IMech-Lift and Escalator Safety Rev.2 (21112016)

Only for Circulation in Lectures 1

Lift and Escalator Safety and their Protection

IMechE CPD Certificate Course

Date: 21 Nov. 2016


Introduction

• Lifts and Escalators Mechanism in

HK

• Lift System

• Escalator System

Only for Circulation in Lectures

The (Lifts & Escalators)mechanism governed by the Hong Kong

• Lift and Escalator Ordinance (i.e. Cap327, 618);

• Lifts and Escalators (General) Regulation;

• Lifts and Escalators (Fees) Regulation;

• Cap 590 Factories and Industrial Undertakings (Goods Lifts) Regulation

3


The relevant COPs for lifts & Escalators Works in Hong Kong

• Code of Practice on the Design and Construction of Lifts and Escalators - EMSD;

• Code of Practice for Lift Works and Escalators Works -EMSD;

• Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency of Lift and Escalator Installations - EMSD

4



• Code of Practice Building Works For Lifts and Escalators -BA

• Code of Practice for Means of Access for Firefighting and Rescue - BA

• Code of Practice Fire Resisting Construction - BA

• Design Manual Barrier Free Access - BA

5



• Code of Practice for Safety at Work (Lift and Escalator) -LD

• Guide on Safety in Lift Repair & Maintenance - LD

6



• GUIDELINES on Safety of Lift shaft Works

(Volume 1 – During Construction Stage and before Handing over to lift

installation Contractor) - CIC

• GUIDELINES on Safety of Lift Shaft Works

(Volume 2 – During lift installation stage until of occupation permit and

handing over to developer) - CIC

• GUIDELINES on Safety of Lift Shaft Works

(Volume 3 – Throughout the occupation stage of building) - CIC

7


Cap 327 & Cap 618

• The Lifts and Escalators Ordinance (Cap. 618) was enacted in April 2012

• Put into full operation on 17 December 2012 to replace

the repealed Lifts and Escalators (Safety) Ordinance

(Cap. 327) which was enacted in the 1960s.


Chapter 327

Maintenance and Examination of Lifts and Escalators and Testing of Safety

Equipment

Section 19 Periodic maintenance of lifts and escalators (Schedule 5 Part 1 & Part 5)

The lift or escalator, all machinery and equipment connected therewith and the

safety equipment provided therefor to be cleaned, oiled and adjusted by a

registered lift contractor or a registered escalator contractor, as the case may

be, at intervals not exceeding one month.

9


Chapter 327

Section 20 Periodic examination of lifts (Schedule 5 Part 2)

At intervals not exceeding 12 months, cause the lift to be thoroughly

examined by a registered lift engineer in order to determine whether the lift

and all machinery and equipment connected therewith is in safe working

order.

Section 21 Periodic examination of escalators (Schedule 5 Part 5)

At intervals not exceeding 6 months, cause the escalator to be thoroughly

examined by a registered escalator engineer in order to determine whether

the escalator and all machinery and equipment connected therewith is in

safe working order.

10


Chapter 327Section 23 Periodic testing of safety equipment of lifts (Schedule 6)

(a) At intervals not exceeding 12 months, by the operation of the same without any load

in the lifts;

(b) At intervals not exceeding 5 years, by the operation of the same with full rated load

in the lift；

(c) At intervals no exceeding 5 years, by the operation of the overload device of the

same with a load in the car of the lift weighing between 90 per cent to 110 per cent of

the rated load; and

(d) At intervals not exceeding 5 years, by the operation of the brake when the car or

platform of the lift is travelling in the downward direction at tis rated speed with a load

weighting 125 per cent of the rated load for lifts designed and constructed in

accordance with BS 5655: Part 1 and weighing 110 per cent of the rated load for

other lifts

11


Chapter 327

Section 24 Periodic testing of safety equipment of escalators

At intervals not exceeding 12 months, the owner of every escalator shall, in

addition the examination thereof required by section 22, cause the safety

equipment provided therefor to be tested by a registered escalator engineer by

the operation of the same without any load on the escalator

12


Lifts and Escalators Ordinance (Chapter 618)

• Come into force and repealed the Cap327 since

17 December 2012

• Lifts and Escalators (General) Regulation

• Lifts and Escalators (Fees) Regulation

13


Features of Cap618

• Increasing the penalty levels of offences (i.e. RC from

$50,000 to $100,000 & RLE/REE from $0 to $10,000 and

the maximum fine is $200,000 and max. imprisonment 12

months)

• Responsible Persons (“RPs”) who include with owners of a

lift/escalator and other person who have the management or

control of the lift/escalator

• Guidebook for Responsible Persons for lifts

• Guidebook for Responsible Persons for Escalators

14


The ordinance ensures the safety of lift and escalator

1. Equipment compliance:

Safety components are required type approved by EMSD

2. Quality control:

Installation, maintenance, repair, alteration and demolition of

lifts/escalators are undertaken by RCs

RCs are required to notify EMSD in respect of undertaking

and subcontracting of lift/escalators work (i.e. except

installation or demolition works)

15


3. RCs are required to attend to failures of emergency devices

of lifts within 4 hours when RCs aware of the failures

(Emergency devices include alarm system, emergency

lighting, intercommunication system, ventilation fan) – Under

the Lift and Escalator (General) Regulation section 8

4. If the failure of any emergency device cannot be rectified

within 24 hours, RC must within 24 hours notify EMSD in the

specified form

16


5. Registration system:

RCs and REs are required to renew their registration every

5 years

A new registration system for lift/escalator workers (i.e. RWs)

REs and RWs are required to carry their registration cards

at works

Disciplinary actions can be taken registered persons who

have committed disciplinary offences

17


6. Public monitoring

RP is required to notify EMSD and the RC within 24 hours if

incident occur

RCs are required to display a notice within 4 hours if

lift/escalator is suspended due to the incident

Incidents are included as the following:

• Death or injury involves a lift

• Failure of main drive system

• Breakage of suspension rope

• Failure of brake, overload device, safety equipment

• Failure of interlocking device for any door (i.e.

include with lift-way door or car door)

18

Only for Circulation in Lectures19




Code of Practice on the Design and Construction of Lifts and Escalators

22


Code of Practice on the Design and Construction of Lifts and Escalators

• The code is based on EN81-1, EN81-2 and EN-

115-1

• The first code is from 1993 edition and revised in

2000, 2010

• The code will be effective upon the day section 157

of the Cap 618

23


Code of Practice for Lift Works and Escalator Works

24



• The code give guidance on matters relating to the safety of

lifts and escalators;

• In particular on the works with installation, commissioning,

examination, maintenance, repair, alternation or demolition;

• The code has been consulted the trade on the proposed

contents of the works code

• The code sets out the min. industry standard in satisfying

the Ordinance

• The code had been made reference to the relevant safety

standards of the European Standards Institution

• The Code will be effective upon the day on section 157 of

the Cap 61825



Section 3 - Overview of Duties:

• General duties of RPs

• General duties of RCs

• General duties of REs

• General duties of RWs

• General relationship between registered persons

26



Section 4 – General Requirements:

• Type approval

• Change in design and construction

• Work to be carried by two or more lift workers

• Relationship of lift works or escalators with building works

• Fire safety measures in carrying out lift works or escalator works in

buildings with occupations

• Fire resisting construction requirements for lift shaft

• Work concerning the landing door or car door of a lift

• Working within a lift shaft

• Working on the top of a lift car

• Working in a lift pit

• Working in machinery spaces or pulley rooms

• General safety measures for carrying out escalator

27



Section 5 - Specific Requirements Relating to Lift Works and Escalators Works:

• 5.1 General

• 5.2 Matters relating to installation of lifts or escalators

• 5.3 Examination of lifts or escalators upon completion of installation

• 5.4 Maintenance of lifts and escalators

• 5.5 Periodic examination of lifts or escalators

• 5.6 Major alterations

• 5.7 Thorough examination following major alterations

• 5.8 Demolition of lifts or escalators

• 5.9 Notification for subcontracting of lift works or escalators works

28



6 Miscellaneous:

• Entering information into log-books

• Maintenance records to be kept by RCs

• O&M manuals and technical data

• Handling fault calls and safe release of trapped passengers

• Reportable incidents

• Posting of notice relating to incidents

• Incident investigations

29


Code of Practice for Building Works for Lifts and Escalators 2011

30


Code of Practice for Safety at Work (Lift and Escalator)

31


Guide on Safety in Lift Repair & Maintenance


Guidelines on Safety of Lift shaft Works (Volume 1 – During Construction Stage

and before Handing over to lift installation Contractor)

33


Guidelines on Safety of Lift shaft Works (Volume 2 – During Lift Installation Stage

Until Issue of Occupation Permit and Handling over To Developer)

34


Guidelines on Safety of Lift shaft Works (Volume 3 –Throughout the Occupation Stage of Building)


Lift System


Principle of Electric

Traction Lift System

37


Safety Gear

Maximum Rated Speed

Type of Safety Gear

MaximumGovernor Tripping Speed

0.63 m/s Instantaneous type, except captive roller type

0.8 m/s

0.63 m/s Captive roller instantaneous type

1 m/s

1.0 m/s Instantaneous type with buffered

1.5 m/s

1.0 m/s Progressive type 1.5 m/s

Exceeding 1.0 m/s

Progressive type 1.25V + 0.25/V m/s

Table 3Relationship between Governor Tripping Speed,

Type of Safety Gear and Rated Speed

COP5.11.1 Part 1: The car shall be provided with a safety gear capable of operating in the downward direction and capable of stopping a car carrying the rated load, at the tripping speed of the overspeed governor , even if the suspension devices break, by gripping the guide rails, and of holding the car there

Instantaneous Type

Progressive Type


Car safety Gear Tests

The following tests should be conducted with the car descending, with the brake open and the machine continuing to run till the ropes or become slack:

Progressive Type:

1.The safety gear shall operate correctly when engaging at rated speed with the rated load uniformity distribute in the lift car;

OR

2.The safety gear shall operate correctly when engaging at levelling or inspection speed with 125%/150% of the rated load uniformity in the lift car

Instantaneous Type:

The safety gear shall operate correctly when engaging at rated speed with the rated load uniformity distributed


Overspeed Governor• Tripping speed of the overspeed governor for

the car safety gear shall occur at a speed at least equal to 115% of the rated speed and conform to the Table 3;

• Breaking load of the rope shall be related by a safety factor of a least 8 to the tensile force produced in the rope of the overspeed governor when tripping ;

• Nominal rope diameter of the safety rope at least 6 mm;

• Pitch diameter of the overspeed governor pulley and the nominal rope diameter shall be at least 30

• The breakage or slackening of the rope shall cause the motor to stop by means of an electrical safety device


ManufactureRated Speed

m/s

Overspeed Governor Safety Gear

Tripping speed comply

with min. requirements﹝115%﹞

Tripping speed comply

with max. requirements﹝1.25V+0.25

/V﹞

Electrical Switch Tripped Speed

Manufacture Min. Manufacture Max Instantaneous Type

Progressive Type

(m/s) % (m/s) % (m/s) % (m/s) %

Fujitec 1 1.3 130 1.15 115 1.4 140 1.5 150 Progressive Type Yes Yes

Hitachi 1 1.25 125 1.15 115 1.31 131 1.5 150 Progressive Type Yes Yes

Otis 1 1.28 128 1.15 115 1.38 138 1.5 150 Progressive Type Yes Yes

Fujitec 1.25 1.71 137 1.44 115 1.88 150 1.76 141 Progressive Type Yes No

Mitsubishi 1.25 1.5 120 1.44 115 1.67 134 1.76 141 Progressive Type Yes Yes

Fujitec 1.75 2 114 2.01 115 2.33 133 2.33 133 Progressive Type No Yes

Hitachi 1.75 2.18 125 2.01 115 2.28 130 2.33 133 Progressive Type Yes Yes

Fujitec 2 2.23 112 2.30 115 2.48 124 2.63 131 Progressive Type No Yes

Fujitec 2 2.33 117 2.30 115 2.6 130 2.63 131 Progressive Type Yes Yes

Hitachi 2 2.48 124 2.30 115 2.58 129 2.63 131 Progressive Type Yes Yes

Hitachi 2.5 3.11 124 2.88 115 3.18 127 3.23 129 Progressive Type Yes Yes

Otis 2.5 2.88 115 3.66 146 3.23 129 Progressive Type No

Case StudyFor reference only


Brake• The brake can sustain the static car in

the lower part of its travel at its rated speed, with the 125% of the rated load (passenger/general freight lifts) or 150%of the rated load (vehicle lifts/industrial truck loaded freight lifts) of the rated speed; (test criterion)

• In these conditions the retardation of the car shall not exceed resulting from operation of the safety gear or stopping on the buffer;

• If one of the components was not working on the brake drum a sufficient braking effort to slow down the car when containing with rated load;

• Any solenoid plunger is considered to be a mechanical part, any solenoid coil is not.


Suspension Ropes


Rope Traction

1. The car shall be maintained at floor level without slip when load to 125%/150%;

2. It shall be ensured that any emergency braking causes the car, whether empty or with rated load, to decelerate with a value not exceeding the setting of the buffer

3. It shall not be possible to raise the empty car when counterweight is resting on the buffer

Traction Check:1. The empty car could be travelling upwards at rated speed;

2. The car can be stopped with 125% of the rated speed when travelling downwards

in the lower part of the lift well at rated speed;

3. With the counterweight resting on its fully compressed buffers, it is not be

possible to raise the empty car


Energy Accumulation Buffers• The total possible stroke of the buffers shall

be at least equal to twice the gravity stopping distance corresponding to 115%of the rated speed, (i.e. 2 x 0.0674 V2

meters). In any cases it shall not be less than 65 mm;

• Buffer shall be designed to cover the stroke defined above under a static load of between 2.5 to 4 times the sum of the mass of the car and it rated load (or the mass of the counterweight);

• Energy accumulation type buffers with buffered return movement may only be used if the rated speed of the lifts does not exceed 1.6 m/s.


Energy Dissipation Type Buffers• Energy dissipation type buffers may be used

whatever the rated speed of the lift;

• Total possible stroke of the buffers shall be at least equal to the gravity stopping distance corresponding to 115% of the rated speed, i.e. 0.067V2 m.

Reduced Buffer Stroke

When the retardation of the lift at the ends of its travel is monitored:

a. 50% of the stroke with the speed not exceed 4 m/s and the stroke does not less than 420 mm;

b. 33 1/3% of the stroke with the speed exceeds 4m/s and the stroke shall not less than 540 mm

Buffer Tests:a) The car shall be brought into contact with the buffers at rated load at rated

speed, or at a speed for which the stroke of the buffers has been calculated (i.e. . 2 x 0.0674 V2 )

b) The buffers shall recover automatically after operation


Final limit Switch

• Final limit switch shall be set to

function as close as possible to the

terminal floors, without risk of

accident operation;

• They shall operate before the car (or

counterweight if there is one) comes

into contact with the buffers. The

action of the final limit switches shall

be maintained whilst the buffers are

compressed


Slowdown of the lift in the case of Reduced Stroke Buffers

• The devices shall check that the

slowdown of the lift car is effective

before arrival at terminal landings;

• If the slowdown is not effective these

devices shall cause the car speed to

be reduced in such a way that, if the

car comes into contact with the

buffers, the striking speed shall not

exceed that for which the buffers were

designed


Overload Protective Device

49

4..2.4 Overload Device:

• Fail safe design;

• Not be damaged by excessive

overloading;

• Operate in exceed 10% or more

• Preventing door closing and

movement

• Audible and visual signals

Cap 618:Load weight in the car shall be between

90% and 110% of rated load


Protection during door operations

4.6 of pt1-COP

• Automatic power operated horizontally sliding doors:

• Prevent the door closing shall not exceed 150 N when the door closing in 1/3 travel distance and average closing speed shall not exceed 10 J

• A sensitive protective device shall automatically initiate re-opening:

‒ Effect of the device may be neutralized at last 50 mm of travel

‒ In case of make the protective device inoperative after a fixed period of time, the kinetic energy shall not exceed 4J with audible alarm

‒ A single beam light ray alone is considered insufficient

‒ Re-open button shall be provided on the COP

• The detection device shall be positioned at a height of between 500 mm to 600 mm above the floor of the lift car. (Barrier Free Access 2008/79(4))

50


A car door locking device4.7 of pt1-COP Car door locking device

• Shall be certify a Type Test Certificate

51

4.9 of pt1-COP Locking of the car door

• Every car door shall be mechanically

locked by at least 7 mm that it can

only be opened by in the unlocking

zone;

• If horizontal distance between the

wall of the well and the sill or

entrance frame is over 150 mm, the

locking shall be proved by electrical

safety device.


Levelling

BS5655-6: 2002

a. AC1 between ±25 mm and ± 40 mm

b. AC2 between ±10 mm and ± 20 mm

c. ACVV and DCVV between ±10 mm

d. VVVF between ±10 mm and ± 5 mm

52


Lift well and Enclosure1.1 of pt1-COP General Provisions

• Car and counterweight shall be enclosed in a lift well

• Comply with fire resisting construction (FRP – 2hrs.)

• When the lift well is required to protect of the building

against spread of fire, it shall be totally enclosed and

comply with Building (Planning) Regulations

• If not, the landing door size shall either cover of full

height or be minimum height of 3.5 m and enclosure

shall be of minimum 2.5 m with minimum horizontal

of 0.5 m to moving parts of lift

53

1.6 of pt1-COP Exclusive Use of the Lift Well

• The well shall be exclusively for the lift.

• It shall not contain cables or devices etc., other

than for lift and for telecommunication at the lift car;

• Nor shall it be fitted with any fire sprinklers


Escalator


Construction of Escalator

55

θ

θ is the inclined angle of escalator (i.e. 300 or 350)

H is the height of the escalator

H


Truss

56

• The support structure shall be

designed in a way that it can support

the dead weight of the escalator plus

a passenger weight of 5,000 N/m2

(Load Weight);

• Load carrying weight = nominal width

of step (Z1) x distance between

support (l1);

• Base on passenger weight, the

maximum calculated or measured

deflection shall not exceed 1/750 of

the distance between supports l1,

The deflection value shall be reduced

to 1/1000 of l1 for public service

escalator


Dimension of escalator

57

Nominal Width (m) Number of carrying passengers

600 1

800 1.5

1000 2


Theoretical Capacity

58

Nominal Width (m)

Rated Speed (m/s)

0.50 0.65 0.75

0.6 4500 persons/h 5850 persons/h 6750 persons/h




Safety Device for escalator

59


Safety device –Slagging 1. Slagging of steps

2. Slagging of step rollers

3. Slagging of step chain rollers


Skirt Panel Safety Device

Rise Number of skirting safety device at provided at each of the inclined section

≤ 6 m6 m < Rise ≤ 7.5 m7.5 m < Rise ≤ 9 m

123

The number of electrical safety device required for an escalator of rise exceeding 9 m shall be so calculated accordingly


Comb Plate Safety Device

62


Comb

63

Comb

Comb PlateLess than 4mm

Measurement gauge

The comb should be engaged into the comb at

least 6mm – COP part 4 – 7.3.1

Less than 4 mmCOP Part 4 – 7.3.2


Handrail Entry Inlet Safety Switch

64

To prevent the pinching of fingers, hands or other objects – COP Part 4 –3.5.3

The dimension shall be not less than 0.10 m and not exceed 0.25 m COP Part 4 – 3.5.1


No Load Downward Stopping Distance

Rated Speed Stopping Distance

0.5m/s min 0.20m and max. 1.00m

0.65m/s min 0.30m and max. 1.30m

0.75m/s min 0.40m and max.1.70m

65


Auxiliary Brake

• Escalator (excluding non-inclined passenger conveyors) shall be

equipped with auxiliary brake acting immediately, or via gears or

shaft, on the main driving shaft in the condition as the following:

1. The coupling of the operational brake and the driving wheels of the steps, pallet or

the belt is not accomplished by shafts or gear wheels; or

2. The operational brake is not an electro-mechanical brake; or

3. The rise exceed 6 m; or

4. They are public service escalators


Operation of Auxiliary Brake

1. Before the speed exceeds a value of 1.4 times the rated speed by

the operation of the overspeed governor or other speed control

devices;

2. By the time the steps and pallet or the belt change from the

present direction of motion; or

3. In the event of the failure of the coupling of the operational brake

and the driving wheels of the steps, pallet or the belt, in case the

coupling is not accomplished by shafts or gear wheels


Landing Area

• At the landings of the escalators a

sufficient unrestricted area shall be

available to accommodate

passengers;

• The width of the unrestricted area shall

at least correspond to the distance

between the handrail centerlines;

• The depth shall be at least 2.50m

measured from the end of the

balustrade;

• It is permissible to reduce it to 2.00 m

if the width of the unrestricted area is

increased to reduce at least double

size.

68

And the clear Height shall be at least 2.3 m

2.0 m / 2.5 m


Clearance between Balustrade and Adjacent Rail/Wall

• The maximum clearance between the balustrade exterior paneling and any guard rail/wall erected adjacent to the escalator shall not more than 100 mm.

69


Accident

70


Accident

71


Accident


Accident


Steps Broken

IMech-Lift and Escalator Safety Rev.2 (21112016)

Documents

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