\n-

kw,

tamtU

-Wn-k

w,

t]

mÃ

v tamtU

-Wnk

w ˛

2)N

mØ-\

mØv A

Nyp-X

-\pÆ

n, Fw. -B

¿. c

mL-h

-hm-c

n-b¿

(hym-J

ym-\w), t

ImI

-k-tµ

iw, i

pI]

pcw: h

≈-tØ

mƒ h

nZym-

]oT

w, 2007.

3)F

≥. I

rjvW

-]n≈

, ssI

c-fn-b

psS I

Y, t

Im´

bw: F

kv]

n-

kn-F

-kv, 1992 (1958)

4)F

w. eoe

m-hX

n, ae

-bm-f

-I-h

n-Xm-k

m-ln-X

y-N-cnX

w, Xri

q¿:

tI

cf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).

5)tU

m. ]n. -s

I. \

mcm-b

-W-]

n≈, ]

Zy-c

Xv\

w, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

tI

cf k

¿h

-I-e

m-ime

]k

n-≤o-I

-cW

w, 1949 (2007).

6)sI

. ]n. F

kv. t

at\

m≥, I

Y-I

-fn-c

w-Kw, t

Img

n-t°

mSv:

amX

r-`q-a

n, 1957.

7)h

S°

pw-Iq¿

cmP

-cm-P

-h¿Ω

, tI

c-f-k

m-ln-X

y-NnX

w ˛ Ncn-

Xh

pw ]qc

-Wh

pw, tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, H∂

mw `mK

w

1967; c≠

mw `mK

w 1968.

8)N

mØ-\

mØv A

Nyp-X

-\p-Æ

n, Fw.-B

¿. c

mL-h

-hm-c

n-b¿ (h

ym-

Jym-\

w), B

-ap-J

w, aW

n-]-h

m-f-e

-Lp-I

m-hy-ß

ƒ,

ipI

-]p-

cw: h

≈-tØ

mƒ h

nZym-]

oTw, 2004.

9) tU

m. F≥

. tKm]

n-\m-Y

≥ \

mb¿, D

Æn-b

®oN

cnX

w, Ime

n-

°‰v k

¿h

-I-e

m-ime

: ]k

n-≤o-I

-c-W

-hn-`

m-Kw, 2005.

10) Xp©

≥ ]

_‘

ßƒ

, Xri

q¿: t

Icfk

mlnX

yA°

mZan,

1976.

11)D

r. K. R

amachandran N

air, Early M

anip

ravalam - A

Stud

y,

Trivandum

: 1971.12) P

uthussery Ram

achandran, Lan

guage of M

idd

le Malayalam

,T

rivandrum: D

LA

, 1973.

3130

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

bqW

-n‰v 2

-

Ime

v]-\

n-I-X

m-]-ÿ

m-\-Ø

ns‚

hnI

mkw

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

-w)

1) IÆ

p-\o¿

Øp≈

n ˛ \me

m-∏m´

v \mc

m-b-W

-ta-t\

m≥

2) \na

njw ˛ P

n. i¶

-c-°

p-dp∏

v

3) a\

-kzn\

n ˛ Nß

-ºpg

Irj

vW-]

n≈

4) aW

n-\mZ

w ˛ CS-∏

≈n c

mL-h

≥]

n≈

5) Ifn-b

-—≥

˛ ]n. I

p™n-c

m-a≥

\mb

¿

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)sI

.- F-k

v. \mc

m-b-W

-]n≈

, Nß

-ºpg

˛Hcp ]

T-\

w, tI

m´b

w:

Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1980.

2)F

w. sI

. km\

p, \£

-X-ß

-fps

S k

vt\

l-m-P

-\w, t

Im´

bw:

Fk

v]nk

n-F-k

v., 1998.

3)N

ß-º

pg I

rjvW

-]n-≈

, XpS

n-°p∂

Xmf

p-Iƒ

, tI

m´b

w:

Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1987.

4)sI

.-Fw.

]`m-I

-c-h

m-cn-b

¿,

Ih

n-X-b

nse

`mj

, tI

m´b

w:

\mj

-W¬

_pI

vÃmƒ

, 1976.

5)C

. sI

. ]pc

p-tj

m-Ø-a≥

, Nß

-ºp-g

-°-h

n-Xn-b

nse

Ime

v]-

\n-I

-X,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

tI

cf `mj

m C

≥Ã

n-‰yq´

v, 1993

(1984).

6)N

ß-º

pg ]

`mI

-c≥

, CS-∏

≈n c

mL-h

≥]

n≈-b

psS P

ohnX

-

I-Y

, tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1983.

7)F

kv. K

p]vX

≥\

mb¿, I

mhy-k

z-cq-]

w. tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: en]

n

]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 2004 (1973).

8)k

pIp-a

m¿ A

go-t

°m-S

v, i¶

-c-°

p-dp∏

v hna

¿i

n-°-s∏

-Sp∂

p,

tI

mgn-t°

mSv: \

h-tI

-cf t

Im

-Hm-∏

-td-‰oh

v ]ª

n-jnwK

v luk

,

1963.

bqW

n‰v 3b

mYm-X

-YyX

tb

mSv A

SpØ

Ime

v]-\

n-I-X

˛ ip≤

-Im-

ev]

-\n-I

-X-tb

mSv A

I¬

® ˛

Poh

nXw

IqS

pX¬

B

g-

th

Uvk

vh¿Ø

v, kmt

Y˛ s

j√

n, Io‰

vkv, _

b-d¨

-˛-km-

am-\

y-amb

n ]cn-N

-b-s∏

-Sp-I

.

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

1) \fn\

n ˛ Ipa

m-c-\

m-im≥

2) aKvZ-e

-\-a-dnb

w ˛ h≈

-tØ

mƒ

3) ]nwK

f ˛ D

≈q¿

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)tP

mk^

v ap≠

t»

cn, B

-im≥

Ih

nX: H

cp ]

T-\

w, Xri

q¿:

Id‚

v _pI

vkv, 1988 (H

∂mw ]

Xn∏

v 1973).

3)sI

. cma

-N-µ

≥\

m-b¿, ]

n. hn. t

he

m-bp-[

≥]

n≈ (k

-ºm-Z

-

I¿),

al

m-Ih

n D≈

qcpw

ae

-bm-f

-km-l

n-Xy-h

pw, X

ncp-h

-\-

¥-]

pcw: t

Ic-f-k

¿∆

-I-e

m-im-e

, 1978.

4)sI

.Fw.t

Pm¿

Pv (P

-\-d¬

F

Un-‰

¿),

B[

p-\n-I

-a-e

-bmf

kml

n-Xy-N

-cnX

w ]

ÿm-\

-ß-fn-e

q-sS,

tI

m´b

w: U

n.-kn.

_pI

vkv, 1998.

5)tU

m.Fw.-e

o-em-h

-Xn, a

lm-I

hn h

≈-tØ

mƒ, t

Im´

bw:

F≥

_nF

-kv, 1998.

6)\

nXy-s

N-X

\yb

Xn, \

fn\

n F∂

Imh

y-in-e

v]w, t

Img

n-t°

mSv:

en]

n ]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 2002 (1975).

7)F

w. sI

. -km\

p, arX

yp-RvP

bw I

mhy-P

o-hn-X

w, tI

m´b

w:

\mj

-W¬

_p°

v Ãmƒ

, 1996.

8)H.-F

≥-.h

n. Ipd

p-∏v, I

hn-X

-bns

e h

gn-Ø

n-cn-h

p-Iƒ

,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: amX

r-`q-a

n, 2005.

9)]

n. sI

. _me

-Irj

vW≥

, Imh

yIe

Ipa

m-c-\

m-im-\

n-eqs

S,

tI

m´b

w: \mj

-W¬

_p°

vÃmƒ

, 1979 (1970).

10)sI

.Fw.

Um\

n-b¬

, \

h-N

-Ih

mfw

\fn-\

n-bne

pw a‰pw,

tI

m´b

w: Fk

v-]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1973.

3332

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

bqW

n‰v 4I

mev]

-\n-I

-X-b

psS X

pS¿®

-Iƒ

˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

-w)

1)Hm¿

°pI

h√

-t∏

mgpw

˛ ]n. `

mkvI

-c≥

2)k

¿§k

w-KoX

w ˛ hb

-em¿

cma

-h¿Ω

3)`qa

n-s°

mcp N

c-a-KoX

w ˛ H. F

≥. h

n. Ip-d

p∏v

4)]

mhw a

m\-h

-lr-Z

bw

˛ kpK

-X-I

p-amc

n

5)F

X b

mZr-—

nIw ˛ P

n. Ipa

m-c-]

n≈

6)Dj

v ˛ F

w.-F≥

. ]me

qcv

7)t]

c-°

n-Smh

v ˛ bqk

-^e

n tI

t®

cn

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)F

w. eoe

m-h-X

n, h¿Æ

-cm-P

n, tI

m´b

w: Fk

v-]n-k

n-F-k

v,

1989 (1977).

2)F

≥. I

rjvW

-]n≈

, ssI

c-fn-b

psS I

Y, t

Im´

bw:

Fk

v-]n-k

n-Fk

v, 1992 (1958).

3)s]

m^. ]

n.- Sn. N

mt°

m, Ih

n-X-b

psS k

mcw, t

Im´

bw:

Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1986.

4)tU

m. F

w. e

oem-h

-Xn,

BZn-c

q-]-ß

-ƒ k

mln-X

y-Øn¬

˛

Hcp ]

T-\

w, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-

v, 1993.

5)tU

m. tZi

-aw-K

ew c

ma-I

r-jvW

≥, I

mhy-`

m-j-b

nse

]i

v\-

ßƒ

, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: tI

cf `mj

m C

≥k

v‰n-‰

yq´v,

1993

(1986).

6)A

ø-∏

-∏-W

n-°¿, A

¥-

-∂n-t

h-i

w, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 2000.

7)i

m¥m c

ma-N

-µ≥

, BZn-c

q-]-ß

-fps

S ]

Z-h

n-\ymk

w B

[p-

\n-I

-a-e

-bm-f

- I-h

n-Xb

n¬, I

men-°

-‰v k

¿∆

-I-e

m-im-e

, ]k

n-

≤o-I

-c-W

-hn-`

m-Kw, 2007.

8)T. S

. Eliot, S

elected P

rose, (Edited by) John H

ayward, G

reatB

riton: Penguin B

ooks, 1963.

Øne

pw ]c-∏

nepw ˛ I

mev]

-\nI

bmY

m-X-Y

yX ]

pXnb

]cn-t

]-£

y-tØ

msS˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

1) agp-h

ns‚

IY

(H-∂

mw-`mK

w amX

w)

˛ _me

m-a-W

n-bΩ

2) ]qX

-∏m´

v˛ C

S-t»

cn t

Kmh

n-µ≥

\mb

¿

3) kl

ys‚

aI

≥˛ s

sh

te

m-∏n≈

n io[

-c-\

-ta-t\

m≥

4) sI

m®p-s

Xm-Ω

≥˛ F

≥.-h

n. Irj

vW-h

m-cn-b

¿

5) \tß

-a-°

p´n (\

memw J

fiw a

mXw)

˛ Hf-∏

-aÆ

kp_

-“-W

y≥ \

ºq-X

ncn

6) Ccp-]

Xmw \

q‰m-≠

ns‚

CX

nlmk

w

(\cI

w F∂

c≠

mw Jfi

w amX

w)

˛ A°

nØw A

NypX

≥ \

ºq-X

ncn

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)tU

m. Fw.e

oem-h

-Xn, a

e-b

mfI

hn-X

m-km-l

nXyN

cn-X

w,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Zan, 1996 (1980).

2)sI

.]n. i

c-®

-µ≥

, CS-t»

-cn-b

psS I

mhy-t

em-I

w, tI

m´b

w:

Fk

v]nk

nF-k

v, 1988.

3)ssh

te

m-∏n-≈

n, Imh

y-te

m-I-k

va-c-W

-Iƒ

,

tI

m´b

w: \mj

-W¬

_p°

v Ãmƒ

, 1988.

4)]

n. Fw. \

mcm-b

-W≥

, A°

n-Ø-Ø

ns‚

Imh

y-Z¿i

-\w, h

≈-

tØ

mƒ h

nZym-]

o-Tw, t

Im´

bw: \

mjW

¬ _

p°v Ã

mƒ, 2014.

5)F

≥. F

≥. I

°m-S

v, I

hn-X

bpw

]mc

ºcyh

pw, i

pI-]

pcw:

h≈

-tØ

mƒ h

nZym-]

o-Tw, 1984.

6)s]

m^. F

w.]n. ]

Wn-°

¿, a

e-b

m-f-J

fi-I

mhy-ß

ƒ H

cp

]T-\

w, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Ic-f-mj

m C≥

Ãn-‰

yq-v, 1990 (1985).

7)Jeffrey W

ainwright, P

oetry the B

asics, London: R

outledge, 2011.

8)C

. Day L

ewis, T

he P

oetic Image, L

ondon: Jonathan Cape, 1965.

9)Irving H

owe (E

d.), Literary M

odern

ism, N

ew Y

ork:

A F

awcett P

remier B

ook, 1967.

3534

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

6)sI

.-kn. \

mcm-b

-W≥

, kl

ys\

-°mƒ

Xe

-s∏

m°w;

Fw. K

wKm-[

-c≥

, Bg-Ø

ns‚

Xmf

w, B‰q¿

ch

n-h¿Ω

-bps

S

Ih

n-X-I

ƒ, t

Im´

bw: U

n.-kn.-_

p-Ivk

v, 1999 (1995).

7)k

®n-Zm-\

-µ≥

, Ih

n-X-b

psS _

lp-k

z-c-X

--_m-e

-N-µ

s‚

te

mI-

ßƒ

, _me

-N-µ

≥ N

p≈n-°

m-Sns

‚ I

hn-X

-Iƒ

, tI

m´b

w:

Un.-k

n.-_p-I

vkv, 2000.

8)tU

m. ]n.-s

I. c

mP-ti

-J-c≥

, sh

fn-h

ns‚

kq£

va-i

pXn,

sI

.-Pn.

i¶

-c-∏

n-≈-b

psS I

hn-X

-Iƒ

, tI

m´b

w: U

n.-kn.

_pI

vkv, 1997.

9)A

ø-∏

-∏-W

n-°¿,

hnj

-Øn¬

\n∂

v I

hn-X

, k

®n-Z

m-\-µ

s‚

Ih

n-X-I

ƒ, B

e-∏

pg: K

uX

a ]

ªn-t

j-gvk

v, 1988.

10)k

®n-Zm-\

-µ≥

(k-am-l

-cW

w/]T-\

w), ae

-bm-f

-I-h

nX, X

riq¿

:

Id‚

v _pI

vkv, 1989.

9)Paul G

oodman, T

he Structure of Literature, L

ondon: The U

ni-versity of C

hicago Press, 1954.

10)Tom

Furniss & M

ichael Bath, R

eading Poetry- A

n Introdution,

Great B

ritain: Longm

an, 2007 (1996).

bqW

n‰v 5ssh

NnX

yw \

nd™

P

ohn-X

m-\p-`

-h-ß

ƒ˛

hn`

n-∂-amb

hmK

va-b

-ßƒ

˛ hyX

y-kvX

amb

Bh

n-jvI

m-c-ß

ƒ ˛ a

mdn-h

-cp∂

`mj

bpw s

si

enb

pw ˛

(hni

Z-]

-T-\

w)

1)]

m¿°

n¬ ˛ F

≥.-F

≥. I

°mS

v

2)arX

yp-]qP

˛ Aø

-∏-∏

-Wn-°

¿

3)]

\n ˛ k

®n-Z

m-\-µ

≥

4)am∏

p-km£

n ˛ _me

-N-µ

≥ N

p≈n-°

mSv

5)sI

m®n-b

nse

hr£

-ßƒ

˛ sI

.-Pn. i

¶-c-∏

n≈

6)A

¿°

w ˛ B‰q¿

ch

n-h¿Ω

7)A

P¥

˛ B¿. c

ma-N

-µ≥

8)h

o´n-t

e-°

p≈ h

gn ˛ U

n. hn\

-b-N

-µ≥

9)ag-X

≥ a

t‰tX

m apJ

w ˛ hnP

-b-e

£van

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)I

pcp-t

£-X

w 2000 (I-h

n-Xb

pw ]T-\

-ß-fpw),

tI

m´b

w: Un.-k

n. _pI

vkv, 2000.

2)tU

m. B¿. h

niz-\

m-Y≥

, A\

zbw,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: ]q¿

W ]

ªn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 1990.

3)tU

m. F

w. e

oem-h

-Xn,

ae

-bm-f

-I-h

n-Xm-k

m-ln-X

y-N-cn-X

w,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).

4)I

°m-S

ns‚

I

hn-X

-Iƒ

(I

-hn-X

-Ifpw

Ah

-Xm-c

n-I-I

-fpw),

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: amX

r-`q-a

n, 2011.

5)]

k-∂

-cm-P

≥,

tI

c-f-I

-hn-X

-bns

e I

enb

pw N

ncnb

pw,

tI

m´b

w: F≥

_n-F

-kv., 1992.

3736

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

e£

yw am\

-kn-I

-kw-k

v°-c--am-s

W∂

pw Xmc

-X-ay-k

m-ln-X

y-]T-\

-

Øn-e

qsS t

_m≤

y-s∏

Sp∂

p. Xmc

Xay-k

m-ln-X

y-Øn¬

hnh

¿Ø

-

\-Ø

n\v I

mcy-a

mb ]

¶p-≠

v. hnh

n-[-`m-j

-Iƒ

XΩ

n-epw h

nhn-[

-P-

\-X

-Iƒ

X

Ωne

pw ]

me

w \

n¿Ω

n-°m≥

h

nh¿Ø

-\-Ø

n\p

km[

n°p-∂

p. h

nh¿Ø

-\-Ø

n-eqs

S A

dn-b

mØ te

mI-ß

ƒ

XΩ

n¬ t

bmP

n-°p-∂

p; A⁄

m-X-cmb

a\

p-jy¿

XΩ

n¬ _

‘s∏

-

Sp-∂

p; a\

p-jy¿

¿ F

hn-s

Sb

pw H∂

mWv F

∂p ]

Tn-∏

n-°p-∂

p. AX

p-

X-s∂

-bmW

v Xmc

-fly-k

m-ln-X

y-Øns

‚ e

£yw.

bqW

n‰v 1X

mc-X

-ay-k

m-ln-X

y-Øns

‚ ]

k-‡

n X

mc-X

ay-k

m-ln-

Xy-Ø

ns‚

Ncn-X

w h

niz-k

m-lnX

yw t

Kmb

vtY

-bps

S

k¶

ev]

w kml

nXyw, h

niz-k

m-lnX

yw ˛ Smt

Km-d

ns‚

k¶

ev]

w ˛ cmP

y-ßƒ

]e

-Xv, `

mj-I

ƒ ]

eX

v ˛ hni

z-

km-l

nXyw H

∂v

mc-X

o-b-k

m-lnX

yw

mj-I

-ƒ ]

eX

v,

kml

nXyw H

∂v ]

m›m-X

y-]u-c-k

vXy-k

m-lnX

y kn≤

m-

¥-ß

-fps

S ]

mck

v]cyw

˛ X

mc-X

-ay-]

-T\

w k

mln-X

y-

Øn¬

amX

w HX

p-ßp∂

n√ ˛

kwK

o-Xw,

NnX

-I-e

,

hmk

vXp-i

n-ev]

w, cwK

-Ie

-Iƒ

, kn\

na C

h X

Ωn-e

p≈

_ml

ym-`y-¥

c_

‘ß

ƒ ˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)tP

mk^

v ap≠

-t»

cn,

Imh

y-]o-T

nI,

Xri

q¿: awK

-tfm-Z

-bw,

1945.

2)tU

m. k

n. cmt

P-µ

≥,

Xmc

-X-ay-I

m-hy-i

m-kvX

w, X

ncp-h

-\-

¥-]

pcw: t

Ic-f-`mj

m C≥

Ãn-‰

yq-´v, 2000.

3)I

w]m-c

-‰oh

v en‰

-td-®

¿ s

kms

sk

-‰n (k

ºm-Z

-I¿), X

mc-X

-ay-

km-l

n-Xy

-]-T-\

w, tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]nk

n-F-k

v, 1986.

4)tU

m. sI

. Fw. t

Pm¿

Pv k

vamc

-I-`m-j

m-]-T-\

-tK-th

-j-W

-tI

-

µw (k

-ºm-Z

-\w), X

mc-X

-ay-k

m-lnX

yw ]pX

nb I

mgv∏

m-Sn¬

,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

I-cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 2005.

5)tP

mk^

v ap≠

-t»

-cn, ]

m›m-X

y-km-l

n-Xy-k

-ao£

, Xri

q¿:

awK

-tfm-Z

-bw, 1967.

Code: M

AL

1E1/4

Fw. F

. ae

-bmf

w˛`m-j

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

A X

mc-X

-ay-k

m-lnX

yw(C

omp

arative Literatu

re)

]e

cmP

y-ßƒ

, ]

e P

\-X

-Iƒ

, h

yXyk

vX-`m-j

-Iƒ

, h

nhn-

[k

wkv°

m-c-ß

ƒ, s

sh

hn-≤

y-am¿

∂ k

mln-X

y-ßƒ

F

¶ne

pw

a\

p-jy¿

kam-\

-amb

n Nn¥

n-°p-∂

p, kam-\

-amb

n ]h

¿Ø

n-°p-

∂p. D

Sp-∏

nepw \

S-∏

nepw

£-W

-Øne

pw hyX

ym-k-ß

ƒ I

mWmw.

]t£

, a\

p-jys

‚ A

Sn-ÿ

m-\-]

-c-amb

hnI

m-c-ß

ƒ°

pw Nn¥

-

Iƒ

°pw G

tX

m kam-\

-X-I

ƒ I

mWp-∂

p. te

mI-k

m-ln-X

y-sØ

-

°p-d

n®p ]

d™

t∏

mƒ t

Kmb

vtY

AX

mWv e

£y-a

m-°n-b

-Xv.

hnh

n[-k

m-ln-X

yIrX

n-I-fn¬

ImW

p∂ k

mPmX

yssh

Pm-X

y-

ßƒ

I

s≠

Øn

hni

-I-e

\-h

n-t[

-b-am-°

p∂ ]

T-\

-hn-`

m-K-amW

v

Xmc

-X-ay-k

m-ln-X

yw.

hyX

y-kvX

-m-j

-I-fns

e h

yXy-k

vX-I

r-Xn-I

ƒ X

mc-X

-ay-s

∏Sp-Ø

n-

bmt

e X

mc-X

-ay-k

m-ln-X

y-am-h

p-I-b

p≈p F

s∂

mcp N

n¥m-K

-Xn-b

p-

≠v. H

tc`mj

-bns

e I

rXn-I

sf X

Ωn¬

Xmc

-X-ay-s

∏-Sp-Ø

n-bme

pw

Xmc

-X-ay-k

m-ln-X

y-Øn¬

s]

Spw

F∂

p h

mZn-°

p-∂-h

-cp-a

p-≠v.

kml

nXyw

au

en-I

-amb

pw am\

p-jn-I

-[¿Ω

-ß-fn¬

Dd-®

-Xm-

sW

∂pw a

\p-j

ys‚

Poh

nXw t

emI

-sØ

-hn-s

Sb

pw kam-\

-XI

-

fp≈

-Xm-s

W∂

pw te

mI-k

mlnX

yw ]

Tn-∏

n-°p-∂

p. k

mlnX

yw

`mj

-I-fm¬

th

¿X

n-cn-°

-s∏

-n-c

n-°p∂

p F¶

nepw k

mlnX

yØns

‚

aue

n-Ik

Ø F

hn-s

Sb

pw H∂

p X

-s∂

-bm-s

W∂

pw A

Xn-s

‚

3938

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

c≠

n-S-ß

gn

˛ XI

gn

tN

mas‚

XpS

n (I-∂

-S)˛ i

nh-cm-a

-Im-c

¥v

(hn-h

-¿Ø

\w: s

I.-h

n. Ipa

m-c≥

)

kl

m-b-I

KŸ

-ßƒ

:

1)K

. Ayyapap Paniker, T

hakazhi Sivasankara Pillai, T

rivandrum:

University of K

erala, 1988.

2)K

. M. G

eorge (Director &

Chief E

ditor), Com

parative In

dian

Literatu

re (Volum

e 1), Kerala S

ahitya Akadem

i, Madras:

Macm

illan, 1984.

3)s]

m^-k

¿ P

n. _me

-N-µ

≥, X

I-gn-b

psS k

¿§

-]-Y

-ßƒ

,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 2013.

4)i

nh-cm-a

-Im-c

-µv, t

Nma

s‚

XpS

n (hn-h

¿Ø

\w: s

I.-h

n. Ipa

m-

c≥

), Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1978.

bqW

n‰v 4a

lm-`

m-cX

sØ

A

[nI

-cn®

v ae

-bm-f

-Øn¬

Ht´sd

t\

mh-e

pIƒ

D≠

mbn-´

p-≠v.

Fgp-Ø

p-Im¿

aqe

-I-Y

-bn-

emW

v ][

m-\-amb

pw am‰

-ßƒ

sI

m≠ph

cp-∂

-Xv. a

qe-

I-Y

-bns

e a

u\

-ßƒ

, t\

mhe

n-Ãns

‚ h

ymJym-\

-ßƒ

,

BJ

ym-\-t`-Z-ß

ƒ ˛

al

m-`m-c

-XsØ

B[

m-c-am°

n Fgp-X

nb H

cp a

em-b

-f-

t\

m-h-e

ns‚

IY

m-k-µ

¿`-ß

ƒ ]

cn-t

im-[

n®dn-b

pI.

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

-w)

c≠

m-aqg

w˛ F

w. Sn. h

mkp-t

Z-h

≥ \

mb¿

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)I

p´n-I

r-jvW

-am-c

m-cv,

`mc

-X-]

-cy-S

-\w,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: amc

m-¿

kml

n-Xy-]

-Imi

w, 1995 (1950).

2)Iravati K

arve, Yuganta – T

he End of an E

poch, Hydeabad: O

rientL

ongman, 2007.

3)C

hadurvedi Badarinath, T

he M

ahab

harata- A

n In

qu

iry in th

eH

um

an C

ond

ition, H

yderabad: Orient L

ongman, 2007 (2006).

bqW

n‰v 2k

zm[o-\

-Xm-]

-T\

w ˛ kzm[

o-\-X

m-]-T-\

-Øns

‚

]m[

m\yw ˛

]X

y-£-k

zm-[o\

w ˛ ]tcm-£

-kzm-[

o\w ˛

]ta-b

-]-T\

w ˛ cq]

-]-T\

w ˛

]ta-b

-ßƒ

IrX

n-I-fn¬

kam-\

-amb

n -hcpw

Imc

Ww,

]ta-b

-ßƒ

kml

n-Xy-Ø

n¬ ]

cna

n-X-am-W

v ˛

hmI

y-L-S-\

-Iƒ

, cq]

-L-S-I

-ßƒ

kam-\

-amb

n h∂

m¬

AX

v I

rXn-b

psS au

en-I

-X-sb

-°p-d

n-®p≈

k

wi-b

-

ßƒ

°v I

mc-W

-amh

pw ˛

(hni

-Z-]

T\

w:)

_m-e

y-Im-e

-kJ

n˛ s

sh

°w a

pl-Ω

-Zv_

jo¿

hnI

vtSm-d

nb˛ \

´-vl

w-k≥

(hnh

¿Ø

-\w)

˛ tU

m. -Fk

v. th

em-b

p-[≥

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)s]

m-k

¿ ]

pcp-t

jm-Ø

-a≥

, Xmc

-X-ay-k

m-lnX

yw X

Xzh

pw

]k

-‡nb

pw, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰yq´

v,

1999 (1988).

2)I

ºm-c

-‰oh

v en‰

-td-®

¿ s

kms

sk

-‰n (k

-ºm-Z

-I¿), X

mc-fl

y-

km-l

n-Xy-]

o-Tn-I

(k-º

m-Z-I

¿), X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: tI

cf

mjm

C≥

Ãn-‰

yq-´v, 2000.

3)K

. Ayyappa P

anicker & B

ernard Fenn (ed.), Stu

dies in

Com

parative L

iterature, B

ombay: B

lackie & S

on Publishers,

1985.

bqW

n‰v 3]

ta-b

w, C

Xn-h

rØw,

IY

m-]mX

-ßƒ

, k

w`-h

-ßƒ

,

ho£

-Ww, ]

›m-Ø

-ew, B

Jym-\

-k-h

n-ti

-j-X

-Iƒ

˛

kmP

m-Xy-s

sh

-Pm-X

y-ßƒ

4140

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

4)tU

mIvS¿ h

n. B¿. ]

t_

m-[-N

-µ≥

, hnh

¿Ø

-\-Ø

ns‚

`mj

m-i

mk

vX`qa

nI,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-c-]

pcw:

tI

cf `mj

m

C≥

Ãn-‰

yq-´v, 1974.

5)Sukanta C

haudhuri, Translation &

Understanding, N

ew D

elhi:

Oxford U

niversity Press, 1999.

6)S

ujit Mukherjee, T

ranslation

as Discovery an

d oth

er essays,N

ew D

elhi:A

llied Publishers, 1981.

7)K

. Karunakaran / M

. Jayakumar (E

d), Tran

slation as

Syn

thesis: A

Search

for a New

Gestalt, N

ew D

elhi: Bahari

Publictions, 1988.

4)C

hadurvedi Badrinath, T

he W

omen

of the M

ahab

harata,

Hyderabad: O

rient Longm

an, 2008

bqW

n‰v 5X

mc-X

-ay-k

m-ln-X

y-Øn¬

hnh

¿Ø

-\-Ø

ns‚

]k

‡nb

pw ]m[

m\yh

pw˛

Imc

y-am-X

-]-cn-`

mj (P

ragmatic translation),

kuµ

-cym-fl

-I-]

-cn-`

mj (A

esthetic-poetic traslation),

hwi

o-b-]

-cn-`

mj

(Ethnographic translation),

`mj

m-tI

-µn-X

-]-cn-`

mj (L

inguistic translation) -

k¿§m-fl

-I-h

n-h¿-Ø

\w (T

ranscreation)

hnh

¿Ø

-\-]

-Inb

˛

]mT

w, ]

mTh

ni-I

-e\

w: ]

Zw,

hmI

yw, h

mIy-L

-S-\

, ssi

en,

Be

-¶mc

n-I-]

-tb

m-Kw,

_nw_

w, ]X

o-Iw, ]

m‡-\

-]-X

o-Iw, a

nØv, B

ib

w

˛ aqe

-]m-T

-Øns

‚ h

ymI-cW

w, e£

y-]m-T

-Øns

‚ h

ymI-

c-W

w, aqe

-]m-T

-Øn¬

\n∂

v e

£y-]

m-T-Ø

n-te

-°p≈

hnh

¿Ø

\ k

aaq-e

yX (T

ranslation equivalency),]

mTh

pw kwk

v°m-c

hpw ˛

cq]

-Xp-e

y-Xm-]

-cn-`

mj (F

ormal equivalent translation),

Ne

-\m-fl

-I-X

p-eyX

m]

cn-`

mj

(D

ynamic equivalent

translation)-

imk

vX-I

rXn-I

-fps

S ]

cn-`

mj ˛

kmt

¶-X

n-I-]

-Z-ß

fps

S ]

cn-`

mj˛

kml

n-Xy-I

r-Xn-I

-fps

S ]

cn-`

mj ˛ I

hn-X

m-]-cn-`

m-j,

\mS

-I-]

-cn-`

m-j, I

Ym]

cn-`

mj, ]

_-‘

-]-cn-`

mj ˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)tU

m. F≥

. C. h

niz-\

mYø

¿, h

nh¿Ø

-\-h

n-Nm-c

w,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰q´

v, 1996.

2)Hcp k

wLw t

eJ

-I¿, h

nh¿Ø

-\w, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w:

tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 1990 (1977).

3)k

n. hn. h

mkp-t

Z-h

-`-´-X

n-cn, X

¿P

p-a-b

psS X

mt°

m¬,

amt

h-e

n-°c: k

vssI

_pI

v ]_

vfn-t

jgvk

v, 2004.

4342

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

A\

-¥-k

m-≤y-X

-Iƒ

I≠

dn™

Nne

]fi

n-X-¿ B

Jym-\

sØ

Hcp h

n⁄m-\

-imJ

-bmb

n hf¿Ø

n-sb

-Sp-°

pIb

p≠mb

n.

F√

m-Ø-c-Ø

n-ep≈

k¿-§m-fl

-I-k

m-ln-X

yhpw (h

msam-g

nbm-

bme

pw h

c-sam-g

n-bm-b

m-epw)

BJ

y-m\-Ø

n¬s∏

Spw.

a\

p-jy≥

ssi

ih

w apX

¬ B

Jym-\

-hp-a

mbn _

‘s∏

-Sp-∂

p. AΩ

sX

m´n-

en´

p ]mS

n Dd-°

p-∂ X

mcm´

p-t]

mepw B

Jym\

w Dƒ

s°

m-≈p∂

sN

dp-\

n-_-‘

-am-W

v. AX

n¬ H

cm-i

-btam H

cp-I

-Ytb

m D≠

m-hpw.

km¶

ev]

nI-I

-Y-I

ƒ, k

ml-k

n-I-I

-Y-I

ƒ, P

oh-N

cnX

-ßƒ

, Ip‰

m-

t\

z-j-W

-I-Y

-Iƒ

, i

mkvX

I-Y

-Iƒ

˛

F√

mw B

Jym-\

-Øn¬

-

s∏

Spw.

a\

p-jy-c

p-sStb

m P

¥p-°

-fp-s

Stb

m P

ohn-I

-fp-s

Stb

m \

S-∂

-

tX

m \S-°

m-\n-S

-bp-≈

tX

m Bb

IY

tb

m sI

´p-I

-Ytb

m BW

v

BJ

ym\w. I

Yb

v°v k

a-b

-_-‘

n-X-amb

kw

-h-ß

-fps

S ]

mck

v]-

cyw

th

Ww.

AX

v I

pdp-¶

-hn-X

-bn-t

eX

pt]

mse

l

kza

mhmw,

CX

nlm-k

-Øn-t

e-X

p-t]

m-se

hfsc k

¶o¿

W-h

pam-h

mw.

C∂

v sSe

n-hn-j

≥ G

‰h

pw he

nb B

Jy-m\

-am-[

y-a-amb

n amd

n-

bn-c

n-°p-∂

p. hm¿

Ø-I

ƒ t

]me

pw Hcp-X

cw B

Jym-\

-amb

ncn°

p-

∂p.

Hcp

tI

manI

v k

vSn]

v B

Jym-\

-am-h

mw. F

∂m¬

, Hcp

Im¿

´q¨

H‰-\

n-an-j

-sØ

amX

w Dƒ

s°

m-≈p-∂

Xpw I

nb-m_

‘w

]pe

¿Ø

mØX

p-am-b

Xn-\

m¬ B

Jym-\

-Øn¬

s]

Sp∂

n√.

bqW

n-‰v 1B

Jym\

w F∂

m¬ F

¥v?

BJ

ym-\h

pw BJ

ym-t\

-X-ch

pw XΩ

n-ep≈

hyX

ymkw

BJ

ym\-c-N

-\-I

ƒ i

t≤

-b-am-I

p-∂X

v F¥

p-sI

m≠v?˛

BJ

ym-\-ß

fn¬

hmb

-\-°

m-cs‚

]m[

m\yw ˛

am[

y-a-ß

-fn¬

BJ

ym-\-ß

ƒ°

p≈ ÿ

m\w ˛

kl

m-bI

KŸ

-ßƒ

:

1)U

n. cm[

m-Ir-j

vW≥

, BJ

ym-\-h

n-⁄m-\

w, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰q-´

v, 2000.

2)(E

d.) Am

iya Dev, N

arrative – A S

emin

ar, New

Delhi: 1994.

3)L

eon Edel, Stuff of Sleep and D

reams, L

ondon: Chatto &

Windus,

1962.

Code: M

AL

1E1/4

Fw.- F

. ae

-bmf

w ˛ `mj

bpw k

mln-X

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B -B

Jym-\

imk

vXw

(Narratology)

hmb

vsam-g

n-bmb

pw hc-sam-g

n-bmb

pw At\

Iw I

Y-\

kº

Zm-

b-ß

ƒ I

mem-I

m-e-ß

-fn¬

te

mIw a

pgp-h

≥ ]

N-cn®

psI

m-≠n-c

n-

°p-∂

p. Ip´

n-°-h

n-X-I

fpw I

pdp-¶

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Ifpw a

pX¬

]pc

m-tW

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lm-k

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sc F

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sf c

≠mb

n Xnc

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BJ

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n¬ I

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ne L

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pw.

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t∏

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pw ASp-

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nb ]

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v A\

p--h

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i-

b-ß

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th

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n¬ k

wth

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w sN

øm≥

k

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h√

tt∏

m-gpw a

mXta B

Jym-\

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vØmc

n ˛ hc-

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n h

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v N

n¥n°

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p. F

∂m¬

, \

Ωps

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Poh

nXw

BJ

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n-°n-S

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v. F

¥mW

v

BJ

ym\w, A

hb

v°v a

d-dp≈

cN

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p≈ h

yXymk

w

F¥

v? F¥

p-sI

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v Ah

\sΩ

IqS

pX¬

kzm[

o-\n-°

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ohn-X

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p≈ ]

m-[m\

yw F¥

v?

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ƒ ]

h¿Ø

n-°p-∂

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ßs\

? -˛ CØ

cw t

NmZ

y-

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°v a

dp-]

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s≠

-Øm-\

p≈ i

a-Ø

n¬, B

Jym-\

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‚

4544

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

BJ

ym-\-Ø

n-\m-h

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mb L

S-I

-ßƒ

h

nh-c-W

w, IY

m-

]mX

-ßfps

S N

n¥-I

ƒ, k

w`m-j

-Ww, k

w`h

kwK

-ß-

ßƒ

, I

Ym-]

mXN

n-Xo-I

-c-W

w, Hfn-™

p-tI

ƒ°

p∂

kw`

m-j-W

-ßƒ

, IØ

p-Iƒ

,]

Xte

J-\

-ßƒ

, Ip‰

-k-

Ω-X

-ßƒ

˛ ]ta-b

w, CX

n-hr-Ø

w, ]›

m-Ø-e

w, kzc

-

hy-X

n-bm-\

w, mj

, ssi

en

Inb

, A\

y-m]-tZ-i

w, aq¿

≤-

\ym-h

-ÿ, \

mS-I

ob h

ymtP

m-‡n, I

Ym-`

m-Kw, k

w`-h

w,

N´-°

q-Sv, I

Y, D

]-I

-YI

ƒ

ho£

-W-tI

m-Ww, ]

Xn-c

q-

]m-fl

-I-X

, ]mT

w, Ime

w, i_

vZw ˛

kl

m-bI

KŸ

-ßƒ

:

1)s]

m^-k

¿ ]

n. i¶

c≥

\-º

ym¿, ]

ÿm-\

-Xb

w,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: amX

r-`q-a

n, 1942.

2)F

w. ]n. t

]mƒ

, t\

mh-¬

kml

n-Xyw, t

Im´

bw:

Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1990 (1930).

3)sI

. Fw. U

m\n-b

¬, I

em-Z

¿i

-\w, t

Im´

bw;

Fk

v]n-k

n-Fk

v, 1969.

4)W

ayane C. B

ooth, Th

e Rh

etoric of Fiction

, London:

The U

niversity of Chicago P

ress, 1983 (1961).

5)C

hatman, S

., Story and

Discou

rse: Nararative Stru

cture in

Fiction

and

Film

, London: C

ornel University P

ress, 1978.

bqW

n-‰v 4B

Jym-\

-ßƒ

˛

hmb

vsa-mg

n-bne

pw h

a-sam-g

n-bne

pw ˛

b£

n˛-K-‘

¿∆

-I-Y

-Iƒ

, anØ

p-Iƒ

, sI

´p-I

-Y-I

ƒ ˛

Bb

n-c-sØ

m∂p c

mhp-I

ƒ B

bn-c

-sØ

m∂p ]

I¬

°-

Y-I

ƒ ˛ A

ao¿

lw-k

-°-Y

-Iƒ

˛ Cu I

Y-I

fps

S a

m\-

kn-I

m-]-K

-Y\

kao-]

\w

tI

man-°

p-Iƒ

l

mky-I

-Y-

Iƒ

˛

lmk

y-I-Y

-I-fps

S B

Jym-\

-L-S-\

˛ N

nX-I

-Y-

Ifps

S B

Jym-\

-L-S\

˛

P\

-]n-b

-t\

m-h¬

˛

cq]

w,

`mh

w, LS\

˛ tdU

ntb

m BJ

y-\-ß

ƒ ˛ s

Se

n-hn-j

≥

koc

n-b-e

p-Iƒ

˛

Ne

-®n-X

mJym\

-ßƒ

˛

kn\

na Hcp

am≤

yaw

F∂

\

neb

n¬ ˛

BJ

ym-\-ß

fpw

]X

n-Zn-\

-

Po-h

nXh

pw ˛

4)P

aul Cobley, N

arrative, London: R

outledge, 2013.

5)A

Group of W

riters, Ram

ayan M

ahab

harata an

d B

hagavata

Writers, N

ew D

elhi: Publication D

ivision, Governm

ent ofIndia,1990. .

bqW

n-‰v 2B

Jym-\

-c-N

-\-I

-fps

S X

mØzn-I

-]m-[

m\yw ˛

XmØ

zn-I-∑

m¿ ˛ B

Jy-\

-ß-sf-°

p-dn®

v Acn-t

Ãm-´

n¬˛

hvfU

n-a¿ t

]m∏

ns‚

\mt

Sm-S

n°Y

Ifps

S

cq]

-hn⁄

m\ob

w ˛

aoI

v_me

ns‚

IY

/ ]mT

w / sI

´p-I

Y ˛

kna

q¿ N

m‰vams

‚ I

Yb

pw kwh

m-Zh

pw ˛

In-Ã

-^¿ _

p°-dps

S A

Snÿ

m-\-]

-c-amb

Ggv C

Xn-h

r-

Ø-ß

ƒ˛ k

wkvI

r-Øns

e \

h-c-k

-kn≤

m-¥h

pw ]ta-

b-]

-cn-a

n-Xnb

pw ˛

kl

m-bI

KŸ

-ßƒ

:

1)T. S

. Dorsch (T

raslated with A

n Introdution) Classical L

iteraryC

riticism, E

ngland: Penguin B

ooks, 1969 (1965).

(Aristotle: O

n the Art of P

oetry; Horace: O

n the Art of P

oetry;

Longinus: O

n the Sublim

e)

2)A

rthur Asa B

erger, Narrative in

Pop

ular C

ultu

re, Med

ia, and

Everyd

ay Life, N

ew D

elhi: Sage P

ublications, 1997.

3)C

hristopher Booker, T

he S

even B

asic Plots - W

hy w

e tellstories, L

ondon: Continum

, 2004.

4)G

orky / Mayakovsky / A

lexei Tolstoy / Fedin, O

n T

he A

rt and

Craft of W

riting, M

osco: Progress P

ublishers, 1972.

5)th

Z-_

-‘p, c

k-`m-c

-Xn, X

riq¿

: tI

cf k

mlnX

y

A°

m-Z-an, 1985.

bqW

n-‰v 3B

Jym\

-Øns

‚ k

¿§m-fl

-I-]

-In-b

K

oXw, K

oX-I

w,

kzK

-Xm-J

ym\w ˛ `

mh-Ko-X

n, Jfi

-Im-h

yw, ]pc

m-Ww,

CX

n-lm-k

w ˛

BJ

y-m\-Ø

ns‚

k

hn-t

i-j

X-I

ƒ ˛

4746

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

2)A

Group of W

riters, Aesth

eticians, N

ew D

elhi: Publication

Division, G

overnment of India, 1990 (1983).

3)A

Group of W

riters, Asp

ects of Ind

ian M

usic, N

ew D

elhi:P

ublication Division, G

overnment of India, 2006.

4)V

. K. N

arayana Menon, L

angu

age of Mu

sic, New

Delhi:

Publicaiton D

ivision, Govt. of India, 1994.

5)R

obert Phillips (E

d.), Asp

ects of Alice, G

reat Britain: P

enguinB

ooks, 1974 (1971).

kl

m-bI

KŸ

-ßƒ

:

1)P

ierre Maranda (E

d.), Myth

ology, Great B

ritain: Penguin

Education, 1972.

2)D

avid Bianculli, T

eleliteracy - Tak

ing T

elevision S

eriously,

New

York: S

yracuse University P

ress, 2000.

3)N

ossrat Peseschkian M

.D., O

riental Stories as T

ools inP

sychoth

erapy, N

ew D

elhi: Sterling Publishers, 1985.

4)A

.D. P

usalker, Stud

ies in th

e Ep

ics and

Pu

ranas, B

ombay:

Bharatiya V

idya Bhavan, 1963 (1955).

5)G

halib Lakhnavi and A

bdullah Bilgram

i, (Tr.) M

usharraf Ali

Farooqi, T

he A

dven

tures of A

mir H

amza, N

ew Y

ork:T

he Modern L

ibrary, 2007.

6)Satyajit R

ay, Our F

ilms T

heir Film

s, Bom

bay: Orient L

ongman,

1976.

7)S

evanti Ninan, T

hrou

gh th

e Magic W

ind

ow – T

elevision an

dC

han

ge in In

dia, N

ew D

elhi: Penguin B

ooks, 1995.

8)D

. Bordw

ell, Narration

in th

e Fiction

Film

, London: M

ethuen,1985.

9)Hm¿

lm≥

]ma

p-Iv, (h

nh¿Ø

\w) B

¿. a

t\

mPv h

¿Ω

,

t\

mh-e

n-Ãns

‚ I

e, t

Im´

bw: U

n kn _

pIvk

v, 2013.

(Original title: T

he N

aive and

the S

entim

ental N

ovelist)

10)]

n. sI

. _me

-Ir-j

vW≥

, t\

mh¬

˛ kn-≤

nbpw k

m[-\

bpw,

tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1989 (1965).

bqW

n-‰v 5B

Jym-\

-ßƒ

˛ `mc

-Xo-b

-]m-c

-ºcyw ˛

]m›

m-Xy-]

m-cº

cyw

˛ N

nX-I

e,

kwK

o-Xw,

\mS

-Iw,

kn\

na ˛

kml

n-Xyh

pw C

X-c-I

-e-I

fpw

˛ C

h-b

nse

BJ

ym\-ß

-fps

S s

ImS

p-°¬

hmß

-ep-I

ƒ ˛ F

√m-°

-

e-I

fpw k

wKo-X

Øn-t

e°

v ˛

kl

m-bI

KŸ

-ßƒ

:

1)W

alter Pater, T

he R

enaissan

ce - Stud

ies in A

rt and

Poetry,

Great B

ritain: The F

ontana Library, 1967 ( M

acmillan F

irstP

ublished 1873).

4948

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

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w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

]cn-`

m-j-I

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qsS ae

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n-Isf ]

cn-N

-b-s∏

-Sp-Ø

p-∂-X

n¬ _

-

≤i

≤cm-b

n-cp-∂

p. sN

dp-I

-Y-b

psS t

emI

-\n-e

-hm-c

-sØ

-°p-d

n®pw

`mc

Xo-b

-\n-e

-hm-c

-sØ

--°p-d

n®w a

e-b

mfh

m-b-\

-°m¿

°pw F

gp-Ø

p-

Im¿

°pw k

mam-\

y-amb

Adnh

p e`n-®

p-sI

m-≠n-c

p-∂p. t

emI

-sN

-

dp-I

YI

fpw

`mc

-Xo-b

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fpw

ae

m-b-f-Ø

n¬ h

mbn°

mw

F∂

Ah

ÿ ]

cn-`

m-j-I

-fn-e

qsS C

∂p k

w`-h

n®nc

n-°p-∂

p.

ae

bmf

-sN

-dp-I

-Y-b

psS h

nIm-k

-]-cn-W

m-a-ß

ƒ \

ncq-]

-W-_

p-

≤n-tb

msS A

-dn-b

p-I; s

Ndp-I

-Y-b

n¬ k

w-h

n® ]

cn-W

m-a-ß

-sfb

pw

]co-£

-W-ß

-sfb

pw IY

-Ifne

qsS t

\cnv a

\-

n-em-°

p-I; ]

pXnb

Fgp-Ø

p-Im-s

c-t∏

mepw B

I¿j

n®p \

ndp-Ø

p∂ I

Y-b

psS a

mkva-

cn-I

LS-I

-ßsf°

p-dn®

v \nc

o-£-W

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m-[tØ

msS I

s≠

-Øp-

I; ]

pXnb

At\

z-j-W

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°pw K

th

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°pw X

ncn-

bm≥

]

m]vX

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pI ˛

CsX

m-s°

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v I

Ym-]

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w sI

m≠v

e£

y-am-°

p-∂--Xv.

bqW

-n‰v 1]

m›m-X

y-sN

-dp-I

-Y-b

psS k

zm-[o\

w ˛

B\

p-Im-e

n-I-]

-kn-≤

o-I-c-W

-ß-fps

S ]

Nm-c

Ww ˛

sN

dp-I

Y: ]

ta-b

w, CX

n-hr-Ø

w, IY

m-]m-X

w, Img

vN-

∏m-S

v, ]›

m-Ø-e

w, A¥

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w, `mj

, ssi

en, k

zcw˛

BZy-I

m-e-I

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S s

]mX

p-kz-`

mhw ˛

]sØ

m-ºX

mw \q‰

m-≠ns

‚ A

¥y-Z

-i-I

hpw C

cp-]

Xmw

\q‰

m-≠ns

‚ B

Zy-Z

-i-I

-ßfpw ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

IY

-sb

m-∂p-a

√ ˛ t

hß

bn¬

Ip™

n-cm-a

≥\

mb-\

m¿

tP

y-jvT-Ø

n -AΩ

-bps

S B

`-c-W

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˛ aq¿

t°

mØv I

pam-c

≥

Hcp \

ofw-I

p-d™

IØ

v˛ kn. F

kv. t

Km]

m-e-∏

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¿

Iq\

n-bps

S N

nIn’

˛ sI

. kpI

p-am-c

≥

kq]

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‚ s

sI

°qe

n˛ C. h

n. Irj

vW-]

n≈

Code: M

AL

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Fw. F

. ae

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w ˛ `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

C -I

Ym-k

m-lnX

yw(F

iction)

]m›

m-Xy-k

m-ln-X

y-Øns

‚ ]

tN

m-Z-\

hpw k

zm-[o-\

hpw D

ƒ-

s°

m-≠

v h

nImk

w ]

m]

n® ae

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fcp-I

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]tX

y-In®

v, CwK

vf≠

v, Ata-

cn°

˛ F∂

n-hn-S

-ß-fn¬

t\

mh¬

]ma

pJyw t

\Sp-I

bpw s

N-dp-

IY

]n¥

≈s∏

-Sp-I

bpw s

Nø

p-tº

mgpw a

e-b

m-f-Ø

n¬ s

Ndp-I

-

Ym-]

-ÿm\

w ]q¿

∆m-[

nIw i

vIX

n-]m]

n-®p-s

Im-≠

n-cn-°

p-∂p.

ae

-bm-f

-Øns

e B

\p-I

m-en-I

-ß-fps

S A

`q-X

-]q¿

∆-amb

hf¿®

sN

dp-I

-Y-b

psS h

f¿-®

bv°

pw hnI

m-k-Ø

n\pw I

mc-W

-am-

bn. C

c-]

Xmw \

q‰-≠

ns‚

Bcw-`

-tØ

msS A

t\

Iw B

\p-I

m-en-

I-ß

ƒ ]

kn-≤

o-Ir-X

-am-b

n. sN

dp-I

-Y-b

v°p-t

h≠

n amX

w Nne

]k

nkn-≤

o-I-c-W

-ß-fp≠

m-bn. t

\mh

-ens

‚ A

Xni

‡-amb

X≈

n-

°-b

‰h

pw k

zm[o-\

hpw

kw`

-hn-®

n´pw

ae

-bm-f

-sN

-dp-I

-Yb

v°v

Xf¿®

kw`

-hn®

n√. a

mmX-a-√

, IqS

pX¬

i‡

-ntb

msS ]

N-cn-

°p-I

bpw ]

pXnb

Fgp-Ø

p-Im¿

sN

dp-I

-Y-b

n¬ k

z¥w c

q]-ß

ƒ

Is≠

Øn

]co-£

n-°p-I

bpw

sN

øp-∂

p. a‰p

]ÿ

m-\-ß

sf

At]

-£n®

v ae

-bm-f

-Øn¬

sN

dp-I

Y ]

m[m\

yw t\

Sn h

f-cm≥

]e

Imc

-W-ß

-fp-a

p-≠v. B

Zy-I

mew a

pX¬

Xs∂

CwK

vfoj

v Adn-

bp∂

Fgp-Ø

p-Im¿

]m›

m-Xy-k

m-lnX

yØns

e s

Ndp-I

-Y-I

fpw

lnµ

n Adn-b

p-∂-h

¿ `

mc-X

ob k

mln-X

y-Øns

e s

Ndp-I

-Y-I

fpw

5150

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

sh

fp-Ø

-Ip´

n˛

Ddq_

v

tN

me-a-c-ß

ƒ ˛ ]

m¬°

p-f-ß

c s

I. k

ck

zXnb

Ω

Kpc

p-Z-£

nW ˛ s

I. F

kv. a

Wn

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)P

n.- F≥

. ]W

n-°¿, s

Ndp-I

Y (`

mKw H

∂v), B

[p-\

nIae

-

bm-f

-km-l

n-Xy-N

-cnX

w ]

ÿm-\

-ß-fn-e

qsS, (P

\-d¬

FU

n-

‰¿)

tU

m. sI

. F

w. tP

m¿P

v, tI

m´b

w: U

n. k

n. _

pIvk

v,

1998.

2)tU

m. Fw. F

w. _j

o¿, a

e-b

m-f-sN

-dp-I

-Ym-k

m-ln-X

yN-cnX

w

(1950 hsc), X

riq¿

: tI

cf k

mln-X

y- A-°

-Zan, 2002.

3)F

w. Sn. h

mkp-t

Z-h

≥ \

mb¿, I

mYn-I

s‚

]W

n-∏p-c

, Xri

q¿:

Id‚

v _pI

vkv, 1963.

4)F

w. Sn.

hmk

p-tZ-h

≥ \

mb¿,

ImY

nIs‚

I

e,

tI

m´b

w:

Un. k

n.- _p-I

vkv, 1984.

5)k

ao-£

, Imc

q-cns

‚ I

Y-te

m-Iw, t

Im´

bw: F

≥_

n-F-k

v,

1968.

6)sI

. ]

n. i

in-[

-c≥

, tI

i-h

-tZ-h

v, \

yqU¬

ln:

kml

nXy

A°

m-Z-an, 1995.

7)F

kv.

]n.

cta-i

v, I

mcq¿

\

oe-I

-WvT-∏

n-≈,

\yqU

¬l

n:

kml

nXy A

°m-Z

-an, 2009.

8)]

n. sI

. tKm]

m-e-I

r-jvW

≥, ]

ptcm-K

-a-\

-km-l

n-Xy-]

-ÿm\

w

˛ \ng

epw s

hfn-®

-hpw, X

riq¿

: tI

cf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an,

1987.

9)C

. Fw. F

kv. \

ºq-X

n-c-∏

m-Sv, \

th

m-∞m-\

hpw a

e-b

m-f-k

m-

ln-X

y-hpw, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: tZi

m-n-a

m\n _

p°v l

uk

v, 1990.

10)Paul C

obley, Narrative, L

ondon: Routledge, 2013.

bqW

-n‰v 3A

º-X

p-I-fps

S B

cw-

-tØ

msS s

sh

Im-c

nI I

Y-I

ƒ˛

sN

dp-I

Y

mh-KoX

w t]

mse

I

Yb

v°v s

sI

h∂

mh

-

km-µ

X ˛

a\

pw

a\

- ns

‚ X

oh-k

w-L-´-\

-]co-

£W

ßfpw

˛ k

aq-l

-Øn¬

\n∂

v k

z¥w

a\

- ns

‚

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)s]

m^. F

w. F≥

. hnP

-b≥

(P-\

-d¬

FU

n-‰¿),

IY

-bps

S \

q‰m≠

v (H

∂pw

c≠

pw h

mfyß

ƒ),

tI

m´b

w:

Fk

v.]n.-k

n.-F-k

v., 2000.

2)F

w. ]n. t

]mƒ

, sN

dp-I

-Ym-]

-ÿm-\

w, tI

m´b

w:

F≥

-_n-F

-kv, 1932.

3)F

w. AN

yp-X≥

, sN

dp-I

Y C

∂se

C∂

v, tI

m´b

w:

Fk

v-]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1973.

4)F

≥. ]

`m-I

-c≥

, IY

tX

Sp∂

IY

, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: aƒ

_-dn,

1991.

5)h

n.- cm-P

-Ir-j

vW≥

, sN

dp-I

-Y-b

psS O

µ

v, tI

m´b

w: Un.

kn. _

pIvk

v, 1997.

6)W

ayane C. B

ooth, Th

e Rh

etoric of Fiction

, London: T

he Uni-

versity of Chicago P

ress, 1983 (1961).

bqW

-n‰v 2a

e-b

m-f-sN

-dp-I

-Y-b

psS k

ph¿Æ

-Zi

I

Y b

mYmX

Yy-

Øns

‚ a

pJ-ap-Z

-Iƒ

˛ kX

y-ßsf X

pd∂

p ImW

n-°p-

hm\

pw hna

¿i

n-°p-h

m\pa

p≈ I

Ym-I

r-Øp-°

-fps

S [

oc-

amb

k

ao-]

\w

˛ k

maq-l

n-Ih

pw cmj

vSo-b

-hp-a

mb

A¥

¿≤

m-c-I

ƒ ˛

]pt

cm-K

-a-\

-km-l

n-Xy-N

n-¥-I

ƒ ˛

Ph

¬k

m-ln-X

y-kw-L

-S-\

]

ptcm-K

-a-\

-km-l

n-Xy-k

w-L-

S-\

˛ Ie

Ie

-bv°

p-th

≠n ˛ I

e P

ohn-Ø

n-\p t

h≠

n

˛ Fgp-Ø

p-Im-c

s‚

ho£

Ww k

m¿∆

-eu-I

n-I-am-I

Ww˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

-w)

_

p-bmX

˛ tI

i-h

-tZh

v

sh

-fp-Ø

-Ip™

v˛ X

Ign i

nh-i

-¶-c-∏

n≈

H´I

w˛ F

kv. s

I. s

]m‰

-°m´

v

tamX

ncw

˛ Imc

q¿ \

oe-I

-WvT-∏

n≈

a\

p-jy-]

pXn

˛e

fn-X

mw-_nI

A¥

¿÷

\w

\ne

m-hp-I

m-Wp-t

ºmƒ

˛ssh

°w a

pl-Ω

-Zv_

-jo¿

i_

vZn-°

p-∂ I

e∏

˛s]

m≥I

p∂w h

¿°

n

5352

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

9)P

ercy Lubbock, T

he C

raft of Fiction

, Bom

bay: B I P

ublishers,1979 (1954).

10)M

argaret Lucke, W

riting G

reat Sh

ort Stories, New

York:

McG

raw-H

ill, 1998.

bqW

-n‰v 4\

ho-\

-X (t

am-t

U-W

n-kw) ˛ \

ho-\

X h

∂-h

-gn-I

ƒ ˛

tamt

Um-W

nkØ

ns‚

]cn-t

]£

yw ˛ \h

o-\-I

Y ˛

Fgp-Ø

p-Im¿

hmb

-\-°

-sc-°

p-dn®

v hymI

p-e-s∏

-Sp-∂

n√˛

hy‡

-K-X

-a-√

mØ, c

q]-]

-c-amb

k¶

-ev]

-ßƒ

˛

Ass]

Xr-I

hpw h

ntam-N

-\-]

-c-h

p-amb

am‰

w ˛

ITn-\

hpw ]

cp-°

\p-a

mb `

mj ˛

cq]

-L-S-\

-bn-e

q-sS-b

p≈ i

nev]

-hn-I

mkw ˛

cq]

hpw `

mhh

pw XΩ

n¬ _

‘-an-√

˛

hk

vXp-X

-I-fps

S k

a-\

z-bw,

_nw_

m-h-e

n-I-fps

S k

wtb

m-P\

w ˛ IrX

n-Iƒ

ssP

h-

cq-]

-ßƒ

˛ aqe

yNn¥

-bn-e

pw Ie

m-]-c-amb

cq]

-ine

v]-

Øne

pw kwL

¿j

w ˛ IY

˛ Hcp k

whmZ

w ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

-w)

ioN

Iw

˛ Im°

-\m-S

≥

cm[

cm[

amX

w˛ F

w. apI

p-µ≥

Hcn-S

Øv

˛ k°

-dnb

I≈

≥˛ F

w. ]n. \

mcm-b

-W-]

n≈

acn-®

n-ń√

mØ-h

-cps

S k

vamc

-I-ß

ƒ

˛ Fw. k

pIp-a

m-c≥

Xnc

pØv

˛ F≥

. Fk

v. am[

-h≥

apS

n-sØ

øw D

d-b

p∂p

˛ kmd

m tP

mk^

v

tKmh

¿[

-\≥

˛ B\

µv

kwK

oXw H

cp k

a-b

-I-e

-bmW

v

˛ taX

n¬ c

m[m-I

r-jvW

≥

tN

e-°

-c-b

psS A

Xo-X

-kz-]

v\-ß

ƒ

˛ sI

. ]n. \

n¿Ω

¬I

p-am¿

D≈

-d-I

-fn-t

e-°

v˛ `mj

-bne

pw ssi

en-b

nepw h

∂ a

m‰-

ßƒ

B

Jym-\

-ß-fn¬

h∂

am‰

w t

_m-[

-[mc

mkº

-

Zmb

w ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

-w)

aJ

≥k

nßns

‚ a

cW

w˛ S

n. ]fl

-\m-`

≥

Ccp-´

ns‚

Bfl

mhv

˛F

w. Sn. h

mkp-t

Z-h

≥\

mb¿

kvt\

l-Ø

ns‚

im≤

w-˛ H

. hn. h

nP-b

≥

Ih

n-bps

S a

cW

w˛ h

n. sI

. -F≥

.

Ie

ymWn

˛am[

-hn-°

pń

Bfl

-lX

y˛ c

mP-e

£van

\ns

‚ I

Y (F

s‚

bpw)

˛ F≥

. taml

-\≥

hmk

v-Xp-l

mc˛

kn. h

n. ioc

m-a≥

Gb

v©¬

˛ KuX

-a≥

aq∂

m-a-sX

m-cmƒ

˛ ap≠

q¿ I

rjvW

≥I

pń

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)sI

. ]n. A

∏≥

, IY

˛ BJ

ym-\h

pw A\

p`-h

-k-Ø

bpw,

tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1999.

2)tU

m. Fw. F

w. _j

o¿, a

e-b

mf s

Ndp-I

-Ym-k

m-ln-X

y

N-cn-X

w (1950-˛2007),

Xri

q¿: tI

cf k

mlnX

y A

°m-Z

-an,

2008.

3)(H

cp I

q´w F

gp-Ø

p-Im¿

) cmP

-e£

van F

∂

Fgp-Ø

p-Im-c

n, Fd-W

m-Ipf

w: kn-s

F-k

n-kn, 1966.

4)F

w.-F≥

. hnP

-b≥

, acp-

q-an-I

ƒ ]

q°p-t

ºmƒ

, Imk

¿tKmU

v:

Ie

m-t£

-Xw, 1993.

5)KuX

-a≥

, KuX

-as‚

]i

-kvX

-I-Y

-Iƒ

, Xr»

n-h-t]

-cq¿

:

]k

m-[-\

]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 2014.

6)F

w. tX

mak

v amX

yp, Bfl

m-hn-s

‚ a

pdn-h

p-Iƒ

, Xri

q¿: A

¶-

Ww, 1998.

7)I

f¿tI

mSv h

mkp-t

Z-h

≥\

mb¿, X

cn-i

p-\n-e

-Øns

‚ I

Y-I

ƒ,

tI

m´b

w: F≥

_n-F

-kv, 1974.

8)ch

n-i-¶

¿, F

kv.\

mb¿, l

m-ky-Ø

ns‚

ck

-X¥

w ˛

hn.-s

I.-F

-∂ns

‚ l

mky-k

m-ln-X

yw, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf

`mj

m C≥

kv‰n-‰

yq´v, 2011.

5554

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

D≈

n-Øo-b

epw H

º-X

ns‚

]´n-I

bpw

˛ ]nb

F. F

kv.

t\

mh¬

kwK

lw

˛ kp`

mjvN

µ≥

Dº

¿t´m F

t°

m˛

_n. a

pcfn

NX

p-cw-K

hpw k

vXo-I

fpw

˛A

ti

m-I≥

Ncp-h

n¬

\oe

-°p-X

n-c-b

psS a

\

v˛

]n. k

ptc-µ

≥

Fk

vt°

m-_m¿

˛h

’-e

≥ h

mXp-t

»cn

sN

‰˛

Cµ

p-ta-t\

m≥

tX

mSn-\

-∏pd

w ]d-º

-\n-∏

pdw

˛DÆ

n B¿.

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)F

w. apI

p-µ≥

, B[

p-\n-I

X C

s∂

-hns

S? t

Img

n-t°

mSv:

He

n-hv, 2010.

2)Sn. B

¿., N

nX-I

-eb

pw sN

dp-I

-Y-b

pw, tI

m´b

w:

Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1985.

3)P

n. a[

p-kq-Z

\≥

, IY

bpw ]

cn-ÿ

n-Xnb

pw, Xri

q¿:

Id‚

v _pI

vkv, 2000.

4)tU

m. Fw. F

w. _j

o¿, s

Ndp-I

Y F

gp-X

p-tº

mƒ, X

riq¿

:

kml

nXy A

°m-Z

-an, 2014.

5)F

w. sI

. lcn-I

p-am¿

, IY

B

[p-\

n-I-X

-bv°

p-ti

-jw, X

ncp-

h-\

-¥-]

pcw: ]

`m-X

v, 2000.

6)tU

m. an\

n ]k

m-Zv, a

e-b

m-f-Ø

ns‚

A\

-iz-c

-I-Y

-Iƒ

]T-\

-ßƒ

, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: amX

r-`q-a

n, 2012.

7)R

obert Taubman (ed.), T

he P

engu

in B

ook of M

odern

Eu

ropean

Sh

ort Stories, Great B

ritain: Penguin B

ooks, 1969.

8)Irving H

owe (ed.), L

eterary Mod

ernism

, New

York: A

Faw

cettP

remier B

ook, 1967.

9)W

. Som

erset Maugham

, Th

e Su

mm

ingu

p, G

reat Britain: P

en-guin B

ooks, 1969 (1938).

10)Sylvan B

arnet and William

E. C

ain, A S

hort G

uid

e to Writin

gab

out L

iterature, N

ew D

elhi: Pearson E

ducation, 2006.

kl

mbI

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)tU

m. U

n. _

-©-an≥

, sN

dp-I

Y (`

mKw

c≠

v), B

[p-\

nI

ae

-bm-f

-km-l

n-Xy-N

-cnX

w ˛ ]ÿ

m-\-ß

-fn-e

qsS, (P

\-d¬

FU

n-‰¿) t

Um. s

I. F

w. tPm¿

Pv, t

Im´

bw: U

n. kn. _

pIvk

v,

1998.

2)tU

m. Fw. F

w. _j

o¿, a

e-b

m-f-sN

-dp-I

-Ym-k

m-ln-X

y-N-cnX

w

(1950 ˛ 2007), Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mln-X

y- A-°

-Zan, 2008.

3)F

w. apI

p-µ≥

, F¥

mWv B

[p-\

n-IX

?, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v:

]q¿

W ]

_vfn-t

°j

≥k

v, 2006 (1976).

4)tU

m. h’

-e≥

hmX

p-t»

-cn, I

Yb

pw m‚

-knb

pw, tI

m´b

w:

Id≥

dv _

pIvk

v, 2004.

5)tU

m. B¿. h

n. Fw. Z

nhm-I

-c≥

, IY

bpw X

nc-°

-Yb

pw,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: He

o-hv, 2005.

6)sI

. F

kv.

ch

n-Ip-a

m¿,

IY

bpw

`mh

p-I-X

z-]-cn-W

m-a-h

pw,

tI

m´b

w: Id‚

v _pI

vkv, 2001.

7)]

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9)T

heodore Goodm

an, Th

e Writin

g of Fiction

, New

York:

Collier B

ooks, 1961.

10)Frank A. D

ickson and Sandra Smythe (E

d.), Handbook of Short

Story Writin

g, Cincinati: W

riters Digest B

ooks, 1970.

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7G

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cocriticism, L


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luk

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w, k

n≤m¥

w, k

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12)K

roeber Karal, E

cologically literary Criticism

Rom

antic

Imagin

g and

the B

iology of Min

d, C

olumbia U

niversity Press,

2003.

13)C

heryll, Glofelty, H

arold fromm

(ed.), The E

co Criticism

Reader,

2005.

14)Fill, A

lwin &

Peter Muhlhausler (ed), T

he Eco-linguistics reader,

London: C

ontinunm, 2004.

15)P

atricia Hill C

ollins, Black

Fem

inist T

hou

ght, N

ew Y

ork:R

outledge, First India R

eprint 2012 (2000).

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v, 2000.

2)tU

m. -Fw. -F

w. -_-j

o¿, B

Zy-I

mek

vXoI

-Y-I

ƒ,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: en]

n ]_

v-fn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 2010 (2004).

3)-k

-®n-Z

m-\-µ

≥, a

pSns

Ø-ø

-ßƒ

- (]T\

w), ]m]

-Ød,

kmd

tP

mk-^

v, Xri

q¿: I

d‚

v _pI

vkv, 1996 (]

pdw 47

50).

4)sI

.- B¿. k

PnX

, ]pX

p-c-N

-\-b

nse

s]

¨h

¿Ø

-am-\

-ßƒ

,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

p-cw: ]

-cn-[

n ]-ª

n-t°

-j≥

-kv, 2012, (]

p-dw 48-56).

5)P

n. -D-j

m-Ip-a

mcn, ]

pXp-a

-jn-t

X-Sp∂

s]

¨I

-hnX

,

DS¬

H-cp s

\-b

v-Øv˛ k

w-kv-I

m-c-Ø

n-s‚

kv-X

o-hm-b

\,

tI

m-´b

w: F≥

-_n-F

-kv, 2014 (]

p-dw, 75˛85).

6)sI

. imc

-Zm-a

-Wn, k

vXo k

vXoh

m-Zw k

vXoh

n-tam-N

-\w,

tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1999.

6362

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

9)sI

.- kn. -]

p-cp-t

jm-Ø

-a≥

, ZfnX

v kml

n-Xy-]

-ÿm-\

w,

tI

c-f -k

m-lnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 2008.

10)tU

m.- Ip-a

m-c≥

ssh

te

-cn, Z

fn-X

s‚

t\

mhpw \

n\h

pw

\mS

≥]

m-´p-I

-fn¬

, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: ]m∏

n-tb

m¨, 2003.

11)k

t¥

m-jv, H

. -sI

., Xnc

-kvI

r-X-cps

S c

N\

m`q]

-Sw,

ssaX

n _pI

vkv, 2010.

12)F

w.- A-`n-e

m-jv, Z

fnX

v kzX

zw cmj

vSob

w ae

-bmf

Ih

n-X-b

n¬, e

nJnX

w _pI

vkv, 2012.

13)U

n.- B¿. -\

m-K-cm-P

v/ ]n. -F

-kv. -a

-t\

m-PvI

p-am¿

, Pze

n-°p∂

]mZ

-ßƒ

, amt

h-e

n-°c: t

^_

n-b≥

_pI

vkv, 2008.

14)I

p∂p-I

pgn F

kv.- a

-Wn / ]

n. -F-k

v. -A-\

n-cp-≤

≥,

al

mflm A

ø≥

Im-f

n, tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 2013.

15)tU

m. -Fw. -_

n. -a-t\

m-Pv (F

Un-‰

¿), B

Jym-\

w, km∂

n-≤yw,

kuµ

-cyw, t

Img

n-t°

mSv: h

nZym¿

∞n ]

ªn-t

°-j

≥, 2013.

16)]

n.- ]n. -c

-ho-µ

≥, C

S-s]

-S-e

p-Iƒ

, tI

m´b

w: Un.-k

n.-_p-I

vkv,

1997.

17)K

. Satya N

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The E

xercise of Freedom

- An Inroduction To D

alit writing,

Navayana, 2013.

18)M

alayalam L

iterary Survey, Dalit literature in M

alayalam, K

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19)K

. M. S

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ith Thum

bs, Pushpam

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20)M

. B. M

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. Alex (E

d.), Writin

g In th

e Dark

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A collection

of Malayalam

Dalit P

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K, 2008.

21)D

r. Susi Tharu, D

r.Satya Narayana (ed.), N

o Alphabets in sight-

An A

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Dalit W

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22)D

r. M. D

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rathibha / Dr. C

. S. C

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Dr. P

radeepan Pam

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n A

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alayalam D

alit Writin

g, Oxford India, 2011.

(Ih

n-X)

1)A

∂w s

Ndp-I

n-fn˛ \

mS≥

]m´

v

2)F

s‚

hwi

-sØ

-∏-‰n- ˛ s

]mb

vI-b

n¬ A

∏-®

≥

(ISp-Ø

p-cpØ

n: k-a-\

z-bw _

p-Iv-k

v, 1999.)

3)]

W-b

-]q¿

∆w˛ P

n. -i-i

n -a-[

p-c-th

en

4)A

Ω H

cp I

mev]

-\nI

Ih

n-X-b

-√˛ h

nPne

Nnd

-∏mS

v

5)Hm¿

-a-]

m-v N

-cn-X

-tc-J

Iƒ

, k-am-l

-cW

w: hn.h

n. kzma

n,

C.h

n. A-\

n¬-I

p-am¿

, Xn-c

ph√

: B-Zn-b

¿-Zo-]

w

]-ª

n-t°

-j≥

-kv, 2010 (]

p-dw 158˛159).

(IY

-Iƒ

)

1)t]

X-`m-j

Ww ˛ k

n.- A-ø

-∏≥

2)tX

≥h

-cn-°

˛ \mc

m-b≥

3)I

dp-Ø

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n-iv ˛ ]

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kl

m-b-I

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ko-k

v X-cph

-W, h

-b-\

m-S≥

c-m-a

m-bW

w, tI

m-gn-t

°mS

v:

am-X

r-`q-a

n, 2011.

2)]

Zo-]

≥ ]

mºn-c

n-°p-∂

v, ZfnX

v kuµ

-cy-i

m-kvX

w,

tI

m´b

w: Un. -k

n. _pI

vkv, 2011.

3)sI

. sI

. _m-_

p-cm-P

v, as‰mc

p Poh

nXw k

m≤y-a

m-Wv,

k_

vPI

vSv &

emwt

KzP

v ]

v, 2008.

4)sI

.- sI

. -sI

m-®v, _

p≤-\

n-te

-°p≈

Zqc

w, tI

m´b

w:

Un. -k

n. _pI

vkv, 2011.

5)sI

.- Fw. -k

-eow-I

p-am¿

, s\

Kn-‰

yq-Uv, t

Im´

bw:

Un. -k

n. _pI

vkv, 2011.

6)sI

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-in, A

Xn-I

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ƒ k

n≤m-¥

w hna

¿i

-\w

kn\

n-a, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: ]cn[

n ]ª

n-t°

-j≥

kv, 2012.

7)A

wt_

-Zv°

¿, H

cp ]

_p≤

C¥

y-°mb

n sK

bv¬

Hmw s

hØ

v, at\

m-c-a-˛-s

]≥

Kzn≥

, 2010.

8)sKb

v¬ H

mw sh

Øv, Z

fnX

v Nn¥

-Iƒ

, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v:

amX

r-`qa

n _pI

vkv, 2010.

6564

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. ae

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w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

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w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

10)h

na≥

_ns

l≥

Uv a

qho-I

ym-a-d ˛ K

oY

(IqS

p-X¬

Img

vN°

:v)

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n (-tj

m¿´v^

n-enw) -˛-A

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≥

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m¿ Z

ss^

\¬

ÃKnƒ

˛

kn.i

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p-cmP

v

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n Hu¿ ^

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qt]

jv I

pam¿

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anÃ

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p Ima

Øv

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mÃv Ã

ocn-t

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¿ (k

n-\n-a

) kw-h

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w : tU

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p

kl

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KŸ

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:

1)^

nen∏

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v ssa°

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emI

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v £

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rjn, h

nI-

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nI ]

cn-t

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yw \h

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tf-W

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b

pKØ

n¬,

(FU

n-‰¿am¿

: e

ntb

m ]

m\n-‰

n-jv,

tI

mfn≥

te

bvk

v), Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: N

n¥ -]

-ªn-t

°-j

≥k

v,

2012.

2)cW

-PnØ

v Kpl

, Nµ

m-bps

S a

cW

w, Iog

m-f-]

-T-\

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,

(FU

n-‰¿am¿

:

kqk

n X

mcp,

Fk

v.-k-R

vPoh

v), tI

m´-b

w:

Un.k

n. _p-I

v-kv, 2009, (]

p-dw, 145-˛177)

3)C

.- hn.- c

m-a-I

r-jvW

≥, k

vssX

Wm-\

p-h

hpw ]

pcp-j

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vSnb

pw

kml

n-Xy-Ø

n¬, h

m°ns

e k

aq-l

w, Un.k

n. _p-I

v-kv, 1999

(]pd

w 34-˛40).

4)tU

m.-F

w._

n.a-t\

mP

v, ]

n™n°

odn

]d-n™

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Sb

pw

tX

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n-b-h

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Sb

pw I

mhy-k

u-µ

cy]

≤X

n,

tZi

w tZi

n am¿K

w: k

ml

n-Xy-s

a∂

D]

m-Zm\

kma-K

n,

tI

m´b

w: ]m-∏

nd-k

v _p-I

v-kv, 2011 (]

pdw 142-˛174).

bqW

n‰v 5A

®-Sn, Z

riy˛i

hya

m[ya

ß-fns

e ]

cn-ÿ

nXn, k

vXo,

ZfnX

v A

S-b

m-f-s∏

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ƒ ˛

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≥sa‚

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sk

an-\

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ƒ, t

jm¿

vn-e

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Iƒ

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ƒ (a

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n-∏v, 2010 U

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‚v F

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cp Z

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m-K-h

pw, Xnc

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pcw: h

mg-h

´w k

mln-

Xy-I

q-´mb

va, 2009.

7)F

kv. -i

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]¨

hn-\

n-a-b

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, tI

m´b

w:

Un. -k

n. _pI

vkv, 2009.

8)sI

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p-cm-P

v, Ccp-´

nse

IÆ

m-Sn, t

Im´

bw:

Un. -k

n. _pI

vkv, 2011.

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Ah

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pIvk

v, 2009.

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cm-P

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dp-Ø

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sI

mbvØ

v, amX

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n BgvN

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n-∏v, 2013 U

nkw-_

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w 28-˛43.

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Philip G

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hort story (Critical Idiom

Series)

18.T

he Lonely V

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17.The N

ovel Today - (Ed.) M

alcolm B

radbury

18.The R

hetoric of Fiction - W

ayan Booth

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n-tI

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me-I

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36.Perspectives of F

iction - (Ed.) Jam

es L. C

olderwood

37.Modernism

/Post m

odernism (B

) Peter B

rooks

38.The A

rt of Fiction - Jam

es Henry

39.Narrative - A

Sem

inar - (Ed.) A

miya D

ev.

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T\

w, th

Wpt

Km]

me∏

Wn°

cps

S h

na¿-

i\

ßƒ

˛ sk

an\

m¿/A

ssk

≥sa‚

v/

t]

mPI

v‰v N

ne h

nj-b

-ßƒ

:

tI

cf]

mWn\

obw H

∂mw ]

Xn∏

n\v t

Icfh

¿Ω

he

nb

tI

mbnØ

ºpc

m≥ F

gpX

nb A

hX

mcnI

h

nh¿Ø

\w

sN

øpI

.

kl

mbI

KŸ

ßƒ

:

1)]

pXpt

»cn c

maN

µ≥

(kº

mZ\

hpw ]

T\

hpw),

tI

cf]

mWn\

obh

na¿i

w, X

ncp-h

-\¥

-]pc

w: tI

cf`mj

m

C≥

Ãn‰

yq´v, 1996.

2)P

n. I

ae

Ω, ae

bmf

`mj

bps

S A

Snt

hcpI

ƒ,

tI

m´b

w:

Id‚

v _pI

vkv, 1998.

3)k

mlnX

y]©

m\≥

]

n. sI

. \

mcmb

W]

n≈,

]tb

mK

-

Zo]

nI, X

riq¿

: tI

cfk

mlnX

y A°

mZan, 1996 (1935).

4)F

w.

ti

jK

ncn]

`p,

hymI

cW

anX

w,

Xri

q¿:

tI

cf-

kml

nXy A

°mZ

an, 1989.

5)tU

m. _m_

p sN

dnb

m≥, s

_©

an≥

s_

bve

n, tI

m´b

w:

Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 2009.

6)F

. B¿. c

mPcmP

h¿Ω

, (kº

mZ\

hpw ]

T\

hpw) ]

pXpt

»cn

cma

Nµ

≥tI

cf]

mWn\

obw (B

Zy]

Xn∏

v), Xri

q¿: t

Icf

kml

nXy A

°mZ

an, 1996.

7)F

. B

¿. cmP

cmP

h¿Ω

, tI

cf]

mWn\

obw

(iX

m_vZn∏

-

Xn∏

v), tI

m´b

w: Un.k

n. _pI

vkv, 1997.

8382

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Code: M

AL

2CO

7

Fw. F

. ae

-bmf

w ˛ `m-j

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

`mj

m-imk

vXw

(Linguistics)

hyX

ykvX

amb

D≈

S°

hpw

]tb

mK]

≤X

nIfpw

Bh

iy-

amb

`mj

m]T\

w, k

mlnX

y]T\

w F

∂o

c≠

v taJ

eI

ƒ

ASß

p∂X

mWv C

u t

Img

vkv. `

mjsb

bpw `

mjb

neqs

Sb

p≈

k¿Kmfl

Imh

njvI

mcß

sfb

pw hni

Ie

\]

camb

n ImW

m\pw

k¿Kk

r„nI

tfmS

p≈ k

z¥w

]X

nIcW

w `mj

mLS\

bps

S

ASnÿ

m\Ø

n¬ h

niZoI

cn°

m\pa

p≈ I

gnh

v hnZ

ym¿Y

nIfn¬

hf¿Ø

nsb

Sp°

pI F

∂X

v `mj

m˛k

ml

nXy]

T\

Øns

‚

][

m\e

£ya

mWv.

`mj

mimk

vXk

n≤m¥

ßƒ

, k

¶¬

]\

-

ßƒ

, ]

tb

mK]

≤X

nIƒ

F

∂nh

bps

S A

SnØ

db

n¬ \

n∂p-

sI

m≠pa

mXta k

hnt

ij

amb

C

Øcw

hni

Ie

\ti

jnI

ƒ

hf¿Ø

nsb

Sp°

m≥

I

gnb

pI-b

p≈q.

`mj

mi

mk

vXw

F∂

tI

mgvk

v k

whn[

m\

w sN

bvX

ncn°

p∂X

v C

Xn\

mh

iya

mb

ssk

≤m¥

nIamb

A

SnØ

db

pw ]

mtb

mK

nIti

jnI

fpw

]Zm\

w sN

øm\

mWv. `

mjmh

niI

e\

ti

jn°

p]pd

ta, k

mln-

Xy˛

kmwk

vImc

nI]

T\

w, `mj

m˛kml

nXyK

th

jW

w F

∂n-

hb

pamb

n _‘

s∏

´nc

n°p∂

mj

mimk

vXtaJ

eI

fps

S ]

mY-

anI

]T\

hpw

C

Xn¬

Dƒ

s∏

SpØ

nbnc

n°p∂

p. ae

bmf-

`mj

mi

mk

vXØ

nte

m `mj

bpa

mb

n _

‘s∏

´ k

ml

nXy-

]T\

taJ

eI

fnte

m D]

cn]

T\

w \SØ

m\mh

iya

mb `

mjmi

m-

kvX

]cn⁄

m\w C

Xne

qsS s

sI

hcn°

m≥ I

gnb

Ww.

20)I

p´nI

rjvW

amc

m¿, `

mjm]

cnN

bw, t

Img

nt°

mSv:

]n.s

I. _

tZ¿k

v, 1997.

21)s]

m^. k

pµcw [

\p-h

-®-]

p-cw, t

Ic-f-]

m-Wn-\

o-bw, ˛ h

ym-

Jym-\

hpw h

n-Nn-¥

-\h

pw Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: ]

nbZ¿i

n\n ]

ªn-

t°

-j≥

kv, 2013.

22)s]

m^.

sI

. h

n. cma

Nµ

ss]

, h

ymI

cW

]T\

ßƒ

,

Nß

\mt

»cn: e

n√n ]

ªnj

nwMv l

uk

v, 2009.

23)tP

m¿÷

vamØ

≥, a

e-b

m-gva-b

psS h

ymI-cW

w

24)Kp≠

¿´v, a

e-b

m-f-`m-j

m-hym-I

-cW

w, tI

m´b

w:

Un.k

n. _pI

vkv, 1991.

25)tU

m. F≥

.- F≥

. aq

Xv, h

ymI-c-W

-hn-t

hI

w ˛

26)sI

. -Fw. ]

`m-I

-c-h

mcnb

¿, h

ymI-c-W

-k-ao£

˛ tI

m´-b

w:

I-d‚

v _pI

vkv.

27)sI

.- Fw. ]

`m-I

-c-h

m-cn-b

¿, `

mj-b

pw a\

-»m-k

vXh

pw,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 1999 (1978).

28)sI

. Ip©

p-Æn-c

mPm, `

mjm-K

-th

-jW

w ˛

29)h

nZzm≥

tP

m¨ I

p∂-∏

-≈n, i

_vZ-k

u--Kw, B

eph

: s]

m¥n-

^n-°

¬ C

≥Ã

n-‰yq´

v ]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 1976.

30)L.V

. Ram

aswam

y Iyer, Notes on

Kerala P

anin

iyam

31)K

. M. P

rabhakara Variar, Stu

dies in

Malayalam

Gram

mar

Madras: U

niversity of Madras 1979

8584

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

a‰pb

qWn‰

pIfne

pw ]

k‡

amb

F

√m k

µ¿`-

ßfne

pw Cu I

aw X

s∂

]n¥

pScmh

p∂X

mWv.

`mj

˛ a\

pjy`

mjb

psS k

hnt

ij

XI

ƒ˛ `

mjb

psS

i–

˛enJ

nX a

m[ya

ßƒ

; Ah

XΩ

nep≈

hyX

ymk-

ßƒ

˛ `mj

m[¿aß

ƒ (language functions) --˛

kaql

w, kwk

vImc

w, kµ

¿`w F

∂nh

bpa

mbn `

mj-

bps

S _

‘w

˛ `mj

mt`Zß

ƒ˛k

maql

nIw,

]mt

Z-

inI

w, k

mµ¿`nI

w˛ am\

I`mj

, k

¶c`mj

, sh

¶e

-

`mj

, Poh

¬`mj

, arX

`mj

, `mj

m\mi

w ˛ XpS

ßnb

k¶

ev]

\ß

ƒ.

`mj

F∂

Nn”

hyh

ÿ˛ N

n”w˛ k

qNI

w, kqN

nXw

˛ `mj

sb

Nn”

hyh

ÿb

mbn (L

S\

mhmZ

]camb

n)

\n¿

∆N

n°¬

˛

`mj

mkam¿

P\

hpw `

mjm]

T\

hpw ˛ i

nip`

mj ˛

Bi

bh

n\na

bh

rØn a

mXrI

bpw `

mjb

pw ˛

amX

r`mj

, ¢m

n°¬

`mj

, arX

`mj

, Poh

¬`mj

˛

te

mI`mj

Iƒ

, C¥

ybns

e `

mjI

ƒ ˛

`mj

mIpS

pw_ß

ƒ ˛

bqW

n‰v 2

`mj

mimk

vXw F

∂ ]

T\

imJ

`mj

mi

mk

vXw

F∂

]

T\

imJ

bps

S k

hnt

ij

-

XI

fpw h

yXnc

n‡X

bpw h

y‡amb

n a\

ne

m°m≥

kl

mbI

amb

hn[

Øne

mWv C

u b

qWn‰

v kwh

n[m\

w

sN

bvX

ncn°

p∂X

v.

`mj

mimk

vXh

pw hymI

cW

hpw˛ `

mjmi

mkvX

Øn-

s‚

h

nImk

Øns

e \

mgnI

°√

pIƒ

˛ `mj

mimk

vX-

Øns

e h

niI

e\

]≤

XnI

ƒ˛

GI

Ime

nIw,

_l

p-

Ime

nIw˛ X

mcX

aymfl

Iw,

hyX

ntcI

mfl

Iw ˛

`mj

m]

cnW

maw˛ A

-KÃ

v j

veoj

dps

S I

pSpw

_-

hr£

amX

rI (fam

ily tree model), t

Pml

∂k

v jvan-‰

ns‚

XcwK

kn≤

m¥w (w

ave theory) -

mjmt

KmX

ßƒ

F∂

Cu t

Img

vkns

‚ D

≈S°

Øne

qsS h

nZym¿

YnI

ƒ t

\Sns

bSp-

t°

≠ss\

]pW

nIƒ

Ch

bmW

v:

·`mj

bps

S L

S\

bpw

hnh

n[X

eß

fns

e L

SI

ßfpw

Xnc

n®dnb

pI.

·`mj

bps

S h

yXyk

vXcq]

ßfpw

hyX

ykvX

k

µ¿`ß

fns

e ]

tb

mKh

pw a\

ne

m°pI

bpw A

Xne

qsS k

z¥w

`mj

bps

S k

m[yX

Ifpw k

hnti

jX

Ifpw X

ncn®

dnb

p

Ib

pw sN

øpI

.

·`mj

mimk

vXØ

ns‚

k¶

¬]

\ß

fpw c

oXn]

≤X

nIfpw

D]

tb

mKn®

v `mj

mhyh

lmc

ßsf h

niI

e\

w sN

øm≥

Ignb

pI.

·k

mlnX

y]mT

ßfps

S ]

T\

Øn\

pw h

niI

e\

Øn\

pw

`mj

mimk

vX k

¶¬

]\

ßƒ

D]

tb

mKn°

m≥ I

gnb

pI.

`mj

mimk

vXw H

cp ]

mtb

mKnI

imk

vXamb

Xn\

m¬ H

mtcm

bqW

n‰ne

pw A

hX

cn∏

n°p∂

ssk

≤m¥

nIh

o£W

ßfpw

Bi

bß

fpw

hni

Ie

\ß

fne

qsSb

pw ]

tb

mKØ

neqs

Sb

pw

a\

ne

m°

m≥

A

hk

csamcp°

p∂ A

ssk

≥sa‚

pIfpw

]mt

bmK

nI]

h¿Ø

\ß

fpw B

kqX

Ww s

Ntø

≠X

mWv.

bqW

n‰v 1

`mj

mimk

vXw˛

ASnÿ

m\k

¶¬

]\

ßfpw

coX

n]≤

XnI

fpw

`mj

m-

imk

vXØ

ns‚

i

mkvX

obk

ao]

\sØ

bpw

`mj

m-

imk

vXw s

sI

Imc

yw sN

øp∂

][

m\taJ

eI

sfb

pw

Ipd

n®v k

mam\

y[mc

W C

u b

qWn‰

n¬ \

n∂v e

`n°

pw.

`mj

F

¥v F

∂X

ns\

°pd

n®p≈

`mj

mi

mk

vX-

ho£

WamW

v, `mj

mL

S\

sb

bpw

`mj

mi

mk

vX-

Øns

e ]

tb

mK]

≤X

nIsfb

pwIp-d

n®v X

pS¿∂

p hcp-

∂ b

qWn‰

pIfns

e D

≈S°

Øns

‚ A

Snÿ

m\w.

mj-

sb

°pd

n®p≈

h

nime

[mc

WI

fps

S A

SnØ

db

n¬,

`mj

mIpS

pw_w, `

mcX

ob`mj

mIpS

pw_ß

ƒ, Z

mhnU

-

`mj

mIpS

pw_w, a

eb

mfw F

∂ I

aØ

nep≈

Bi

b-

hnI

mk

w C

u h

njb

Øn\

v A

\pt

bmP

yamW

v.

8786

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

kz\

hn⁄

m\w˛ a

q∂v D

ƒ∏

ncnh

pIƒ

˛ ih

Wmk

v]Zw

(auditory), k

z\ùX

nIw

(accoustic), A

hb

hmk

v]Zw

(articulatory) ˛

i–

Øns

‚ ùX

nIk

z`mh

ßƒ

˛ `mj

mi–

ßfps

S

]tX

yIX

Iƒ

˛ `mj

Wmh

bh

ßƒ

˛ `mj

tW

m¬]

m-

Z\

w˛`

mj

Wi

–ß

fps

S h

¿K

oIcW

w˛

kzc

hpw

hyR

vP\

hpw˛ A

hb

psS D

ƒ∏

ncnh

pIƒ

˛ AX

nJfi

-

kh

nti

jX

Iƒ

(suprasegm

entals); A

\pX

m\w,

`mc

w

(intonation, stress) kz\

w, kz\

naw, D

]k

z\w, h

yXyb

hpw

]qc

IX

zhpw,

ae

bmf

Øns

e k

z\na

ßƒ

˛ A

£c-

LS\

(syllabic structure) ˛

cq]

hn⁄

m\w˛

cq]

Xe

Øns

e L

SI

ßfpw

LS\

-

bpw˛

_≤

cq]

ßƒ

, k

zX¥

cq]

naß

ƒ˛

cq]

nah

pw

D]

cq]

naß

fpw˛k

z\na

m[nj

vTnX

hpw c

q]na

m[nj

vTnX

-

hpa

mb

D]

m[

nh¬

°cW

w˛

(ph

on

olo

gical

and

morphological conditioning) ˛F

¥mW

v ]Zw?˛ ]

ZL

S\

:

[mX

p, ]I

rXn, ]

Xyb

w˛ ap≥

]X

ybw, ]

n≥]

Xyb

w,

Dƒ

]X

ybw˛c

q]X

eØ

nse

cq]

kn≤

nbpw

\nj

v]mZ

-

\h

pw (inflection and derivation)˛ efnX

]Zß

fpw k

ak

vX-

]Zß

fpw˛

kamk

w˛ ae

bmf

Øns

‚ ]

Z\

njv]

mZ\

]I

nbI

ƒ˛ c

q]k

z\h

n⁄m\

w (morphophonology) ˛

k‘

n ˛

hmI

yLS\

˛hnh

cW

mflI

hymI

cW

Øns

e k

¶¬

]

\ß

ƒ ˛ ]

Zh

n`mK

ßƒ

(w

ord categories) ]

Zk

w

lnX

, D]

hmI

yw, h

mIyw

˛ (phrase, clause, sentence)˛

hmI

yØn\

p≈ns

e L

SI

ßƒ

X

Ωne

p≈ ]

ck

v]c

_‘

ßƒ

; I

¿Ø

mhv,

I¿aw˛

hn`

‡nb

pw I

mcI

ßfpw˛ h

nhn[

Xcw h

mIyß

ƒ˛ ]

Imc

hpw ]

kvX

m

ch

pw (mood and aspect) ˛ k

∂nl

nXL

SI

hni

Ie

\w

(imm

ediate constituent analysis) `mj

sb

bpw

h

ymI

c

WsØ

bpw I

pdn®

p≈ t

Nmwk

vInb

psS k

n≤m¥

ßfpw

]P

\I

hymI

cW

hpw.

k¶

¬]

w˛ C

¥yb

nse

`mj

mIpS

pw_ß

ƒ (t

KmX

-

ßƒ

),

mjmt

£X

w F∂

]cnI

ev]

\- C

¥y F

∂

`mj

mt£

Xw

Zmh

nU`mj

mIpS

pw_w, Z

mhnU

IpS

pw-

_Ø

n¬ a

eb

mfØ

ns‚

ÿm\

w ]

mKv`m-j

m-N-cn-X

-

\n¿

Ωm-W

w˛ \

n¿Æ

-b-co-X

n-Iƒ

, B

-¥-c-]

p-\:-k

r-jvSn-˛-

_m-l

y-]p-\

-:kr-j

vSn ˛ \

h\

n¿Ω

nXn (innovations)

NcnX

mflI

hpw X

mcX

aymfl

Ih

pamb

`mj

mimk

vX-

hpw

B[

p\nI

`mj

mimk

vXh

pw X

Ωne

p≈ t`Zw

˛

LS\

mhmZ

hpw

B[

p\nI

`mj

mimk

vXh

pw ˛

B[

p-

\nI

`mj

mimk

vXØ

nse

][

m\[

mcI

ƒ s

kmk

yq-

dnb

≥

mjmi

mkvX

w˛bmt

°m_

vk¨

˛ ]mK

v kvI

qƒ˛

bqt

dm]

y≥ ˛A

tacn°

≥ s

sI

hgnI

ƒ˛ ª

qw ô¬

Uv

˛ kvI

n∂dps

S h

mNnI

hrØ

nhmZ

w˛

`mj

mimk

vXØ

n\v a

‰v h

njb

ßfpa

mbp≈

_‘

w

(XØ

zNn¥

, \

ch

wi

imk

vXw,

a\

ximk

vXw,

kaql

imk

vXw, k

mlnX

y]T\

w)˛

`mj

mimk

vXØ

ns‚

hnh

n[taJ

eI

ƒ˛ s

sk

≤m¥

nI-

`mj

mimk

vXh

pw ]

bp‡

`mj

mimk

vXh

pw ˛

ka-

Ime

nI]

hW

XI

ƒ˛

bqW

n‰v 3

`mj

mLS\

bpw L

SI

ßfpw

`mj

bps

S i

–X

ew a

pX¬

hyh

lmc

Xe

w hscb

p≈

LSI

ßƒ

H∂

ptN

¿∂

v Hcp B

ib

hn\

nab

hyh

ÿ-

bmb

n `mj

]h

¿Ø

n°p∂

sX

ßs\

F∂

v Xnc

n®dn-

bm≥

]TnX

mhns

\ k

lmb

n°p∂

D≈

S°

amW

v Cu

bqW

n‰ne

p≈X

v. h

nhn[

Xcw

`mj

m]

mTß

sf ]

e

Xe

Øns

e L

SI

ßfmb

n th

¿X

ncn°

m\pw L

SI

ßƒ

XΩ

nep≈

_‘

ßƒ

hni

ZoI

cn°

m\pw ]

TnX

mhn\

v

Ignb

Ww. ]

tb

mKti

jnI

ƒ°

v Du∂

¬ \

¬I

ns°

m-

≠mb

ncn°

Ww

Cu b

qWn‰

ns‚

D≈

S°

w h

n\na

bw

sN

tø

≠X

v.

8988

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

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w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

]Zß

ƒ X

Ωne

p≈ A

¿∞

_‘

ßƒ

˛ A

¿∞

]cn

Wma

w˛cq]

Iß

fpw e

m£W

nI`mj

bpw (m

etaphor and

metaphoric language)˛A

hsb

°pd

n®p≈

kn≤

m¥ß

ƒ˛

]e

Xcw

`mj

mhyh

lmc

ßƒ

(discourses)˛

hnh

cW

m

flI

]mT

w (descriptive text),

hn⁄

m\m[

njvTnX

]mT

w

(informative text), k

whmZ

mflI

]mT

w (argumentative text),

t]

cW

m[nj

vTnX

]mT

w (persuasive text) XpS

ßnb

]mT

C\

ßƒ

(text types)

˛ e

nJnX

`mj

bpw

k

wk

mc

`mj

bpw˛ i

mkvX

kmt

¶X

nI`mj

˛

bqW

n‰v 5

`mj

mimk

vXØ

ns‚

]tb

mKtaJ

eI

ƒ

`mj

mimk

vXh

niI

e\

hpw

`mj

mimk

vX B

ib

-

ßfps

S ]

tb

mKh

pw Bh

iya

mb \

nch

[n ]

bp‡

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taJ

eI

fp≠

v. Ah

bn¬

][

m\s∏

´h

bpw k

mlnX

y

]T\

Øn\

v ]k

‡h

pamb

Nne

taJ

eI

fmW

v C

u

bqW

n‰n¬

Dƒ

s∏

SpØ

nbnc

n°p∂

Xv.

mjmi

mkvX

Øn-

s‚

]

tb

mKk

m[yX

Iƒ

X

ncn®

dnb

m\pw

`mj

mim-

kvX

sØ

Hcp ]

mtb

mKnI

hnj

bamb

n kzmwi

oIcn-

°m\

pw k

lmb

n°p∂

XmW

v C

u b

qWn‰

ns‚

D≈

S°

w.

`mj

mimk

vXh

pw kml

nXy]

T\

hpw˛ s

si

eoh

n⁄m-

\Ø

ns‚

A

Snÿ

m\ B

ib

ßfpw

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mK]

≤X

n-

Ifpw

˛ B

Jym\

hn⁄

m\w,

hymJ

ym\i

mkvX

w ˛

Imh

y`mj

bps

S h

niI

e\

w ˛

`mj

mimk

vXh

pw `mj

m[ym]

\h

pw˛ LS\

m[nj

vTnX

kao]

\h

pw hn\

nab

m[nj

vTnX

kao]

\h

pw (Structural

and comm

unicative approaches) mj

m]T\

Øn¬

H

∂mw

(amX

r)`mj

m]T\

hpw c

≠mw`

mjm]

T\

hpw˛

mjm]

T

\Ø

ns‚

ASnÿ

m\X

Øzß

fpw ]

≤X

nIfpw ˛

\nL

≠p\

n¿amW

w (Lexicography) F

¥mW

v \nL

≠p?

\nL

≠ph

pw h

ymIcW

hpw

˛ h

nhn[

Xcw

\nL

≠p

bqW

n‰v 4

`mj

˛kaql

hpw k

µ¿`h

pw

\nX

yPoh

nXk

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fne

pw k

hnti

jk

mlN

cyß

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fne

pw mj

Fß

s\

D]

tb

mKn°

p∂p F

∂pw D

]tb

m-

KØ

neqs

S `

mjb

nep≠

mIp∂

hyX

nbm\

ßƒ

F¥

v

F∂

pw \

nco£

n°m\

pw A

Xne

qsS `mj

m]tb

mK-

sØ

°pd

n®p≈

kaK

amb

[mc

W c

q]s∏

SpØ

m\pw

Bh

iya

mb D

≈S°

amW

v Cu b

qWn‰

nep≈

Xv. X

t‚

-

Xn¬

\n∂

p hyX

ykvX

amb

`mj

mcq]

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pw hyh

-

lmc

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pw I

pdn®

v X

pd∂

k

ao]

\ß

ƒ h

nZym¿

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YnI

ƒ°

v D≠

mb

ncn°

Ww.

`mj

m]

tb

mK

Øns

‚

hnh

n[taJ

eI

ƒ ]

cnN

bs∏

Sp∂

Xne

qsS C

Xn\

p

hgns

bmc

pßp∂

p. hyX

ykvX

Bh

iyß

ƒ°

pw kµ

¿-

`ß

ƒ°

pw A\

pkrX

amb

hg°

w mj

bn¬

D≠

mIp-

∂sX

ßs\

F

∂v X

ncn®

dnb

m\pw

Cu b

qWn‰

ns‚

D≈

S°

w kl

mbI

amW

v.

`mj

mhyX

nbm\

w (language variation) mj

I¿°

v A\

pk-

cn®

pw `mj

Wk

µ¿`w A

\pk

cn®

pap≈

hyX

nbm\

w˛

`qa

nimk

vX]

camb

mj

mt`Zß

ƒ (dialects)

kma

qln-

Iamb

`mj

mt`Zß

ƒ (sociolects) ˛ a

m\I

`mj

F∂

k¶

¬]

w˛ sX

mgn¬

`mj

Iƒ

˛ `mj

mt`Z]

T\

Øns

‚

coX

nIƒ

˛ ae

bmf

Øns

‚

mjmt

`Zß

ƒ

mjmk

º-

¿°

w ˛

a‰p

`mj

Ifps

S k

zm[o\

w ae

bmf

Øn¬

˛

BZm\

w ˛

`mj

m]cnW

maw

˛ ]

cnW

matl

Xp°

ƒ˛

kz\

w,

hym

IcW

w,

A¿Y

w F

∂o

Xe

ßfns

e

]cnW

maw.

kma

qlnI

`mj

mimk

vXw˛ B

Nmc

`mj

˛ `mj

Icps

S

enwK

a\

pkcn®

p≈ `mj

mhyX

ymkw˛

Hu

]N

mcnI

`mj

bpw

A

\u

]N

mcnI

`mj

bpw

˛enJ

nX`mj

bpw

kwk

mc`mj

bpw

]I

cW

hn⁄

m\ob

w (Pragm

atics)

˛ `mj

bpw ]

Xyb

imk

vXh

pw ˛

`mj

bpw A

¿Y

hpw˛ A

¿∞

sØ

°pd

n®p≈

`mj

mim

kvX

k¶

¬]

\ß

ƒ˛ A

¿∞

Øns

‚ h

nhn[

Xcß

ƒ˛

9190

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

10) tU

m. ]

n. tk

mati

Jc≥

\mb

¿,

\nL

≠ph

n⁄m\

w,

Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf`mj

mC≥

Ãn‰

q-´v.

11) tU

m. hn. B

¿. ]

t_

m[N

µ≥

\mb

¿, s

si

eo`

wKnI

ƒ.

12) tU

m. tKmh

nµcp / ]

n.Fk

v _nP

p, ae

bmf

w Iw]

yq´dn¬

,

Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰q´

v.

13) C˛a

eb

mfw, X

ncph

\¥

]pc

w: tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰q´

v.

14)Dj

m\º

qXnc

n∏mS

v, kma

qlnI

`mj

mimk

vXw,

Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥k

v‰n‰

yq´v.

15)]

n. hn. H

ma\

, ae

bmf

Øns

e \

nL≠

p°ƒ

.

16)X

ncp-\

-√q¿

Icp-W

m-I-c≥

, ae

-bm-f

-`m-j

m-]-cn-W

m-aw-˛-k

n-≤m-

¥-ß

fpw h

kvX

p-X-I

fpw, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: ]m`

mXv _

p°v

luk

v, 1965.

17)h

n. k

n. _

me

-Ir-j

vW≥

, `mj

m-h

n-⁄m-\

w,

tI

m´b

w:

F≥

_n-F

-kv, 1962.

18)sdm\

mƒU

v C

. B

j¿,

(FU

n-‰¿)

tU

m. F

kv.

th

em-b

p-

[≥

ae

-bm-f

-`m-j

m-]-T-\

-ßƒ

, tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv,

1989.

19)tU

m. sI

. kpK

-X≥

, samg

n-b-dn-h

v, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: amX

r-`q-a

n,

1999.

20)tU

m. tK

mZ-h

¿Ω

-bps

S ]

_-‘

-ßƒ

, (kº

m-Z-\

hpw ]

T-\

-

hpw) s

]m^

. Fk

v. Kp]

vX≥

\m-b

¿, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: tI

cf

`mj

m C≥

kvv‰n-‰

yq´v, 1990.

21)tU

m. F≥

. tKm]

n-\m-Y

≥\

m-b¿ (F

-Un-‰

¿), a

e-b

m-f-`m-j

m-

N-cnX

w F

-gp-Ø

-—≥

hsc, ]

kn-≤

o-I-c-W

-hn-

mKw: I

men-

°‰v k

¿∆

-I-e

m-im-e

, 2006.

22)I

p©p-Æ

n-cm-P

, `mj

m-K-th

-j-W

w.

°ƒ

˛ h

m°pw

A¿Y

hpw

\nL

≠ph

n⁄m\

Øn¬

˛

\nL

≠ph

ns‚

LS\

˛ ae

bmf

\nL

≠p°

ƒ ˛

ae

bmf

hpw

Iº

yq´dpw˛

Iº

yq´dne

pw C

‚¿s\

‰ne

pw

ae

bmf

w D]

tb

mKn°

p∂X

ns‚

]cna

nXnI

fpw k

m[y

XI

fpw˛ IS

M, A

SC

II, WE

B t^

m≠pI

ƒ, b

qWnt°

mUv,

bqW

nt°

mUns

‚ h

nti

jX

Iƒ

˛

ae

bmf

w C

‚¿

s\

‰n¬

k

m[yX

Iƒ

˛ ae

bmf

w Iº

yq´nM

v Sqf

pIƒ

˛

en]

y¥cW

w, samg

nam‰

w H

.kn.B

¿˛ F

¥mW

v Iw]

yq

t´j

W¬

mj

mimk

vXw?˛ t

Im¿

]k

pIfpw K

th

jW

Øn¬

A

hb

v°p≈

]

[m\

yhpw˛

`mj

mKth

jW

w,

hni

Ie

\w F

∂nh

bn¬

Iº

yq´dpI

fqs

S D

]tb

mKw˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

1)tU

m C. h

n. F≥

\º

qXnc

n, `mj

mimk

vX]

th

inI

,

Xnc

ph-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icfk

¿h

Ie

mime

]k

m[\

hn`

mKw.

2)tU

m. sI

. Fw ]

`mI

ch

mcnb

¿ / i

m¥m A

KÃ

n≥,

B[

p\nI

`mj

mimk

vXw, t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰q´

v.

3)tZi

awK

ew c

maI

rjvW

≥ / l

pamw d

joZ

v, mj

mimk

vXw,

Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰q´

v, Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw.

4)tU

m.

hn.

B¿.

]t_

m[

Nµ

≥\

mb

¿,

`mj

mi

mk

vX

Zr„

nbne

qsS, X

ncph

\¥

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w: tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰q´

v.

5)tU

m.

hn.

B¿.

]t_

m[

Nµ

≥\

mb

¿,

`mj

mi

mk

vX

\nL

≠p,

Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf`mj

mC≥

Ãn‰

q´v.

6)tU

m. h

n B

¿.

]t_

m[N

µ≥

\mb

¿,

kz\

hn⁄

m\w,

Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰q´

v.

7)tU

m. Sn. _

n. th

Wpt

Km]

me∏

Wn°

¿, k

z\afi

ew,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v.

8)tU

m. C. h

n. F≥

\º

qXnc

n, hmI

yLS\

, Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw:

tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰q´

v, 1997 (1977).

9)tU

m. ]n. t

kma

ti

Jc≥

\mb

¿, `

mjmt

`Zh

n⁄m\

obw,

Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf`mj

mC≥

Ãn‰

yq-´v.

9392

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

km-l

n-Xyß

sf H

∂mb

n ImW

Ww F

∂pw A

Xv H

cp k

wkv°

m-

c-amW

v F∂

pw ]d-b

p∂ ]

fin-X

-∑m¿

D≠

v.

`mj

Iƒ

A

t\

-Iw,

`mj

mk

ml

nXyß

ƒ A

t\

-Iw.

]t£

, `mc

-Xob

kml

nXyw H

∂v. A

t∏

mƒ F

¥mW

v `mc

-Xo-b

-

km-l

nXw? B

cmW

v mc

-Xo-b

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n-Xy-I

m-c≥

? GX

m\pw

mjm-

kml

n-Xy-ß

-fps

S ]

T-\

-Øn-e

qsS C

u tN

mZy-ß

ƒ°

v DØ

cw

At\

z-jn-°

m-hp∂

Xm-W

v. -a‰p-

m-j-I

-fns

e I

rXn-I

ƒ t

\cn´p h

mbn-

°m≥

k

m[n-°

p-∂-h

¿ s]

mXpt

h I

pd-h

m-bn-c

n-°pw.

a‰p

`mj

-

Ifns

e N

ne t\

mh-e

p-Itfm

sN

dp-I

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tfm

Bfl

I-Y

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Hcmƒ

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m-j-b

n-eqs

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mbn-®

n-´p-≠

m-hmw. C

wKvfoj

v Adn-b

p-

∂h

¿ ]

cn-m-j

-I-fn-e

qsS t

emI

kml

nXyw h

mbn-°

p-∂-X

p-t]

mse

lnµ

n Adnb

p-∂-h

¿ l

nµn ]

cn-`

m-j-b

n-eqs

S `

mc-X

o-b-k

m-ln-X

y-

ßƒ

hmb

n-°p-∂

p≠v. l

nµn A

dn-b

m-Ø-h

¿°

v kz¥

w mj

-bns

e

]cn-`

m-j-I

ƒ amX

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v B

i-b

w. F

√m

`mj

m-km-l

n-Xy-ß

-

fn¬

\n∂

pw G‰h

pw anI

® I

rXn-I

ƒ a

mXw s

Xc-s™

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v mc

-

X-Ø

nse

F√

m `mj

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pw ]cn-`

m-j-s∏

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n F√

m-`m-j

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te

bpw h

mb-\

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c

mc-X

o-b-k

m-ln-X

y-Øns

‚ a

lX

zw t_

m≤y-

s∏

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m≥ t

Iµ

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nXy A

°m-Z

an I

gn™

Ipt

d°

me-amb

n

ian-®

p-sI

m-≠n-c

n-°p--∂

p.

F√

m mc

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-mj

mkm-l

n-Xy-ß

fps

S N

cn-X

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p-dn®

pw

hnh

n[ k

mlnX

y]ÿ

m-\-ß

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p-dn®

pw ]Tn-°

pI A

X F

fp-

∏tam ]

mtb

m-Kn-I

tam A

√. A

Xn-\

m¬, `

mc-X

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e ]

[m\

`mj

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mep K

q∏p-I

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n Xnc

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mj

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v hnh

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n ae

bm-f

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h

∂n-´

p≈ ]

m[-\

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ne I

rX-

In-f

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n \n¿

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T-\

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Øne

qsS h

St°

C

≥U

y≥ `mj

-I-fn-s

eb

pw sX

t°

C

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`mj

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eb

pw k

mln-X

y-ß-sf-°

p-dn®

v k

mam-\

y-amb

n a\

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em-°

p-hm≥

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m-°p-I

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v mc

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nXyw F

∂

Cu t

Img

n-kn-e

qsS e

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m-°p-∂

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sX

√mw

mj-I

-fn-¬

\n∂

v

GsX

ms°

IrX

n-I-fmW

v ]cn-m-j

-I-fmb

n -h-∂

n-p-≈

-sX

∂v A

t\

z-

jn®

v Is≠

-ØpI

; hni

-Z-]

-T-\

-Øn\

p \e

vIn-b

n-p≈

IrX

n-I-fps

S

]T-\

-Øn-e

qsS `

mc-X

o-b-k

m-ln-X

y-Øns

‚ k

hn-t

i-j

-X-I

ƒ a

\-

n-e

m-°p-I

.

Code: M

AL

2E2/8

Fw. F

. ae

-bmf

w ˛ `m-j

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

A `

mc-X

ob-k

m-lnX

yw(Indian L

iterature)

`mc

-X-Ø

n¬ A

t\

Iw `

mj-I

fpw A

t\

Iw `

mjm-k

m-ln-X

y-

ß-fp-a

p-≠v. ]

t£

, Htc-sb

mcp k

mln-X

y-ta-b

p≈p F

∂pw A

Xv

`mc-X

o-b-cps

S ss]

Xr-I

-am-W

v F

∂pw

]

d-b

m-dp-≠

v. "`

mc-

Xob

kml

n-Xy-ß

ƒ' F

∂v _

lp-h

-N-\

-amb

pw "`mc

-Xo-b

-km-l

n-

Xyw' F

∂v G

I-h

-N-\

-amb

pw ]tb

m-Kn-°

m-dp-≠

v. tI

µ-k

m-lnX

y

A°

m-Zan 22

mj-I

ƒ k

mln-X

y-k-º

∂-amb

n AwK

o-I-cn-®

n-p≠

v.

`mc

-X-Ø

nse

F√

m `mj

-I-fn-s

eb

pw F√

m kml

n-Xy-k

-º-

Øp-I

-sfb

pw H∂

mbnt®

¿Ø

v Hcp

kmwk

v°m-c

n-I-k

-ºØ

mbn

Icp-X

p-tº

m-gmW

v `mc

-Xo-b

-ss]

Xr-I

-am-b

n-Øo-c

p-∂-X

v. `mc

-Xo-b

-

`m-j

-Isf h

yXyk

vX-ß

-fmb

pw A

h-b

nse

k

mln-X

y-ßsf

H∂

mbpw I

mWW

w. F¶

n¬ a

mXta, "]

e `

mj-I

-fn¬

Fgp-X

-

s∏

-Sp-∂

psh

-¶ne

pw `mc

-Xob

kml

nXyw H

∂m-I

p∂p' F

∂ a

pZm-

hm-I

y-Øn\

v A¿∞

-ap-≈

p.

`mj

-bmW

v k

mln-X

y-Øns

‚ ssP

h-L

-S-I

w. A

Xn-\

m¬

Hmt

cm `

mj-b

n-se

bpw k

mlnX

yw hyX

y-kvX

-am-b

n-cn°

pw; FX

`mj

-bpt

≠m A

Xb

pw kml

n-Xy-h

p-ap-≠

v. ]e

mj

-I-fns

e F

gp-

Øp-I

m¿ H

tc t

kmX

- n¬

\n∂

v ]tN

m-Z\

w t\

Sp-I

bpw s

sh

Im-

cn-I

hpw s

s[

j-W

n-I-h

p-amb

Htc-X

cw A

\p-`

q-XnI

ƒ°

v hnt[

-b-

cm-h

p-Ib

pw sN

øp-∂

p. A-X

n-\m¬

Ah

-cps

S e

£y-ß

-fne

pw Bh

n-

jv°

m-c-ß

-fne

pw Ht´sd k

mayw

ImW

m-hp-∂

-Xm-W

v. `mc

-Xo-b

-

9594

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

w/ Ak

-anb

/ t\

mh¬

)

ar-X

yp-RvP

bw˛ h

otc-µ

-Ip-a

m¿ `

´m-N

mcy (A

-k-anb

)

(hn-h

¿Ø

\w: ]

n. am[

-h≥

]n≈

, Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1982.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / _wK

mfn I

hnX

)

KoX

m-RvP

en˛ S

mtKm¿

(hnh

¿Ø

\w:

Pn.

i¶

-c-°

p-dp∏

v, F

d-W

m-Ipf

w: X

ne-

Iw, 1959.)

BZys

Ø 10 K

oXß

ƒ

Izmk

n \k

p-dp¬

C…

mw

1) hn]

v-f-h

-Imc

n 2) ka-X

z-hmZ

n

3) Bfl

-i‡

n 4) bpK

m-¥-c-KoX

w 5) sI

mSp-¶

m‰v

(Izmk

n \k

vdp¬

C…

m-ans

‚ X

nc-s™

-SpØ

Ih

n-X-I

ƒ, h

nh¿Ø

\w: \

neo-\

m- F-_

-lmw, k

®n-Z

m-

\-µ

≥, X

riq¿

: tI

cf k

mlnX

y B°

m-Z-an, 1976.)

Po_

-\m-\

-µ-Zmk

v

1) _\

-e-X

m-sk

≥ 2) F

hn-s

S-t∏

mbn?

3) hnN

n-X-amb

Hc-‘

-Imc

w 4) kpt

N-X

\

5) Im‰

p≈ c

mXn

(Po-_

-\m-\

µZmk

ns‚

Ih

n-X-I

ƒ, h

nh¿Ø

\w:

Aø

∏∏

-Wn-°

¿, X

riq¿

: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 2000.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / _wK

mfn / s

Ndp-I

Y)

t]

mÃp-a

m-Ã¿ ˛ c

_o-µ

-\mY

SmK

q¿

(SmK

qdns

‚ I

Y-I

ƒ, h

nh¿Ø

\w: c

mP≥

Xp∆

-c,

]q¿

W ]

_vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 2003.)

sh

dpw I

Y-b

√˛ h

n`q-X

n-`q-j

¨ a

ptJ

m-]m-≤

ymb

(Ipt

d _

wKmf

n IY

-Iƒ

, hnh

¿Ø

\w:

sI

. ch

n-h¿Ω

, amX

r-`q-a

n, 2005.)

km[

≥ _

m_p-h

ns‚

kwi

bw ˛ k

Xy-P

nXv d

mbv

bqW

n‰v 1`

mc-X

o-b-m-j

-Iƒ

h

St°

C≥

Uy≥

mj

-Iƒ

, sX

t°

C≥

Uy≥

mj

-Iƒ

C

≥tU

m Bcy≥

tKmX

w Z

mhn-

UtKmX

w ˛ Ah

-bps

S k

hn-t

i-i

-X-I

ƒ ˛

C≥

Uy≥

`mj

-I-fns

e \

mtSmS

nkml

n-Xyw ˛ ]

q¿∆

-Im-

e-I

-hn-X

, B[

p-\n-I

-I-h

n-X, \

mS-I

w, t\

mh¬

, sN

dp-I

Y,

KZy-k

m-lnX

yw, Poh

-N-cn-X

-km-l

nXyw, k

mln-X

y-\n-c

q-

]-W

w, _me

-km-l

nXyw ˛ C

h-sb

-°p-d

n®p≈

kma

m-

\y-h

n-hcw.

bqW

n‰v 2

Ak

-anb

/ _wK

mfn / H

dnb

Ak

w F

∂ ]

Z-Ø

n¬\

n∂v cq]

w-sI

m≠ C

wKvfoj

v

]Z-amW

v Ak

-ao-k

v. kwÿ

m-\-Ø

n\p A

kw F

∂pw

`mj

bv°

v A

k-aok

v F

∂pw

]d-b

p-∂p.

B[

p-\nI

C≥

tU

m˛Bcy≥

mj

-I-fn¬

]mt

Z-i

n-I-amb

n Ing

t°

A‰-Ø

p≈X

mWv A

k-an-b

. A

cp-W

m-N¬

]

tZ-i

Øv

Ht´sd `mj

Iƒ

k

wkm-cn-°

p-∂-h

-cps

S C

S-b

nse

s]

mXp-`

m-j-b

mWv A

k-anb

.

_wK

m-fn-s

eb

pw AX

n-\p- N

p-‰p-a

p≈ ]

tZi

--ß-fns

eb

pw

`mj

-bmW

v _

wKm-f

n. DØ

-tc-¥

ybn¬

h

ym]n-®

p-In-S

-

°p∂

C≥

tU

m Bcy≥

mj

m-tKm-X

-Øn¬

(Ak

-anb

Hgns

I)

G‰h

pw I

ngt°

A

‰-Ø

p≈ `mj

-bmW

v

_wK

mfn.

Hdo-k

-bns

e HutZym-K

nI`mj

-bmW

v Hdn-b

(H

-Un-b

).

C≥

tU

m bqt

dm-]

y≥ t

KmX

-Øns

e C

≥-tU

m˛ Bcy≥

D]

tKmX

-Øns

e I

ng°

≥ i

mJ-b

n¬s∏

´

mj. H

dnb

,

_wK

m-fn, A

k-anb

F∂

o mj

-Iƒ

tN

¿∂

C≥

tU

m˛

Bcy≥

D]

-tKm-X

-Øns

‚ I

ng-°

≥ i

mJ-b

n¬ \

n∂v

Hdnb

th

dn-´

p-t]

m∂ t

ij

-amW

v Ak

-an-b

nbpw _

wKm-

fnb

pw ]nc

n-™X

v F∂

mWv

mjm-]

-fin-X

-∑mc

psS A

`n-

]m-b

w.

9796

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

KpP

-dm-Ø

n P\

-X-b

v°pw `

mjb

v°pw K

pP-dmØ

n F∂

p ]d-

bpw. B

[p-\

nI C

≥tU

m Bcy≥

mj

-I-fn¬

H∂

v. Ht´sd t

Zi

-

t-Z-ß

-fp-≠

v.

C≥

Uyb

nepw

]

mI

n-ÿm-\

nepw

k

wk

m-cn-°

p∂

`mj

bmW

v ]©

m-_n. C

≥tU

m Bcy≥

mj

-bmb

]©

m-_n°

v

lnµ

n-tb

mSpw D

dp-Z

p-hn-t

\mS

pw ASpØ

_‘

ap≠

v.

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w/ admT

n t\

mh¬

)

lnµ

p˛ i

c¨

Ip-a

m¿ e

nw_ms

f

(lnµ

p, ]cn-`

mj: I

mfn-b

Øv t

Zmt

am-Z

-c≥

,

tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n._pI

vkv, 2005.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / admT

n \mS

-Iw)

kJ

mdmw _

b‚

¿ ˛ h

nPb

v sX

≠p¬

°¿

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: s

I. h

n. I¿Ø

, tI

m´b

w: \mj

-W¬

_p°

v Ãmƒ

, 1990.)

(hni

Z]

T\

w / KpP

-dmØ

n t\

mh¬

)

sh

bne

pw XW

epw ˛ N

p\n-e

m¬ a

Unb

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: ]

n. F≥

. `´-X

n-cn, \

yqU¬

ln:

\mj

W¬

_p°

v SÃ

v, 1993.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w ]©

m_n B

fl-I

-Y)

h\

yqÃmº

v ˛ Aar-X

m-]oX

w

(Aar-X

m-]oX

w, d-h

-\yp-Ã

mºv, h

nh¿Ø

\w:

sI

. cm[

m-Ir-j

vW≥

, tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1984.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / ]©

m_n s

NdpI

Y)

1)N

o´p-I

fn i

oew ˛ \

m\I

v knwK

v

2)A

lX

zw ˛ I¿Ø

m¬ k

nwKv Z

pc-£

¬

3)s\

Sp-h

o¿∏

v ˛ AarX

m-]oX

w

4)I

≈n-a

p-≈ns

‚ D

W-ß

-nb i

nJcw ˛ K

p¿Z-b

m¬ k

nwKv

5)I

qe-Ø

n¬ s

ImS

pØ \

nanj

w ˛ AP

oXv I

u¿

(]©

m_n I

Y-I

ƒ ˛ F

Un-‰

¿ t

Um. l

¿`-P

≥ k

nwKv

(hnh

¿Ø

-I≥

: ]n.- s

I. a

Wn, U

¬l

n: \mj

-W¬

_p°

v

SÃ

v, 1970.)

(Pl

mw-Ko-d

ns‚

kz¿

Æ-\

m-W-b

w, hnh

¿Ø

\w:

cm[

m-Ir-j

vW≥

Ab

n-cq¿

, Xri

q¿: I

d‚

v _pI

vkv, 2000.)

t]

m´¿ k

mhnX

n _me

˛ _≥

^q¬

kvt\

l-Ø

n\v H

c-h

-Xm-c

nI ˛ h

na¬

I¿

(C-∂

sØ

_wK

mfn I

Y-I

ƒ, k

am-l

-cW

w: Acp¨

Ip-

am¿

apt

Jm-]

m-≤ym-b

, \

yqU¬

ln:

\mj

-W¬

_

p°v

SÃ

v,2000.)

cpZ

men ˛ a

lm-i

z-Xm-t

Zh

n

(hnh

¿Ø

\w:

eoe

m-k

¿°

m¿,

]q¿

Æ ]

_vfn-t

°-

j≥

kv, 1995.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / _wK

mfn t

\mh

¬)

Btcm-K

y-\n-t

IX

\w˛ X

mcm-¶

¿ _

m\¿P

n

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: \

neo\

m F_

lmw, t

Im´

bw:

Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1961.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / Hdnb

Ih

nX)

ioc

m[ ˛ c

am-I

¥v c

Yv

(Bdmw J

fiw a

mXw)

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: F

≥.

tK

m]m-e

-Ir-j

vW≥

, ]

n. F

≥.

\mc

m-b-W

≥, t

Img

n-t°

mSv: ]

q¿Æ

]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v,

2006.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / Hdnb

t\

mh¬

)

ine

m-]fl

w ˛ ]X

n-`m-t

dmb

v

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: ]

n. am[

-h≥

]n≈

, \yqU

¬l

n: tI

µ -

km-l

nXy A

°m-Z

-an, 1960.)

bqW

n‰v 3

admT

n / KpP

-dmØ

n / ]©

m_n

al

m-cmj

vS-b

nse

mj

. C≥

tU

m Bcy≥

mj

-I-fn¬

G‰h

pw

sX

t°

A‰-Ø

p≈X

v. a¿l

mSn F

∂-X

mWv ]

gb

t]

cv. P

\-ß

-

fps

S t

]cmb

al

m-dm´

m / al

m-dmT

m F∂

]Z-Ø

n¬ \

n∂p-≠

-

bX

v.

9998

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

hmZ

n-°p-∂

p. tZi

y-t-Z-ß

-fn¬

lnµ

pImi

vao-c

nbpw a

p…nwI

mivao-

cnb

pw ]

[m-\

-am-W

v. C

u t`Z-ß

ƒ H∂

v k

wkvI

r-Xo-I

r-Xh

pw

at‰X

v t]

¿j

y-\o-I

r-X-h

p-am-W

v. P

mXn-t

∏-cp-I

ƒ tN

¿∂

n-´p-s

≠-

¶ne

pw F

√m-h

n-`m-K

-°mc

pw c≠

ptZi

y-t`-Z-ß

fpw

Dt]

m-tb

m-Kn-

°m≥

t]

m∂-h

-cm-W

v.

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w/ lnµ

n Ih

n-X-)

1)I

_o-d

ns‚

tZml

-Iƒ

˛ I_

o¿Zmk

v

(KoX

w 1 apX

¬ 15 h

sc) ˛ I

-_o-d

ns‚

KoX

-ßƒ

,

]cn-`

mj: I

qØm-´

p-Ipf

w tacn-t

Pm¨

, tI

m´b

w:

\mj

-W¬

_p°

v Ãmƒ

, 1966.

2)I

mam-b

\n ˛ P

b-i

¶¿ ]

kmZ

v

(NnØ

w F∂

`mK

w amX

w)

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: h

n.-sI

. lcn-l

-c-\

p-Æn-Ø

m-≥, t

Im´

bw:

Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1995).

3)h

oSp-I

ƒ ˛ A

t⁄

bv (k

-®n-Z

m-\µ

v loc

m-\µ

v

hm’

ym-b≥

)

4)X

o°-Æ

mSn ˛ t

IZm¿

\mY

v AK¿h

mƒ

5)sI

m√m-\

m-hn√

˛ Xnte

m-N≥

6) t\

Xm-°

tf £

an°

q! ˛ cL

p-ho¿

kl

mbv

(ka-I

m-eo-\

-lnµ

n Ih

nX, ]

cn-`

mj:

k®

n-Zm-\

-µ≥

,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v:ae

-bmf

w ]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 1989.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / lnµ

n sN

dp-I

Y)

Ah

ƒ ]

d-™

ncp∂

p ˛ Nµ

-[¿Ω

Kpt

ecn

ih

-t°

mSn ˛ t

]wN

µv

]mZ

-kcw ˛ s

sP

t\

-µ-I

p-am¿

]c-a-k

pJw ˛ b

iv]

m¬

s]

mXn-t

®md

v ˛ taml

≥ c

mtI

jv

hne

m-]-b

mX ˛ i

oIm-¥

v -h¿Ω

(lnµ

n IY

-Iƒ

, kº

m-Z-I

≥: t

Um.\

mwh¿ k

nwKv,

hnh

¿Ø

\w: k

Xy≥

, tI

m´b

w: \mj

-W¬

_p°

v Ãmƒ

,

1971.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / KpP

-dmØ

n sN

dp-I

-Y-)

1) ]pI

-®p-c

p-fp-I

ƒ ˛ K

pem_

vZmk

v t]

m°¿ ˛

2) Xcni

pPoh

n-X-ß

ƒ ˛ ]

pjI

v¿ N

¥-h

¿°

¿

3) apS

-¥\

pw IpS

n-b\

pw ˛ ]∂

-em¬

]t´¬

4) Ccp-´

p-ho-g

p∂p ˛ P

b¥

n Ze

m¬

5) ]mº

m´n ˛ N

p\n-e

m¬ a

mUnb

(Xcn-i

p-Po-h

n-X-ß

ƒ, h

nh¿Ø

\w: Z

bm-\

-µ≥

,

Fd-W

-m-Ipf

w: kml

n-Xy- ]

-cn-j

Xv k

l-I

-c-W

-kw-L

w,

1964.)

bqW

n‰v 4

lnµ

n / DdpZ

p / Imi

vaoc

n

lnµ

n C

≥tU

m-˛-bq-t

dm-]

y≥ tKmX

w. _

olm¿

, l

cn-b

m\,

lna

m-N¬

]tZ-i

v, a≤

y-]-tZ-i

v, cmP

-ÿm≥

, DØ

¿]

-tZi

v F∂

n-

hn-S

-ß-fn¬

][

m-\-`m-j

. U¬

ln, ]

©m-_

v, U°

m¨ ˛ F

∂n-

hn-S

-ß-fn¬

Nnte

-SØ

v kwk

m-c-`mj

. C≥

-Uy-b

n¬ 30 i

X-am-\

-

tØ

mfw B

fpI

-fpI

ƒ k

wkm-c

n-°p-∂

p. Ht´sd t

Zi

y-t`-Z-ß

ƒ

D≠

v.ssk

\yw, I

q´w F

s∂

ms°

A¿∞

-ap≈

CwK

vfo-j

nse

Horde

F∂

]Z-Ø

ns‚

aqe

-amb

H¿Zp F

∂ X

p¿°

n ]Z-Ø

n¬ \

n∂mW

v

D¿Zp D

≠mb

-Xv. ]

e k

wkv°

m-cß

-fps

S k

wtb

m-P-\

-Øm¬

mc

-

X-Ø

n¬Ø

s∂

cq]

-s∏

´ph

∂ `mj

-bmW

v Ddp-Z

p. C

≥tU

m

Bcy≥

tKmX

w. F∂

m¬, ]

Z-tI

miw, s

si

en, k

mln-X

y-]m-c

-

º-cyw F

∂n-h

-bps

S D

d-h

nSw a

t≤

yjy, X

p¿°

n, t]

¿j

y F∂

n-

hn-S

-ß-fn-e

mW

v. ap…

nw B

I-a-W

-Øn\

pti

jw t]

¿j

y≥

kwk

vIm-c

hpw k

wkvI

r-X-]

m-c-º

-cyh

pw IqS

n-t®

¿∂

p≠m-b

-XmW

v

Ddp-Z

p.

Imi

vaoc

n `mj

sb

\

m´p-I

m¿ I

mip¿

F

t∂

m I

min¿

k_

m≥ F

t∂

m hnf

n-°p-∂

p. lnµ

n-bn¬

Imi

vaoc

n F∂

p ]d-

bp-∂

p. PΩ

p˛ Imi

vao¿

kwÿ

m-\-ß

-fns

e H

utZym-K

n-I-`m-j

-bm-

Wv. I

mivaoc

n Zm¿

ZnI

v h¿§-Ø

n¬s∏

´X

mWv F

∂v H

cp-I

p´cpw

C≥

tU

m˛ Bcy≥

h¿§-Ø

n¬s∏

-´-X

mWv F

∂v a

s‰mc

p Iq´

cpw

101100

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

3)A

h-X

m¿ I

rjvW

v dl

v_¿, k

Ωm\

w (hn-h

¿Ø

\w:

Sn.-F

≥. h

niz≥

), amX

r-`qa

n BgvN

-∏-X

n∏v ]

pkvX

Iw 54

e°

w 46 (30 P\

p-hcn 1977).

4)l

cn-I

rjvW

I

uƒ

, A

SpØ

Znh

kw

(hn-h

¿Ø

\w:

hn.U

n. I

rjvW

≥ \

ºym¿

), amX

r-`qa

n B

gvN

-∏-X

n-∏v,

]pk

vXI

w 55 e°

w 46 (29 P\

p-hcn 1978).

5)k

q^n K

pemw a

pl-Ω

Zv, I

j≠

n (hn-h

¿Ø

\w: t

Um.

hni

z-\mY

Aø

¿), a

mXr-`

qan B

gvN

-∏-X

n-∏v, ]

pkvX

Iw

56 e°

w 45 (28 P\

p-hcn 1979).

bqW

n‰v 5

Xang

v / sX

epK

p / I∂

S

Zmh

nUtKmX

-Øns

e ]

[m-\

-`m-j

bmW

v Xan-g

v.

tX

t°

C≥

Uy, i

oe-¶

, kn¶

-∏q¿

, ate

-jy, C

≥tU

m-

t\

jy ˛ X

pS-ß

-nb ÿ

e-ß

-fn¬

Xang

v ]N

m-c-Ø

n-ep-

≠v. B

Zn-Z

m-hn-U

-m-j

-bn¬

\n∂

v kzX

-¥-amb

n cq]

m¥-

c-s∏

´

mj-I

-fmW

v Xan-g

v, sX

ep-K

p, I∂

-U, a

em-b

mfw,

Xpf

p X

pS-ß

-nb sX

t°

C

≥U

y≥`mj

-Iƒ

. Z

mhn-U

-

tKm-X

-Øns

e a

s‰mc

p mj

-bmW

v sX

ep-K

p. B‘

-Im¿

F∂

pIqS

n t]

cp≈

sX

ep-¶

-sc-°

p-dn®

v B

Zy-a

mb

kqN

\ sF

X-tc-b

-_m-“

-W-Ø

n-em-W

p-≈-X

v. Z

mhnU

-

`mj

-I-fn¬

it≤

b-amb

mj

-bmW

v I∂

U. I

¿W

m-S-

I-k

w-ÿm-\

sØ

HutZym-K

n-I-m-j

. Np‰

p-ap≈

tI

c-fw,

Xan-g

v\m-S

v, B‘

-]-tZi

v, al

m-cmj

vS ˛ F

∂n-h

n-S-ß

-

fn¬

h

en-s

bm-c

p-hn-`

mKw

P\

-ßƒ

I

∂U

k

wkm-c

n-

°p∂

p.

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / Xang

v Ih

nX)

1)X

e-ap-S

n-bps

S h

mk\

˛ Cssd-b

-\m¿

2)A

\p-c

mKw ˛ t

Zh

-Ip-e

-Øm¿

3)F

s¥

√mw X

S-

-ßƒ

! - ˛ ]c-W

¿

4)sN

Ω-Æ

nse

s]

bvØ

p-sh

≈w

sN

ºp-e

-s∏

-b¬

\oc

m¿

5)R

ß-fps

S K

maw ˛ I

p´p-h

≥ I

Æ≥

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / lnµ

n t\

mh¬

)

cmP

y-tZ

mln ˛ b

ivv]

m¬

(hnh

¿Ø

\w:

]n.

F.

hmc

n-b¿,

Xri

q¿:

Ko≥

_p-I

vkv,

2005.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / DdpZ

p Ih

n-X)

1)_

mt¶

-Zdm, A

Ω-b

psS k

z]v\

w, acn-®

-h-tcmS

v,

Fs‚

BK

-lw, h

mSnb

]q,

˛ CJ

v_m¬

(A©

pIh

n-X-I

ƒ a

mXw)

(C-J

v_m¬

, _mt

¶-Z-dm, h

nh¿Ø

\w: ]

n. Sn.A

_vZp-d

-

lvam≥

/tU

m. ]

n. F

. I

cow,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: C

…m-a

nIv

]_

vfn-j

nwKv l

uk

v, 2002.)

2)\

hte

mIta A

`n-h

m-Z-\

w ˛ Ae

n k¿Zm¿

Pm^

cn

(cwK

w H∂

v amX

w)

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: h

n. F. t

Ii

-h≥

\º

q-Xnc

n, \yqU

¬l

n:

\mj

-W¬

_p°

v SÃ

v, 1989.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / DdpZ

p sN

dp-I

-Y-)

Ih

-e-b

nse

InW

¿ ˛ I

nj≥

Nµ

¿

\nß

-fps

S Z

pxJw F

\n°

p Xcq ˛ c

mtP

-µ-k

nKv t

_Zn

Hcp \

nkm-c

-kw-K

Xn ˛ C

kvaX

v NpX

vKmb

n

(DdpZ

p sN

dp-I

YI

ƒ, \

yqU¬

ln:

\mj

-W¬

_

p°v

SÃ

v, 1976.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / DdpZ

p t\

mh-¬

)

A·

n-\Zn ˛ I

p¿ A

Xp¬

sF

≥ s

sl

Z¿

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: F

w. io[

-c-tam-t

\m≥

, \yqU

¬l

n:

\mj

W¬

_p°

v SÃ

v, 1971.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / Imi

vaoc

n sN

dp-I

Y)

1)Zo]

Iv I

uƒ

, cm[

m-Ir-j

vWs‚

]

q®,

(hn-h

¿Ø

\w:

hn.U

n. I

rjvW

≥ \

ºym¿

), amX

r-`qa

n B

gvN

-∏-X

n∏v,

]pk

vXI

w 52 e°

w 45 (26 P-\

p-hcn 1975).

2)Dtai

v Iuƒ

, `mK

y-tZmj

n (hn-h

¿Ø

\w s

]m^

. B¿.

sN

√-∏

≥ \

mb¿), a

mXr-`

qan B

gvN

-∏-X

n-∏v, ]

pkvX

Iw

53, e°

w 45 (25 P\

p-hcn 1976).

103102

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

(sX

-ep-K

p-I-Y

-Iƒ

, kº

m-Z-I

¿: ]

pcmW

w kp_

-“W

y-

i¿Ω

, hmI

mSn ]

fip-c

w-K-dmh

p, hnh

¿Ø

\w: s

]m^

-

k¿ sI

. k

n. k

pIp-a

m-c≥

\m-b

¿, \

yqU¬

ln:

\mj

-

W¬

_p°

v SÃ

v, 1991.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / sX

epK

p t\

mh¬

)

tX

mev∏

n-°-s∏

´ a

\p-j

y≥ ˛ _

en-h

mU I

m¥-dmh

p

(hnh

¿Ø

\w:

sI

. F

≥. Zmt

am-Z

-c≥

\mb

¿, \

yqU¬

ln:

\mj

-W¬

_p°

v SÃ

v, 1977.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / I∂

U I

hnX

)

1)l

w]n-b

nse

]md

-Iƒ

˛ Nµ

-ti

-JcI

-º¿

2)b

p≤w ˛ c

ma-N

-µ-i

¿Ω

3)tX

m¬k

©n ˛ k

n≤-e

nwK ]

´-W

-sj

´n

4)taL

-am¿

§w ˛ F

®v. F

kv. i

nh-]

-Imi

v

5)F

¥-X

n-i-b

-anX

v ˛ _n. B

¿. e

£va¨

dmh

p

(I-∂

-S-°

-hn-X

-Iƒ

, ]

cn-`

mj:

]e

¿,

Xri

q¿:

tI

cf

kml

nXy A

°m-Z

-an, 1996.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / I∂

U s

Ndp-I

Y)

1)A

Æ-ø

s‚

am\

-h-i

mkvX

w ˛ F. s

I. c

mam-\

p-P≥

2)Dam-]

-Xn-b

psS k

vtI

mf¿j

n-∏pb

mX ˛ ]

n. et¶

jv

3)A

¶w ˛ s

_mf

p-hm¿

apl

-Ω-Zp-I

p™n

4)A

amk

˛ Zh

-\qd

al

m-tZh

(Ccp-]

Xp I

∂U

sN

dp-I

-Y-I

ƒ, k

ºm-Z

-I¿: P

n. sh

¶nS

kp∫

-ø, _

n. kn. c

ma-N

-µ-i

¿Ω

, \yqU

¬l

n: tI

µ-

kml

nXy A

°m-Z

-an, 1993.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / I∂

U \

mSI

w)

lb

-h-Z\

˛ Knc

ojv I

¿W

mUv

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: t

Pm¿

Pv t

Pm¨

, tI

m´b

w:

Un.k

n. _pI

vkv, 2000.)

(AI

w Ih

n-X-I

ƒ, h

nh¿Ø

\w: F

≥. h

n. Irj

vW-h

m-

cnb

¿, X

riq¿

: tI

cf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1981.)

6)h

mbp ˛ k

p_-^

va-W

y-`m-c

Xn

7)k

am-¥

-c-te

m-I-ß

ƒ ˛ ⁄

m-\-°

q-Ø≥

8)I

n\m-h

p-Iƒ

˛ hnI

-am-Z

n-Xy≥

9)A

h-K

-W\

˛ k¬

a

10)A

·n-]

-th

iw ˛ I

\n-s

amg

n Icp-W

m-\n[

n

(]pX

p-\m-\

qdv, s

amg

n-am‰

w: B‰q¿

ch

n-h¿Ω

, Xri

q¿:

Id‚

v _pI

vkv, 2003.)

(Xan-g

nse

AI

w ]pd

w Ih

n-X-I

ƒ ˛

Xns

sW

k

¶e

v]w

˛ I

pdn-©

n, ap√

, ]

me,

acp-X

w,

s\

bvX

¬ ˛ C

h-b

psS s

]mc

pƒ k

mam-\

y-amb

n a\

- n-

em-°

Ww.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / Xang

v t\

mh¬

)

tP

. tP

. Nne

-Ip-d

n-∏p-I

ƒ ˛ k

pµc-cm-a

-kzma

n

(hnh

¿Ø

\w:

B‰q¿

ch

n-h¿Ω

, tI

m´b

w: U

n. k

n.

_pI

vkv, 1998.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / sX

epK

p Ih

nX)

t^

mt´m, t

`m∏

m¬, I

im∏

p-Im-c

≥, I

hn, A

Xn¿

Øn

(5 Ih

n-X-I

ƒ a

mXw)

(hc-h

-c-dm-h

p -h

n-jyX

v Nn-X

-]-Sw, ]

cn-

mj: t

Zi

-aw-K

ew

cma

-Ir-j

vW≥

, tU

m. F≥

. `‡

-h-’

-e-sd-Õ

n,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v; P\

-Io-b

-]-k

n-≤o-I

-c-W

tI

-µw, 1990.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / sX

epK

p sN

dp-I

Y)

1)aaX

m_‘

w ˛ Xn]

p-c-t\

m\n t

Km]

o-Nµ

v

2)h

©n-b

mX ˛ ]

me-KpU

n ]Zva-cmP

p

3)k

pJ-ap≈

Im‰

v ˛ a[

pcm-¥

Iw c

mPmd

mw

4)X

m¶vk

v t^

m¿Zn ]

n.- Fw. ˛ _

o\m-t

Zh

n

5)N

mcp-I

-tk

c ˛ i

o]X

n

105104

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

13)H

arbans Singh, A

spects of P

un

jabi L

iterature, F

rozpur: Baw

aP

ublishing House, 1961.

14)P. S

undaram P

illai, Som

e Mileston

es in T

amil L

iterature,

Madras: P

ioneer Book S

ervice, 1985.

15)T. R

ajagopala Rao, A

Historical S

ketch

of Telu

gu L

iterature,

New

Delhi: A

sian Educational S

ervices, 1984.

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w / I∂

U t

\mh

¬)

kwk

v°mc

w ˛ bp. B

¿ A

\-¥

-aq¿

Øn

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: s

I. ]

n. i¶

-c≥

, Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1997

/ 1979).

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

1)tU

m. sI

. Fw. t

Um¿

Pv (U

-b-dI

vSv¿ &

No^

v FU

n-‰¿),

`mc

-Xo-b

-km-l

nXyN

cnX

w (hme

yw H∂

v), Xri

q¿:

tI

cf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1982.

2)tU

m. sI

. Fw. t

Pm¿

Pv (U

-b-dI

vSv¿ &

No^

v FU

n-‰¿),

`mc

-Xo-b

-km-l

nXyN

cnX

w (hme

yw c≠

v), Xri

q¿:

tI

cf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1983.

3)C

S-b

m-d-∑

pf s

I. F

w. hdp-K

o-kv (h

n-h¿Ø

-\w),

ka-I

m-e

o\`mc-X

o-b-k

m-l

n-Xyw,

\yqU

¬l

n: k

mlnX

y

A°

m-Z-an, 1964.

4)M

asterpieces of In

dian

Literatu

re (Volum

e I), Chief E

ditor:D

R. K

.M. G

eorge, New

Delhi: N

ational Book T

rust, 1997.

5)M

asterpieces of In

dian

Literatu

re (Volum

e II), Chief E

ditor:D

R. K

.M. G

eorge, New

Delhi: N

ational Book T

rust, 1997.

6)M

asterpieces of In

dian

Literatu

re (Volum

e III), Chief E

ditor:D

R. K

.M. G

eorge, New

Delhi: N

ational Book T

rust, 1997.

7)K

. Santhanam

(ed.), An

An

thology of In

dian

Literatu

re,B

ombay: B

haratiya Vidyabhavan, 1969.

8)S

unitikumar C

hatterji, Lan

guages an

d L

iterature of M

odern

Ind

ia, Calcutta: B

engal Pubishers, 1963.

9)P

rabhakar Machw

e, Mod

ernity an

d C

ontem

porary In

dian

Literatu

re, New

Delhi: C

hetan Publications, 1978.

10)T. W

. Clark (ed.), T

he N

ovel in In

dia: Its B

irth an

d D

evelop-

men

t, London: A

llen and Unw

in, 1970.

11)R

am D

arasa Misra, H

ind

i Fiction

, Delhi: B

ansal, 1983.

12)Jnanesw

ar Mishra, V

oice Again

st the Storm

: A B

rief Su

rvey ofO

riya Fiction

, Culcutta: A

gradita, 1981.

107106

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Xan-g

ns‚

L´-ß

ƒ ˛ ]

g-¥

-an-g

v, CS-Ø

-an-g

v,

]pX

p-Ø-ang

v.

Xang

v \nL

-≠p-°

ƒ ˛ X

ang

vt∏

cI

-cmX

n apX

¬

XdvI

m-e-Ø

-an-g

I-cmX

nhsc. h

ymI-c-W

-Ir-X

n-Iƒ

˛

sX

m¬I

m-∏n-b

w, \∂

q¬, h

oc-tN

m-gn-b

w.

(hni

Z]

T-\

w)

sX

m¬I

m-∏n-b

-Øns

e "]

nd-∏

n-b¬

' (F

-gp-Ø

-Xn-I

m-cw)

\∂

q¬ "F

gp-Ø

n-b-e

n'se

kqX

w 72 apX

¬ 101 h

sc.

hoc

-tN

m-gnb

w "k¥

n-∏-S-e

'-Øns

e I

mcnI

1 apX

¬ 28

hsc ˛

kl

m-b-K

-Ÿ-ß

ƒ

1)sI

. Fw. ]

`m-I

-c-h

m-cn-b

¿, X

ang

pw ae

-bm-f

hpw, ]

q¿∆

-tI

-c-

f-mj

JW

vUw 2. 9, a

Zmk

v: aZn-c

min k

¿∆

-I-e

m-im-e

, 1982.

2)C

fb

-s]

-cp-a

mƒ,

sX

m¬I

m-∏nb

w (a

-e-b

mf h

ymJym-\

w),

tI

m´b

w: \mj

-W¬

_p°

vkv‰mƒ

, 1961.

3)C

f-b

s]

cp-a

mƒ, \

∂q¬

(1967) ˛ (kz¥

w ]k

n-≤o-I

-c-W

w)

4)C

f-b

-s]

-cp-a

mƒ,

ho-c

-tN

m-gnb

w, X

ncp-h

-\¥

-]pc

w: k

zman

_p°

v sk

‚¿, 1977.

5)Intro

ductio

n, X

an-g

vt∏

-c-I

-cmX

n h

mfyw

1 (1924,

1982) (Tam

il

Lexican 1˛6, 1924-˛1939)

6)sI

. Fw. t

Pm¿

Pv, X

an-g

vkm-l

n-Xy-N

-cnX

w, Xri

q¿: t

Ic-f -

km-l

nXy A

°m-Z

an, 1977.

7)A

I-cm-X

n-]-b

≥]

-Sp-Ø

pD-X

hpw I

pdn∏

pIƒ

˛ XdvI

m-e-X

-ang

v

AI

-cmX

n, In˛A

, aZ

m-kv, 1992.

8)S

. V. S

hanmugam

, ‘Malayalam

in Dravidian’, H

istory ofM

alayalamL

angu

age, (ed.) K. M

. Prabhakaravarar, M

adras:U

niversity of Madras, 1985.

Code: M

AL

2E2/8

Fw. F

. ae

-bmf

w ˛ `mj

bpw k

mlnX

yhpw

B X

an-g

vkm-l

n-Xyw

(Tam

il Literatu

re)

ae

bmf

`m-j

-tb

mSv G

‰h

pw ASpØ

`mj

-bmW

v Xan-g

v. Xan-

gn¬

AX

n-]m-N

o-\-amb

kml

nXyk

º-Ø

p-≠v. H

cp I

meØ

v tI

c-

f-Ø

n¬ ]

e `

mKØ

pw Xang

p]cn-⁄

m\w ]

mWvU

n-Xy-Ø

ns‚

Af-h

p-tI

m-em-b

n-cp-∂

p.

ae

-bm-f-`m-j

-bn¬

X

\-X

p-km-l

n-Xy-]

m-c-º

cyw

D≠

m-b

n-

Øo¿

∂-tX

msS A

\p-I

-a-amb

n \ap°

v Xan-g

pkm-l

n-Xy-]

-cn-N

bw

A\

y-am-b

n. F∂

m¬, ]

e-I

m-e-ß

-fn-e

mbn a

e-b

m-f-m-j

-bn¬

Xan-

gpI

r-Xn-I

-fps

S h

nh¿Ø

\w D

≠m-b

n. Xnc

p-°p-d

-fn∂

v BZy-a

mbn

samg

n-am‰

w D≠

m-bX

v ae

-bm-f

-Øn-e

mWv ˛ s

F°

-c-am-t

°m-X

-∏-

Wn-°

¿ 1595 ¬

cN

n® X

ncp-°

p-dƒ

mj

. XpS

¿∂

v At\

Iw ]

cn`m-

j-I

ƒ°

v AX

v Imc

-W-am-b

n. Cu \

ne-b

n¬, a

e-b

m-f-`mj

hgn-

°p-X

s∂

Xan-g

pkm-l

n-Xy-Ø

ns‚

Hcp k

mam\

y]cnN

bw t

\Sm-

hp-∂

-Xm-W

v.

Cu ]

mTy-]

-≤X

n hn`

m-h\

w sN

øp-∂

Xv a

qe`mj

-bn-t

e°

pw

kml

n-Xy-Ø

n-te

°pw ]

th

-in-°

m-\p≈

tk

m]m-\

-am-b

n-´m-W

v.

bqW

n‰v 1X

an-g

ns‚

kma

m-\ye

£-W

hpw X

an-g

nse

e£

-W-h

n-h-

c-W

-ßfpw a

e-b

m-f-h

p-am-b

p≈ k

may-h

y-Xymk

-ßƒ

˛

Xan-g

ns‚

kma

m-\y-e

-£-W

-ßƒ

˛ ae

-bm-f

-hp-a

m-bp≈

kmP

m-Xy-s

sh

-Pm-X

y-ßƒ

˛ Xan-g

pen]

n ]cn-N

-bw.

109108

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

(2)]

msse

]mS

nb s

]cpw-I

-Spw-t

Im-h

n-s\

-∏‰n

(]p. 15˛16)

(3)]

¬b

m-I-N

msse

apX

p-°p-S

p-an-s

∏cp h

gp-X

n-sb

-∏‰n

(]p. 17)

(4)tI

ms∏

cp\

¿I

n≈n I

cp-h

q-cnS

w

sN

¬h

m-ss\

-°≠

p (]p. 18)

(5)s\

Spws

Ngn-b

-s\

-∏‰n (]

p. 29-˛29)

5. ]Ø

p-∏m´

v

(]cn-`

mj: t

a-e

-ß-Ø

p-\m-c

m-b-W

≥ I

p´n, X

riq¿

:

tI

c-f-k

m-lnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 2000.)

(hni

-Z]

-T-\

w)

"Xnc

p-ap-c

p-Im-‰

p-∏S'

(19-˛53)

6.X

ncp-°

p-dƒ

(]cn-`

mj: F

-kv. c

ta-i

≥\

m-b¿, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w:

SÃ

v ]-ª

n-tj

-gvk

v, 1998.)

Adw-]

m¬ A

[n-I

m-c-ß

ƒ:

(1)I

S-h

pƒ h

mgvØ

p

(2)h

m≥N

n-d∏

v

(3)\

oØm¿

s]

-cps

sa

(BsI

30 Ipd

-fp-I

ƒ)

kl

m-b-K

-Ÿ-ß

ƒ:

1)C

fw-I

pfw I

p™≥

]n-≈

-, Xnc

-s™

-Sp-Ø

-Ir-X

n-Iƒ

,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

]pc

w: tI

c-f-k

¿h

-I-e

m-im-e

, 2005.

(Xms

g-∏

-d-b

p∂ t

eJ

-\-ß

ƒ:)

(1)tI

cfw k

wL-I

m-eØ

v (]p. 9-˛18)

(2)Xan-g

v®¶

w (]p. 33-˛37)

(3)kwL

-km-l

nXyw (]

p. 38-˛45)

(4)kwL

-Ir-X

n-I-fps

S I

mew (]

p. 46-˛57)

bqW

n‰v 2

]g-¥

-an-g

vkm-l

nXyw:

1.]

Xn‰

p-∏Ø

v ˛

Ca-b

-h-c-º

≥ s\

Spwt

Nc-e

mXs\

-∏-‰n-

bp≈

c≠

mw ]Ø

v.

(]cn-`

mj: P

n. ssh

-Zy-\

m-Y-ø

¿, X

riq¿

: tI

c-f -

km-l

nXyA

°m-Z

-an, 1961.)

2.A

Iw I

hnX

Iƒ

(]cn-`

mj: F

≥. h

n. Irj

vW-h

m-cn-

b¿, X

riq¿

: tI

c-f- k

m-lnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1961.

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

-w)

(1)sN

Ω-Æ

nse

s]

bvØ

p-sh

≈w

(2)A

]-h

mZw

(3)sI

mSp-ß

-√q-c

nse

]-X

na

(4)I

m°-b

v°p-_

en

(5)h

¿j

m-cw`

w

3.I

pdp-s

¥mI

(]cn-`

mj: s

I. F

≥. F

gp-Ø

-—≥

, Xr-i

¿: t

Ic-f-k

m-

lnX

yA

°m-Z

-an, 1999.)

(hni

-Z]

T\

w)

(1)sN

¶m¥

ƒ

(2)h

≠n-t\

mSv

(3)K

maw k

pJn°

s´

(5)`mK

y-h-X

n-Iƒ

(5)]

Tn-®

-I-≈

Øn

4. ]pd

\m-∂

qdv

(]cn-`

mj: h

n. B¿. ]

cta-i

z-c≥

]n≈

, Xri

q¿: t

Ic-f-

km-l

nXy A

°m-Z

-an, 1969.)

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

w)

(1)s]

-cn-t

©m-‰

p-Xn-b

≥ t

Nc-e

m-X-s\

-∏‰n (]

p. 2-˛3)

111110

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Xms

g ]

d-b

p∂ I

hn-X

-Iƒ

:

(1)X

ncp-h

-©n-°

pfw (]

p. 117-˛120)

(2)]

√m-≠

p-hm-g

vØ¬

(]p. 233-˛235)

(3)sh

Æ-I

r-jvW

≥ (]

p. 244-˛247)

(4)X

ncp-h

n-Ø-t°

mSv (]

p. 274˛276)

(5)X

ncp-h

-√-h

mgv (]

p. 326-˛327)

(6)X

ncp-h

≥h

-≠q¿

(]p. 353-˛354)

(7)X

ncph

md≥

apf

(]p. 360-˛361)

(8)X

ncp-s

®-ß

-∂q¿

(]p. 363-˛364)

(9)X

r°m-°

c (]

p. 371-˛372)

(10)X

ncpa

q-gn-°

pfw (]

p. 373-˛374)

(11)X

ncp-\

m-hmb

(]p. 375-˛376)

(12)X

ncp-h

\¥

-]pc

w (]p. 377-˛378)

4.X

ncp-∏

mssh

, io B

≠mƒ

IrX

n-Iƒ

h

nh¿Ø

\w:

D≈

q¿ ]

c-ta-i

z-c≥

, tI

m´b

w: I-d‚

v _pI

vkv, 2006.

(B-Zys

Ø ]

Øp ]

mkpc

w)

5.N

m]`R

vP\

w, I-º

-cm-a

m-b-W

w, ]cn-`

mj: F

kv. s

I.

\mb

¿ t

Im´

bw F

≥_

n-F-k

v, 1971.

kl

m-bI

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1.C

f-t¶

m-h-Sn-I

ƒ N

ne-∏

-Xn-I

mcw,

]p-\

-cm-J

ym-\w:

]m¿

hX

n

AΩ

mƒ t

Im´

bw: U

n. kn. _

pIvk

v, 2007 (1996).

2.F

w. hc-Z-cm-P

≥, C

f-t¶

m-h-Sn-I

ƒ, U

¬l

n: tI

µk

m-lnX

y

A°

m-Z-an, 1973.

3."a

p∂pc

"˛

A.

A.

aW

-hm-f

≥ (B

-‰q-c

ns‚

`‡

n-Imh

yw

hnh

¿Ø

-\-Ø

ns‚

Bap-J

w)

4.A

h-X

m-cnI

, F≥

.- hn. I

rjvW

-hm-c

n-b¿, X

ncp-∏

mssh

,

hn-h

¿Ø

-\-h

pw hymJ

ym-\h

pw: D-≈

q¿ ]

-c-ta-i

z-c≥

, 1986.

5.th

-Wp-t

Km-]

m-e-∏

-Wn-°

¿, X

ncp-∏

m-ssh

bpw ]

g-b

-a-e

-bm-f

hpw,

`m-j

m-te

mIw, t

Im´

bw: U

n. kn.-_

p-Ivk

v, 2006.

(5)Ifh

pw I¿∏

w (]p. 63-˛99)

(6)BZn-t

N-c-∑

m¿ (]

p. 135-˛159)

2)L

. V. R

amasw

ami A

iyar, ‘Pictures of A

ncient Kerala L

ife’,B

ulletin

of RV

RI V

ol. 57, Trichur: 1949.

3)X

ncp-°

p-dƒ

, (c

-ta-i

≥ \

mb-cps

S h

ymJym\

-Øn¬

tN

¿Ø

Bap-J

w ˛ hn. h

n\m-b

-I-s]

-cp-a

mƒ)

4)X

ncp-°

p-dƒ

ae

-bm-f

-Øn¬

, (c-ta-i

≥ \

mb-cps

S h

ymJym-\

-

Øn¬

tN

¿Ø

Xv 1998) ˛ h

´-∏

-d-º

n¬ t

Km]

n-\m-Y

-]n≈

.

5)i

o\m-c

m-b-W

-Kp-c

p-hns

‚ X

ncp-°

p-dƒ

`mj

, io-\

m-cm-b

-W-K

p-

cp-h

ns‚

kº

q¿Æ

-Ir-X

n-Iƒ

˛ (kam-l

-c-W

w, hymJ

ym\w:

Sn. `

mkvI

-c≥

), tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: amX

r-`q-a

n- _pI

vkv, 1894.

6)B

apJ

w˛ Xnc

p-°p-d

ƒ, h

nh¿Ø

\w: s

hÆ

n-°p-f

-w, tI

m´b

w:

\mj

-W¬

_p-I

vÃmƒ

, 1957.

7)cmL

-h≥

Xnc

p-ap¬

∏m-S

v, Xnc

p-°p-d

¬

mhw, X

r∏q-W

n-Øp-d

:

]-I

m-inI

"]nb

", 2003.

8)sI

. Pn. N

µ-ti

-J-c≥

\m-b

¿, X

ncp-°

p-dƒ

(k-º

q¿Æ

`m-j

yw),

Un.- k

n. -_p°

vkv, 2002.

bqW

n‰v 3

CS-Ø

-an-g

vkm-l

nXyw

1."t

h´p-h

-cps

S I

qØv"˛ h

©n-I

m-JW

vUw

Nne

-∏-X

n-Imc

w ]

Zy-]

-cn-`

mj, F

kv. c

ta-i

≥\

mb¿,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Zan, 1992 (H

∂mw ]

Xn∏

v

1978), ]p. 345-˛353.

2."t

Zh

-In-b

psS Z

pxJw, G

gmw-X

n-cp-s

amg

n˛

s]

cp-a

mƒsamg

n ˛

]cn-`

mj:

]pX

p-t»

cn

cma

-N-µ

≥,

Xri

q¿: U

n.-kn. _

pIvk

v, 2001, ]p. 57-˛62.

3.`‡

n-Imh

yw, hnh

¿Ø

\w. B

‰q¿

ch

n-h¿Ω

, U¬

ln:

tI

µk

m-lnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 2004.

113112

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

(7)C

fw-\

-c ˛ I

me k

p_-“

-Wy≥

(8)\

n≥ h

oń¬

˛ Pb

-tam-l

≥

(9)F

s‚

hoS

v ˛ I\

n-samg

n

(10)ssae

m©n ˛ F

®v. k

n. dk

q¬

(11)^

m¶v-^

¿´v \

K-c-Ø

nse

cmX

n ˛

hn.s

F.F

kv. P

b-]

m-e≥

(12)F

s‚

\mS

v ˛ tN

c≥

(13)C

∂se

ssh

Ip-t

∂cw

Rß

ƒ C

hns

S D

≠m-b

n-cp∂

p F

w. F. \

p“m≥

(14)X

S-h

p-Imc

n ˛ Kucn

(15)C

S-b

n¬ H

cp \

mƒ ˛ D

¿h

in

kl

m-b-I

K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)cmP

-am¿

Øm-W

vU≥

, Xan-g

nse

]pX

p-°-h

nX ˛ H

cp B

-ap-J

-

]-cn-N

bw

B-‰q¿

; ]pX

p\m\

qdv h

nh¿Ø

-\w: B

‰q¿

(2004).

2)X

an-g

vkm-l

n-Xy-N

-cnX

w, hnh

¿Ø

\w: a

rZp-e

, hmk

-¥n,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

I-c-f- `

m-jm- C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 1974.

3)ap. h

c-Z-cm-P

≥, X

an-g

vkm-l

n-Xy-N

-cnX

w, hnh

¿Ø

\w:

ta-e

-ßØ

v \mc

m-b-W

≥I

p-ń, U

¬l

n: tI

µ-k

m-lnX

y

A°

m-Z-an, 2000.

4)F

kv. ]

n. tk

Xp-∏

n≈, `

mc-X

n-bm-c

psS K

m\-am-[

pcyw

(Bap-J

-]-T-\

w), `mc

-Xn-b

psS I

hn-X

-Iƒ

, ]cn-`

mj:

sh

Æn-°

pfw, 1962.

5)X

an-g

-Is∏

Ï

-hn-X

-Iƒ

, hnh

¿Ø

\w: k

aoc

, tI

mgn-t°

mSv:

am-X

r-`q-a

n -_p-I

vkv, 2005.

6)R

avikumar &

R. A

zhagarasan (ed.), Th

e Oxford

Ind

ia An

thol-

ogy of Tam

il Dalit W

riting, New

Delhi: U


bqW

n‰v 5

]pX

pØang

v KZyw

1.]

Xn-a

q∂p X

an-g

v I-Y

-Iƒ

, hnh

¿Ø

\w. S

n. t]

am-\

-µ-

Ip-a

m¿, t

Im´

bw: U

n. kn. _

pIvk

v.

6P

n. h≥

ao-I

n-\m-Y

≥, a

mWn°

hmN

-I¿, h

nh¿Ø

\w:

F≥

. hn. I

rjvW

-hm-c

n-b¿, U

¬l

n: kml

n-Xy-A

-°m-Z

-an, 1979.

7"`

mjm-I

-º-cm-a

m-b-W

-Øn-s

\m-c

m-apJ

w', (F

-kv.

sI

. \

mb¿

cN

n® N

m]-`wK

w, I

-º-cm-a

m-b-W

w), tI

m´b

w: F

≥.

_n.

Fk

v, 1971.

bq-W

n‰v 4

]pX

p-Ø-ang

v ˛ Ih

nX:

1. `mc-X

o-bm-cps

S I

hn-X

-Iƒ

]

cn-`

mj:

sh

Æn-°

pfw

tKm]

m-e°

pdp∏

v, tI

m´b

w; \

m-j-W

¬ _

p°v-Ã

mƒ,

1962.

Xms

g-∏

d-b

p∂ I

hn-X

-Iƒ

:

(1)h

tµ

-am-X

cw (]

p. 33-˛34)

(2)sN

¥-an-g

v\mS

v (]p. 48-˛50)

(3)tamN

\w (]

p. 64-˛65)

(4)al

m-flm-K

m-‘n-]

-©I

w (]p. 87-˛88)

(5)]

pXnb

dj

y (]p. 91-˛92)

(6)\

µ-_

m-e≥

(]p. 208)

(7)t]

-Sn-b

n√ (]

p. 123-˛124)

(8)i

nip-K

m\w (]

p. 137-˛140)

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Æ-Ω

-˛-F≥

Ip´

n (]p. 174-˛175)

(10)I

Æ≥

˛Fs‚

Ifn-∏

n≈ (]

p. 176)

2. ]pX

p-\m-∂

qdv, h

nh¿Ø

\w: B

‰q¿

ch

n-h¿Ω

, Xri

q¿:

I-d‚

v _pI

vkv, 2003.

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d-b

p∂ I

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:

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. ]n®

aq¿

Øn

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ne¿ ˛ \

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n ˛ kpµ

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n

(4)A

Ω-b

psS \

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ƒ ˛ ⁄

m\-°

q-Ø≥

(5)_

p≤s\

ad∂

C-Sw ˛ ]

g-ae

(6)t]

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e¥

v? ˛ \oe

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m-`≥

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AL

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IY

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YI

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ns\

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pw I

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pw

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v BgØ

nep≈

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ƒ ]

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Cu t

Img

vkv k

lmb

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pw.

bqW

n‰v 1

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nh¿Ø

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kwk

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cß

fps

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sI

am‰

w h

nh¿Ø

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n\v t

dma

≥ b

mt°

m-

_vk

¨ \

evI

nb h

n`P

\w

˛ C

≥S

menwK

z¬,

C‚

¿-

enwK

z¬,

C‚

¿k

oant

bm´

nIv ˛

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bp≈

h

nh¿Ø

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˛ h

yXyk

vX`mj

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p≈

hnh

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m¥ch

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˛ hymJ

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wKrl

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b-I

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, Nne

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-c-ß

-fn¬

Nne

-a-\

p-jy¿

, U¬

ln:

\m-j

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_pI

v SÃ

v, 1976.

3.tX

m∏n¬

apl

-Ω-Zvao-c

m≥, I

q\≥

tX

m∏v,

sN

ß-∂

q¿:

sd-b

v≥t_

m -_pI

v ]ª

nt°

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kv 2003.

4."k

aql

w'F

∂ J

WvU

w. (5 sN

dnb

te

J-\

-ßƒ

),

`mc

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m-cps

S K

Zy-I

r-Xn-I

ƒ, h

nh¿Ø

\w: F

kv. s

I.

\mb

¿, U

¬l

n: \mj

W-¬

_pI

v S-Ã

v, 1975, ]p. 75˛84.

5)ssh

°w k

a-c-N

-cnX

w, s]

cn-b

m¿ C

. hn. c

ma-k

zm-an-

bps

S X

nsc-s™

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n-Iƒ

-˛1, hnh

¿Ø

\w:

Pn. P

b≥

, U¬

ln: C

-¥y≥

Cuk

vsX

-‰nI

v

]ª

n-tj

-gvk

v, 1994, ]p. 86-˛109.

kl

m-bI

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

1)tU

m. sI

.-Fw. t

Pm¿

Pv (U

b-dI

vSv¿ &

No^

v FU

n-‰dv), `

mc-

Xo-b

-km-l

n-Xy-N

-cnX

w (h

me

yw H∂

v), X

riq¿

: tI

cf

kml

nXy A

°m-Z

-an, 1982. (]

pdw 25-˛28, 89˛96, 216-˛232, 386-

˛397, 540-˛546, 684-˛693 t\

m°p-I

.)

2)tU

m. sI

.-Fw. t

Pm¿

Pv (U

b-dI

vSv¿ &

No^

v FU

n-‰dv), `

mc-

Xo-b

-km-l

n-Xy-N

-cnX

w (h

me

yw c≠

v), X

riq¿

: tI

cf

kml

nXy A

°m-Z

-an, 1983. (]

pdw 64-˛75, 188-˛197, 307-˛314, 404-

˛410, 502, 573-˛578 t\

m°p-I

.)

(B\

p-Im-e

n-Iw)

th

Wp-t

Km]

me-∏

-Wn-°

¿, k

a-I

m-en-I

-X-an-g

vkm-l

nXyw,

kml

n-Xy-t

emI

w, ]pk

vXI

w 22 e°

w 6; ]pk

vXI

w 23 e°

w

1 / (1997, 1998), Xri

q¿: t

Ic-f-k

m-lnX

y A°

m-Z-an.

117116

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. ae

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w: `mj

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. ae

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w: `mj

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mln-X

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]qX

∏m´

v˛ CSt»

cn

Ip‰

hpw

in£

bpw˛

(Zk

vXtb

mhvk

vIn)

s]

m^. U

n.

X¶

∏≥

\mb

¿, t

Im´

bw: U

n.kn. _

pIvvk

v 2000.

ame

n `mc

Xw ˛ a

men

`mc

X]

cyS

\w ˛ I

p´nI

rjvW

amc

m¿

bqW

n‰v 5X

nc°

Yb

pw kn\

nab

pw -˛

s]

cp¥

®≥

˛ Fw.S

n.

A]

c≥

˛ ]fl

cmP

≥

Im°

Iƒ

(tI

mkv)

Ipd

tk

mhm (U

owkv) ˛

hm≥

tK

mK

v N

nXß

fpw

N

nXß

fps

S k

n\na

m

]tb

mKh

pw ˛Nn”

imk

vX]

camb

hni

Ie

\w ˛

kl

mbI

KŸ

ßƒ

:

1)B

luestone, George, N

ovels into F

ilm, B

altimore: T

he JohnsH

opkins Press, 1957.

2)B

oyum, Joy G

ould, Dou

ble E

xposu

re : Fiction

Into F

ilm.

Calcutta: S

eagull Books, 1989.

3)M

etz, Christian, (T

r.) Michael T

aylor, Film

Lan

guage: A

Semiotics of C

inema. N

ew Y

ork: Oxford U


4)R

ichardson, Robert, L

iterature and Film

, London: Indiana U

ni-versity P

ress 1969.

5)S

inyard, Neil, F

ilmin

g Literatu

re : Th

e Art of S

creen

Ad

aptation

. London and S

idney: Groom

Helm

, 1986.

6)Iravati K

arve, Yuganta – T

he End of A

n Epoch, H

yderabad: Ori-

ent Longm

an, 2007 (1969).

6)A

bva\

w Irj

vW-ss°

-aƒ

, B´-°

-Ym-k

m-lnX

yw,

Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰yq´

v.

7)F

. Bdns

‚ \

f-N

-cn-X

-]-T-\

w, Im¥

m-c-X

m-cI

w˛ hymJ

ym-\-

Øns

‚ B

apJ

w

A\

pIcW

w. kml

nXyw, Z

riyI

e, i

hyI

e I

hnX

m-

em]

\w,

IY

Ifn,

kn\

na,

Snh

n, tdU

ntb

m \

mSI

w,

NnX

oIcW

w ˛

B´]

Imc

hpw I

aZo]

nIb

pw (kma

m\y]

cnN

bw)

bqW

n‰v 2X

p≈¬

, B´°

Y, ]

mTI

w, IqØ

v cwK

mhX

cW

ßƒ

A\

pIe

v]\

sa∂

\ne

bn¬

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cnX

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≥X

p≈¬

˛ Ip©

≥ \

ºym¿

-˛ \fN

cnX

w B´°

Y (H

∂mw Z

nh-

kw)

˛ DÆ

mbnh

mcnb

¿, al

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nse

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tfm]

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Jym\

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ti

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al

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oetry)

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n-ti

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p.

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Ø

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s°

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bpw

ae

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‚ k

mlN

cyØ

n¬ \

n-

∂p-s

Im≠

v am‰

-Øn\

pth

≠n ]

h¿Ø

n-°pI

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mWv s

Nb

vXX

v.

]gb

Ae

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fpw ]

tb

m-Kß

fpw I

mhy-c

o-Xn-I

fpw ]

mtS a

mdn;

_nw_

-ßfpw ]

Xo-I

ßfpw B

¿°

n-ssS-∏

p-Ifpw a

nØp-I

fpw I

hn-

X-sb

IqS

pX¬

kzm[

o-\n-°

m≥ X

pS-ß

n. Ih

nXb

psS

mj-b

nepw

ssi

en-b

nepw A

km-[

m-c-W

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am‰

-amW

v kw

-hn-®

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qey-N

yp-

8)A

Sq¿

tKm]

meI

rjvW

≥, k

n\na

bps

S t

emI

w.

Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰yq´

v, 1988.

9)F

w. tX

mak

v amX

yp, CX

n-lm-k

-]-T-\

-ßƒ

-˛-`m-c

-X-]

-cy-S

-\w,

amc

mcv-˛ e

mh-W

ym-\p-`

-h-Ø

ns‚

bp‡

n-in-e

v]w,

tI

c-f-k

m-lnX

y A°

m-Zan, 2006, ]

pdw 114˛139.

10)B

¿.h

n.Fw. Z

nhm-I

-c≥

, IY

bpw X

nc-°

-Y-b

pw, tI

mgn-t°

mS:v

He

n-hv, 2005.

11)a[

p Cdh

¶c, a

eb

mf k

n\na

bpw k

mlnX

yhpw, t

Im´

bw:

Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1999.

12)F

w. Sn. h

mkpt

Zh

≥ \

mb¿, F

wSnb

psS X

nc°

YI

ƒ

(Bdp h

mey-ß

ƒ), t

Im´

bw: U

n. kn. _

pIvk

v, 2011.

13)F

w. ]n. i

¶p-Æ

n-\m-b

¿, \

mSy-a

-WvU

-]w, t

Img

n-t°

mSv:

amX

r-`qa

n, 1987.

14)k

p[mh

mcnb

¿, A

\pI

ev]

\Ø

ns‚

B´]

Imc

w. tI

m´b

w:

Id‚

v _pI

vkv, 2001.

15)tU

m. aoc

m am¿

t°

mkv,

cL

phwi

w a≤

yIme

hymJ

ym\

]T\

ßƒ

(Dt]

mZvL

mXw), 2005.

16)P

n. ]n. c

ma-N

-µ≥

, te

mI-k

n-\na

mbm-X

-Iƒ

, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v:

eoU

v _pI

vkv, 2012.

121120

Fw.-F

. ae

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w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fe

n-Iƒ

˛ F≥

. hn. I

rjvW

-hm-c

nb¿

]mX

m-f-Ø

ns‚

apg

°w ˛ F

≥. F

≥. I

°mS

v

Inc

m-X-h

rØw˛ I

S-Ω

-\n´

`k

vam-k

p-c≥

˛ sN

dn-b

m≥ s

I. s

Ndn-b

m≥

kl

mbI

KŸ

ßƒ

:

1)F

w.-hn. t

Zh

≥, t

Zh

-kv]

-µ\

w, tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv,

1999.

2)I

°m-S

ns‚

Ih

n-X-I

ƒ (I

-hn-X

-Ifpw A

h-X

m-cn-I

fpw),

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: amX

r-`qa

n, 2011.

3)I

°m-S

v, "P

oh-N

-cn-X

-°p-d

n-∏p-I

ƒ'

F∂

k

am-l

m-c-Ø

n\v

I°

mSv F

gp-X

nb a

pJ-°

p-dn-∏

p-Iƒ

(A-\

p-_‘

w H-∂

v), Aø

-

∏-Ø

ns‚

Ih

n-X-I

ƒ, i

pI-]

pcw: h

≈-tØ

mƒ h

nZym-]

o-Tw,

2010.

4)]

k-∂

-cm-P

≥,

tI

c-f-I

-hn-X

-bns

e I

enb

pw N

ncnb

pw,

tI

m´b

w: \mj

-W¬

_p°

v Ãmƒ

, 1992.

5)F

≥. F

≥. I

°m-S

v, Ih

n-Xb

pw ]mc

-º-cy-h

pw, ipI

-]pc

w:

h≈

-tØ

mƒ h

nZym-]

o-Tw, 1984.

(6)F

w. apI

p-µ≥

, F¥

mWv B

[p-\

n-I-X

, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: ]q¿

W

]ª

n-t°

-j≥

kv, 2006 (1976).

7)A

ø-∏

-∏-W

n-°¿,

Ipc

p-t£

Xw

2000, tI

m´b

w: U

n. k

n.

_pI

vkv, 2000.

(Ip-c

p-t£

Xw F

∂ I

hn-X

, AX

n-s\

-°p-d

n-®p≈

]T-\

-ßƒ

,

CwK

vfo-j

v, lnµ

n, Xan-gv, ^

©v, k

v]m\

njv h

nh¿Ø

-\-ß

ƒ˛)

8)tU

m. F

w. e

oem-h

-Xn,

ae

-bm-f

-I-h

n-Xm-k

m-ln-X

y-N-cn-X

w,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mln-X

y A°

m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).

9)Jam

es Reeves, U

nderstanding Poetry, L

ondon: Pan Books, 1965.

10)Irving H

owe, L

iterary Mod

ernism

, New

York: A

Faw

cettP

remier B

ook, 1967.

bqW

n‰v 2 / b

qWn‰

v 3

hnt£

m--I

-c-amb

mh

-ßƒ

H

∂ne

pw hni

z-m-k-an-√

mbva,

]e

-X-c-Ø

n-ep≈

`oX

n, s]

m≈-b

mb h

mKvZm-\

ßtfm-

Xn-t

bm-S

p≈ ]

XnI

-c-W

w, h

y‡n-]

-c-tX

mbpS

p≈ B

`n-a

p-Jyw,

_nw_

-ßfpw

]X

o-I-ß

fpw

sN

ep-Ø

nb k

zo[o\

w ˛

CsX

m-

s°

-bmW

v \

ho-\

-I-h

n-X-b

psS ]

T-\

sØ

B

g-Ø

n-te

°p

\b

n-

°p-∂

-Xv.

Ih

nX aq¿

Ø-P

o-hn-X

m-hnj

v°mc

w k

m[n-°

msX

]

n¥n-c

n-∏-

\pw i

pjv°

hpw h

mssKz-N

n-Xy-h

n-e-k

n-Xh

pw Bb

n amd

n-bn--cn-°

p-

∂p

F∂

p N

ne \

ncq-]

-I¿ ]

cm-X

n-s∏

--´p. C

tX

k

µ¿`-Ø

n¬-

Øs∂

]pX

nb

mh-a-fi

-e-ß

-sfb

pw Bh

n-jv°

m-ccq-]

-ß-sfb

pw

hni

-I-e

\w

sN

øp-I

bpw

hne

-bn-c

p-Øp-I

bpw

sN

øp∂

A

t\

z-

jW

-]-T-\

-ßfpw \

S-°

p∂p≠

m-bn-c

p-∂p.

ae

-bm-f

-I-h

n-Xb

n¬ k

w`-h

n® am‰

ßsfb

pw ]

co-£

-W-ß

-

sfb

pw N

cn-X

-ho-£

-W-tØ

msS a\

- n-e

m-°p-I

; Kuc-h

-]q¿

Æ-

amb

]mc

m-b-W

-Øn-t

e°

pw ]T-\

-ß-fn-t

e°

pw At\

z-j-W

-ß-fn-

te

°pw X

ncn-b

pI; ]

pXnb

kwt

h-Z-\

-£-a-X

, ]pX

nb X

mf-e

-b-

ßƒ

, ]pX

nb `

mjm-s

si

-en-I

ƒ, X

mfm-fl

-Ih

pw `mh

]-I

m-i-I

-

hp-a

mb h

mIy-c

-N-\

m-co-X

n-Iƒ

˛

Ch

sb

ms°

h

na¿i

-\-_

p-≤n-

tb

msS a\

- n-e

m-°pI

F

∂-X

mWv \

ho-\

I-h

n-X-b

psS ]

T-\

w-

sI

m-≠v e

£y-a

m°p∂

-Xv.

bqW

n‰v 1a

em-b

-f-Ø

nse

\

ho-\

-]-h

-W-X

-I-fps

S th

cp-I

ƒ ˛

]m›

mXyI

hn-X

-bns

e \

ho-\

-]-h

-W-X

-I-fps

S k

zm[o

\w ˛ I

hnX

]pX

nb `

mh-X

-e-Ø

n-te

°v ˛ h

y‡-amb

e£

y-t_

m-[w, h

ni-Z-amb

Poh

n-X-h

o-£-W

w, kuµ

-cym-

-cm-[

-\,

qX-I

m-e-tØ

m-Sp≈

BZ-ch

v]pX

nb I

hnX

]mc

-

º-cys

Ø \

ntj

-[n-°

p-∂n√

F

∂m¬

, ]mc

-º-cys

Ø

apt

∂m´

p \b

n-°m-\

-\p-h

-Zn-°

mØ b

mYm-ÿ

n-IX

ztØ

m-

Sp≈

FX

n¿∏

v ˛ Xoc

p-am-\

n-®p-d

® ]

tab

-ßtfm h

nj-

b-ß

tfm A

√, X

ßƒ

°p X

s∂

Ah

y-‡h

pw k¶

o-¿-

Æ-h

p-a-mb

mh

-K-Ÿ

n-Isf I

s≠

-Øp-∂

p H

mtcm I

hn-

Xb

pw hyX

y-kvX

w ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

Ipc

p-t£

Xw

˛ Aø

-∏-∏

-Wn-°

¿

aW

n-b-d-b

n-te

°v ˛ a

m[-h

≥ A

ø∏

Øv

123122

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

5)k

®n-Z

m-\-µ

≥ (k

-am-l

-cW

w, ]T-\

w), ae

-bm-f

-I-h

n-X,

Xri

q¿: I

d‚

v _pI

vkv, 1989.

6)tU

m. B

¿.

hni

z-\m-Y

≥,

A\

z-bw,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: ]

q¿W

]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 1990.

7)]

g-h

nf c

ta-i

≥, R

ms\

s‚

ImS

p-I-fn-t

e-b

v°v, t

Im´

bw:

\mj

-W¬

_pI

v Ãmƒ

, 2010.

8)John P

eck & M

artin Coyle, P

ractical Criticism

– How

to write

a Critical A

pp

reciation, L

ondon: Palgrave, 1995 (1965).

bqW

n‰v 4

`mj

-bne

pw ssi

en-b

nepw A

h-X

-cW

-Øne

pw kw`

hn®

ssh

hn-≤

yßƒ

˛ Imh

y]ta-b

-ß-fn¬

IS-∂

p-h∂

]cn-l

m-kh

pw XØ

z-Nn¥

bpw

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

w)

£am-]

Ww ˛ I

p™pÆ

n

hm≥

tKm-°

ns‚

sN

hn ˛ t

aX

n¬ c

m[m-I

r-jvW

-≥

_e

n-°p-d

n-∏p-I

ƒ ˛ F

. Aø

-∏≥

Cu®

˛ sI

. F. P

b-i

o-e≥

c≠

mw-P∑

w ˛ tZi

-aw-K

ew c

ma-I

r-jvW

≥

a™

n-t\

mSp s

hb

n-se

-∂-t]

m-se

bpw ˛ ]

`m-h

¿Ω

\N

n-tI

-X

v ˛ ]n. c

hn-I

p-am¿

("\-N

n-tI

-X-

n-t\

mSv b

a≥

]

d-™

Xv:'

F∂

p X

pSß

n

"Im¬

I-fn¬

ÿ

ew

th

Z-\

-bmb

v h

nßp∂

p' F

∂p-h

sc-

bp≈

`mK

w.)

kl

m-b-I

-KŸ

-ßƒ

:

1)tU

m. sI

. cmL

-h≥

]n-≈

, Imh

y-m-j

-bps

S I

hn-X

-Iƒ

, tZi

-

aw-K

ew

cma

-Ir-j

vW≥

, h

n´p-t

]mb

h

m°p-I

ƒ,

tI

m´b

w:

\mj

-W¬

_p°

v Ãmƒ

, 1987.

2)taX

n¬ c

m[m-I

r-j-W

≥, `

qan-t

bb

pw ac-W

-tØ

bpw

Ipd

n-®v, t

Img

n-t°

mSv: a

ƒ_

dn ]

_vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 1994.

Sp≈

cq£

-]X

n-I-cW

w, bm¥

n-I-]

-cn-j

v-Im-c

ßtfm-S

p≈

FX

n¿∏

v ˛ Krl

m-Xp-c

-X ˛ X

s∂

-Øs∂

At\

z-jn®

p

Is≠

-Øm-\

p≈ i

aw, G

tX

m A⁄

m-X-i

-‡n-b

psS

km∂

n≤yw ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

taL

-cq-]

≥ ˛ B

‰q¿

ch

n-h¿Ω

hoS

p-am‰

w ˛ k®

n-Zm-\

-µ≥

]`m-X

-h-µ

\w

˛ Fw. F

≥. ]

meqc

v

Znh

y-Zpx-J

-Øns

‚ \

ng-e

n¬˛ B

¿. c

a-N

-µ≥

aÆ

ns‚

ZpxJ

w ˛ Imh

mew \

mcm-b

-W∏

Wn°

¿

Kk

¬ ˛ _

me-N

µ≥

Np≈

-n°mS

v

_wK

mƒ ˛ s

I. P

n. i¶

-c-∏

n≈

cmX

n˛ U

n. hn\

-b-N

-µ≥

t_

m[n ˛ ]

g-h

nf c

ta-i

≥

Assl

-µh

w˛ b

qkp-

en t

It®

cn

kl

mbI

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)sI

. kn.- \

m-cm-b

-W≥

, "kl

y-s\

-°mƒ

Xe

-s∏

m-°w';

Fw. K

wKm-[

--c≥, "B

g-Ø

ns‚

Xmf

w', B‰q¿

ch

n-h¿Ω

-bps

S

Ih

n-X-I

ƒ, t

Im´

bw: U

n. kn.- _

p-Ivk

v, 1999 (1995).

2)k

®n-Z

m-\-µ

≥, "I

hn-X

-bps

S _

lp-k

z-c-X

-˛-_m-e

-N-µ

s‚

te

mI-ß

ƒ',

_me

-N-µ

≥ N

p≈n-°

m-Sns

‚ I

hn-X

-Iƒ

,

tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n.- _pI

vkv, 2000.

3)tU

m. ]n. s

I. c

mP-ti

J-c≥

, sh

fn-h

ns‚

kq£

va-i

p-Xn,

sI

. Pn. i

¶c-∏

n-≈-b

psS I

hn-X

-Iƒ

, tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n.

_pI

vkv, 1997.

4)sI

. Fk

v. \mc

m-bW

]n-≈

˛"A©

p-kq-c

ys‚

Ah

-Xm-c

n-I';

\tc-µ

-]-k

mZv˛"h

N-\

-Øns

‚ k

nc'; t

Um.-F

w. eoe

m-h-X

n,

"cq]

m-¥-c-]

m-]vX

n k

®n-Z

m-\-µ

s‚

I

hn-X

-I-fn¬

'; ]

n. F

≥.

Zmk

v"t_

m[n-h

r-£-Ø

ns‚

Ce

-Iƒ

'; Aø

-∏-∏

-Wn-°

¿˛"h

nj-

Øn¬

\n∂

v Ih

n-X'

k®

n-Zm-\

-µs‚

Ih

n-X-I

ƒ, B

e-∏

pg:

KuX

a ]

_vfn-t

j¿k

v B‚

v Unk

vSn-_

q-t´¿k

v, 1988.

125124

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

kl

m-b-I

-KŸ

-ßƒ

:

1)tU

m. sI

. Fw. t

hW

p-tKm-]

m¬ (F

-Un-‰

¿),

bph

-I-h

n-X-°

q-w,

tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1999.

2)sI

. Aø

-∏-∏

-Wn-°

¿, O

tµ

m-ap‡

Imh

y-cq-]

-ine

v]w,

Aø

∏-∏

-Wn-°

-cps

S t

eJ

-\-ß

ƒ 1950-80, t

Im´

bw: U

n. kn.-

_pI

vkv, 1982.

3)S

ylvan Barner / W

illiam E

. Cain, A

Sh

ort Gu

ide to W

riting

Ab

out L

iterature, N

ew D

elhi: Pearson, 2006.

4)W

alter Pater, T

he R

enaissan

ce – Stud

ies in A

rt & P

oetry,

London: T

he Fontana L

ibrary, 1967.

5)C

hrstopher Russell R

easke, How

to An

alyze Poetry,

New

York: M

onarch Press, 1966.

6)J. A

. Cuddon, T

he P

engu

in L

iterary Term

s and

Literary

Th

eory, London: P

enguin Books, 1999 (1977).

7)Jeffrey W

ainwright, P

oetry the Basics, L

ondon: Routledge, 2011

(2004).

3)G

‰p-a

m-\q¿

tk

ma-Zm-k

≥, I

hn-X

-bps

S A

\-\

z-b-k

u-µ

-cyw;

kn. A

ti

m-I≥

, \h

-`m-h

pIX

z-Øns

‚ I

mhy-h

n-\n-a

-bw,

]`m-h

¿Ω

, a™

n-t\

mSp s

hb

n¬ F

∂-t]

m-se

bpw,

tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]nk

nFk

v, 2010.

4)ch

n-i¶

¿ F

kv.

\mb

¿, i

ntcm-e

n-Jn-X

-Øns

‚ I

m¿_

¨

]X

n-∏p-I

ƒ, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: Nn¥

]_

vfn-t

j¿k

v, 2012.

5)s]

m^-k

¿ P

n. _me

-Irj

vW≥

\mb

¿, c

l-k

y-hm-Z

-Im-h

yw;

A°

n-Øw,

_rl

-Zm-c

-Wy-I

-Øn¬

\n∂

v B

fl-h

n-em-k

-Øn-

te

°v,

]n.

ch

n-Ip-a

m¿,

\N

n-tI

-X

v, tI

m´b

w: U

n. k

n.

_pI

vkv, 2009.

6)sI

. ]n. i

¶-c≥

, Ip™

p-Æn-b

psS I

hn-X

-Iƒ

˛ Ip™

p-Æn-

bps

S I

hn-X

-Iƒ

, tI

m´b

w: \mj

-W¬

_p°

vÃmƒ

, 1969.

7)Terry E

agleton, The Illusion of P

ostmodernism

, USA

: Blackw

ell,1997.

bqW

n‰v 5I

hn-X

-bps

S h

¿Ø

-am\

w I

hnX

amd

p-I-b

mWv ]

ta-

b-Ø

nepw B

hn-j

vIm-c

-co-X

n-I-fne

pw ˛ BtKmf

˛A-[

n-

\n-t

h-i

-]-i

v\-ß

ƒ ˛ I

ogm-f

-˛kv-X

o-˛-]m-c

n-ÿn-X

n-I-]

-

iv\

-ßƒ

˛ mj

-bne

pw ssi

en-b

nepw k

w-h

n® a

m‰-ß

ƒ

˛ kzI

m-cy-X

-I-fps

S \

jvS-s∏

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p-Iƒ

(hni

-Z-]

-T-\

-w)

amº

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mew

˛ ]n. ]

n. cma

-N-µ

≥

Kma

-hr-£

-Øns

e h

∆m¬

˛ d^

oIv A

l-Ω

Zv

hmb

-\m-h

n-IrX

n ˛ F. k

n. iol

cn

ap‰

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p-tº

mƒ ˛ A

\nX

Xº

n

kn.h

n. hnP

bw ˛ F

¬. t

Xma

kvI

p´n

IdpØ

I√

v˛ F

kv. t

Pmk

^v

I¬

hoS

v ˛ hn. F

w. Knc

nP

Iq´

m-¥-X

-bps

S F

gp-]

Xph

¿j

-ßƒ

F

w. _n. a

t\

mPv

kzmX

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ns‚

Nnd

Ip-I

ƒ˛ ]

n. sI

. tKm]

n

Ah

≥ R

m≥X

s∂

-bm-I

p∂p ˛

\oe

w-t]

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a[

p-kq-Z

-\≥

\m-b

¿

127126

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Code: M

AL

3CO

9

Fw. F

. ae

-bmf

w ˛`m-j

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

kml

n-Xy-k

n-≤m¥

w (]

mNo\

w)(L

iterary Th

eory/Early P

hase)

`mc

-Xo-b

hpw

]m›

m-Xy-h

pamb

k

mln-X

y-hn-N

m-c-ß

-fps

S

i‡

amb

A

¥¿≤

m-c-I

-fm¬

k

º-∂

-amb

ae

bm-f

-km-l

n-Xy-

Øns

‚ K

l-\

-Xe

-ß-fn-t

e°

v Cd-ß

-ns®

-√m≥

th

≠ s

sk

≤m-

¥n-I

-am-b

-A-Sn-Ø

d k

rjvSn-°

pI F

∂-X

m-Wv e

£yw. k

mln-

Xy-I

r-Xn-I

-fps

S c

q]-X

-eh

pw mh

-X-e

hpw h

ni-I

-e\

w sN

øm-\

p≈

Adnh

pw IcpØ

pw t\

mSpI

; kml

n-Xy-N

n-¥-b

psS Z

m¿i

-\n-I

-]-

›m-Ø

-eh

pw ssk

≤m-¥

nIh

nh-£

-Ifpw c

oXn-i

m-kvX

hpw A

t\

z-

j-W

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n`n∂

kao-]

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na¿i

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n

t\

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m-Wp-I

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y-e-£

y-ß-fn¬

s∏

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ck

w, Ae

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w, htI

m-‡n, c

oXn, [

z\n, H

uN

nXyw ˛ C

h-

bmW

v kml

n-Xy-Ø

nse

]apJ

kn≤

m-¥-ß

ƒ. ]

uck

vXy-k

m-ln-

Xy-k

n-≤m-¥

-ß-fn¬

]

g-°

-ta-dn-b

Xpw

]ma

m-Wn-I

-hp-a

mWv ck

-

kn≤

mm-¥w. \

mSy-i

m-kvX

-amW

v ck

-kn-≤

m-¥-Ø

n-s‚

]amW

n-I-

K-Ÿ

w. Imh

y-Øn¬

ck

-an-√

msX

bms

Xm-∂

p-an√

F∂

p ]d-b

p-

∂- `

c-X

≥ c

k-Ø

ns‚

]m-[

m\yw h

y‡-am-°

p-∂p. c

k-`m-h

-Zn-

Iƒ

Nn-Ø

-hr-Ø

n-I-fm-W

v. AX

n\m¬

lrZ

-b-Ø

n¬\

n∂v l

rZ-b

-

Ø-te

°p ]

I-cm≥

km-≤

y-a-√

. kam\

-mh

w kj

vSn-°

m≥ k

lr-

Z-b

s\

k

lm-b

n-°p∂

_

mly-i

nev]

w cq]

-s∏

-Sp-Ø

pI F

∂-

XmW

v Ih

n°p s

Nø

m≥ I

gn-b

p∂ I

mcyw.

aq∂

mw sk

a-Ã

¿

tI

mgvk

vtI

mUv

t]

cv

sI

Un‰

v

9 tI

m¿M

AL

3CO

9k

mln-X

y-kn-≤

m¥w

(]mN

o\w)

5

10 tI

m¿M

AL

3CO

10tI

c-f-k

w-kv°

mcw

5

11 tI

m¿M

AL

3CO

11k

wkv-I

rXw (1)

5

12 sF

—nI

wM

AL

3E3/12

A a

e-b

m-f-\

m-SI

w5

B P

\-]

n-b-k

m-lnX

yw

C a

m[ya

]-T\

w

D `

mjm-i

m-kvX

hpw

kml

n-Xy-]

T\

hpw

129128

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

5)tU

m. F≥

. hn. ]

n. DW

n-Øn-c

n, kwk

v-Ir-X

-km-l

n-Xy-h

n-a¿i

-

\w, t

Ic-f -`

m-jm- C

≥k

v‰n‰

yq´v, 1990.

6)S

. K. D

ey, San

skrit P

oetics as A Stu

dy of A

esthetics, B

ombay:

Oxford U


7)A

. K. W

arder, Ind

ian K

avya Literatu

re.

8)T. N

. Srikantaiyya, In

dian

Poetics.

9)G

. N. D

evy, Ind

ian L

iterary Criticism

, Hyderabad: O

rientB

lackSw

an, 2010.

bqW

n-‰v 2k

wkvI

r-X-k

m-ln-X

y-kn-≤

m¥w A

e-¶

m-c-]

-≤-X

n, coX

n-

˛-Kp-W

-Z¿i

\w,

ck

-X-Ø

z-Nn¥

, c-k

-kq-X

hym-J

ym-\-

ßƒ

, [z\

n-Z¿i

-\w, A

\p-a

m-\-Z¿i

-\w, H

uN

n-Xy-h

n-Nmc

w,

htI

m-‡nZ

¿i

-\w ˛

kl

m-bI

KŸ

-ßƒ

:

1)C

. hn.- Z

m-tam-Z

-c≥

(hn-h

¿Ø

-\h

pw hymJ

ym-\-h

pw), [z\

ym-

te

m-Iw, t

Im´

bw: F

≥_

n-F-k

v, 1973.

2)k

n. hn. h

mkp-t

Z-h

-`-´-X

ncn, [

z\ym-t

emI

w, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 1996.

3)N

mØ-\

mØv A

Nyp-X

-\p-Æ

n, coX

n-Z¿i

\w, i

pI-]

pcw: h

≈-

tØ

mƒ h

nZym-]

o-Tw, 1983.

4)th

Z-_

-‘p, A

`n-\

-h-K

p-]vX

s‚

ck

-kn-≤

m-¥w, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-

]pc

w: tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 1989.

5)t£

ta-µ

≥, H

uN

n-Xy-h

n-Nm-c

-N¿®

, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf

k¿∆

-I-e

m-ime

, 1977.

6)F

w. ]n. i

¶p-Æ

n-\m-b

¿, \

mS-I

o-bm-\

p-`h

w F∂

ck

w,

tI

m-´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1989.

6)F

kv. \

mcm-b

-W≥

(hn-h

¿Ø

-\w˛h

ymJym-\

w), Ae

-¶m-c

-kw-

t£

]w, i

pI-]

pcw: h

≈-tØ

mƒ h

nZym-]

o-Tw, 1985.

7)cmP

m-\I

Ip¥

-I≥

, h

tI

m-‡

n-Po-h

n-Xw,

(hnh

¿Ø

\w:

NmØ

-\mØ

v AN

yp-X-\

p-Æn), i

pI-]

pcw: h

≈-tØ

mƒ h

nZym-

]o-T

w, 2009.

Imh

ym-flm-h

n-s\

-°p-d

n-®p≈

At\

z-j-W

-Øn¬

mc

-Xo-b

-ssk

-

≤m-¥

n-I-∑

m¿ c

oXn-k

n-≤m-¥

-Øns

‚ Z

¿i

-\-ß

-fn-te

°pw k

vt^

mS-

hm-Z

-Øn¬

\n∂

v [

z\n-k

n-≤m-¥

-Øn-t

e°

pw I

S-°

p-Ib

p≠m-b

n.

B[

p-\n-I

-km-l

n-Xy-h

n-a¿i

-\-Ø

n¬ [

z\nZ

¿i

-\-Ø

n\v A

km-[

m-

c-W

-amb

kzm[

o\w s

N-e

p-Øm≥

km[

n-®n-

p-≠v. B

[p-\

n-I-amb

Ck

-ß-ƒ

]e

Xpw I

mhy-

m-j-b

psS [

z\-\

i‡

nbn-e

mWv D

u∂

n-

\n-e

-v°p-∂

-Xv. `

mcX

-obI

mhy-\

n-cq-]

-W-Ø

n¬ s

si

eo-h

n-⁄m-\

-

Øns

‚ A

Sn-ÿ

m-\-X

Øz-ß

ƒ D

ff-Sß

nbn-´

p-≈-X

mbn I

mWmw.

`ma

-ls‚

Imh

y-cq-]

-hn-a

¿i

-\w, h

ma-\

s‚

coX

n-˛ Kp-W

hn-t

h-I

w,

B\

-µ-h

¿≤

-\s‚

hywK

y-hyR

vP-I

-hn-a

¿i

-\w, I

p¥-I

s‚

htI

m-

‡n, t

£ta-µ

s‚

HuN

n-Xy-h

n-Nmc

w X

pS-ß

-nb h

na¿i

-\-X

Øz-

ß-fn¬

B[

p-\n-I

-]m-›

m-Xy-h

pamb

km-l

n-Xy-h

n-a¿i

-\-Ø

nse

ssi

eo-X

Øz-ß

ƒ D

≈-S-ß

n-bn-c

n-°p-∂

p.

`mc

-Xo-b

-km-l

n-Xy-N

n¥-b

psS A

Sn-ÿ

m-\-]

-cn-I

-ev]

-\-I

ƒ,

hyX

y-kvX

-k-ao-]

-\-ß

-fmb

ck

-X-Ø

z-Nn¥

, Ae

-¶m-c

-]-≤

-Xn, c

oXn-

Z¿i

-\w, [

z\n]

≤-X

n, HuN

n-Xy-h

n-Nmc

w, htI

m-‡n-Z¿i

-\w I

mhy-

c-N

\mX

¥ß

ƒ, Z

mhn-U

-km-l

n-Xy-X

Øz-N

n-¥, b

h-\

-˛-tdm-a

≥

kuµ

-cy-Z

¿i

-\-ß

ƒ C

h ]

T-\

-]-cn-[

n-bmb

n kzoI

-cn-®

p-sI

m≠v

]uc-k

vXyh

pw ]m›

mXyh

pamb

¢m

nIv k

mln-X

y-]≤

-Xn-I

-sf-

°p-d

n®v B

g-Ø

n¬ a

\-

n-emt

°≠

-Xm-W

v.

bqW

n-‰v 1`

mc-X

o-b-k

m-ln-X

n-bps

S A

Sn-ÿ

m-\-k

-¶-ev]

-ßƒ

I

hn,

Imh

yw, kl

r-Z-b

≥, k

mln-X

yw F∂

o kw⁄

-I-fps

S

\n¿

∆-N

-\h

pw A¿∞

-hn-h

-£-I

fpw

Imh

y-tl

-Xp-°

ƒ,

Imh

y-]-tb

m-P-\

w, Imh

y-hn-`

m-K-ß

ƒ, Z

i-cq-]

-ßƒ

˛

kl

m-bI

KŸ

-ßƒ

:

1)th

Z-_

-‘p,

mc-X

o-b-I

m-hy-i

m-kvX

-km-c

w, tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-

kn-F

-kv, 1976.

2)sI

. ]

n. \

mcm-b

-W-∏

n-jm-t

cm-S

n, `c-X

-ap-\

n-bps

S \

mSy-

imk

vXw,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mln-X

y -A-°

m-Zan, 1997 (1987).

4)I

rjvW

-ssN

-X-\

y, kwk

v-Ir-X

-Øns

e k

mln-X

y-X-X

z-Nn-¥

,

\mj

-W¬

_p°

v Ãmƒ

, 1973.

131130

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

6)I

p´n-I

r-jvW

-am-c

m-cv, h

rØ-i

nev]

w, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: amX

r-`qa

n,

1958 (1952).

7)k

map-h

¬ N

µ-\

-∏-≈

n, Pcm¿

Zns

‚ A

e-¶

m-c-i

mkvX

w˛Hcp

]T-\

w, Be

-∏pg

: ]I

miw _

pIvÃ

mƒ, 1969.

bqW

n-‰v 4Z

mhn-U

-ku-µ

-cy-i

mkvX

w ˛

AI

w ]

pdw

s]

mcpƒ

˛

XnW

-k¶

ev]

w I

pdn-©

n, ap√

, ]me

, acp-X

w, s\

bvX

¬

˛ ]k

-‡nb

pw km≤

y-X-I

fpw ˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)s]

mcp-f

-Xn-I

m-cw,

sX

m¬°

m-∏nb

w, (h

nh¿Ø

\w

˛ C

f-b

-

s]

-cp-a

mƒ /

kp_

-“-W

y-]n-s

s≈

), tI

m´b

w: \

mj-W

¬

_p°

v Ãmƒ

, ?.

2)G

eorge Hart, P

oems of A

ncien

t Tam

il, University of C

aliforniaP

ress, 1975.

3)T.P. M

eenakshi Sundaram

, A H

istory of Tam

il Literatu

re,A

nnamalai N

agar: Annam

alai University, 1965.

4)A

.K. R

amanujan, T

he In

terior Lan

dscap

e (Tr. C

lassical Tamil

Poem

s), Bloom

ington: Indiana University P

ress, 1967.

bqW

n-‰v 5b

h-\

-km-l

n-Xy-X

-Øz-N

n¥ ˛

kw£

n-]vX

-N-cn-X

w ˛

tπ

t‰m-b

psS I

em-k

n-≤m¥

w A

cntÃ

m´ne

ns‚

Imh

y-

ao-a

mwk ˛ A

\p-I

-c-W

-hmZ

w, IY

m¿k

nkv, Z

pc-¥

-\m-S

-

I-Ø

ns‚

LS\

˛ tl

md-k

ns‚

Imh

y-Ie

mXØ

zw ˛

te

mwKn-\

- ns

‚ D

Zm-Ø

-Xm-k

n-≤m¥

w ˛ `mc

-Xo-b

-Nn-¥

-

bp-a

m-bp≈

kmP

mXyh

pw ssh

Pm-X

yhpw ˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)th

Z-_

‘p (k

-ºm-Z

-I≥

), bh

-\-I

m-hy-X

-Øzß

ƒ, X

ncp-h

-

\-¥

-]pc

w: tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 1974.

2)th

Z-_

-‘p (]

-cn-m-j

), Imh

y-I-e

-sb

-∏-‰n, s

Im´

m-c-°

c: B

cy-

]-I

m-iw, 1967.

8)cmP

m-\-I

-a-l

n-a--≥

, hy‡

nhn-t

hI

w, ]cn-

m-jb

pw hymJ

ym-

\h

pw: sI

. kpI

p-am-c

-]n≈

, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm

C≥

Ãn-‰

yq-´v, 2006 (1988).

9)tU

m. ]n. s

I. \

mcm-b

-aW

]n≈

, ssI

c-fo-[

z-\n, t

Im´

bw:

Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1983.

10)tU

m. ]qP

-∏pc

Irj

va≥

\mb

¿, c

k-I

u-ap-Z

n, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

amc

pXn ]

Im-i

≥, 1996.

bqW

n-‰v 3e

oem-X

n-e-I

-Øn-s

e G

gpw F

´pw i

nev]

-ßƒ

˛ `mj

m-

`q-j

-W-Ø

nse

Ae

-¶m-c

-N¿®

bpw h

rØ-a-R

vP-cn-b

nse

hr-Ø

-hn-N

m-ch

pw ˛ D]

-a, D

¬t]

£, c

q]-I

-w, kvarX

n-

am≥

, `m¥

n-am≥

, kk

-tµ

lw, Z

rjvSm-¥

w, kz`

m-th

m-

‡n, k

tl

m-‡n, Z

o]-I

w, ]X

n-h-k

vXq-]

-a, A

]-k

vXp-

X-]

-iw-k

, cq]

-Im-X

n-i-tb

m-‡n, D

t√

-Jw, A

kw-K

-Xn,

hntcm-[

m-`m-k

w, B

t£

-]w,

A¿∞

m-]-Ø

n, A

¿∞

m-

¥-c-\

ym-kw, h

ymP-k

vXp-X

n, hnj

-aw, t

«j

w, kam-t

km-

‡n ˛ C

h-b

psS e

£-W

-]-T-\

w, Xmc

-X-ay-h

n-th

-N-\

w ˛

`mj

m-hr-Ø

-ßƒ

°pw k

wkv-I

r-X-h

r-Ø-ß

ƒ°

pw XΩ

n-

ep≈

A¥

cw

Kpc

p-eL

p\n¿

Æb

\w

ame

n-\n, ]

l-

¿j

n-Wn, a

µmI

m¥, i

m¿±q-e

-hn-I

o-UnX

w ctY

m-≤-X

,

kKv≤

-c, D

]-P

m-Xn, A

\p-j

vSp∏

v, hk

-¥-X

n-e-I

w, ]©

-

Nm-a

-cw,

Ipk

p-a-a-R

vP-cn,

hntb

m-Kn-\

n, tI

I, I

mI-fn,

aR

vP-cn, X

cw-K

n-Wn, \

tX

m-∂-X

, ]m\

, A∂

-\S F

∂n-

h-b

psS \

njvI

r-jvS-]

-T\

w ˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)e

oem-X

n-eI

w

2)F

. B¿. c

mP-cm-P

-h¿Ω

˛ `mj

m-`q-j

Ww

3)F

. B¿. c

mP-cm-P

-h¿Ω

˛ hrØ

-a-R

vPcn

4)tU

m. Sn. h

n. amX

yp, hrØ

-im-k

vXw, t

Im´

bw: \

mj-W

-¬

_p°

v Ãmƒ

, 1984.

5)sI

. sI

. -h

m-≤ym¿

, h

r-Ø-h

n-Nmc

w, tI

m´b

w: \

mj-W

¬

_p°

v Ãmƒ

, 1971 (1967).

133132

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Code: M

AL

3CO

10

Fw. F

. ae

-bmf

w ˛`m-j

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

tI

-c-f-k

w-kv°

mcw

(Kerala C

ultu

re)

tI

cfØ

n\v A

Xn]

mNo\

amb

Hcp N

cnX

w D≠

v. BZnI

me

tKmX

P\

Xtb

mSpw A

hcps

S ]

tX

yIamb

kwk

v°mc

tØ

mSpw

Bcyh

¿§w

CSI

ecpI

bpw

Hcp

]pX

pkwk

v°mc

w cq]

s∏

Sp-

Ib

pw sN

bvX

p. AX

v kh

nti

jamb

Hcp k

wkv°

mcw C

hns

S

hfcm≥

I

mcW

amb

n. tI

cfob

cps

S h

o£W

Øne

pw ]

Xn-

IcW

Øne

pw Cu t

_m[

w hcpØ

nb ]

cnj

v°cW

ßƒ

a\

n-

emt°

≠X

p≠v.

I®

hSØ

n\mb

n C

hns

S F

Ønb

hcpw

A[

nImcw

]nS

n-s®

-SpØ

v Dd∏

n®h

cpa

mb

h

ntZi

nIƒ

°pw

tI

cfk

kv°

mccq]

oIcW

Øn¬

I

mcya

mbn

]¶

p-h-l

n-°m≥

Ign™

p. C

Øcw k

ml

Ncyß

ƒ h

niI

e\

w sN

bvX

v

A¥

¿[

mcI

ƒ a

\

nem°

pIb

pw hne

bnc

pØpI

bpa

mWv C

u

tI

mgvk

ns‚

e£

yw.

bqW

n‰v 1`

qani

mkvX

hpw

hwi

]›

mØe

hpw.

]›

naL

´h

pw

Ad_

n°Se

pw \

ZnI

fpw \

ZoX

Sß

fpw

qa

nimk

vX

hn`mK

ßƒ

k

mwkv°

mcnI

_‘

ßƒ

I

pSntb

‰h

pw

A[

nhmk

amX

rII

fpw

˛ ]

pcmh

kvX

p sX

fnh

pIfpw

NcnX

mX

oXI

me

hpw

˛

al

mi

nemk

wk

v°mcw ˛

\ch

wii

mkvX

]camb

sX

fnh

pIƒ

˛

hmk

ÿe

ßƒ

˛ hnh

n[h

wiß

ƒ ˛ B

ZyI

me

hnt

Zi

_‘

ßƒ

˛

Ad_

nIƒ

˛

^n\

ojy∑

m¿ ˛

3)th

Z-_

‘p, I

mhy-i

nev]

w,

sI

m´m-c

-°c:

Bcy-]

-Im-i

w,

1968.

4)th

Z-_

-‘p (h

n-h¿Ø

-\w), t

emwK

n-\-k

ns‚

DZm-Ø

Xm

kao-£

, sI

m-´mc

-°c: B

cy-]

-Im-i

w, 1977.

5)T. S

. Dorsch, C

lassical Literary C

riticism, G

reat Britain:

Penguin B

ooks, 1965.

(Translation- A

ristotle: On the A

rt of Poetry / H

orace: On the A

rtof P

oetry / Longinus: O

n the Sublim

e)

6)W

illiam K

. Wim

satt and Clenth B

rooks, Literary C

riticism – A

Short History, N

ew D

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IBH

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7)F

w. ]n. i

¶p-Æ

n-\m-b

¿, \

mSy-a

-fi-]

w, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v:

amX

r-`q-a

n, 1987.

8)F

w. A

Nyp-X

≥,

]m›

m-X

y-km-l

n-Xy-Z

¿i

\w,

tI

m´b

w:

kml

n-Xy-]

-h¿Ø

-I-k

l-I

-cW

kw-L

w, 1991 (1962).

9)k

n. cmt

Pµ

≥, k

uµ

-cy-i

m-kvX

w, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf

`mj

m- C≥

Ãn-‰

yq-´v, 2002.

10)N

mØ-\

mØv A

Nyp-X

-\p-Æ

n, kml

n-Xy-a

o-amwk

X

mc-X

-ay-

]-cn-t

]£

yw, tI

m´b

w: kml

n-Xy-]

-h¿Ø

I k

l-I

-c-W

-

kw-L

w, 2013.

11) Fw.]

n. t]

m-fn-s

‚ k

-ºq¿

-Æ-I

r-XnI

ƒ (h

meyw H

-∂v/h

meyw

c≠

v) F-U

n.: tU

m. sI

.hn. t

Xm-a

kv, t

Im-g

n-t°

mSv: a

oUn-b

lu-k

v, 2012.

12)tU

m.sI

.Fw.X

-cI

≥, ]

m-›m-X

ykm-l

n-Xy X

-Øz-i

m-kv-X

w,

tI

m´-b

w : F-k

v-]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1990 (1983).

13.tU

m. s\

√n-°

¬ a

p-c-fo-[

c≥

, hn-i

z-km-l

n-Xy-Z

¿-i

-\ß

ƒ,

tI

m´-b

w : Un.k

n. _p-I

v-kv, 1997.

135134

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

cmP

m°∑

m¿ ˛

`cW

Iaw˛s

sP

\˛_

p≤˛_

m“W

aX

hni

zmkß

ƒ I

nkvX

paX

w b

lqZ

aX

w C

…mw

aX

w ˛ aX

kul

m¿±h

pw ka\

zbh

pw -˛

kl

mbI

KŸ

ßƒ

:

1)]

n. sI

. tKm]

meI

rjvW

≥, t

IcfØ

ns‚

kmwk

v°mc

nI

NcnX

w, Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 1991.

2)tN

em

v AN

ypXtat\

m≥, t

IcfØ

nse

Imf

ntk

h, a

Zmk

v:

aZ

mkv b

qWnt

hgvk

n‰n, 1943.

3)C

fwI

pfw I

p™≥

]n≈

, k

wk

v°mcØ

ns‚

\

mgnI

°√

pIƒ

, tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]nk

nFk

v, 1988.

4)Sn. s

I. K

wKm[

c≥

, tI

cfN

cnX

w, Ime

n°‰v b

qWnth

gvk

n‰n

tI

mHm∏

td‰oh

v tÃ

m¿.

5)tU

m. sI

.- kp-K

-X≥

, _p≤

-a-X

hpw P

mXn-h

yh--ÿ

bpw, t

Img

n-

t°

mSv: t

]mK

kv ]

_vfn-t

j¿k

v, 2011.

5)T. V

. Mahalingam

, Sou

th In

dian

Polity, M

adras: University of

Madras, 1967.

6)B

. Padmakum

ari Am

ma, Jain A

nd Buddhdist C

entres in Kerala,

Kuppam

: Dravidian U

niversity, 2008.

7)T

. M. K

rishn

amach

ari, Th

e Ea

rly H

istory

of K

erala

,T

rivandrum: U

niversity of Travancore, 1941.

8)M

. G. S. N

arayanan, Cultural Sym

biosis in Kerala, T

rivandrum:

Kerala H

istorical Society, 1972.

9)F

ergusson James., T

ree and

Serp

ent W

orship

, New

Delhi:

Indological Book H

ouse, 1971.

bqW

n‰v 3a

tl

mZb

]pc

sØ

I

peti

Jc∑

m¿ ˛ tN

ctN

mf

_‘

ßfpw i

nYne

oIcW

hpw

Ipe

ti

JcI

mesØ

`cW

coX

nbpw k

apZ

mbh

pw ˛ t£

Xß

fpw I

eI

fpw

˛IqØ

v, I

qSnb

m´w˛

ime

Ifpw

hnZ

ym`ymk

]pt

cmK

-

Xnb

pw ˛ `‡

n]ÿ

m\h

pw kml

nXyh

pw ˛ ama

m¶w ˛

tch

Xn]

´Ø

m\w ˛ Z

m¿i

\nI

∑m¿

˛ ssh

⁄m\

nI-

kml

nXyw

\mS

phmg

nIfpw

cW

Iah

pw t

Ime

Øp-

Ko°

pIm¿

t

dma

°m¿

s

sN

\°

m¿ t

IcfØ

ns‚

\mh

nI]

mcº

cyw ˛ ]

gb

Xpd

apJ

ßƒ

˛

kl

mbI

KŸ

ßƒ

:

1)]

n. sI

. tKm]

meI

rjvW

≥, t

IcfØ

ns‚

kmwk

v°mc

nI

NcnX

w, Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq´

v, 1991.

2)C

fwI

pfw I

p™≥

]n≈

, tI

cfN

cnX

Øns

e C

cpf

S™

GSpI

ƒ, t

Im´

bw: F

kv]

nknF

kv, 1970.

3)C

fwI

pfw I

p™≥

]n≈

, tI

cfw A

©pw B

dpw

\q‰

m≠pI

fn¬

, tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]nk

nFk

v 1988.

4)sI

. F≥

. KtW

i≥

, tI

cfØ

ns‚

C∂

se

Iƒ

.

5)I

mWn-∏

-øq¿

i¶

c≥

\º

qXnc

n∏mS

v, Bcy∑

mcps

S

IpS

ntb

‰w, I

p∂wI

pfw: ]

©mwK

w ]pk

vXI

ime

, 1965.

6)F

kv.

i¶

pAø

¿,

tI

cfN

cnX

Øns

e N

ne A

⁄mX

`mK

ßƒ

, tI

m´b

w: F≥

_nF

kv, 1963.

7)F

. io[

ctat\

m≥, t

IcfN

cnX

w, tI

´b

w:

Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1967.

8)F

. io[

ctat\

m≥, t

Icfk

wkv°

mcw, t

I´b

w:

Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v.

9)L

. A. K

rishna Iyar, Kerala M

egaliths an

d th

eir Bu

ilders,

Madras: U

niversity of Madras, 1967.

10)K

.V. K

rishna Aiyar, A

History of K

erala, Coim

batore, 1965.

11)K

.K.N

. Kurup, A

spects of K

erala History an

d C

ultu

re,T

rivandrum, 1977.

12)M.G

.S. N

arayanan, Asp

ects of Aryan

isation in

Kerala,

Trivandrum

: Kerala H

istorical Sciety, 1973.

bqW

n‰v 2k

wLI

mew

˛ k

wLk

mlnX

yw ˛

NcnX

]camb

]m[

m\yw ˛

XnW

k¶

ev]

w ˛ Im¿

jnI

hrØ

nbps

S

hym]

\w

˛ ]

p\¿h

nXcW

hpw

I®

hSh

pw ˛

kaql

y

LS\

bpw

h

¿Æ

k¶

ev]

hpw

˛

hoc

bpK

hpw

Bcm[

\b

pw B

ZntN

ccmP

m°∑

m¿˛ G

gna

e B

bn

137136

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

bqW

n‰v 4t

]m¿

®pK

okv I

meL

´w ˛ s

Pk

yq´v ]

h¿Ø

\ß

ƒ

˛ t]

m¿®

pKok

v ]cmP

bh

pw U®

pImc

psS D

b¿®

bpw

˛ Cw•

ojpI

mcpw ^

©pI

mcpw

anj

Wna

mcps

S t

kh

\-

ßƒ

˛Cw•

ojv h

nZym`

ymkh

pw B[

p\nI

ho£

Wh

pw

˛ am¿

Øh

¿Ω

bpw

Xnc

phnX

mwIqd

pw ˛

sI

m®nb

pw

i‡

≥X

ºpc

m\pw

ssak

q¿ B

IaW

ßƒ

k

maq-

lnI

kmº

ØnI

am‰

ßƒ

A

®Sn t

IcfØ

n¬ B

Zy-

Ime

apZ

Wme

bß

ƒ ˛

]X

]h

¿Ø

\w

˛ _

n´oj

v

`cW

hpw ]

Xnt

j[

hpw ˛ ]

g»

nkacß

ƒ ˛ I

pdnN

y-

Ie

m]w ˛ ]

menb

Ø®

≥ ˛ t

he

pØº

n ˛ `cW

cwK

-

sØ

am‰

ßƒ

˛

kma

qlnI

]

cnj

v°cW

]

ÿm\

-

ßƒ

i

o\mc

mbW

Kpc

p A

ø¶

mfn

hmK

vSm\

µ≥

˛ N´º

nkzma

nIƒ

˛ h°

w aue

hn ˛ k

ztZi

m`na

m\n

cma

Irj

vW]

n≈ a

‰p ]

cnj

v°¿Ø

m°ƒ

s

sh

°w

kX

ymKl

w ˛

Kpc

phmb

q¿ k

XymK

lw

˛ C

¥y≥

\mj

W¬

tI

m¨K

kns

‚ D

¤h

pw hf¿®

bpw ˛I

zn‰v

C¥

ymk

acw

˛ J

nem^

Øpw

\n

lI

cW

hpw

˛

ae

_m¿

I

em]

w ˛

P\

Iob

kacß

ƒ,

-CSX

p]£

]ÿ

m\

ßƒ

˛ DØ

ch

mZ`cW

]t£

m`W

w ˛

]p∂

]-˛h

be

m¿ k

acw.

kl

mbI

KŸ

ßƒ

:

1)sI

. am[

h≥

\mb

¿, a

e_

m¿ I

em]

w, at©

cn:

sI

. Ie

ymWn A

Ω, 1971.

2)tamg

n-Ip-∂

Øv _

“Z-Ø

≥ \

ºq-X

n-cn-∏

m-Sv, J

nem-

Øv k

vac-

W-I

ƒ, t

Img

n-t°

mSv: \

h-tI

-cf, 1965.

3)]

n. sI

. tKm]

meI

rjvW

≥, t

IcfØ

ns‚

kmwk

v°mc

nI

NcnX

w, Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n‰yq´

v, 1991.

4)sI

. sI

. F≥

. Ipd

p∏v, ]

g»

n kacß

ƒ, X

ncph

\¥

]pc

w:

tI

cf`mj

m C≥

Ãn‰

yq´v, 1988.

5)F

w. B

¿.

cmL

hh

mcy¿

, tI

cfob

X N

cnX

am\

ßƒ

,

FS∏

mƒ: h

≈tØ

mƒ h

nZym]

oTw, 1992.

\mS

v ˛ tI

mgnt

°mS

v k

maqX

ncn ˛ s

Im®

n ˛ th

WmS

v

˛ ]

pXnb

I

®h

StI

µß

ƒ ˛

\K

ccq]

oIcW

hpw

hnI

k\

hpw

˛ P

∑nk

ºZmb

w ˛

a[

yh¿Ø

nhn`

mK-

Øns

‚ D

b¿®

˛ PmX

nIfpw D

]P

mXnI

fpw ˛ a

cpa

°-

Ømb

w ˛

aW

n]h

mfk

mlnX

yw ˛

A\

pjvTm\

Ie

-

Ifpw A

\pj

vTmt

\X

cI

eI

fpw

\mt

SmS

nkml

nXyw.

kl

mbI

KŸ

ßƒ

:

1)]

n.- sI

. tKm]

meI

rjvW

≥, t

IcfØ

ns‚

kmwk

v°mc

nI

NcnX

w, Xnc

ph\

¥]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 1991.

2)C

fwI

pfw I

p™≥

]n≈

, tN

ck

mamP

yw Hº

Xpw ]

Øpw

\q‰

m≠pI

fn¬

, tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1970.

3)C

fw-I

pfw

Ip™

≥]

n≈,

Nne

tI

cfN

cnX

]i

v\ß

ƒ,

tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]nk

nFk

v, 1963.

4)F

w.Pn.F

kv.\

mcmb

W≥

, tI

cfN

cnX

Øns

‚ A

Snÿ

m\-

ine

Iƒ

, tI

mgnt

°mS

v: \h

tI

cf, 1971.

5)F

. io[

ctat\

m≥, t

Icfk

wkv°

mcw, t

I´b

w: Fk

v]n-

kn-F

-kv.

6)ssi

Jv ssk

\p±

o≥ aJ

vZqw,

Xpl

v^Ø

p¬ apP

mln±

o≥,

tI

mgnt

°mS

v: A¬

lpZ

_p°

vkv Ã

mƒ, 1995.

7)P. C

. Alexander, B

ud

dh

ism in

Kerala, M

adras: Annam

alai

University, 1949.

8)R

ajan Gurukkal, T

he K

erala Tem

ple an

d T

he E

arly Med

ievalA

graroam System

, Sukapuram: V

allathol Vidyapeedham

, 1992.

9)K

. V. K

rishna Aiyar, A

History of K

erala, Coim

batore, 1965.

10)K

. V. K

rishna Aiyar, T

he Z

amou

rins of C

alicut, U

niversity ofC

alicut, 1999.

11)T

. M. K

rishn

amach

ari, Th

e Ea

rly H

istory

of K

erala

,T

rivandrum: U

niversity of Travancore,1941.

12)M

. G. S

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erum

als of Kerala, T

hrisoor: Cosm

oP

ublications, 2013.

13)P. K

. S. R

aja, Med

ieval Kerala, C

alicut, 1966.

14)C

. V. C

heriyan, A H

istory of Ch

ristianity in

Kerala, K

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139138

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

3)]

n. tKmh

n-µ-∏

n≈,

tI

c-f-\

-th

m-∞m-\

w, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w:

Nn¥

m -]-_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 2011.

4)Sn. F

®v. ]

n. sN

¥m-c

-t»

-cn, t

Ic-f-N

-cn-X

-Øns

e A

h-K

-Wn-

°-s∏

´ G

Sp-I

ƒ, s

saX

n _pI

vkv, 2011.

5)s]

m-^. F

w-.]n.F

kv. t

a-t\

m≥, a

-e-_

m¿ k

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-ßm-S

n-

∏pd

w, Fw.]

n.Fk

v. ta-t\

m≥ k

v-am-c

-Iw, 1992.

6)F

. io-[

-cta-t\

m≥, A

-ta-cn-°

≥ t

am-U

¬ A

-d-_

n-°-S-e

n¬,

tI

m-´b

w: Un.k

n. _p-I

v-kv, 2000.

7)M

. P. Sreekum

aran Nair, R

eapp

raisals, Trivandrum

: Kerala

Historical S

ociety, 1972.

6)cmP

≥ K

pcp°

ƒ F

w. B¿. c

mLh

hmc

y¿, t

IcfN

cnX

w,

ipI

-]pc

w: h≈

tØ

mƒ h

nZym]

oTw, 1991.

7)F

. io[

ctat\

m≥, t

IcfN

cnX

w, tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-

kv, 1967.

8)F

. io[

ctat\

m≥, t

Icfk

wkv°

mcw, t

I´b

w:

Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v.

9)F

. io[

ctat\

m≥, t

IcfN

cnX

ine

v]nI

ƒ, t

I´b

w: Fk

v-

]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1988.

10)G

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ew D

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11)K

. K. N

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spects of K

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d C

ultu

re,T

rivandrum: 1977.

bqW

n‰v 5k

zmX¥

ym\¥

ctI

cfw ˛ s

FI

ytI

cf]

ÿm\

w ˛

Xnc

phnX

mwI

q¿ sI

m®

n k

wtb

mP

\w ˛ tI

cf

kwÿ

m\cq]

oIcW

w ˛

tI

cfØ

nse

k

maql

nI

kmº

ØnI

]cnj

v°cW

w ˛`q]

cnj

v°cW

\nb

aw

˛

hnZ

ym`ymk

]h

¿Ø

\ß

fns

e k

zImc

y]¶

mfnØ

w ˛

]h

mk

nIfpw

k

maql

nI]

cnh

¿Ø

\ß

fpw

˛

kvX

ohnZ

ym`ymk

w C

∂v ˛

kma

qlnI

kmwk

v°mc

n

IcwK

ßfn¬

k

vXoI

fps

S ]

¶mfnØ

w ˛ ZfnX

v

apt

∂‰w ˛ h

mWnP

yhnf

Ifpw I

rjnb

psS X

f¿®

bpw

˛ atX

XcX

zhpw a

nih

nhml

hpw

sF

Sn k

wkv°

mcw

˛ Zri

yam[

yaß

fpw I

emh

o£W

hpw ˛ ^

mÃv ^

pUv

kwk

v°mc

hpw B

tcmK

y]i

v\ß

fpw --˛

kl

mbI

KŸ

ßƒ

:

1)C

. F

w. F

kv. \

ºqX

ncn∏

mSv, I

ΩyqW

nÃv ]

m¿´n

tI

cf

Øn¬

, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: N

n¥m ]

ªntj

gvk

v, 1987.

2)tU

m. B¿. c

m[m-I

r-jvW

≥, t

Ic-f-Ø

nse

\th

m-∞m-\

-k-a-c-ß

ƒ,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

amf

p-_≥

]

_vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v,

2012 (2010).

141140

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Reference:

Sidhantakaum

udi of Bhattojidikshita

Raghuvam

sa of Kalidasa

Raghuvam

sa of Kalidasa – T

ranslation by Kuttikrishnam

arar

Laghusidhantakaum

udi – Balahitaisini V

yakhyanamC

ode: MA

L3C

O11

Fw. F

. ae

-bmf

w ˛ `m-j

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

kwk

vIrX

w (t]

-∏¿ 1)

(San

skrit P

aper 1)

SK

T.4E12 B

AS

IC S

AN

SK

RIT

I

(For N

on- Sanskrit M

ain Courses only)

Unit-1

Raguvam

sa – XIV

(60 verses onlty)

Unit-II

Gram

mar (B

ased on the text)

a)D

eclension of the Sabdas: V

rksa, Lata, K

avi, Rajan A

smad &

Yusm

ad

b)C

onjugation of the Dhatus: B

hu and Vand in five lakaras (lat, lit

lrt, lan, lot)

c)S

andhi: Svara, V

yanjana and Visarga

d)S

amasa: A

vyayibhava, Tatpurusha, Dvandva and B

ahuvruhi

Pattern of Q

uestion Paper:

IE

xplain fully (any five out of eight)5x4 =

20 Marks

IIA

nnotate (any five out of eight)5x4 =

20 Marks

IIIE

ssay (one out of two)

1x20 = 20 M

arksIV

Textual gramm

ar1.

Sandi

5 Marks

2.S

amasa

5 Marks

3.D

ecline (any one out of two)

5 Marks

4.C

onjugation (any one out of two)

5 Marks

80 Marks

143142

Fw.-F

. ae

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w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

b-\

-bn-e

qsS \

mS-I

m-h-t_

m[w k

rjvS-n-°

m≥ I

gn-b

-Ww. \

mSI

w

]Tn-°

p-I, \

mSI

w Ah

-X-cn-∏

n-°pI

, \mS

I-°

q-´-ß

ƒ k

wLSn-

∏n°

pI ˛ A

Xn-\

p≈ t

]c-W

bpw ]

tN

m--Z-\h

pw \¬

Im≥

Cu

tI

mgvk

p-sI

m≠v k

m[n-°

-Ww.

bqW

n‰v 1a

eb

mf-\

m-S-I

-km-l

n-Xy-w ˛ a

e-b

mf\

mS-I

-th

-Zn ˛ N

cn-

X-mh

-te

m-I\

w ˛ Xang

p\mS

-Im-\

p-I-c-W

-amb

kwK

o-X-

\m-S-I

-ßƒ

˛ k

wk

vIr-X

\

m-S-I

-]-cn-`

m-j

-Iƒ

˛

tj

Ivk

v]o-b

¿ \

mS-I

-]-cn-`

m-j-I

ƒ ˛

]l

-k-\

w ˛

-

tj

Ivk

v]o-b

¿ k

zm[o\

w ˛ imI

p-¥fw ]

cn-`

mj

ae

-bm-f

-Øn¬

˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

A`n-⁄

m-\-i

m-Ip-¥

fw ˛

(hnh

¿Ø

-\w) X

ncp-\

-√q¿

Icp-W

m-I-c≥

kl

m-bI

-K-Ÿ

-ß-ƒ

1)k

n. sP

. tX

mak

v, Db

-cp∂

bh

-\n-I

, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

amf

p-_≥

]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 2010 (1950).

2)P

n.-i-¶

c-∏

n≈,

ae

-bm-f

-\m-S

-I-k

m-ln-X

y-N-cnX

w, X

riq¿

:

tI

cf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1980.

3)tU

m.- sI

. i

oIp-a

m¿,

ae

-bm-f- k

w-Ko-X

\m-SI

Ncn-X

w,

Xri

q¿: I

d‚

v _pI

vkv, 2002.

4)F

≥. F

≥. ]

n≈, \

mS-I

-Z¿∏

Ww, t

Im´

bw:

Fk

v]n-k

n--F-k

v, 1981.

5)]

∑\

cma

-N-µ

≥\

m-b¿, \

h-b

p-K-i

n-ev]

n, tI

m´b

w: Id‚

v

_pI

vkv, 2003.

6)k

n. F¬

. tP

mkv, \

mS-I

-c-N

\ F

¥v F

ßs\

?, tI

m´b

w:

Fk

v.-]n.-k

n.-F-k

v., 2012.

7)L

ajos Egri, T

he A

rt of Dram

atic Writin

g, New

York: S

imon

and Schuster, 1960 (F

irst edition 1946).

Code: M

AL

3E3/12

Fw. F

. ae

-bmf

w ˛ `m-j

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

A a

e-b

m-f-\

m-SI

w(M

alayalam D

rama)

ae

bmf

\m-S

-I-k

m-ln-X

y-Øn-s

‚b

pw \

mS-I

-th

-Zn-b

p-sSb

pw

NcnX

w Zo¿

Lh

pw A

Xnh

n]p-e

hpa

mWv.

\mS

Iw

cN

n-°p-∂

Xv

hmb

n-®p-c

-kn-°

m≥ th

≠n-h

-am-X

-a-√

, A

`n-\

-bn®

p I

mWn-I

sf

ck

n-∏n-°

m≥

th

≠n°

q-Sn-b

m-W

v. F

∂m¬

, ae

-bm-f-Ø

n¬

FgpX

nbp≠

m-°p∂

\mS

-I-ß

-fn¬

Gsdb

pw cwK

-th

Zn I

mWms

X

s]

men-b

p-I-b

mWv s

Nø

p-∂-X

v. \mS

-I-k

m-ln-X

y-sØ

-°p-d

n®p ]

Tn-

°p-t

ºmƒ

, \mS

-I-th

-Zn-s

b°

p-dn®

p IqS

n a\

- n-e

m-t°

≠-X

p-≠v.

cwK

-th

Zn I

qSms

X \

mSI

w ]q¿

Æ-am-I

p-∂n√

F∂

Nn¥

\mS

-I-

]-Tn-X

m-hn-\

p-≠m-I

-Ww.

ae

-bm-f

-\m-S

-I-Ø

n¬ I

mem-I

m-e-ß

-fn¬

]e

]ÿ

m-\-ß

fpw

IS∂

p h∂

n-p-≠

v. kwK

o-X-\

m-S-I

-ßƒ

apX

¬ X

\-X

p-\m-S

-I-ß

ƒ

hsc -k

w-h

n® h

nIm-k

-]-cn-W

m-a-N

-cn-X

-Øns

e ]

[m-\

-]-cn-h

¿Ø

-

\-ß

fpw

am‰

-ßfpw

]m[

m\yt

Øms

S a\

- n-e

m-t°

≠-X

p-≠v.

kwk

vIr-X

-]m-c

-ºcy--amb

pw ]m›

mXyk

zm[o\

amb

p-w ]e

]ÿ

m-

\-ß

fpw B

hnj

vv°mc

coX

n-Ifpw I

S-∂

p-h-∂

n-´p-≠

v. F√

mw ae

-

bm-f

\m-S

IØ

ns‚

kmw-k

v°m-c

n-I-ti

m-X-

ns‚

CuSp-s

h-b

v∏mb

n

Cgp-I

n-t®

¿∂

n-cn-°

p-∂p. F

√m ]

ÿm-\

-ßƒ

°pw F

√m c

oXn-a

-

cym-Z

-Iƒ

°pw C

hns

S C

S-ap-≠

m-bn-c

p-∂p.

sN

dp-∏

-°msc \

mS-I

-km-l

n-Xy-Ø

n-te

°pw

\

mS-I

-cw-K

-

tØ

°pw s

Im≠

p-h-cm-\

p≈ i

aw t

h≠

n-bn-c

n-°p-∂

p. \mS

-I-h

m-

145144

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

3)F

≥. F

≥. ]

n≈, I

¿´≥

, tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1996.

4)K

onstantin Stanislavsky, Selected

Work

s, Moscow

: Raduga

Publishers, 1984.

bqW

n‰v 4\

mSI

w k

maq-l

n-Ih

pw cmj

vSo-b

hpa

mb X

ncn-®

-dn-h

p-

Iƒ

°v

A‘

-hni

zmk-ß

ƒs°

-Xns

c ]

pcm-W

-ßƒ

a\

p-jy-`

m-K-t[

-b-ß

-fps

S ]

pXp-h

ymJym\

-ßƒ

˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

krj

vSn ˛ s

I. S

n. apl

-ΩZv

e¶

m-e£

vvan˛ k

n. F≥

. ioI

-WvT≥

\mb

¿

kl

-mb-I

-K-Ÿ

-ß-ƒ

:

1)P

n. i¶

-c-∏

n-≈, _

¿t´mƒ

´v s

_l

v‰v, t

Img

n-t°

mSv: t

_m[

n

]k

m-[-\

w, 1990.

2)R

ymond W

illiams, D

rama from

Ibsen to Brecht, Penguin B

ooks,1968.

3)E

rie Bentley, W

hat is T

heatre? B

oston: Beacon P

ress, 1956.

bqW

n‰v 5t

Ic-fo-b

-amb

k

zXzs

Ø°

pdn-®

p≈ A

t\

zjW

-ßƒ

˛ X\

-Xp-\

m-S-I

k-¶

ev]

w ˛ ]pX

nb h

gn-I

ƒ ˛ ]

pXnb

cq]

--in-e

v]ß

ƒ ˛

Ak

w-_-‘

-\m-S

Iw

˛ k

map-h

¬

s_

°-‰v,

B¿X

v¿ A

U-tam-h

v,bqP

n¬ sF

\-k

vtI

m,

jo≥

sj

s\

˛ Ak

w-_-‘

-Øns

‚ ]

mc-º

cyw

Ak

w-

_-‘

-Øns

‚ ]

m[m\

yw A

kw-_

-‘-\

m-S-I

-th

-Zn-b

psS

]›

m-Ø-e

hpw N

cn-X

hpw

hni

z-\m-S

-I-ß

ƒ ]

cn-`

m-j-

I-fn-e

qsS ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

Xnc

p-hm-g

n-Øm≥

˛ Imh

mew \

mcm-b

-W-∏

-Wn-°

¿

sKmt

Zm-s

b-°

mØv ˛ k

map-h

¬ s

_°

‰v

-˛ hn-h

¿Ø

\w: I

S-Ω

-\n´

cma

-Ir-j

vW≥

bqW

-n‰v 2\

mSI

w kma

q-ln-I

-]-cn-h

¿Ø

-\-Ø

ns‚

am≤

y-a-w

kap-

Zm-b

-]-cn-h

¿Ø

-\-b

-Xv\

ßƒ

k

aq-l

-Øns

e k

mº-Ø

n-

Im-k

-a-X

z-ß-sf-°

p-dn-®

p≈ t

hh

-em-X

n-Iƒ

˛ \mS

-Iob

-

Xsb

\j

vS-s∏

-Sp-Ø

mØ c

mjvS

ob\

mSI

w ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

ASp-°

-f-b

n¬ \

n∂pw A

c-ß

-tØ

°v

˛ hn. S

n. `´-X

n-cn-∏

mSv

]m´

-_m°

n˛ s

I. Z

mtam-Z

-c≥

kl

-mb-I

-K-Ÿ

-ß-ƒ

:

1)I

m´p-a

mSw \

mcm-b

-W≥

, ae

-bm-f

-\m-S

-I-]

-ÿm-\

w, Xri

q¿:

tI

cf- k

m-lnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1990.

2)aS-h

q¿

mkn, a

e-b

m-f-\

m-S-I

-th

-Zn-b

psS I

Y, t

Im´

bw: I

d‚

v

_pI

vkv, 1996.

3)k

n.- sP

. kvamc

-I-k

-an-X

n (k-º

m-Z-I

¿), \

mSI

w H

cp ]

T-\

w,

Xnc

p-h-\

¥--]pc

w: amf

p-_≥

]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 2010 (1962).

4)tU

m. Sn. ]

hn-X

≥, \

mS-I

-i-_

vZ-tI

m-iw, I

Æq¿

: kab

w

]_

vfnt

°-j

≥k

v, 2008.

bqW

n‰v 3

kma

q-ln-I

-amb

am‰

-ßƒ

h

y‡n--P

o-hn-X

-ß-fn¬

kw

-hn®

]cn-h

¿Ø

-\-ß

ƒ ˛ t

emI

-\m-S

-Im-N

mcy∑

mcps

S

kzm[

o-\-ß

ƒ ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

ka-X

z-hmZ

n ˛ ]pf

n-am\

]c-ta-i

z-c≥

]n≈

1128 ¬ s

sI

w 27 ˛ kn. t

P. t

Xma

kv

kl

-mb-I

-K-Ÿ

-ß-ƒ

:

1)F

≥. I

rjvW

-]n-≈

, ssI

c-fn-b

psS I

Y, t

Im´

bw:

Fk

v-]n-k

n-Fk

vv, 1992 (H-∂

mw-]-X

n∏v 1958).

2)tU

m. F¬

. tX

ma-k

vIp-

n, IdpØ

Nnc

n-bps

S A

cß

v, Xri

q¿:

\m\

w tam\

w, 1998.

147146

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Code: M

AL

3E3/12

Fw. F

. ae

-bmf

w ˛`m-j

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

B P

\-]

n-b-k

m-lnX

yw(P

opu

lar Literatu

re)

B\

pIm--e

nI]

kn-≤

o-I-c-W

-ß-fps

S ]

Nm-c

-Ww, K

Ÿ-i

m-em-

kw-L

-Øns

‚ ]

¿Ø

-\-ß

ƒ, A

tß

mf-antß

mfw D

b¿∂

ph∂

Kma

oW-h

m-b-\

-im-e

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C

h t

Icf-k

-aq-l

-Øn¬

F√

m hn`

m-

K-Ø

n¬s∏

´ P

\-ß

-fne

pw hmb

-\m-i

o-ew h

f¿Ø

n. Hm^

o-kp-I

-

fn¬

t]

mIp∂

kvX

oI-fn¬

amX

-a-√

, ]mS

Øp ]

Wns

b-Sp-°

p-

∂-h

-cne

pw ho´

-Ω-am-c

nepw h

o´p-t

Pm-e

n-°-mc

nepw h

mb\

Hgn-®

p-

Iq-S

m-\m-h

mØ H

∂mb

n amd

n. ae

-bm-f

-Øns

e N

ne ]

kn-≤

o-I-c-

W-ß

ƒ h

nZym`

ymkw

Ipd

™ h

mb-\

-°m¿

°p

hmb

n®pc

kn-

°m≥

-t]

m∂ k

hn-t

i-j

-X-I

-tfm-S

p-Iq-S

nb k

mlnX

y-hn-`

-h-ß

ƒ

[mc

m-f-amb

n \n¿

Ωn-®

p. G‰h

pw IqS

pX¬

Bƒ

°ms

c G

‰h

pw

Ipd

-™-k

-ab

w sI

m≠v B

lvf-mZ

n-∏n-°

pI F

∂-X

m-bn-c

p∂p

AØ

cw P

\-]

n-b-k

m-ln-X

y-Øn‚

s]

mXpk

z`m-h

w. Iog

mf-P

n-hn-

Xm-h

-ÿ-I

sf N

nXo-I

-cn®

v A\

p-Iº

DW

¿Ø

p-I, t

aml

-ßfpw

taml

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]a-ss\

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y-ßfpw A

h-X

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n®v h

mb-\

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cps

S P

ohn-X

m-h-ÿ

-I-fps

S ]

-Xn-^

-e\

w k

rjvSn-°

pI ˛

Ch

-

bmW

v e£

yam°

nb-X

v.

F√

m I

e-I

-fne

pw e

fnX

hpw

Kuc-h

hp-a

mb -`n∂

[mc

-Iƒ

ImW

mw. H∂

v P-\

-]nb

Ie

bpw a

s‰m∂

v _p≤

n-Po-h

n-Ie

bpW

m-

Wv. Z

riy-I

-e-I

-fne

pw ih

y-I-e

-I-fne

pw Cu h

yXymk

w ImW

mw.

kml

n-Xyw, \

mS-I

w, kn\

n-a, k

wKoX

w X

pS-ß

nb F

√m I

e-I

-

fne

pw c≠

p coX

n-Ifpw I

mWm-h

p-∂X

mWv.

kl

-mb-I

-K-Ÿ

-ß-ƒ

1)tU

m. sI

. Aø

-∏-∏

-Wn-°

¿, \

mS-I

w, B[

p-\n-I

-a-e

-bm-f

-km-

ln-X

yN-cnX

w (F-U

n-‰¿ t

Um. s

I. F

w. tP

m¿P

v), tI

m´b

w:

Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1998.

2)M

artin Esslin (ed.), T

he Theatre of the A

bsurd, Penguin Books,

1961.

3)K

onstantin Stanislavsky, Selected

Work

s, (Com

piled by:

Oksana K

orneva), Moscow

: Raduga P

ublishers, 1984.

4)K

onstantin Stanislavsky, My L

ife in A

rt, (Translated from

Russian by G

. Ivanov Mum

jiev), Moscow

: Forein L

anguagesPublishing H

ouse,

5)John R

ussel Taylor, An

ger An

d A

fter, Great B

ritain: Penguin

Books, 1963.

6)John R

ussell Taylor, The P

enguin Dictionary of the T

heatre,

England: P

enguin Books, 1966.

149148

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

5)l

rZ-b

-Ip-a

mcn, I

mev]

-\n-I

-X, t

Img

n-t°

mSv: a

mXr`

qan, 2013.

6)F

w. Z£

n-Wm-a

q¿Ø

n, C

wK-foj

v I

mev]

-\n-I

-X, X

ncp-h

-\-

¥-]

pcw: t

I-cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 1983.

7)F

kv.

Kp]

vX≥

\m-b

¿,

Aÿ

n-bps

S ]

q-°ƒ

, tI

m´b

w:

Un.k

n _pI

vkv, 1998.

8)A

lbert Mordell, T

he E

rotic Motive in

Literatu

re, New

York:

Collier B

ooks, 1962.

bqW

n‰v 2B

\p-I

m-en-I

-ß-fps

S h

f¿®

˛

P\

-]n-b

-t\

mh¬

˛

ss]

¶nf

n t\

m-h¬

˛]tab

w ˛ CX

n-hr-Ø

w ˛ BJ

ym-

\w ˛ `

mj ˛ k

maq-l

n-I-P

o-hn-X

w ˛ ]W

bw ˛ B

Z¿i

-

h-X

v°-cW

w ˛

IpS

pw-_-_

-‘-ß

ƒ ˛

aqe

y-NypX

n ˛

kml

n-Xy-Ø

ns‚

P

\m-[

n-]X

y-h-X

v°-cW

w ˛

F

¥p-

sI

m≠v P

\-]

n-b-amb

n F

¥p-s

Im≠

v hmb

\-°

m¿°

v

Xnc

-kv°

-cnt°

≠n-h

-cp∂

p ˛

ae

-bm-f

-Øn¬

P

\-]

n-b-

km-l

n-Xy-Ø

ns‚

D]

-⁄m-X

mh

v ˛tI

c-f

-Øns

e

Ink

vXo-b

-Pn-h

nXw ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

]mS

mØss]

¶nf

n (t\

m-h¬

) ˛ ap´

Øph

¿°

n

a\

pjym \

o aÆ

m-Ip∂

p (t\

m-h¬

)˛ A

ø-t\

Øv

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)tU

m.- sI

. -Fw. -X

-c-I

≥, a

e-b

m-f-t\

m-h¬

kml

n-Xy-N

-cnX

w,

Xri

q¿: t

Ic-f-k

m-lnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 2005 (1978).

2)ap´

-Øp-h

¿°

n ]

Xn-∏

v, k

mln-X

y-te

m-Iw,

Xri

q¿:

tI

cf

kml

nXy

A°

m-Zan,

]pk

vXI

w 41

e°

w 6

(\-h

w-_¿ ˛

Unk

w-_¿ 2013).

3)R

.T.T

erry, Victorian

Pop

ular F

iction 1860 – 80, L

ondon:M

acmillan P

ress.

4)P

ramod K

. Nayar, States of S

entim

ent – E

xplorin

g the

Cu

ltures of E

motion

, Hyderabad: O

rient BlackS

wan, 2011.

P\

-]-nb

-km-l

nXyw a

e-b

m-f-Ø

n¬ G

sd ]

I-S-amb

n I≠

Xv

IY

m-km-l

n-Xy-Ø

nepw \

mS-I

-Øn-e

p-am-W

v. "XpS

¿°

-Y-I

ƒ' F

∂

t]

cn¬

1950˛70 Ifn¬

ae

-bm-f

-Ø-n¬

]N

-cn®

\o≠

-I-Y

-Ifpw

UnI

v‰I

vSoh

v t\

mh-e

p-Ifpw h

ym]-I

-amb

n Ah

-X-cn-∏

n® \

mS-I

-

ßfpw P

\]

n-b-k

m-ln-X

y-Øns

‚ k

z`mh

w Dƒ

s°

m-≈p-∂

-Xm-b

n-

cp-∂

p. F√

m-°m-e

Øpw P

\-]

n-b-k

m-ln-X

y-Øns

‚ a

mXr-I

-Iƒ

FSp-Ø

p-Im-

m-\p-≠

m-hpw.

ae

mbm-f

-Øn¬

]am-W

n-amc

pw \nc

q-]-I

-∑mc

pw Ah

-K-W

n-°p-

Itb

m \

n m-c

o-I-cn-°

p-Itb

m sN

bvX

P

\]

nb-k

m-ln-X

y-sØ

-

°p-d

n®v K

uc-h

-tØ

msS a

\-

n-em-°

p-I, G

Xm\

pw amX

r-I-I

-fn-

eqs

S A

h-b

psS k

hn-t

ij

XI

ƒ ]

Tn-°

pI, A

h k

aq-l

-Øn-\

v

GsX

-¶ne

pw Xc-Ø

n-¬ ]

tb

m-P-\

-s∏

-´n-´

pt≠

m F∂

p ]cn-t

im-

[n-°

pI-˛ A

sX

m-s°

-bmW

v Cu t

Img

vkp-s

Im≠

v e£

y-am-°

p-

∂-X

v.

bqW

n‰v 1P

\-]

n-b-k

w-kv°

m-cw,

P\

-]n-b

-km-l

nXyw

˛]W

-b-

Øns

‚ I

mev]

-\-I

-te

m-Iw˛

km[

m-c-W

-°-cps

S Db

n¿-

sØ

-gp-t

∂¬

∏v, -h

mb-\

m-io-e

w I

hnX

km[

m-c-W

-°m-

c-\

n-te

-°v˛ P

\-]

n-b-I

-hnX

˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

ca-W

≥ ˛ N

ß-º

pg

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

1)F

w. sI

. km\

p, \£

-X-ß

-fps

S t

]a-`m-P

\w, t

Im´

bw:

Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 2002.

2)]

nc-∏

≥tI

mSv apc

fn

(FU

n-‰¿),

Nß

-ºpg

P

∑-i

-Xm_

vZn

kvamc

-I-K

-Ÿw, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w:tI

cf K

Ÿ-i

m-em-k

-l-

I-c-W

-kwL

w, 2010.

3)tU

m. F

w. e

oem-h

-Xn,

ae

bmf

-I-h

nXmk

mln-X

y-N-cn-X

w,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1996 (1980).

4)sI

. Fk

v. \mc

m-b-W

-]n≈

, Nß

-ºpg

Hcp ]

T-\

w, tI

m´b

w:

Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1980.

151150

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Nne

Xv I

p‰m-t

\-h

-j-W

- kz-m-h

-ap-≈

-h-b

mWv. F

¥p-s

Im-

t≠

m B

i

mJ ae

-bm-f

-Øn¬

th

≠X

th

cp-]

n-Sn-

°ms

X t]

mbn.

C°

m-eØ

pw I

p‰m-t

\z-j

-Wt\

m-h-e

p-

Iƒ

h

nh¿Ø

-\-ß

-fmb

pw k

zX-¥

-ß-fmb

pw ]

pd-Ø

p-

h-∂

p-sI

m-≠n-c

n°p-∂

p. I

p‰-I

r-Xy-ß

-fps

S te

mIw

˛

t]

X-I

-Y-I

-Y-I

-fns

e A

Xn-`

u-X

n-I-te

m-Iw˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

sU

hnƒ

(Ip-‰

m-t\

z-j-W

-t\

m-h¬

)

˛ tI

m´b

w ]pj

v]-\

mYv

A⁄

m-X-l

kvX

w (Ip-‰

m-t\

z-j-W

-t\

m-h¬

)

˛ \oe

-I-W

vT≥

]c-amc

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

1)sI

. Fw. \

tc-µ

≥, s

s]

¶nf

n kml

n-Xyw, i

≤, i

pI-]

pcw:

h≈

-tØ

mƒ h

nZym-]

o-Tw, 2006.

2)A

rlie Russell H

ochschild, Th

e Man

aged H

eart: Com

mercial-

ization of H

um

an F

eeling, B

erkely: University of C

aliforniaP

ress, 1983.

3)D

anief Miller, M

aterial Cu

lture an

d M

ass Con

sum

ption

, Ox-

ford: Basil B

lackwell, 1987.

4)R

anjan Tripathy, R

eiterpretin

g Erotic L

iterature, N

ew D

elhi:S

wastik P

ublication,2012.

5)P

ramod K

. Nayar, P

ackagin

g Life: C

ultu

res of the E

veryday,

New

Delhi: S

age, 2009.

bpW

n‰v 5P

\-]

-nb-I

e F

∂ \

ne-b

n¬ \

mS-I

w -˛ kml

n-Xy-I

-e-

bp-s

Sb

pw Zri

y-I-e

-bp-s

Sb

pw taf-\

-w ˛ \mS

Iw i

‡-

amb

P\

-]n-b

-am-≤

y-a-w ˛s

]mX

p-kz-`

m-h-ß

ƒ ˛ d

nb-e

n-

k-Ø

ns‚

kao-]

-\w, k

maq-l

n-I-]

-iv\

-ßfps

S A

h-X

-

c-W

hpw t

NmZ

yw-sN

-øe

pw, cq£

]cn-l

m-kw, k

w`m-j

-

W-Ø

nse

Zz-b

m¿∞

w, I®

-h-S-k

m-≤y-X

-Iƒ

°n-W

-ßp∂

tN

cp-h

-Iƒ

˛

cmj

vSob

-amb

A

h-t_

m-[h

pw Dƒ

°m-

gvN

bpw \

evI

nb P

\-]

n-b-\

m-S-I

-ßƒ

˛ P\

]n-b

-t\

m-

5)D

avid Glover, T

he Cam

bridge Com

panion to Popular F

iction,C

ambridge:

Cam

bridge University P

ress, 2012.

bqW

n‰v 3I

ogmf

-Po-h

nXw (low

-class life) ˛

`q]

-Ir-X

n, k

w`m-j

-

W-ssi

-en, P

ohn-X

-coX

n, kwk

v°mc

w P\

-]oX

n t\

Snb

t\

mh

-ep-I

-fps

S s]

mX

pkz`

mh

w ˛t

\mh

-ep-I

-fps

S

P\

]n-b

X N

e-®

n-Xmh

n-jv°

m-c-Ø

n-te

°v ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

I≈

-ns®

-√Ω

(t\

mh¬

) ˛ Pn.- h

n-th

-Im-\

µ≥

DΩ

(t\

m-h¬

) ˛ samb

vXp ]

Sn-b

Øv

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)F

≥.

-Irj

vW-]

n≈,

ssI

c-f

n-bps

S I

Y,

tI

m´b

w:

Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1992 (H∂

mw ]X

n∏v 1958).

2)tU

m. -tP

m¿P

v HmW

-°q¿

, t\

mh¬

, B[

p-\nI

ae

-bm-f

-km-

ln-X

yNcn-X

w ]

ÿm-\

-ß-fn-e

qsS, (F

Un‰

¿)

tU

m. sI

.

Fw. t

Pm¿

Pv, t

Im´

bw: U

n. kn. _

pIvk

v, 1998.

4)tU

m. tP

m¿P

v Ccp-º

-bw, a

e-b

m-f-t\

m-h¬

]sØ

m-ºX

mw

\q‰

m-≠n¬

, tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1984.

5)P

am¬

sI

m®-ß

m-Sn, a

p…nw k

maql

yPoh

nXw a

e-b

m-f-t\

m-

h-e

n¬, X

riq¿

: tI

cf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1998.

6)S

atyajit Ray, O

ur F

ilms T

heir F

ilms, H

yderabad: Orient

Longm

an, 1976.

7)John W

. Hood, B

eyond the World of A

pu – The F

ilms of Satyajit

Ray, H

yderabad: Orient L

ongman, 2008.

8)Janice A

. Radw

ay, Read

ing th

e Rom

ance: W

omen

Patriarch

yand P

opular Literature, C

hapel Hill: U

niversity of North C

arolinP

ublication, 1984.

bqW

n‰v 4a

e-b

m-f-Ø

n¬ 1950˛70 I

fn¬

hym]

-I-amb

n ]N

-cn-°

p--

Ib

pw XpS

-°-°

m-cmb

hmb

-\-°

msc h

√ms

X ]

tN

m-

Zn-∏

n-°p-I

bpw s

Nb

vX k

mlnX

yhn`m-K

-am-W

v Ip‰

m-t\

zj-

W-t\

m-h¬

. ae

bm-f

Øns

e B

Zy-I

met\

m-h-e

p-I-fn¬

153152

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

3)A

Sq¿

K]

m-e-I

rjvW

≥, k

n\na

kwk

v°m-c

w, tI

mgn-t°

mSv:

amX

r-`qa

n _pI

vkv, 2011.

4)P

n.]n.

cm-a

-N-µ

≥, te

m-I-k

n-\n-a

m-bm-X

Iƒ

, tI

m-gn-t

°mS

v:

en-U

v _p-I

v-kv, 2012.

5)h

n. Sn.

apc

-fn,

]ms

´m-c

p-°w,

tI

m´b

w: U

n. k

n. _

pIvk

v,

2013.

6). hn.S

n. ap-c

fn, K

m-\-c-N

-\-b

p-sS X

-®p-i

m-kv-X

w, tI

m-´b

w:

F-k

v]nk

nF-k

v, 2013.

7)h

nXp-c

t_

_n (k

-am-l

-c-W

w˛]T-\

w), tX

≥-I

p-Sp-°

,

Xn-c

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: s

a-e

n≥-U

_p-I

v-kv, 2008.

8)c-ta-i

v tKm-]

m-e-I

r-jvW

≥,

P-\

-]n-b

-kw-K

oXw,

tI

m-´b

w:

Un.k

n. _p-I

v-kv, 2013.

9)h

n.Sn. k

p-\n¬

, kw-K

o-X-\

n-L-≠

p, tI

m-´b

w: Un.k

n. _p-I

v-

kv, 2013.

h-e

p-I-fps

S s

]mX

p-kzm-`

m-h-Ø

n¬\

n∂v N

neL

-S-I

-ß-

fn¬

hyX

y-kvX

w N

ne P

\-]

n-b-k

n-\na

Iƒ

P

\-]

n-

b-k

n-\na

Hcp ]

tX

y-I-h

n-m-K

w t

Ic-f-Ø

-n¬ A

ºX

p-

I-fne

pw Adp-]

-Xp-I

-fn-e

pw P\

sØ

Gsd B

I¿j

n®

Ie

bmb

I

Ym-]

-kw-K

w ˛

\mS

-I˛k

n\n-a

m-Km-\

-ßƒ

Ih

n-X-tb

m-Sp≈

_

lp-P

-\-Ø

ns‚

B

`n-a

p-Jy-Ø

ns‚

]X

n--e

-\w

ka-I

m-enI

tI

c-fo-b

-P-\

-k-aq-l

-Øn-s

‚

P\

-]nb

am≤

y-a-w s

Se

n-hn-j

≥ ˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

1)\

nß-sfs∂

Iayq-W

n-Ãm°

n (\m-S

-Iw)

˛ tX

m∏n¬

`mk

n

2)P

ohn-X

-\uI

(kn-\

n-a / k

nUn e

`y-a

mWv) ˛

3)I

Ym-]

-kwK

w: Bb

nj ˛ k

mw_-i

nh≥

(knU

n e`y-a

mWv)

4)\

mS-I

˛kn-\

n-am-K

m-\-ß

ƒ

1)_

-en-I

p-So-c

ß-tf ˛ h

-b-e

m¿

2)am-a

-e-I

ƒ-°

-∏pd

-Øv a

-c-X

-I-∏

-´p-S

p-Øv

˛ ]n. `

m-kv-I

-c≥

3)\

o h-cq I

m-hy-t

Z-h

tX

! ˛ H.F

≥.h

n.

4)I

m-t‰ \

o ho-i

-cp-X

n-t∏

mƒ ˛ X

n-cp-s

\√

q¿

5)N

-µn-I

-bn-e

-en-b

p-∂p N

-µ-I

m-¥w

˛ io-I

p-am-c

≥ X

-ºn

6)k

q-cy-I

n-co-S

w ho-W

pS-™

p ˛ Kn-c

o-jv ]

p-Ø-t©

-cn

7)k

w-KoX

-ta A

-a-c-k

√m]

-ta ˛ b

q-k^

-en t

I-t®

-cn

8)]

-d-b

m≥ a

-d-∂

]-cn-`

-h-ß

ƒ ˛ d

-^o-I

v A-l

ΩZv

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)tU

m. sI

. i

oIp-a

m¿,

Hcp

apJ

w ˛

P\

-]n-b

-\m-S

-I-th

-Zn-

bps

S a

nSn-∏

p-Iƒ

, tI

mgn-t°

mSv: e

n]n ]

_vvfn-t°

-j≥

kv, 2005.

2)D

avid Biaculli, T

eliliteracy- Tak

ing T

elevision S

eriously, N

ewY

ork: Syracus U


155154

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

bqW

n‰v 1

am[

ya]

T-\

w

1.B

ib

hn\

nab

w˛ ]e

-Xcw B

i-b

-hn-\

n-a-tb

m-]m-[

n-Iƒ

.

`mj

Bi

bh

n\na

bam[

yasa∂

\ne

bn¬

mjI

≥

˛ am[

yaw ˛ t

imX

mhv F

∂ h

rØw ˛

`mj

mam[

ya-

Øns

‚ h

nImk

w ˛ hms

amg

n, hcsamg

n ˛

2.`mj

Wh

pw amk

v I

ΩyqW

nt°

j\

pw ˛

hm¿Ø

m

hn\

nab

ßƒ

h

nfw_

cß

ƒ, Z

qXpI

ƒ, i

mk\

ßƒ

,

tcJ

Iƒ

˛]k

wK

ßƒ

, ]

t_

m[

\ß

ƒ,

kw`mj

Wß

ƒ, I

YmI

Y\

ßƒ

˛ Kk

‰pI

ƒ ˛ ]

ck

yßfpw

]ª

nIv d

nte

j\

pw ˛

3.h

m¿Ø

mh

n\na

bk

t¶

Xß

ƒ ˛t^

mI

v aoU

n-b˛

B\

pIme

nI]

kn≤

oIcW

ßƒ

˛

4.]

pkvX

I]

kn≤

oIcW

ßƒ

, ˛ C

eI

vtS

mW

nIv

kt¶

Xß

ƒ˛ i

mhy, Z

riy, U

nPn‰

¬ k

t¶

Xß

ƒ˛

\h

am[

y-a-ß

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kml

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pw ae

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bqW

n‰v 4

Zri

y`mj

1.Zri

y-`m-j

bpw N

n”h

n⁄m-\

o-bh

pw N

n”w, t

ImU

v

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o ]

cn-I

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ƒ ˛

hmN

n-I-`m-j

bpw

Zri

y-`m-j

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bpw

˛ U

nt\

m-t´-j

≥˛

sI

msW

m-t´-j

≥-˛

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v ˛

159158

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

16)sP

. h

n. h

nf-\

new,

B te

mIw

apX

¬ C

te

mIw

hsc,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥k

v‰n-‰

yq´v, 2003.

17)F

w.- hn. t

Xma

kv, a

m[y-a

-ßfpw a

e-b

m-f-k

m-ln-X

yhpw,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: k

mw-kv°

m-cnI

]k

n-≤o-I

-c-W

-h-I

p-∏v, 2000.

18)sI

.-]n. h

nP-b

≥, ]

X-ß

ƒ h

nNn-X

-ßƒ

, tI

m´b

w:

F≥

_n-F

kv, 1968.

19)]

v A

°m-Z

an, ]

X-`mj

, sI

m®n: 1983.

20)tPmb

v Xnc

p-aq-e

-]pc

w, hm¿

Ø, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: tI

cf

mjm

C≥

kv‰n-‰

yq´v, 1997.

21)F

w.- sI

. tat\

m≥, k

z.te

., tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1973.

22)k

pIp-a

m¿ A

go-t

°mS

v, ae

-bm-f

-km-l

n-Xy-h

n-a¿i

\w,

tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1999.

24)h

n. cmP

-tKm-]

m¬,

sSe

n-hn-j

≥ tP

¿W

-enk

w, tI

m´b

w:

Id‚

v _pI

vkv, 2000.

25)a[

p Cd-h

-¶c, a

e-b

m-f-k

n-\n-a

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw, t

Im´

bw:

Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1999.

26)h

n.- sI

. tP

mk^

v, kn\

n-ab

pw ]X

y-b-i

m-kvX

hpw,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: k

mw-kv°

m-cnI

]k

n-≤o-I

-c-W

-h-I

p-∏v, 1997.

27)A

Sq¿

tKm]

m-e-I

r-jvW

≥, k

n\n-a

-bps

S t

emI

w,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥k

v‰n-‰

yq´v, 1983.

28)tI

mgn-t°

m-S≥

, Ne

-®n-X

m-kzm-Z

\w F

ßs\

?, tI

mgn-t°

mSv:

ae

-bmf

w ]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 1988.

29)h

nP-b

-Ir-j

vW≥

, Ne

-®n-X

-Øns

‚ s

]mc

pƒ, a

e-b

m-f-

kn-\

na, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: tI

cf `

mjm C

≥k

v‰n-‰

yq´v, 1984.

30)k

n\n°

v, ae

-bm-f

-kn-\

na h

meyw 1˛ 1967; h

meyw 2˛ 1968.

31)sF

. j¨

ap-J

-Zmk

v, kn\

n-a-b

psS h

gn-b

n¬, X

riq¿

: Id‚

v

_pI

vkv, 1990.

32)h

n. cmP

-Ir-j

vW≥

, Img

vN-b

psS A

im¥

n, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

tI

cf `

mjm C

≥k

v‰n-‰

yq´v, 1987.

33)B

¿.-h

n.-Fw. Z

nhm-I

-c≥

, IY

bpw X

nc-°

-Yb

pw, tI

mgn-t°

mSv:

He

ohv, 2005.

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)k

ztZ-i

m-`n-a

m-\

n cma-I

r-jvW

-]n≈

, h

rØm-¥

-]-X

-]-

h¿Ø

\w, X

riq¿

: awK

-tfm-Z

bw, 1926.

2)tU

m. hffn°

mhv t

aml

≥Zmk

v, ]›

nsamZ

bw, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-

]pc

w: tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq´

v, 2011.

3)F

w.Pb

cmP

v, ae

bmf A

®Sna

m[

yaw `qX

hpw

h

¿Ø

am\

hpw, t

Img

n-t°

mSv: a

mXr`

qan, 2013.

4)_

m_p s

Ndnb

m≥/ t

P°

_v s

Fk

°v I

mfna

Tw, ⁄

m\-

\nt

£]

w: ]

mTh

pw ]

T\

hpw,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

]`mX

v

_p°

v luk

v, 2002.

5)tU

m. _m_

p sN

dnb

m≥, s

_©

an≥

s_

bve

n, 2009.

6)tU

m. h≈

n°mh

v taml

≥Zmk

v, cmP

ykamN

mcw H

cp ]

T\

w,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: k

mwkv°

m-cn-I

- ]-k

n-≤o-I

-c-W

-h-I

p-∏v, 1998.

7)P

n. ]nb

-Z¿i

≥, a

e-b

m-f-]

-X-]

-h¿Ø

\w: ]

mcw-

-kz-c

q]w,

tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1982.

8)P

n.-]n-b

-Z¿i

≥, a

mkn-I

m-]-T-\

-ßƒ

, tI

m´b

w:

Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1974.

9)]

pXp-∏

≈n

cmL

-h≥

, tI

c-f-]

-X-]

-h¿Ø

-\-N

-cnX

w,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1998.

10)F

≥.- ]

n. -cm-t

P-µ

≥, t

^m¿

Øv F

tÃ

-‰ns

‚ a

cW

w,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: amX

r-`q-a

n, 2004.

11)h

n. B¿. a

m[-h

-ta-t\

m≥, a

mXr-`

qan ]

kn-≤

o-I-c-W

w, amX

r-

`q-a

n-bps

S N

cnX

w (`mK

w 1/ 1923--1935), tI

mgn-t°

mSv: a

mXr`

qan,

12)aq¿

t°

mØpI

p™-∏

, ae

-bm-f-a-t\

m-c-a-b

psS N

cn-X

w,

tI

m´b

w: ae

-bm-f

-a-t\

m-c-a, 1973.

13)sI

.- Fw. t

Kmh

n, BZn-a

p-ZW

w mc

-X-Ø

nepw a

e-b

m-f-Ø

nepw,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1998.

14)k

map-h

¬ h

¿§o-k

v/ k

maph

¬ s\

√n-a

p-Iƒ

, s_

©-an≥

s_

bve

n a

e-b

mfw A

®-Sn-b

psS ]

nXm-h

v, tI

m´b

w: Id‚

v

_pI

vkv, 1996.

15)tX

mak

v tP

°-_

v/ Sn.

th

Wp-t

Km-]

m¬,

\m´

p-hn-t

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]pc

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]ª

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mØ\

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m_vk

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uck

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y

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n: tI

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y A°

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ater Period

)

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o-b-amb

kzm[

o\w

sN

ep-Ø

n-bn-´

p-≠v. ]

m›m-X

y\nc

q-]-I

cpw

Ih

n-Ifpw

cq]

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mln-X

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Sb

pw kn≤

m-¥-ß

fps

Sb

pw

ASn-th

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ƒ ]

mNo\

XØ

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mbpw a

\»

mkvX

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Nn¥

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InS

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p. B

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mesØ

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p ][

m\ N

n¥-m]

≤-X

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hns

‚ ]

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b-mf

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p-\n-I

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pw ]

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amb

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mc-I

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sI

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na¿i

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mw sk

a-Ã

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tI

mgvk

vtI

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t]

cv

sI

Un‰

v

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AL

4CO

13 k

mln-X

y-kn-≤

m¥w

(B-[

p-\n-I

w)5

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m¿M

AL

4CO

14h

nh¿Ø

\w:

XØ

zhpw ]

tb

m-Kh

pw5

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m¿M

AL

4CO

15 k

wkv-I

rXw (2)

5

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—nI

w MA

L4E

4/16A

hna

¿i

-\-k

n-≤m-¥

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5

B t

Ic-fo-b

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C h

nizk

m-lnX

yw

D t

^mI

vte

m¿

Unk

¿t

-j≥

5

hmN

m-]-co£

2 …

….…

……

……

……

……

.B

sI

sI

Un‰

v =87

171170

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

7)tU

m. Fw. e

oem-h

-Xn, B

Zn-c

q-]-ß

ƒ k

mln-X

y-Øn¬

,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 1993.

bqW

-n‰v 2

\th

m∞m\

hna

¿i

\w

Zmt

¥-b

psS h

na¿i

-\k

¶e

v]w

ssi

en-, I

mhy-h

n-jb

w-

˛ ^ne

n∏v k

nUv\

n ˛ Ih

n-bps

S ]

hm-N

-I-X

zw,

Ih

n kj

vSmh

v tU

m. -tP

m¨k

≥ ˛ I

hn-b

psS

Poh

n-Xh

pw I

rXn-I

fpw

XΩ

n-ep≈

_‘

w, k

mlnX

yw

kZm-N

m-c-Ø

n\ph

nt[

bw ˛

Ime

v]-\

n-I-h

n-a¿i

\w ˛

kmaq-l

n-I-]

-›m-Ø

ew

˛F

¥mW

v I

me

v]-\

n-IX

,

Ime

v]-\

n-I-h

n-a¿i

-\-Ø

ns‚

A

Sn-ÿ

m-\-L

-S-I

-ßƒ

,

]X

n`b

pw mh

-\b

pw, -ku-µ

-cyk

¶-ev]

-ßƒ

: _\

-Ut‰m

tI

mt®

, dqt

m,

CΩ

m-\

p-h¬

I

m‚

v, s^

UdnI

v

jn√

¿˛h

neyw

_vtf°

v˛Du¿÷

w ]

[m\

w, `mh

-\,

Ih

n-bmW

v ]P

m]X

n˛th

¿U

vk-h

¿Ø

v˛`mh

-\-b

psS

]m[

m-\yw, I

mhy-`

mj k

m[m-c

-W°

m-c-t‚

-Xm-h

-Ww˛

tI

mf-dn-U

vPv˛

_nw_

-I-e

v]-\

, Cam-P

n-t\

-j\

pw m≥

kn-

bpw,

Ih

n-]-X

n`˛X

Øz-N

n-¥, t

hZ-i

mkvX

w˛C

h-b

p-

am-b

n-´p≈

_‘

w, hna

¿i

\w X

Øz-N

n¥b

psS `

mKw

˛`mh

-\-sb

-°p-d

n-®p≈

Imh

y-Z¿i

\w˛amX

yp B¿t\

m-

ƒU

v˛P

ohn-Ø

ns‚

h

na¿i

-\amW

v I

hnX

˛e

ntb

m

tSmƒ

tÃ

mbv˛

Ie

m-kn-≤

m-¥ß

ƒ˛I

e B

µ\

µ-Ø

n-

\p-t

h≠

n, I

e P

ohn-Ø

n-\p-t

h≠

n˛I

e-b

nse

Zp¿

K-

l-X

˛I

e-b

v°p-t

h-≠

Xv h

y‡

n-Xzw

, k

v^pS

-X,

Bfl

m¿∞

X˛sj

√n-˛

Ih

n-X-b

psS ]

Xn-t

cm[

w˛

Io‰

vkns

‚ k

Xy-k

u-µ

cyk

¶-e

v]-ß

ƒ ˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)P

atricia Waugh (ed.) , L

iterary Th

eory and

Criticism

, New

Delhi: O

xford University P

ress, 2006.

2)D

avid Lodge (ed.), M

odern

Criticism

and

Th

eory, London:

Longm

an, 1988.

cn-°

pI F

∂-X

m-hW

w e£

yw. AX

n\v h

n`n-∂

]m›

m-Xy-k

m-ln-

Xy-k

n-≤m-¥

-ß-fps

Sb

pw XmØ

zn-I-N

n-¥-I

-fp-s

Sb

pw Bg-Ø

n-ep≈

]T-\

hpw A

]-K

-Y-\

hpw B

h-i

y-am-b

n-cn-°

p-∂p.

]mT

y-]-≤

-Xn-b

n¬ a

mXw H

Xp-ß

n-t∏

m-ImX

ncn-°

pI; I

n´m-h

p-

∂n-S

-tØ

mfw h

nh-cß

ƒ I

s≠

Øn a

\-

n-em-°

p-I; h

n]p-e

-amb

Imh

yte

mIX

Øzß

ƒ A

dn-b

pI; k

n≤m-¥

-ßsf ]

mtb

m-Kn-I

-

X-e

-Øn¬

]tb

m-P-\

-s∏

-Sp-Ø

pI C

sX

m-s°

-bmW

v B[

p-\nI

kml

n-Xy-k

n-≤m¥

]T\

w sI

m≠v e

£ya

m°p-∂

-Xv.

bqW

-n‰v 1

kml

n-Xy-c

q-]-ß

fpw ]

ÿm-\

-ßfpw

F∏

n-Iv, \

mSI

w, t\

mh¬

, Ndp-I

-Y, D

]-\

ym-kw,

Poh

-N-cn-X

w, Bfl

-I-Y

˛ ¢m

n-kw, t

dma

m-‚n-k

n-kw,

dnb

-en-k

w, \mN

z-d-e

n-kw,

k¿dnb

-en-k

w,

tk

mjy-e

nÃv d

nb-e

n-kw, F

Ivk

v]-j

-\n-k

w,

Cw]

-j-\

nkw, k

nw_e

n-kw, C

ta-Pn-k

w, UmU

m-bn-k

w,

^yq®

-dn-k

w, k¿dnb

-enk

w, tamt

Um-W

n-kw,

t]

mÃv t

amt

U-W

nkw ˛

_nw_

w, ]X

o-Iw, B

Zn-c

q-]-ß

ƒ, a

nØv ˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)tU

m. sI

. Fw. X

c-I

≥, ]

m›m-X

y-km-l

n-Xy-X

-Øz-i

m-kvX

w,

tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1990 (1974).

2)F

w. Pn. s

I. \

mb¿, k

mln-X

y-kw-⁄

m-tI

m-iw, t

Im´

bw:

Un.- k

n. -_p-I

vkv, 1996.

3)W

illiam H

enry Hudson, A

n In

trodu

ction to th

e Stud

y ofL

iterature, N

ew D

elhi: Quality P

ublishing Com

pany, 2001.4)

Rene W

ellek and Austin W

arren, Th

eory of Literatu

re,G

reat Britain: P

rnguin Books, 1963 (1949).

5)J. A

. Cuddon (R

evised by C. E

. Preston), Dictionary of L

iteraryT

erms &

Literary T

heory, B

ritaain: Prnguin B

ooks,1999 (1977).

6)Irving H

owe (ed.), L

iterary Mod

ernism

, New

York:

A F

awcett P

remier B

ook, 1967.

173172

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)D

avid Lodge (ed.), 20

th Cen

tury L

iterary Critisism

, London:

Longm

an, 1972.

2)W

ilbur S. S

cott, Five A

pp

roaches of L

iterary Criticism

, New

York: C

oollier Books, 1962.

3)I. A

. Richards, P

rincip

les of Literary C

riticism, L

ondon:R

outledge & K

egan, 1960 (1924).

4)I. A

. Richards, P

ractical Criticism

, London: R

outledge & K

egan,1964 (1929).

5)M

arx and Engels, O

n L

iterature an

d A

rt, Mosco: P

rogressP

ublishers, 1976.

6)F

w. F≥

. hnP

-b≥

, hm°

pw a\

- pw, t

Img

n-t°

mSv:

Ie

m-t£

-Xw, 1994.

7)s]

m^-k

¿ s

I.-F

w. Um\

n-b¬

, hna

¿i

\w: k

n≤m-¥

hpw

]tb

m-Kh

pw, tI

m´b

w: F≥

_n-F

-kv, 1991.

8)P

artha Sarathi M

isra, Introd

ution

to Stylistics –Th

eory and

Practice, H

yderabad: BlackS

wan, 2009.

9)F

w. tX

mak

v amX

yp, acp-`

q-an-b

n¬ h

nfn®

p ]d-b

p-∂-h

s‚

i_

vZw,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

amf

p-_≥

]

_vfn-t

°,≥

kv,

2011

(2004).

10)_

me-N

-µ≥

hSt°

-SØ

v, hmb

-\-b

psS D

]-\

n-j-Ø

v,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: a

mfp-_

≥ ]

_vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 2011 (1999).

bqW

-n‰v 4

\qX

-\-]

-h-W

-X-I

ƒ:

LS-\

m-hmZ

w (Structuralism), A

]-\

n¿Ω

mWw (D

econ-struction), k

vXo]

-£-h

mZw

(Fem

inism),

]cn-k

vXn-h

n-

a¿i

\w (E

cocriticism), l

ntÃ

m-dn-k

nkw (H

istoricism),

Nn”

-imk

vXw

(Sem

iotics), h

ymJ

ym-\

-imk

vXw

(Herm

anuitics), BJ

ym-\-i

mkvX

w (Narratology) - h

na¿i

-

\h

pw `mj

m-im-k

vXh

pw ˛ am¿

Iv-k

n-kh

pw kml

n-Xy-

\n-c

q-]-W

hpw ˛ A

t‚

m-Wntb

m Kmwj

n ˛ sk

m-kqq¿

˛

3)k

¿ ^

nen]

v knU

v\n, I

hn-X

-bvs°

mcp k

m[q-I

-c-W

w,

(]-cn-`

m-j) t

Um. s

I.- F

≥. F

gp-Ø

-—≥

, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v,1999 (1987).

4)l

rZ-b

-Ip-a

m-cn, I

mev]

-\n-I

-X, t

Img

n-t°

mSv: a

mXr-`

q-an, 2013.

5)W

alter Pater, T

he R

enaissan

ce – Stud

ies in A

rt and

Poetry,

Briton: T

he Fontana L

ibrary, 1967.

6)Shelley, A

Defence of Poetry, T

he Selected Poetry and P

rose ofP

ercy Byssh

e Sh

elley, New

York: T

he Modern L

ibrary, 1951.

7)e

ntb

m tSmƒ

tÃ

m-bv, F

¥mW

v Ie

?, (hnh

¿Ø

\w:

sI

Sm-I

pfw I

cp-W

m-I-c≥

), tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

n-F-k

v, 1991.

8)A

ø-∏

-∏-W

n-°¿, A

¥-

-∂n-t

h-i

w, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-c-]

pcw: t

Icf

`mj

m C≥

Ãn-‰

yq-´v, 2000.

9)F

w. hn. t

Zh

≥, t

Zh

-kv]

-µ-\

w, tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv,

1999.

10)k

pIp-a

m¿ A

go-t

°m-S

v, ae

-bm-f

-km-l

nXyh

na¿i

\w,

ipI

-]pc

w: h≈

-tØ

mƒ h

nZym-]

o-Tw, 1981.

bqW

-n‰v 3

\h

-\n-c

q-]W

w --- ˛ ASn-ÿ

m-\-X

-Øz-ß

ƒ

sF

.-F.-d

n-®m¿

Uvk

v˛A

¿∞

-Øns

‚ A

¿∞

w, kml

n-

Xy-\

n-cq-]

-W-Ø

ns‚

X

Øz-ß

ƒ˛]

mtb

m-KnI

\nc

q-

]W

w˛Sn.- F

-kv. -F

-en-b

‰v˛

]mc

-º-cyh

pw hy‡

n-K-X

-

amb

P∑

-kn-≤

nbpw

˛t]

mƒh

-te

dn˛I

hnX

mj

-bp-s

S

Ie

, I

hnX

`mj

-bv°

p-≈-ns

e `mj

˛F

^v.

B¿.

eoh

vkv˛

kmwk

v°m-c

n-I-\

n-cq-]

Ww˛h

n¬_

¿ k

vtI

mv˛

hna

¿i

-\-Ø

ns‚

]©

-am¿

§-ß

ƒ ˛

[m¿

Ωn-I

-k-ao-]

-\w, a

\-»

m-kvX

-k-ao-]

-\w, k

maq-l

n-I-

k-ao-]

-\w,

cq]

-in-e

v]k

-ao-]

-\w,

BZn-c

q]-k

-ao-]

\w

˛

t]

mbvU

v, bpwß

v˛a\

- m»

mkvX

-Xzß

fpw k

mln-X

y-

hn-a

¿i

-\h

pw˛am¿

Ivk

nÃv k

uµ

-cy-i

mkvX

w: am¿

Ivk

v,

GwK

¬k

v, InÃ

-^¿ I

mUz¬

, GW

Ãv ^

nj¿, e

qbn

A¬

Øq-k

¿ ˛

175174

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)Sn. h

n. a[

p, \h

-am¿

Ivk

nÃv k

maq-l

y-hn-a

¿i

w, tI

m´b

w:

Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1999.

2)k

®n-Z

m-\-µ

≥, k

wkv°

m-c-Ø

ns‚

cmj

vSo-b

w, tI

mgn-t°

mSv:

eoU

v _pI

vkv, 2013.

3)k

ztZ-i

m-n-a

m\n s

I. c

ma-I

r-jvW

-]n-≈

, kzt

Z-i

m-n-a

m-\n-b

psS

KŸ

-\n-c

q-]-W

-ßƒ

k

mln-X

y-te

-J-\

-ƒ,

Xri

q¿:

tI

cf

kml

nXy A

°m-Z

-an, 1991.

4)k

n. ]n. A

Nyp-X

-ta-t\

ms‚

\nc

q-]-W

-ßƒ

, (kº

m-Z\

w,

]T-\

w) Sn. S

n. ]`m-I

-c≥

, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm

C≥

Ãn-‰

yq-´v, 1994 (1989).

5)s]

m^. F

w. AN

yp-X≥

, ]m›

mXyk

mlnX

yZ¿i

-\w,

tI

m´b

w: Fk

v.-]n.-k

n.-F-k

v., 1991 (1962).

6)T

erry Eagleton, T

he Illu

sions of P

ostmod

ernism

, Britain:

Blackw

ell Publishers, 1967 (F

irst published 1996).

7)S

heldon Pollock (ed.), L

iterary Cu

ltures in

History – R

econ-

struction from South A

sia, New

Delhi: O

xford University Press,

2003.

8)W

illiam K

. Wim

satt & C

leanth Brooks, L

iterary Criticism

- AS

hort H

istory, New

Delhi: O

xford & IB

H P

ublishing Co., 1964

(1957).

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)P

eter Barry, B

eginn

ing T

heory – A

n In

trodu

tion to literary

and

cultu

ral theory, N

ew Y

ork: Manchester U

niversityP

ress,1995.

2)W

ilfred L. G

uerin (ed.), A H

andbook of Critical A

pproaches toL

iterature, N

ew Y

ork: Oxford U


3)C

.- Fw. -F

-kv. \

ºq-X

n-cn-∏

mSv, s

Xc-s™

-SpØ

]_

-‘-ß

ƒ,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1998 (1990).

4)k

®n-Z

m-\-µ

≥ (F

-Un-‰

¿),

kvX

o]-T-\

-ß-ƒ

, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v:

t_

m[n, 1990.

5)sP

. tZh

n-I, k

vXoh

m-Zw, t

Im´

bw: U

n. kn _

pIvk

v, 2000.

6)k

n.- _n. k

p[m-I

-c≥

, DØ

-cm-[

p-\n-I

-X, t

Im´

bw: U

n. kn.

_pI

vkv, 2000.

7)sI

. i

mc-Zm-a

-Wn,

kvX

o k

vXoh

m-Zw

kvX

ohn-t

am-N

-\w,

tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1999.

8)h

n¿P

n-\nb

hpƒ

^v, k

z¥-am-s

bmc

p apd

n, hnh

¿Ø

\w:

_n.-F

w.kpl

d, t

Im´

bw: U

n. kn. _

pIvk

v, 2013.

9)h

n.- kn. i

oP≥

, hna

¿i

-\m-fl

Ik

n≤m-¥

w, tI

m´b

w:

Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1999.

10)k

n.- cm-t

P-µ

≥, ]

mTh

pw s]

mcp-f

pw, FS-∏

mƒ: h

≈-tØ

mƒ

hnZ

ym-]o-T

w, hnX

-cW

w: tI

m´b

w: F≥

_n-F

-kv, 2014.

11)k

n. cmt

P-µ

≥, s

kmk

yq¿ L

S-\

m-hm-Z

-Øns

‚ B

Nmc

y≥,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq´

v, 2002.

12)th

Wp-t

Km-]

m-e-∏

-Wn-°

¿, t

\mw t

Nmwk

vIn, X

riq¿

:

hni

z-Z¿i

\ ]

kn-≤

o-I-c-W

w, 1987.

bqW

-n‰v 5

kwk

v°m-c

-]-T\

w

eqb

n A

ƒØ

q-k¿,

antj

¬ ^

qt°

m, Zdn-Z

, e

Im≥

,

Pqe

nb I

ntÃ

-h, s

Sdn C

uKnƒ

-´≥

, Kmb

Xn k

v]nh

m-

°v, F

tU

z¿U

v sk

bvZv -˛ t

]mÃ

v sI

mtfm-W

n-b-e

nkw

(Postcolonialism)

177176

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

bqW

n‰v 1F

¥mW

v hnh

¿Ø

\w? --

˛ hnh

¿Ø

-\-Ø

ns‚

]k

-‡nb

pw ]m[

m\yh

pw

˛ cq]

-a-\

p-kcn-®

p≈ h

n`-P

\w: G

I-`mj

mhnh

¿Ø

\w

(Intra-lingual translation),h

yXy-k

vX-`m-j

-bns

e h

nh¿Ø

\w

(Inter-lingual translation) -N

n”m-¥

ch

nh¿Ø

\w (Inter- sem

iotic translation)

k¿§m-fl

-I-h

n-h¿-Ø

\w (T

ranscreation)

kz`

mh-a-\

p-kcn-®

p≈ h

n`-P

\w:

Imc

y-am-X

-]-cn-`

mj (P

ragmatic translation)

kuµ

-cym-fl

-I-]

-cn-

mj (A

esthetic-poetic traslation)

hwi

o-b-]

-cn-`

mj (E

thnographic transalation)

`mj

m-tI

-µn-X

-]-cn-`

mj (L

inguistic translation).

hnh

¿Ø

-\-Ø

ns‚

k

hn-t

i-j

-X-I

ƒ˛h

nh¿Ø

\w

imk

vXtam

Ie

tb

m ssI

hn-c

ptX

m?˛h

nh¿Ø

\w

hymJ

ym\w˛sa®

-s∏

´ h

nh¿Ø

\w˛]

fin-X

-]-cn-tX

m-

j-hmZ

w (Scholarly method), \

nI-tj

m-]-e-hmZ

w (Touchstonem

ethod) , ]›

m-Xvh

nh¿Ø

\w (B

ack translation) ˛]

cn-`

m-jb

v°p h

g-ß

mØ ]

Z-ß

ƒ, h

mIy-ß

ƒ,

ssi

en-I

ƒ, ]

tb

m-K-ß

ƒ˛

Untranslatability -

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)tU

m. F≥

. C. h

niz-\

mYø

¿, h

nh¿Ø

-\-h

n-Nm-c

w, Xnc

p-h-\

-

¥-]

pcw: t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰q´

v, 1996.

2)F

w. ]

n. k

Zm-i

n-h≥

, `mj

bpw

]cn-`

m-j-b

pw, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-

]pc

w: tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰q-´

v, 2008.

3)tU

m. sI

. hn. t

Xma

-kv/ t

Um. a

mXyp a

p´-Ø

v, hnh

¿Ø

-\

-hn-N

n-¥-\

w, tI

mgn-t°

mSv: e

n]n ]

_v-fn-t°

-j≥

kv, 2014 (2009).

4)R

ichard W B

rislin (ed.), Tran

slation – A

pp

lications an

dR

esearch, N

ew Y

ork: Gardner P

ress, 1976.

5)K

. Karunakaran and M

. Jayakumar (ed.), T

ranslation

as

Code: M

AL

4CO

14

Fw. F

. ae

-bmf

w ˛ `m-j

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

hnh

¿Ø

-\w: X

Øzh

pw ]tb

m-Kh

pw(T

ranslation

: Th

eory and

Practice)

kma

q-ln-I

hpw k

mwkv°

m-cn-I

hpw c

mjvS

o-bh

pw kml

n-Xy-

]-ch

pamb

A¥

m-cm-j

vS-_

-‘-ß

-fps

S h

yXyk

vX-am-\

-ß-fp≈

Hcp ]

me-amW

v hnh

¿Ø

-\w. h

n\n-a

-b-cw-K

Øv k

w-h

n-®p-s

Im-≠

n-

cn-°

p-∂ a

m‰-ß

ƒ h

y‡-nP

ohn-X

Øne

pw cmP

yßƒ

XΩ

n-ep≈

kl

-h¿Ø

n-Xz-Ø

nepw

AZv`p-X

-I-c-amb

]

cn-h

¿Ø

-\-ß

-fmW

v

krj

vSn°

p-∂-X

v. hn\

n-ab

w hnh

¿Ø

-\-Ø

n-eqs

S F

∂ A

h-ÿ

-

bn¬

F

Øn-b

n-cn-°

p-∂p.

Poh

n-X-Ø

ns‚

F

√m

cwK

-ß-fne

pw

hnh

¿Ø

\w B

h-i

y-amb

n h∂

n-cn-°

p-∂p. A

Xns

‚ A

`m-h

-Øn¬

Bi

-b-h

n-\n-a

bw A

km-≤

y-am-W

v F∂

Ah

ÿb

mWp-≈

-Xv.

hnh

¿Ø

\w k

¶o¿

Æamb

sh

√p-h

n-f-I

ƒ D

b¿Ø

p-∂ H

cp

`mj

m-imk

v-X-]

-In-b

-bm-W

v. h

nh¿Ø

-\-Ø

ns‚

X

mØ-zn-I

hpw

]mt

bm-K

n-I-h

p-amb

Ah

-ÿ-I

-sf-°

p-dn®

v kma

m-\y-a

mbn a

\-

n-

em-°

pI;

ae

bmf

-Øn¬

\n∂

v C

wKvfo-j

n-te

°pw

CwK

v-fo-j

n¬

\n∂

v ae

-bm-f

-Øn-te

°pw h

nh¿Ø

\w s

Nø

m\p≈

Ign-h

v kº

m-

Zn-°

pI; B

h-i

y-sa-¶

n¬ h

nh¿Ø

\w s

Xmg

n-emb

n kzoI

-cn-°

p-

hm\

p≈ - a

m¿§-\

n¿t±i

w \e

vIpI

F

∂n-h

-bmW

v hnh

¿Ø

\w:

XØ

zhpw ]

tb

m-Kh

pw F∂

tI

mgvk

v sI

m≠v e

£y-a

m-°p-∂

Xv.

hnh

¿Ø

-\-Ø

ns‚

tZi

o-bh

pw A¥

¿t±-i

o-b-h

p-amb

Dt±i

ye-

£y-ß

-sfb

pw h

n]p-e

-amb

sX

mgn¬

k

m≤y-X

-Isfb

pw I

pdn®

v

Nn¥

n-°ph

m\pw

IqS

pX¬

]

T-\

-ß-fnte

°pw

At\

zj-W

-ß-fn-

te

°pw

Xnc

nbm-\

pw h

nZym¿

∞n-I

ƒ°

v ]

tN

m-Z\

w \

evI

m≥

A≤

ym-]-I

¿ i

≤n-t

°-≠

-Xm-W

v.

179178

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

bqW

n‰v 3h

nhn-[

-]mT

-ß-fps

S ]

cn-`

m-jI

ƒ -˛ i

≤n-t

°≠

mj

m

L-S-I

-ßƒ

˛cq]

-Xp-e

y-Xm-]

-cn-`

mj (F

ormal equivalent

tranlation), N

e-\

m-fl-I

Xp-e

yXm]

cn-`

mj

(Dynam

icequivalent translation)

˛i

mkvX

-IrX

n-I-fps

S ]

cn-

mj˛

kmt

¶-X

n-I-]

-Z-ß

fps

S ]

cn-mj

˛k

mln-X

y-Ir-X

n-I-fps

S

]cn-`

mj˛I

hn-X

m-]-cn-`

m-j, \

mS-I

-]-cn`

m-j, I

Ym]

cn-

`mj

, ]_

-‘-]

-cn-`

mj˛]

tb

m-K-ß

-fp-s

Sb

pw ssi

en-

I-fp-s

Sb

pw ]cn-`

m-j˛]

c-k

y-ß-fps

S ]

cn-`

mj ˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)(H

cpk

wLw

te

J-I

¿),

hnh

¿Ø

\w,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

tI

c-f-`mj

m C≥

Ãn-‰

q´v, 1977.

2)k

n. hn. h

mkp-t

Z-h

-`-´-X

ncn, X

¿P

p-a-b

psS X

mt°

m¬,

amt

h-e

n-°c: k

vssI

_pI

v ]_

vfn-t

j-gvk

v, 2004.

3)tU

m. sI

.-hn. t

Xma

-kv, h

nh¿Ø

-\h

pw Bi

-b-h

n-\n-a

-b-h

pw,

tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: en]

n ]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 2014 (2009).

4)Jam

es Holm

es, Jose Lam

bert & R

aymond van D

en Break

Literature and T

ranslation, B

elgium: A

cademic Publishing

Com

pany, 1976.

5)E

. V. R

amakrishnan, L

ocating In

dian

Literatu

re – Texts,

Traditions, T

ranslations, Hydearbad: O

rient BlackSw

an, 2011.

6)S

usan Bassnett, T

ranslation Studies, London: R

outledge, 1988.

7)E

dith Grossm

an, Why T

ranslation Matters, H

yderabad: Orient

BlackSw

an,2011.

bqW

n‰v 4N

ß-º

p-g-b

p-sSb

pw tI

kcn

F.-

_m-e

-Ir-j

vW-]

n-≈-

bps

Sb

pw hnh

¿Ø

-\-k

¶-e

v]-\

-ßƒ

˛

Fgp-Ø

-—≥

, F.- B

¿. c

m-P-cm-P

-h¿Ω

, \me

m-∏m´

p \mc

m-b-

W-ta

t\m≥

, CS-∏

≈n I

cpW

m-I-c-tat\

m≥, F

≥. -s

I. -

Zm-t

am-Z

-c≥

˛ Ch

-cps

S ]

cn-`

mjmc

oXn-I

ƒ ˛

Syn

thesis: A

Search

for New

Gestalt, N

ew D

elhi: Bahri

Publications, 1988.

6)R

avinder Gargesh / K

rishna Kum

ar Gosw

ami (ed.), T

ranslationan

d In

terpretation

, Hyderabad: O

rient Longm

an, 2007.

7)G

. Gopinathan / S

. Kandasw

ay (ed.), Prob

lems of T

ranslation,

Allahabad: L

okbhasati Prakashan, 1993.

bqW

n‰v 2h

nh¿Ø

-\-]

-Inb

˛]

mTw, ]

mTh

ni-I

-e\

w: ]Zw,

hmI

yw, h

mIy-L

-S-\

, ssi

en,

Be

-¶mc

n-I-]

-tb

m-Kw,

_nw_

w, ]X

o-Iw, ]

m‡-\

-]-X

o-Iw, a

nØv, B

ib

w

˛ aqe

-]m-T

-Øns

‚ h

ymI-cW

w, e£

y-]m-T

-Øns

‚

hymI

-c-W

w, aqe

-]m-T

-Øn¬

\n∂

v e£

y-]m-T

-Øn-te

-°p≈

hnh

¿Ø

\ k

aaq-e

yX (Translation equivalency), ]

mTh

pw

kwk

v°m-ch

pw˛h

nh¿Ø

-\h

pw k

wk

v°m-ch

pw˛

hnh

¿Ø

-\h

pw Xmc

-X-ay-k

m-ln-X

yhpw ˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)tU

m. hn. -B

¿. ]

t_

m-[-N

-µ≥

, hnh

-¿Ø

-\-Ø

ns‚

`mj

m-

im-k

vX-`q-a

nI, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: tI

cf `

mjm C

≥k

v‰n-‰

yq-

´v, 1974.

2)k

vIdn-b

k°

-dn-b

& P

b k

pIp-a

m-c≥

(F-U

n-‰-¿), X

¿÷

a˛

kn≤

m-¥h

pw ]tb

m-Kh

pw ae

-bm-f

-Øn¬

, ]k

m-[-I

¿ ˛

Nß

-\m-t

»cn: X

m]k

w, tI

m´b

w: Id‚

v _pI

vkv, 1997.

3)E

ugene A.N

ida / Charles R

. Taber (ed.), Th

e Th

eory and

Prac-

tice of Tran

slation, L

eiden: Published for the B

ible Societies

By E

. J. Brill, 1974.

4)S

ujith Mukherjee, T

ranlation

as Discovery an

d O

ther E

ssays,

New

Delhi: A

llied Publishers, 1981.

5)T. V

inoda / V. G

opal Reddy (ed.), Studies in T

ranslation – Theory

and

Practice, N

ew D

elhi: Prestige, 2000.

6)G

J V P

rasad (ed.), Tran

slation an

d C

ultu

re – Ind

ian P

erspec-

tives, New

Delhi: P

encraft International. 2010.

181180

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

F∂

t\

mh-e

ns‚

tU

m.B¿.-C

.B-j

dps

S h

nh¿Ø

\w˛

‘‘Me G

rand

ad A

d A

n E

leph

ant!’’

(BZys

Ø c

≠v A

≤ym-b

w amX

w.)

Acp‘

Xn t

dmb

n-bps

S T

he G

od of S

mall T

hin

gs F∂

t\

mh-e

ns‚

]nb

, F. F

kvs

‚ "I

p™p-I

m-cy-ß

-fps

S

HmtS-X

-ºp-c

m≥

' F

∂ h

nh¿Ø

\w.

(ssZh

-Øns

‚

kz¥

w \mS

v F∂

A≤

ymbw a

mXw.)

k-l

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)D

r. K. R

amachandran N

air (ed.), Selected

Poem

s of Ku

maran

Asan

, Trivandrum

: University of K

erala, 1975.

2)h

oW-]

qhv ˛ i

Xm-_

vZn-k

vam-c

-I-∏

-Xn∏

v, tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n.

_pI

vkv, 2007.

3)A

\n¬

h≈

-tØ

mƒ (F

-Un-‰

¿), h

oW-]

qhv ]

T-\

-ßƒ

,

ae

-bm-f

-hn-a

¿i

w 19, ae

-bmf

-tI

c-f-]

-T-\

-hn-

mKw, I

men-°

‰v

k¿∆

-I-e

m-im-e

: ]k

n-≤o-I

-cW

hn`

m-Kw, 2007.

4)Tagore, C

ollected P

oems an

d P

lays of Rab

ind

ranath

Tagore,

New

Delhi: R

upa Co, 2008 (F

irst Published 1936)..

5)Smt

Km-d

ns‚

KoX

m-RvP

en (I

m-hy-]

-cn-`

mj), k

pµcw [

\p-h

-

®-]

p-cw,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

]nb

-Z¿i

n\n

]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v

sk

mssk

‰n, 2011.

6)]

n. tk

ma-\

m-Y≥

, hnh

¿Ø

-\-]

-T-\

-ßƒ

, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

`mj

m C≥

Ãn-‰

yq-´v, 2014.

7)T

he Writings of M

.T.V

asudevan Nair, T

ransalted by V.A

bdullaand G

eetha Krishnankutty, H

yderabad: Orient B

lackSwan, 2010.

8)R

. E. A

sher and Acham

ma C

handrasekaran (Tr.), “ M

e Grandad

`Ad

An

Elep

han

t!’’, New

Delahi: P

enguin Books, 1992.

(First P

ublished by University of E

dinburgh Press 1980)

9)tU

m. B¿.- C

.- B-j

¿, _

jo¿

Ir-X

n-I-fps

S h

nh¿Ø

\w ˛

Nne

N

n¥-I

ƒ, (h

nh-¿-Ø

\w:

tU

m.- F

-kv.

-th

-em-b

p-[≥

),

ae

-bm-f

-`m-j

m-km-l

n-Xy-]

-T-\

-ßƒ

, tI

m´b

w: Un.- k

n. -_p-

Ivk

v, 1989.

10)Arundhati R

oy, The G

od of Small T

hings, , New

Delhi: IndiaInk,

1997.

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)amX

yp B¿t\

mƒU

ns‚

tl

ma¿ h

nh¿Ø

-\--ß

sf°

p-dn-®

p≈

hna

¿i

\w˛A

Xn\

v F^

v. U_

vfnb

q. \yqa

ms‚

adp-]

Sn ˛

Mathew

Arnold, O

n T

ranslatin

g Hom

er/O

n T

ranslatin

g Hom

er - Last W

ords

(Original Text - S

ee Internet)F. W

. New

man, H

omeric T

ranslation

in T

heory an

d P

ractice(A

Rep

ly to Math

ew A

rnold

) (Original Text S

ee Internet)

2)N

ß-º

p-g-b

psS ]

cn-

m-j-I

ƒ: N

ß-º

p-g-b

psS ]

Zy-I

r-X-nI

ƒ

(`mK

w c≠

v), tI

m´b

w: Fk

v]n-k

nF-k

v, 1990. (kp[

mw-K-Z,

tZh

-KoX

, Znh

y-Ko-X

w, bh

-\n-I

, \n¿

hr-X

n XpS

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‰-°

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ap-J

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t\

m°p-I

.

kº

q¿Æ

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n-Ifn¬

B

ap-J

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F

SpØ

p am‰n-b

n-cn-

°p∂

p.)

3)tI

k-cn-b

psS ]

cn-`

m-j-I

ƒ:

tam∏

-km-ß

v˛kvX

obps

S P

ohnX

w (t\

m-h¬

)

t]

mkv]

¿ s

adnt

a˛I

m¿sa≥

(t\

m-h¬

)

C_

vk≥

˛ t]X

-ßƒ

(\m-S-I

w)

(Cu I

rXn-I

-fps

S Bap-J

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t\m°

p-I)

4)tU

m.Sn.]

n. kpI

p-am-c

≥, \

ncq-]

-I-\

mb t

Ik

-cn,

tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1987.

bqW

-n‰v 5(a

qe-h

p-amb

n HØ

p-t\

m°n h

ni-Z]

T-\

-Øn\

v)

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m-c-\

m-ims

‚ h

oW-]

q-hv˛

Pn.-

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m-c-]

n-≈-b

psS

CwK

vfoj

v hnh

¿Ø

-\w˛

The F

allen Flow

er -sI

. Pb

-Ip-a

m-dns

‚ C

wKvfoj

v hnh

¿Ø

\w

The Fallen

Flower

Smt

Km-d

ns‚

KoX

m-RvP

en

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y-]-cn-`

mj)˛k

p-µcw

[\

p-h-®

-]pc

w (BZys

Ø 25 J

fi-ß

ƒ)

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n. hmk

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≥ \

mb-cps

S "I

mgvN

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sN

dpI

Y-

bps

S C

wKvfoj

v ]cn-`

mj ˛ Insight.

ssh°

w apl

-Ω-Zv_

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‚ ""‚

pp∏q-∏

m-s°

m-cm-t\

≠m¿

∂v''

183182

Fw.-F

. ae

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w: `mj

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w: `mj

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Code: M

AL

4CO

15

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bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

kwk

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¿ 2)

SK

T.4E12 B

AS

IC S

AN

SK

RIT

II

(For N

on- Sanskrit M

ain Courses only)

Unit-1

-D

rama – M

adhyamavyayoga

Unit-II

-D

ramturgy – D

efinition of ten rupakas(D

asarupaka Chapter III)

Unit-III

-P

urpose of Poetry and D

ivision of Kavya

(Kavyaprakasa I)

Pattern

of Qu

estion P

aper:

Part A

Dram

aI

Essay (one out of tw

o)1x20 =

20 Marks

IIA

nnotate (any four out of six)4x5 =

20 Marks

IIIExplain verses fully (four out of six)

4x5 =20 M

arksP

art BD

ramturgy

IVA

nswer in a pargraph each

4x2.5 = 10 M

arks(any four out of six)

Part C

Poetics

VA

nswer in a paragraph each 4x2.5 =

10 Marks

(any four out of six) … 80 M

arksR

eference:

Bhasa – M

adhyamavyayoga

Mam

mata - K

avyaprakasa

11)A

cp-‘

Xn

tdmb

v, I

p™p-I

m-cy-ß

-fps

S HtS-X

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m≥,

(hnh

¿Ø

-\w) ]

nb F

. Fk

v. , tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv,

2011.

12)R

ichard W. B

rislin (ed.), Tran

slation – A

pp

lication an

d R

e-search

, New

York: G

ardner Press, 1976.

185184

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AL

4E4/16

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heories)

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mk

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fn¬

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¥-ß

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enb

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∂

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®p]

pe¿Ø

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sl

¿_

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v, X

ntb

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tU

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m, amI

vkv tl

m¿°

vsa¿,

hmƒ

´¿ s

_©

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, FdnI

v ^w ˛ F

∂o ]

m¶v^

¿´v k

n≤m¥

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°q´

m-bva-b

mWv h

na¿i

-\X

Øzs

Ø Hcp

Nn¥

m-]-≤

-Xn-b

mbn

XØ

z-h-X

v°-cn-®

-Xv. B

[p-\

n-I-h

n-a¿i

-\X

Øzw

tP

m¿P

v e

q°m-

Ivk

ns\

bpw

At¥

m-Wnt

bm

Kmwj

nsb

bpw

t]

mse

X

s∂

P¿K≥

sl

¿_

¿amk

v Dƒ

s∏

-Sp∂

c≠

mw X

e-ap-d

-bn¬

ss∏

´

^m¶

-v^¿´v ]

fin-X

-∑m-s

cb

pw k

zm[o-\

n-®n-´

p-≠v. sl

¿_

¿am-

Vedabandhu - R

asabharati

K. P. N

arayana Pisarodi – B

haratamuniyude N

atyasasthram(M

alayalam T

ranslation)

M. S

. Menon

- Paurasthyanatakadarsanam

N. V

. P. Unithiri – S

amskritasahityavim

arsam

N. P. U

nni – Natyasastra (E

d. & T

r.)

187186

Fw.-F

. ae

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w: `mj

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w: `mj

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]cn-N

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.

kml

n-Xy-Ø

n¬ a

m¿I

vkn-k

-Øns

‚ ]

k-‡

n.

ae

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-km-l

n-Xy-Ø

n¬ A

Xns

‚ k

zm[o-\

w.

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)]

n. tKmh

n-µ-∏

n≈, C

. Fw. F

kpw a

eb

mfk

-ln-X

y-hpw,

tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 2006.

2)]

n.sI

.tKm]

m-e-I

r-jvW

≥, ]

ptcm-K

-a\

kml

n-Xy-]

-ÿm-\

w

˛ \ng

epw s

hfn-®

hpw, X

riq¿

: tI

cf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an,

1987.

3)]

n. tKmh

n-µ-∏

n≈, a

m¿I

vknk

v‰v k

uµ

-cy-i

mkvX

w ˛ DZv`-

hh

pw hf¿®

bpw, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: kwL

w ]k

m-[-\

w, 1987.

4)C

.-Fw.-F

-kv. \

ºq-X

n-cn-∏

m-Sv, s

Xc-s™

-SpØ

]_

-‘-ß

ƒ,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1998 (1990).

5)L

enin

On

Literatu

re and

Art, M

oscow: P

rogress Publishers,

1967.

6)D

. Laing, T

he M

arxist Th

eory of Art, S

ussex, 1978.

bqW

n‰v 2

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m-hm-Z

hpw L

S-\

m-\-¥

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m-Zh

pw

(Structu

ralism an

d P

ost-Structu

ralim)

Ccp-]

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q-‰m-≠

nse

G

‰h

pw k

zm[o\

w sN

ep-Ø

nb

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^©

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pS-ß

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® L

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amW

v. k

q-d

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n∂v DZv`-h

n®X

m-

sW

¶ne

pw -am-\

-hi

mkvX

sØ

bms

I Htc-sb

mcp

coX

n-

imk

vXØ

n¬ (m

ethodology) HX

p°n h

ni-I

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w sN

øm≥

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m-hmZ

w ian-°

p-∂p. L

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kw. ]

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Ch

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wK-l

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v am¿

Ivk

n-kw.

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mw \q‰

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e G

‰h

pw kzm[

o\w s

Ne

p-

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189188

Fw.-F

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m-\-amb

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k

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bmW

v ImW

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S A

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n¿Ω

m-Wh

pw (Deconstruction) s

l¿a\

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ermeneutics) k

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t^

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m≥, F

dnI

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mw XpS

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]≤

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ƒ k

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y-amb

n ]cn-N

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.

am\

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m-]-K

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w ae

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e k

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fn¬

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m-]-K

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˛

kl

m-b-I

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:

1)S

igmund F

reud, Art an

d L

iterature, E

ngland: Penguin B

ooks,1985.

bqW

n-‰v 4

kvX

ohmZ

w

(Fem

inism

)

kml

n-Xyh

pw Ie

-Ifpw ]

pcp-j

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W∂

pw kvX

o-

Isf°

p-dn®

v ]d-b

p-tº

mƒ t

]me

pw kvX

oI-fps

S I

mgv∏

m-

Sne

√ A

h-X

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n-°p-∂

sX

∂pw ]

pcp-j

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m-hn-X

z--Øns

‚

ta¬

t°

mbvab

mWv F

hn-s

Sb

pw ImW

p-∂sX

∂p a

p≈ H

cp

hmZ

w ]m›

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Xns

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mS-I

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Zn, Z

r-iy-I

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kvX

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-\n-c

q-]-W

hpw a

e-b

m-f-Ø

n¬ ˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)K

. K. R

uthven, Fem

inist L

iterary Stud

ies – An

Introd

uction

,C

ambridge: C

ambridge U

niversity Press, 1991 (F

irst edition1984).

F∂

]Zw ]

cn-N

-b-s∏

-Sp-Ø

n-b-tX

msS L

S-\

m-hm-Z

-Øn-s

‚

hna

¿i

\w F

∂ \

ne-b

n¬ L

S-\

m-\¥

--c-hmZ

w cq]

-s∏

--Sp-I-

bp-≠

m-bn. L

S-\

m-\¥

c-h

mZw A

¿∞

-Øns

‚ A

\n¿

hm-c

y-

amb

_l

p-kz-c

-Xsb

∏-‰nb

pw Nm©

-ey-s

Ø-∏

-‰n-b

pap≈

Hcp

hyh

lm-c

w IqS

n-bm-I

p-∂p.

k

q¿,

tdma

≥ b

mt°

m-_vk

¨,

_m¿

Øv,

Zdn-U

X

pS-

ßn-b

-h-cps

S ]

≤-X

n-Iƒ

kma

m-\y-a

mbn ]

cn-N

-b-s∏

-Sp-I

.

LS-\

m-hm-Z

hpw L

S-\

m-¥-c-h

m-Zh

pw ae

-bm-f

-Øn¬

˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)tU

m. ]n. s

I. t

]m°

¿, B

[p-\

n-tI

m-Ø-c-X

-bps

S t

Ic-fo-

b-]

-cn-k

-cw, I

men-°

‰v b

qW-n-th

¿k

n‰n: s

ev‰v _

pIvk

v, 1996.

2)tU

m. k

n. cmt

P-µ

≥,

]mT

hpw

s]

mcpf

pw, h

≈-tØ

mƒ

hnZ

ym]o-T

w, tI

m´b

w: F≥

_n-F

-kv, 2014 (1998).

3)D

avid Lodge (E

d.), Mod

ern C

riticism an

d T

heory, L

ondon:L

ongman, 1988.

4)P

eter Barry, B

eginn

ing T

heory – A

n In

trodu

ction to literay

and

cultu

ral theory, M

anchester and New

York: M

anchesterU

niversity Press, First Indian reprint 1999 (First published 1995).

5)Irving H

owe, L

iterary Mod

ernism

, New

York: A

Faw

cettP

remier, 1967.

6)Terry E

agleton, Postm

odern

ism, U

SA

: Blackw

ell Publishers,

1996.

bqW

n‰v 3

am\

-kn-I

m-]-K

-Y-\

XØ

zw

(Psych

oanalytical T

heory)

am\

-kn-I

m-]-K

-Y-\

-k-ao-]

-\-ß

ƒ k

mln-X

y-Øne

pw I

e-

Ifne

pw ]X

n-^-e

n-°p∂

At_

m-[-a-\

- ns

\ h

yXy-k

vX-

ab

cq]

-ß-fn¬

h

ni-I

-e\

w sN

øm≥

i

an-°

p-∂p.

a\

-

»mk

vX-h

n-i-I

-e-\

-hn-a

¿i

\w

Ie

m-]-c-amb

k

¿§

m-fl-

IX

sb

bpw A

t_

m-[-a-\

- ns

‚ ]

h¿Ø

-\-ß

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pw Ipd

n-

®p≈

t^

m-bvU

ns‚

Is≠

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p-Isf B

[m-c

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n-bmW

v

191190

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AL

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hought)

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cp∂

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rjn,

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ib

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v.

Xang

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k

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u ]

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pw.

bqW

n‰v 1\

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pIƒ

, k

kyN

cnX

w˛P

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cnX

w˛R

m‰p-

th

e˛I

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bmZ

n˛N

nIn’

mhn⁄

m\w˛h

mkvX

phnZy.

KW

nXw, `

‡n]

ÿm\

w ˛

2)tU

m. Pm≥

kn s

Pb

nwkv (N

o^v F

Un-‰

¿), s

^an-\

nkw

(c≠

p `mK

w), X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w: tI

cf `mj

m C

≥Ã

n-‰yq´

v,

2000.

3)F

. sI

. cma

-Ir-j

vW≥

/ sI

. Fw. t

hW

p-tKm-]

m-e≥

kvX

ohn-

tam-N

\w ˛ N

cnX

w kn≤

m¥w k

ao-]

-\w, ]

ø-∂

q¿: \

b\

_pI

vkv, 1989.

4)K

oX,

IÆ

m-Sn-I

ƒ DS-b

v°p-∂

-sX

-¥n\

v? X

riq¿

: I

d‚

v

_pI

vkv, 1997.

bqW

n-‰v 5

tI

mf-\

n-bm-\

-¥c]

-T-\

-ßƒ

/ hwi

ob]

-T-\

-ßƒ

(Postcolon

ial Stud

ies / Race Stu

dies)

bqt

dm-]

y≥ t

Imf

-\n-I

-c-W

-Øns

‚ k

zm[o-\

-Ø-°

p-dn®

v ]Tn-

°p-h

m\pw h

ni-I

-e\

w sN

øp-h

m-\p≈

at\

m-`mh

w kml

n-

Xy-]

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BtKm-f

-hym-]

-I-amb

n hf¿∂

p-h-∂

n-p-≠

v.

FtU

z¿U

v sk

bvZns

‚ H

mdn-b

‚-e

nkw (O

rientalism 1978)

F∂

K

Ÿw

tI

mf-\

n-bm-\

-¥-c-]

-T-\

-ßƒ

°v A

Sn-Ø

-d-

bmb

n amd

n. coX

n-imk

vXØ

ns‚

]Zm-h

-en-I

ƒ D

]-tb

m-Kn®

p

]d-b

p-I-b

m-sW

¶n¬

, XmX

zn-I-amb

kwh

m-Z-ß

-fmb

B[

p-

\nI

m-\-¥

-cX

(P

ostmodernity),

A]

-\n¿

ΩmW

w (D

econ-struction) , e

Im-s

‚ a

m\-k

n-Im-]

-K-Y

\w (L

acanian psycho-analysis)

qt°

m-bps

S h

yh-l

mc-h

n-i-I

-e\

w (Foucaultian

discourse analysis) ˛F∂

n-h-b

p-amb

n _‘

-s-∏

´p-t

]m-I

m-\p≈

]-h

-W-X

-bmW

v tI

mf-\

n-bm\

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z]T\

w I

m´p-∂

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tI

mf-\

o-bm-\

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-ßƒ

ae

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-Øn¬

˛

hwi

o-b-]

-T-\

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ae

-bm-f

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˛

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)K

. N. P

anicker, Colon

ialism, C

ultu

re, and

Resistan

ce, New

Delhi: O

xford University P

ress, 2007.

2)Zne

o]v c

mPv, \

h-N

-cn-X

-hm-Z

w, tI

m´b

w: Un. k

n. _pI

vkv,

2000.

193192

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. ae

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w: `mj

bpw k

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yhpw

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w: `mj

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hn.S

n.˛I

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p X

mXn:

kmwk

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nI \

th

m-

∞m\

\mb

nI.

bqW

n‰v 4B

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nIss[

jW

nIX

˛

kzt

Zi

m`na

m\

n cmaI

rjvW

]n≈

˛tI

kcn,

Ip´

n-

Irj

vWamc

mcv,˛I

p‰n∏

pg I

rjvW

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, _

mcnÃ

¿

F.s

I.]

n≈˛ s

I. Z

mtamZ

c≥

, Fw. t

Kmh

nµ≥

, Fw.

F≥

. h

nPb

≥ ˛,

kpI

pam¿ A

got

°mSv˛

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I.

_me

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,˛ Sn.]

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Z]

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w)

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AL

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ih

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w amX

w

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3)]

m_vtfm s

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n)˛\

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nh¿Ø

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aqZ

v Z¿h

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S h

nh¿Ø

-

\-ß

ƒ, t

Img

n-t°

mSv: ]

q¿W

]_

-fn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 1990.

2)k

®n-Z

m-\-µ

≥,

]Ø

v \

ho-\

-I-h

n-X-I

ƒ,

]ø

-∂q¿

: \

b\

_pI

vkv, 1989.

3)T. S

. Eliot, S

elaected P

rose, (ed.) John Hayw

ard, Great B

riton:

Penguin B

ooks, 1963.

b¬

, B^

n-°≥

, ssN

\o-k

v, hnb

-Xv\

m-ao-k

v XpS

-ßn-b

At\

Iw

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v ae

bm-f

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e°

v hnh

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n h∂

n-´p-

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niz-k

m-ln-X

yØns

e ]

pXp-I

r-Xn-I

ƒ D

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p-S≥

ae

m-b-f-Ø

n-

te

°p h

∂p-s

Im≠

ncn-°

p∂p F

∂X

v ae

-bmf

kml

n-XyØ

n-s‚

hf¿®

sb

Imc

y-amb

n kl

m-bn-°

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v.

hni

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n-Xy-I

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fn-e

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ns‚

N

cnX

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ka-I

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n-e

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pw ]

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AX

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y-]-T-\

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v. ]mX

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pw kml

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ƒ ]

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lmb

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n√ F

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w.

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n-Iƒ

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v. Ah

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m\pw i

an-t

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v.

bqW

n‰v 1t

emI

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nXyw H

cp a

pJ-h

pc t

emI

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, sN

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Ym

kml

nXyw,

t\

mh¬

km-l

n-Xyw,

\mS

-I-k

m-lnX

yw,

Bfl

-I-Y

m-km-l

nXyw

˛te

mI-k

m-ln-X

ysØ

Ncn-X

-]c-

amb

]

cn-t

]-£

y-tØ

msS,

kma

-\y-a

mbn

]cn-N

-b-s∏

-

SpI

˛

(I-h

nX)

te

mI-I

-hn-X

-I-fps

S k

a-I

m-en-X

˛P

\-X

bps

S ]

iv\

-

ßƒ

˛ kaql

w t\

cn-S

p∂ s

h√

p-hn-f

n-Iƒ

˛I

mhy-k

u-

µ-cy-Ø

ns‚

ssh

hn-[

y-ßƒ

˛

199198

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

6)te

mI-I

-Y-I

ƒ (-t

\m-_

¬ k

Ωm-\

m¿l

-cps

S I

Y-I

ƒ),

]ø

-∂q¿

: kao£

m _pI

vkv, 1990.

7)A

leksandar Hem

on (ed.), Best E

urop

ean F

iction 2012, P

refaceby N

icole Krauss, L

ondon: Dalkey A

rchive Press, 2011.

8)Jorge L

uis Borges, L

abyrin

ths – S

elected Stories an

d O

ther

Writin

gs, New

York: A

New

Directions B

ook, 1964.

bqW

n‰v 3(t

\m-h

¬)

hni

z-t\

m-h-e

ns‚

NcnX

w˛h

niz-t\

m-h-e

p-I-fps

S a

e-b

mf

-]cn-mj

-Iƒ

˛te

mIt\

mh¬

km-l

n-Xy-Ø

nse

B[

p-\n-

I-]

-h-W

-X-I

ƒ

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

1)G

Im-¥

-X-b

psS 100 -h

¿j

-ßƒ

(e

m‰n≥

Ata-cn-°

≥)

˛ K_

n-tb

¬ t

Km¿

knb

am¿

Iznk

v

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: t

Um. F

kv. t

he

m-bp-[

≥)

2)h

ni∏

v (t

\m¿h

o-Pn-b

≥)˛

\yp´

v l

mwk

¨

˛

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: H

. ]n. t

Pmk

^v)

3)l

na-`qa

n (Pm-∏

-\n-k

v)˛ b

kp-\

mcn I

hm-_

Ø ˛

(hnh

¿Ø

\w : F

w.-Sn.-F

≥. \

mb¿)

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)K

_n-t

b¬

K

m¿k

nb am¿I

zn-kv,

GI

m-¥

-bps

S 10

0

h¿j

ßƒ

, -hnh

¿Ø

\w: t

Um. F

kv. t

he

m-bp-[

≥, t

Im´

bw:

Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 1884.

2)\

yp´v l

mwk¨

, h

ni-∏

v, h

nh¿Ø

\w:

H.-]

n. tP

mk-^

v,

Xri

q¿: t

Icf k

mlnX

y A°

m-Z-an, 1996.

3)b

kp-\

mcn I

hm-_

-Ø, l

na-`q-a

n, hnh

¿Ø

\w: F

w.-Sn.-F

≥.

\mb

¿, t

Img

nt°

mSv: i

nJ ]

ªn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 1986.

4)B

¿. h

n. Fw. Z

nhm-I

-c≥

, ]nb

-∏´ K

mt_

m, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v:

amX

r-`qa

n, 2010. (K_

n-tb

¬ K

m¿k

nb a

m¿-tI

z-kns

‚ P

ohn-

X-I

-Y)

4)Jam

es Scully (ed.), M

odern

Poets on

Mod

ern P

oetry, Great

Briton: C

ollins, 1966.

5)Irving H

owe (ed.), L

iterary Mod

ernism

, New

York:

A F

awcet P

remier B

ook, 1967.

bqW

n‰v 2(s

Ndp-I

-Y)

G‰h

pw h

f¿®

-]

m-]n®

k

mln-X

y-cq-]

w ˛

sN

dp-I

-Y-

bps

S N

cnX

w, \

ho-\

-]-h

-W-X

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, k

mt¶

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coX

n-

Iƒ

, kuµ

-cy-k

-¶-ev]

-ßƒ

B

Jym-\

-Øns

‚ e

mfnX

yw

˛ s]

mcp-f

ns‚

Kl

-\X

˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

1)aq∂

v X]

-kzn-I

ƒ (d

jy)

˛tSmƒ

tÃ

mbv

2)I

pjvT-tcm-K

n-I-fps

S I

mSv (P

¿Ω

-\n)

˛I

mk

van≥

FU

vkvanØ

v(hnh

¿Ø

\w: F

≥. ]

n. apl

-ΩZv)

3)Hcp

Im-´

n¬ (P

-∏m≥

)˛dnb

p-t\

m-kps

I A

Ip-X

-Kmh

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: F

w. Sn.-h

m-kp-t

Z-h

≥ \

mb¿)

4)X

ev]

(sa-I

vknt

°m/

kv]

m\n-j

v)˛l

zm≥ dqƒ

t^

m

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: h

n. ]n. i

nh-I

p-am¿

)

5)A

h-k

m-\sØ

Ce

(A-ta-cn-°

)˛H.s

l≥

dn

(hnh

¿Ø

\w: P

n. taml

-\-I

p-amc

n)

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)tSmƒ

tÃ

mbv I

Y-I

ƒ, ]

cn-

mj: F

w. Znh

y, Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

Nn¥

]_

vfn-t

j¿k

v, 2012.

2)te

mII

-Y, h

nh¿Ø

-I¿: F

w.-Sn.-h

m-kp-t

Z-h

≥ \

mb¿,

F≥

.-]n.-a

p-l-Ω

-Zv, ]

m∏n-t

bm¨

, 2001.

3)te

mI-I

-Y, F

Un-‰

¿: t

Um. s

I. A

ø-∏

-∏-W

n-°¿, t

Im´

bw:

Un. k

n. _pI

vkv, 2000.

4)sX

c-s™

-SpØ

A

ºX

v I

Y-I

ƒ,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw:

kwÿ

m\_

me-k

m-lnX

y C≥

Ãn-‰

yq-´v, 2005.

5)t_

m¿l

kv I

Y-I

ƒ, h

nh¿Ø

\w: h

n. ]n. -i

-in-I

p-am¿

,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-]

pcw: s

db

v≥t_

m, 2005.

201200

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

Fw.-F

. ae

-bmf

w: `mj

bpw k

mln-X

yhpw

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)e

qPn ]

ncm-¥

-te

m, Bdp I

Ym-]

mX-ß

ƒ \

mS-I

-IrØ

ns\

-

tØ

-Sn, -]

cn-`

mj: P

n. i¶

c-∏

n≈, X

riq¿

: tI

cf k

mlnX

y

A°

m-Z-an, 1989.

2)I

md¬

N

m∏I

v, B

¿b

q-B¿ (t

dm-k

wkv b

qW-n-t

h¿k

¬

tdmt

_m-S

vkv), h

nh¿Ø

\w: F

w. tX

mak

v amX

yp, Xnc

p-h-\

-

¥-]

pcw: a

mfp-_

≥ ]

ª-t°

-j≥

kv, 2014 (1991).

3)X

u^

oJp¬

l°

nw, Igp-X

-®-¥

(\me

v GI

m-¶-\

m-S-I

-ßƒ

),

]cn-`

mj: t

Um. F

w. Fw. _

jo¿

, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v: en]

n

]ª

n-t°

-j≥

kv, 2002.

4)M

artin Esslin, T

he T

heatre of th

e Ab

surd

, England: P

enguinB

ooks, 1968.

5)Shukry A

yyad and Nancy W

itherspoon, Reflections and D

eflec-tion

s – A Study of the C

ontemporary A

rab Mind T

hrough itsL

iterary Creations, E

gypt: Foreign C

ultural Information D

epart-m

ent, 1986.

bqW

n‰v 5B

fl-I

-Y F

∂ k

mln-X

y-cq-]

-Øns

‚ k

zcq]

w t

emI

-

km-l

n-Xy-Ø

nse

anI

® B

fl-I

-Y-I

ƒ˛

Bfl

-I-Y

-I-ƒ

kX

ym-t\

z-j-W

w Xs∂

˛

(hni

-Z-]

-T\

w)

km≥

an-t

j-e

ns‚

IY

˛ BI

vsk

¬ a

pt¥

(]cn-`

mj: F

≥. ]

n. A_

vZp¬

\mk

¿)

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)B

Ivsk

¬ a

pt¥

, km≥

an-t

j-e

ns‚

IY

˛ Hcp t

UmI

vS-

dps

S A

km-[

m-c-W

-kva-c-W

-Iƒ

, tI

mgn-t°

mSv: a

mXr-

q-an, 2007

(2004)

2)tU

m. sI

.- Fw. t

Pm¿

Pv, P

oh-N

-cn-X

-km-l

n-Xyw, t

Im´

bw:

\mj

-W¬

_p°

v Ãmƒ

, 1982 (1964).

5)F

kv.- P

-b-N

-µ≥

\mb

¿, t

dmk

mZ-e

-ßƒ

, tI

mgn-t

°mS

v:

amX

r-`qa

n _pI

vkv, 2010.

6)ssh

°w a

pc-fn, _

p°vsj

¬^

v, tI

m´b

w: Un.- k

n. _pI

vkv,

-2012.

7)]

n.- sI

. cmP

ti

-J-c≥

, \

c-I

-Øns

‚ `q]

-S-ß

ƒ ˛

te

mI-

t\

m-h-e

nse

k©

m-c-ß

ƒ, t

Im´

bw: a

mXr-

qan _

pIvk

v, 2010.

8)h

niz-a

-lm-K

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Ãn-‰

yq-´v, 1977 (1983).

9)M

alcom B

radbury (ed.), Novel T

oday, G

reat Briton: F

ontanaP

ress, 1990.

10)M

artin Seymour-Sm

ith, Fifty E

uropean Novels, L

ondon: Barnes

and Noble, 1980.

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:

1)R

ichard M. D

orson (ed.), Folk

lore and

Folk

life, Chicago:

University of C

hicago Press, 1972.

2)A

lan Dundes, T

he Stu

dy of F

olklore, P

rentice Hall, 1964.

3)A

lan Dundes, Interpreting F

olklore, Bloom

ington: Indiana

University P

ress, 1980.

4)D

an Ben – A

mos, F

olklore in

Con

text, New

Delhi: S

outh Asian

Publishers, 1982.

5)D

an Ben – A

mos and K

enneth S. G

oldstien, Folk

lore – Perfor-

man

ce and

Com

mu

nication

, Mouton: T

he Hague, 1975.

6)P

etre J. Clauss and F

rank J. Korom

, Folk

loristics and

Ind

ianF

olklore, U

dupi Regional R

esearch Centre, 1991.

7)cmL

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yq-´v, 2012.

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n Ah

sb

tZi

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∂ c

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sX

ms°

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bm-f

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kzm[

o\w I

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ne-b

n-cp-Ø

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kl

m-b-I

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-ßƒ

:

1)R

ichard M. D

orson (ed.), Folk

lore and

Folk

life, Chicago:

University of C

hicago Press, 1972.

2)D

an Ben-A

mos, F

olklore G

enres, A

ustin: University of Texas,

1976.

3)D

an Ben – A

mos, F

olklore in

Con

text, New

Delhi: S

outh Asian

Publishers, 1982.

4)F

w. hn. h

njvW

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n, t^

mIvte

m¿ \

nL-≠

p,

Xnc

p-h-\

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Icf `

mjm C

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v.

k-ß

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cm-∂

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A

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bmW

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mIvte

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v ]

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msamg

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mtSm-S

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hn-j

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cp P

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r-Ø-I

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pw (m

ythological ballad)B

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p-Iƒ

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apX

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hni

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kl

m-b-I

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:

1)D

an Ben-A

mos, F

olklore in

Con

text, New

Delhi: S

outh Asian

Publications, 1982.

2)D

an Ben-A

mos, F

olklore G

enre, A

ustin: University of Texas,

1976.

3)P

arades Am

erico and Richard B

ouman, T

oward

s New

Persp

ec-tives in

Folk

lore, Austin: U

niversity of Texas, 1972.

4)cmL

-h≥

]

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t^

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kt¶

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v. Fv. F

w. ]_

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kv, 1999.

5)cmL

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w ˛

kl

m-b-I

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:

1)R

ichard M. D

orson (ed.), Folk

lore and

Folk

life, Chicago:

University of C

hicago Press, 1972.

2)D

an Ben – A

mos, F

olklore in

Con

text, New

Delhi: S

outh Asian

Publishers, 1982.

3)F

w. hn. h

njvW

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q-Xn-c

n, \mt

Sm-S

n-hn-⁄

m-\ob

w,

Xnc

p-h-\

-¥-c-]

pcw : t

Icf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq´

v.

4)F

w. hn. h

njvW

p--\º

q-Xn-c

n, \mS

≥I

-fn-I

fpw h

nt\

m-Z-ß

fpw

(]-cn-j

v°-cn®

]

Xn-∏

v), X

ncp-h

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w: tI

cf `mj

m

C≥

Ãn‰

yq´v.

5)F

.-sI

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ym¿,

tI

c-f-Ø

nse

\

mS≥

Ie

Iƒ

, tI

m´b

w:

F≥

_n-F

-kv, 1989.

6)_

me-I

r-jvW

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Imø

m¬, t

Ic-f-Ø

nse

Ie

m-cq-]

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,

IÆ

q¿: e

nJnX

w _pI

vkv, 2008.

7)F

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n, \mS

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e-I

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mS≥

]m´

p-Iƒ

,

tI

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v: ]q¿

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v, 2006.

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212F

w.-F. a

e-b

mfw: `

mjb

pw kml

n-Xyh

pw

kl

m-b-I

-K-Ÿ

-ßƒ

:

1)W

. J. Ong; O

rality to Literacy

2)D

an Ben – A

mos and K

enneth S. G

oldstein, Folk

lore Perfor-

man

ce and

Com

mu

nication

, Mouton: T

he Hague, 1975.

3)E

lizabath C. Fine, T

he Folklore T

ext from P

erformance to P

rint,B

loomington: Indian U


4)R

ichard M. D

orson (ed.), Folk

lore in th

e Mod

ern W

orld,

Mouton: T

he Hague, 1978.

5)tU

m. F

.-sI

. \

ºym¿

, h

S-°

≥s]

-cp-a

, X

ncp-h

-\-¥

-]pc

w:

tI

cf `

mjm C

≥Ã

n-‰yq-´

v, 2013.

6)s]

m^. _

n.- ap-l

-ΩZv A

l-Ω

Zv, t

^mI

vte

m¿ k

wkv°

mc-

]-T-\

-ßƒ

, IÆ

q¿: k

ab

w ]_

vfn-t

°-j

≥k

v, 2014.

7)cmL

-h≥

]ø

-\m-S

v (F-U

n-‰¿), t

Ic-f-t^

m-Ivte

m¿, ]

ø-∂

q¿:

t^

mIvte

m¿ s

^te

mkv H

m^v a

e-_

m¿ (S

-Ãv), 1997.

7)M

annarakkal Dasan, T

HE

YY

AM

– Patron

age Ap

prop

riationand

Interp

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annur: Kannur U

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