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Philips LightingBU Luminaires

b Front cover: Leeuwarden town centre (see page 8)

International Lighting Review ISSN 0020-7853Internationale Licht Rundschau ISSN 0165-9863 Revue Internationale de l’Eclairage ISSN 0035-3388 Revista Internacional de Luminotecnia ISSN 0167-7608

51st year / issue 003

Founded in 1949, International Lighting Review is devoted to all aspects oflighting. Published three times a year, it reports extensively on developments andtrends in lighting, on actual problems encountered in lighting design andtechnology, and on outstanding projects from all over the world. ILR is richlyillustrated with colour photographs and drawings covering more than 50 pages.

Published by Philips Lighting, Luminaire GroupProduced by LiDAC, Lighting Design and Application Centre, Eindhoven, theNetherlands.

Editorial office Address: P.O. Box 721, 5600 AS Eindhoven, the Netherlands.Telephone: administration 31 40 275 5779; Ediitors: 31 40 275 52 52 / 31 40 275 74 85.Telefax: 31 40 275 78 00.E-mail: [email protected]: http://www.lightingreview.com Bank: Postbank Amsterdam.VAT Reg.no. NL005476604B46.Chief Editor and Art Director: JF Caminada. Editors: Jane Atkin, Derek Parker and MarcelJanse. Photography: Rien Valk. Artwork: Jo van Hemert. Layout: Marie-LouiseMannaerts.Client services: Franka Heesterbeek. Translation: Philips Translation Services.Pre-publishing by Neroc, Eindhoven.Printed by Roto Smeets Services, Eindhoven.Subscriptions / Back Numbers: see at the end of the magazine.

CorrespondentsArgentina: Guillermo Spini, Casilla de Correo 3479, Buenos Aires. Australia: LyndenKirkness, 34 Waterloo Rd, North Ryde, N.S.W. 2113. België/Belgique: H Leclercq, 2Stationstraat 80, 1070 Bruxelles. Brasil: Isac Roizenblatt, Caixa Postal 8681, SaoPaulo. Canada: Jorge M Pereira, 9 Invergordon Ave., Toronto, Ontario M1S 2Y9. Chile:Carlos Seisdedos M, Casilla 2687, Santiago. Colombia: Luis Enrique Martinez S,Apartado Aereo 4282, Bogotá. Costa Rica: C Katsava, Apartado Postal 3214, San Jose.Denmark: H J Jacobsen, Sydhavnsgade 23 , DK-1780 Copenhagen. Deutschland: C HZieseniß, Lerchenweg 14a, 21244-Buchholz. Ecuador: Carlos Valencia, Casilla 343,Quito. España: Fernando Vila, Martinez Villergas 2, Madrid 28027. Finland: PetriPekola, P.O. Box 4, 04601 Mäntsäla. France: Pierre Launay, 9, rue Pierre Rigaud, 94200Ivry-sur-Seine. Greece: Ion Economopoulos, 7, Artemidos Str., 15125 ParadissosAmaroussion-Athens. Hong Kong: J Chu, G.P.O. Box 2108, Hong Kong. India: V KDivadkar, 29 Alipore Estate, 8/6/1 Alipore Road, Calcutta 700027. Indonesia: S Marino,Purwakarta – Jawa Barat. Ireland: N J Moran, Newstead, Clonskeagh, Dublin 14.Italia: Mariangela Speroni, Via G Casati 23, 20052 Monza. Japan: Dr K Narisada, 2-6-12 Asahi, Kuzuha Hirakata, Osaka 573. Kiyoshi Sugimoto, 2-13-37 Kohnan, Minato-ku,Tokyo 108. Kenya: Umakant Harish Pandit, P.O. Box 17756, Nairobi. Korea: Y C Hwang,C.P.O. Box 3680, Seoul. Malaysia: K.C. Wong, P.O. Box 12163, 50768 Kuala Lumpur.México: Javier Romer, Norte 45, No. 669, 02300 Mexico DF. Nederland: M Jacobs,Tooroplaan 6, 5591 AL Heeze. New Zealand: Chris Huff, P.O. Box 1041, Mt Albert,Auckland 1. Norge: Torgeir Sogge, Ropernveien 4, 1335 Snaroya. Österreich: WalterStefanik, Triesterstrasse 64, A-1100 Wien. Pakistan: M K Shabazker, P.O. Box 7101,Karachi-3. Paraguay: M Haber, Casilla de Correo 605, Asuncion. Perú: TomásSandoval, Apartado 1543, Lima 18. Philippines: Anastacio R Martirez, P.O. Box 911MCC, Makati, Metro Manila. Poland: Marek Lasinski, Ul. Kossaka 150, 64-920 Pila.Portugal: Vitor Vajao, Philips Iluminaçao, Lda. Apartado 1331, 1000 Lisboa. Romania:Florin Pop, str. C. Daicoviciu 15, RO-3400 Cluj-Napoca. Schweiz/Suisse: Job Daams,Allmendstrasse 140, Postfach, 8027 Zürich. Singapore: K Seshadri, P.O. Box 340, ToaPayoh Central Post Office, Singapore 9131. Sverige: Leif Berggren, Estlandsgatan 140,S-122 37 Enskede. Taiwan: Claudia Luo, P.O. Box 22978, Taipei. Thailand: N Panlop,P.O. Box 961, 10500 Bangkok. Turkey: Dr Haldun Demirdes, Talatpasa Cad. no. 5,80640 Gültepe/Istanbul. United Kingdom: David Greaves, 420-430 London Road,Croydon CR9 3QR. Uruguay: Luis Jubin, Canelones 1367-305, Montevideo. USA: MarkRoush, Philips Square, 200, Franklin Square Drive, CN 6800 Somerset, NJ 08873.Venezuela: J J Quagliano, Apartado Aéreo 1167, Caracas 1010-A. Zimbabwe: DerekWarner, P.O. Box 994, Harare.

CopyrightNormally speaking, articles published in International Lighting Review may be reprinted,either completely or in part, with prior written authorisation from the publisher. However,in those cases where the artwork concerned is not the property of ILR, it is not in ourpower to grant permission to reproduce this.

The views expressed in this journal by third parties are not necessarily those heldby the publisher. The editor reserves the right to edit and abridge articles forpublication.

2 ForumNews from the world of lighting

4 Editor’s notes

Road lighting

ProjectsCity Streets

8 Light switch Netherlands Frans Boots and Peter Zwart

The historic city of Leeuwarden modernises its public lighting

12 Harbour lights France

Marseille takes an important step towards updating its waterfront lighting

24 A town centre re-lighted Belgium

Renovation work in Turnhout centre included an update of the lighting

30 New heart-line The Netherlands Arjan Karssen

Design, innovation and technology provide a sophisticated road-lighting solution in The Hague

28 Lights on green France Bernard Moussaud

The tramway extension in Nantes is lighted to complement the landscapedcharacter of the project

Highways44 Rocade of Bordeaux France Christophe Dorian

Distinctive road lighting enhances the image of the Bordeaux ring road

46 Coast to Coast Connection Denmark/Sweden Morten Reimann

The Øresund road and rail bridge linking Denmark and Sweden is a work of art that just cried out to be lighted

Trends5 Trends in road lighting Jan Severin

An overview of the main aspects and trends within this fascinating and dynamic field of expertise

New concepts14 Towards improving the lighted environment Vincent Laganier

Problems in contemporary lighting and an outline of possible solutions

22 Lamp developments in public lighting Erwin Dolmans/Gerrit van der Leest

A new generation of high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps

32 Dynamic roads to the future Luc van der Poel

New developments in dynamic traffic-guidance-lighting systems may help to improve traffic management

36 Telemanagement in public lighting Philippe Gandon Leger/Cor Verbakel

Unique new possibilities for the remote management of public lighting

Design40 Iridium – designed to last

An innovative luminaire concept in road lighting that meets many different requirements

Exhibition48 EXPO 2000 Philippe Joye

Review of the lighting at the world exhibition in Hannover, Germany

I n t e r n a t i o n a l Lighting ReviewContents 003

http://www.lightingreview.com

p.8 Frans Boots p.8 Peter Zwart

p.44 Pierre Bidaud p.44 Jean de Giacinto p.46 Morten Reimann

p.14 Vincent Laganier

p.30 Arjan Karssen

p.22 Erwin Dolmans p.22 Gerrit van der Leest

p.36 Cor Verbakelp.36 Philippe Gandon Leger

p.5 Jan Severin

p.24 Bart Mertens

p.28 Luc Davy p.44 Christophe Dorian

p.46 Gert Poulsen

p.32 Luc van der Poel

p.48 Philippe Joye

p.28 Hervé Humez p.28 Yves Steff

p.12 Alain Guilhot

p.24 Volmer Rosi

2 ilr 003 forum3

FORUM

Construction of the Lyon ring road began inthe 1960s, and the existing catenarylighting system was installed in 1973. Bythe late 1990s this was in need ofsignificant renovation. The DirectionDépartementale de l’Equipement plannedand implemented the project, their mainpriority being the energy-savingpossibilities of modifying the lightingscheme.Renovation of the catenary system beganin 1999 and took the step of introducing adimming solution. This meant that thelighting level would be reduced accordingto the assumed level of traffic density onthe road, which in turn would reduceenergy costs.The first step was to replace the existinglow-pressure sodium lamps, SOX 180 W,with high-pressure sodium lamps, SON-TPIA 250 W and 150 W. A SON-T lamp, incombination with the luminaire,illuminates the road more effectively (lessspill light), and gives better colourrendering. This conversion was cost-effective in terms of the lamps having alower energy consumption. Altering thetype of lamp also enabled the next part ofthe project to be realised – the dimmingcontrol.

Chronosense dimming unitThe existing system did not allow theinclusion of a pilot cable to control thelighting. The Chronosense unit wastherefore incorporated. This unit providesa stand-alone step-dimming solution. It isan autonomous, individuallyprogrammable relay that makes it possibleto activate a dual-power dimming ballastin order to adjust the flux of high-pressuresodium lamps. To establish the hours onwhich it should operate, the Chronosense

Stand-alone step-dimming solution with ChronosenseEnergy-saving lighting modification for the ring road of Lyon, France

component measures the total switch-ontime and calculates a mid-point. It uses themid-point of the power-on sequence as areference point. The dim-down and dim-uptimes are specified as the hours beforeand after the calculated mid-point. Eachluminaire operates individually, therebymaking external controls unnecessary.

Chronosense: Intelligence• It measures and ‘learns’ the duration

of the night.• It checks the consistency of the

measurements.• It adapts to continual and seasonal

variations in the duration of nights.• It applies the instructions for dimming

periods, evaluating the duration of thenight.

• It detects anomalies (reacts tounusually long periods of activation).

To accommodate the new lamps, newluminaires had to be installed. TheTUNLITE SRX 206 was selected andmodified to conform to the requirements ofthis catenary system. This luminaire isflexible enough to accept dimming, and theextra ballast and the Chronosensecomponent are fitted on the usual TUNLITEgear tray. In order to avoid unsightlydeformation of the catenary cables, andsubsequent undesirable effects on thelighting, it was vital that the newluminaires should be of the same weight

Shanghai Far East RoadEnvironment-friendly road lighting

Built in 1998 as one of the city’s landmarkprojects, Shanghai Far East Road is themain road to Shanghai PudongInternational Airport.This dual-carriageway road is 13 km long,with each 16-m-wide carriagewayoccupying four lanes either side of a 10-m-wide central reserve. Its lighting called forthe use of luminaires of modern design,with the emphasis on energy saving and

environmental protection (minimal lightpollution).The luminaire chosen was the stylishSGS306 TrafficVision model, a model thatassures easy installation, fast, safe,minimum maintenance and highresistance to vandalism. It is also fullyadjustable, which means that the light isdelivered to precisely where it is neededfor safe and comfortable driving.

A total of 2900 TafficVision luminaires,each equipped with a single SON-T Plus250 W high-pressure sodium lamp have

been employed. These are mounted atop9-m-high masts spaced 35 m apart in atwin central and opposite arrangement toprovide an average road-surfaceluminance of ca 2.9 cd/m2. Luminanceuniformities are well within specification(U0 > 0.4 and UL > 0.7) and the glare(Threshold Increment) is minimal at TI <10%.

Philips Lighting China

as those used previously. This wasachieved by the addition of metal sheets.The luminaires are protected to IP66 toresist the weather and road conditions.Improvements to this catenary system inLyon have resulted in a 45 per centdecrease in energy consumption. Furtherrenovation of the 28-year-old lightinginstallation will continue into 2003 and isexpected to remain in place for at least 20years.

Commissioner: Direction Départementalede l’Equipement, France.Lighting techniques: Philips Lighting,France

Christophe Dorian, Philips Lighting

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ilr 003 forum 3

FORUM

Calculux, a software tool that helps lightingdesigners to develop lighting systems, hasrecently been upgraded to provide anumber of new features.Used by lighting designers all over theworld, the Calculux package comes inthree modules: Indoor, Area and Road. Withthese three modules, all possible lightingdesigns are covered. A recently-addedfourth module has been developed togenerate photometric data in IES;CIBS,LTLI and Eulumdat format. These formatsare widely used by a large number oflighting-design programs.Besides some minor changes with respectto version 3, the upgraded version ofCalculux offers the following majorimprovements:• Calculations for obtrusive light

according to new recommendations• Calculation of UGR values for indoor

lighting• The project takes into account the

creation of shadows caused by thepresence of objects.

• Irregular shaped calculation grids.• Extended cut/copy and paste

possibilities to use Calculux output inother packages

• Direct input for photometric data in theIES;CIBS, LTLI or Eulumdat formats

• Automatic calculations in CalculuxRoad according to DIN

Calculux upgradeA new, improved version

JOHAN JANSEN - Struck by Light(n)ingRoyal honour and Liber Amicorum for founder of Artificial Light in Art

Johan Jansen has just celebrated his 90thbirthday, but he is still not thinking ofretirement. On 29 December 2000 he wasthe guest of honour in the Witte Dame(White Lady) in Eindhoven, TheNetherlands. It was in this building that

Jansen started his career in lighting,slowly working his way up the ladder tobecome a leading lighting engineer. Foralmost half his life, from 1928 to 1976, heworked for Philips Lighting, and eventuallyhe founded the renowned magazine‘International Lighting Review’, of which hewas Chief Editor.His love for light did not end with hisofficial retirement. Over the years he hastaken numerous exhibitions to manycountries all over the world, using hisextensive collection of posters, prints,paintings and light-related objects. He hasalso published various works on artificiallight and artistic light, and in 1984 he setup the foundation ‘Light Effects in Paintingand Sculpture’, which last year wasrechristened ‘Artificial Light in Art’.In the words of his successor and curatorof the foundation, Bernadette Reijs-Nieuwenhuis: ‘What fascinates Jansenabout electric light in particular is theenormous impact that it has had on societyover the past century – in the street, thepub and theatre life, in the workplace andin the home.’ It is also thanks to thededication and commitment of Jansen thatthe foundation will shortly have, at itscomplete disposal, the original Philipsfactory on the Emmasingel to house apermanent exhibition.Followers and lovers of light and artthought it high time that Johan Jansen wasofficially recognized for his enthusiasticand pioneering work with the foundation,to which he voluntarily devoted manyyears. To mark this occasion of his 90thbirthday they put together a LiberAmicorum entitled: ‘Struck by Light(n)ing’,sub-titled ‘Passion for Light’. Furthermore,the Dutch government have awarded

Jansen the prestigious medal: ‘Companionof the Order of Orange-Nassau’.

• Extended possibilities to use standardcalculation areas for sports lightingapplications

Examples of the use of irregular shapedcalculation areas are shown in theaccompanying illustrations.The Calculux programs, together with thelatest luminaire database, are available viayour local Philips contact.

New ILR Team MemberIn November 2000, the ILR team wasjoined by Jane Atkin, in the position ofEnglish Editor.

Jane, 32 years of age, comes fromSheffield, United Kingdom, and moved tothe Netherlands in 1999. She is a graduateof the University of Sheffield with anhonours degree in history, and hasacquired varied experience in writingEnglish in both business and academicenvironments.

We wish her every success in her newcareer.

The calculation areas for a roundabout using theArea module. The straight section of the road iscalculated with the Road module of Calculux.

The major international exhibition Light!offers an impression of the revolutionarychanges that took place in the area of lightin the Western world between 1750 and1900. The evolution of light and its social,economic and artistic ramifications areexamined by means of approximately 300objects. The fascination of artists with thephenomenon light led to variousexperiments with both natural and artificiallight.

Light !The Industrial Age 1750 – 1900; Art & Science, Technology & Society

Featured are sublime light spectacles,daylight studies, atmospheric nocturnalscenes, lit interiors, and impressionistpaintings.The advent of artificial light had greatconsequences for society as a whole.It transformed the work environment,night-life, and even ways of conductingwar.One can hardly imagine the impact of thefirst extravagant light displays on the 19thcentury citizen. The exhibition Light! willtake the visitor on a fascinating voyage ofdiscovery through the realms of art &science, technology and society.

Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam 20 October 2000 – 11 February 2001Carnegie Museum Of Art, Pittsburgh7 April – 29 July 2001

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4 ilr 003 roads

Editor’s notes

Road lighting has always been viewed as being quite distinct from city beautification when itcomes to discussing the constituent elements of public lighting. Whereas with the former theemphasis lies on practical functionality, namely its need to ensure the safe circulation ofpedestrians and motorists, lighting for city beautification is by tradition largely confined to citycentres, where it has principally an aesthetic role to perform.As is explained in more detail by Jan Severin on the following pages, road lighting must fulfil itsfunction whilst at the same time fit in with the overall design of the road or street in question. Butit can, in fact, provide much more. It can often help restore a touch of personality to the scene,even underlining the personality of the city itself, as was very common in former times. After all,

there are Paris luminaires and Amsterdam luminaires, and Copenhagen luminairesas well. And all this can sometimes be realised with standard lightingcomponents, as is shown in some of the projects in this issue.Road lighting that combines an element of city beautification is thus thechallenge today. And this road lighting plus will require an even closercollaboration between architects, the majority of whom are convinced of theimportance of lighting, and engineers. JF Caminada

Road lighting plus

ilr 003 roads/trends 5

Trends

New technologies stimulate developments in road lighting, andthe use of higher quality luminaires provides a better service tothe public. An overview of the main aspects and trends within

this fascinating and dynamic field of expertise.

Trends in road lighting Jan Severin

differs according to country. This edition of ILR gives detailed descriptionsof various road-lighting projects, where functional and aestheticrequirements have played different parts. It is clear, however, that thepublic lighting market shows a continuous movement from classical roadlighting to City Beautification.

Yet, classical road lighting is not doomed. On the contrary, there are anumber of other tendencies that increasingly stimulate road lighting.Equipment installed in the fifties and sixties has become outdated. Afteryears of postponement for budgetary reasons, we now see a great demandfor replacement. In addition, the general tendency towards higher qualityluminaires plays an important role, in order to be able to guarantee a betterservice to the public. Here we see that new technologies also stimulatedevelopments.

New technologiesTelemanagementOne of those new technologies is telemanagement. This comprises anindividual profile with which a random light point is controlled in time,there is instantaneous feedback of various types of failures and, on thebasis of collected data, the optimum management of operation andmaintenance of the complete lighting installation. This will be discussed ina separate article in this edition of ILR.

LampsFar-reaching developments are also taking place in the field of lamps. Inthe high-pressure sodium technology, the SON-T PIA generation meant abreakthrough in the field of efficiency, reliability, and lifetime. For the samereasons, induction fluorescent technology is becoming increasinglyimportant in public lighting. This trend is stimulated by the fact that withthe QL family, Philips has at its disposal a wide range of wattages andconsequently, luminous fluxes, in white light with various colourcharacteristics also having an extremely long lifetime. This meets thegrowing need for light sources that have not only low initial costs but thatare economic throughout their life. This in combination with high qualityand reliability properties, makes a better service to the public possible.

Owing to its excellent reliability, lifetime, and white-light properties, thePL fluorescent lamp family has already conquered half the installedequipment in the Netherlands. Further usage in most other Europeancountries requires versions with higher luminous fluxes. Ceramic metal-halide technology, in the CDM Mastercolour technology, is also becomingmore important, particularly in places where colour impression and colourrendering are more important than lifetime and optimisation of cost ofownership. As described elsewhere is this edition of ILR, the new Iridiumluminaire family has made optics available that give a good photometry incombination with CDM.

1

oad lighting is simply there, and is mostly only noticed when itdoes not function properly, completely, or not at all. Fortunately,when a lamp is flickering or has broken down, people call the

authorities responsible, who can then take action. Sometimes, this seems tobe the end of it, and nothing else appears to be happening. But, asinstallers, maintenance engineers, managers of public lighting, lightingdesigners, and manufacturers know very well, this is certainly not true.

The function of road lightingWhen thinking of road lighting, we tend to think first of motorways. Butroad lighting covers a wide range of big to small streets and roads withinthe built-up area of our cities and villages. Its most important function, of course, is to provide safety for the roaduser, especially within the municipal boundaries where busy mixed traffic,in particular during the rush hour, makes high demands on correctlighting. Outside the municipal boundaries, where the speed limits are ingeneral higher, the guiding function of a series of light points contributesto a considerable extent to road safety. In the quieter residential areas, thesafety of people and possessions plays an increasingly important role.Here we see that the residents are having an ever-greater say in choosingthe street lighting.

In lighting, as everywhere else in our society, the comfort aspect isbecoming more and more important. For instance, orange low-pressuresodium light is replaced more and more by the golden-yellow high-pressure sodium light, and in an increasing number of places white lightalso makes its appearance in the technical road-lighting segment.Increasingly higher demands are made on design, and on the materialsused. Examples of this are the use of stainless steel for lampposts and theincrease in the use of coloured posts and luminaires. But road lighting hassome additional important functions, such as improvement of orientationfor people in unfamiliar surroundings, lighting of road signs, and supportfor road works.

Further segmentationWithin what was generally called public lighting, we can clearlydistinguish further segmentation between the classical, technically-oriented road lighting where the emphasis lies on practical functionality,and a relatively new segment, viz. City Beautification, in which Philips isone of the pioneers. More or less the same criteria are important for bothfields, but the degree of importance varies. City Beautification mainlytakes place in city centres, and also increasingly in residential areas.Architects and city planners often play an important role in the decisionprocess. The lighting has to meet certain aesthetic requirements, but alltechnical and safety requirements too. Although the aesthetic aspect isbecoming more important for technically-oriented road lighting,functional and especially economic aspects still come first. There is, ofcourse, a large grey area between the two segments, and the situation

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6 ilr 003 roads/trends

BallastsBreakthroughs can be expected in the field of ballasts for high-pressuredischarge lamps. The new electronic ballasts for SON lamps are onlyinteresting for the time being in combination with telemanagement or inplaces where irregularities in the mains voltage lead to more early lampfailure. Expectations are, however, that in the course of time the samedevelopment will take place for high-pressure discharge lamps as is goingon at the moment with electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps.

Solar energy In the intensive discussions about alternative energy sources, solar panelsare often brought up as a supply for public lighting. Recent testinstallations have shown that investments only pay back if the light sourceis more than a few hundred metres away from the existing electricitysupply network. Moreover, only very low-wattage lamps can be fed, andonly during part of the night. In the near future we therefore do not expecta breakthrough that will lead to an acceptable alternative supply ofelectricity to normal road lighting in Western Europe.

LED lightingThe situation is quite different in the field of LEDs as a new light source inpublic lighting (fig 6). The developments are extremely rapid in this field.There are already many systems on the market for orientation andsignalling lighting. Expectations are that within a few years LEDs will beable to compete with the traditional public lighting systems. The wordsystems is used consciously here, because this new generation of lightsources requires completely new luminaires and supplies. The firstversions for public lighting are expected in the coming years. Here, too,lifetime is the most important factor.

DimmingThere are many reasons not to light more than is strictly necessary. Energycosts money and unnecessary use leads to extra emission of greenhousegas, and light pollution. Although public lighting consumes only a verysmall part of the total energy requirement, it is a very noticeable part, andtherefore has the constant interest of the public in debate and in politicaldecision-making. The methods that were used originally, such asswitching off individual light points or groups of light points lead toundesirable and even dangerous situations (figs 2- 4). In many cases, block

dimming proved not to be flexible enough, also because different types oflamps and applications ( e.g. signpost lighting) were incorporated in thesame block. Many of these original solutions are therefore no longer in use.

It has become clear that a successful use of dimming is only possible whenevery light point is operated individually. This is possible with a dimmingswitch, controlled via a pilot cable. Particularly for existing installationsthis is a problem because there is often no pilot cable. Recently, Philips hasmarketed an extremely practical solution in the form of Chronosense. Withthis system, every individual light point can be dimmed according to anindividual program by means of a tapped ballast, without the need for acontrol signal. HPL and SON lamps up to 400 W can be dimmedindividually with this system, without the need of a clock, a cable, atransmitter or other controls. The energy consumption of every light pointcan also be rationalised individually in a flexible way by means of theabove-mentioned telemanagement.

Trends in societyCongestion Our society is changing continuously, and this also affects the way inwhich we light our streets and roads. Individualisation, the 24-houreconomy, working partners and wellbeing in general lead to a continuousincrease in mobility. In spite of all possible efforts, a good alternative forthe car has still not been found. Goods transport by road also continues toincrease and everyone knows the resulting congestion problems. Ownersand managers of the road system are looking for new solutions. In urbanareas, more tunnels are built as a result of the lack of space. An increasingnumber of roads and road sections are temporarily or permanentlyreserved for specific groups of road users, such as public transport orpaying motorists. More flexible division of the lanes on the availableasphalt surface leads to a very interesting new application of light in theroad surface, instead of above the surface. This subject is described in aseparate article in this edition of ILR.

Road safetyThe increasing traffic on the roads is not at the cost of safety. That isbecause we no longer accept the risk of an accident as a fact of life. Carsbecome safer all the time, and authorities make the rules and theirenforcement stricter. This results in a gradual decrease in the number offatal accidents in Europe. For the same reason, increasingly higher

3 42

ilr 003 roads/trends 7

demands are made on road lighting, both with respect to the quality of thelighting design and the reliability of the design and the installation.Demographic developments show a fast-growing group of elderlymotorists. This group has its own specific needs as regards visibility. It is awell-known fact that not only the ability to react decreases with age, butalso that the eye becomes more sensitive to glare. The new European(draft) CEN standards therefore no longer permit TI glare values higherthan 15 %, whereas in the past 20 – 25 % was quite common. The latestPhilips luminaire families, such as Iridium (as described in this ILR) andResidium (fig 1), distinguish themselves by TI values that are in manycases well below this standard. This is demonstrated at the OutdoorLighting Application Centre of Philips(fig 5) in Bressolles near Lyon.

Parties to public lightingThe continuous trend of privatisation leads to a changing character of thevarious parties in the market. Electricity companies privatise and merge,and this also happens with installers and wholesale businesses. Towncouncils increasingly contract out the public lighting to companies whotake on the integrated care for public lighting on the basis of long-termcontracts. This leads to an increasingly private character of the end users inthe market, with a clear profit motive. This in turn leads to a further shift ofemphasis from initial purchasing costs of equipment to the total cost ofownership of the entire installation.

InternationalisationThose privatisations and mergers often lead to big companies of aninternational character. Standards and regulations are also becoming moreinternational (e.g. European).See CIE Publication 115 - 1995:“recommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestriantraffic” and European draft prEN 13201 - 1999: “road lighting”.Yet, we see characteristic national uses in most countries, based on localcircumstances, or developed in the past. These national differences inapplication only grow very slowly towards one another. The majorinternational lighting manufacturers are confronted more and more withthe need for a growing variety in products and lighting solutions. Thisphenomenon is called mass-customisation, and is partly made possible byextensively automated development, production, and logistic processes.

Legal liabilityAnother trend in society is the increasing importance of legal liability in

the case of accidents. As was said earlier, accidents are no longer acceptedas a fact of life. A guilty party is sought who has to pay for the material andnon-material damage. Consequently, managers of public lighting arelooking for systems that improve the reliability in a provable way. Theaforementioned telemanagement may supply an important need here.

EnvironmentThe public, and politics, are becoming increasingly more sensitive toenvironmental problems. It is true, of course, that no lighting at all is betterfor the environment, but this will create other problems, which jeopardisethe proper functioning of our society. It is therefore important that thelighting industry finds solutions that reduce the environmentalconsequences of public lighting to an absolute minimum. Various aspectsshould be taken into account. In the first place, we must consider thematerials used. Philips makes luminaires that are durable, reliable andhave a long lifetime. This, in itself, means an important reduction in waste.Subsequently, all luminaires are easy to dismantle at the end of life. Theplastic components are marked with an internationally recognisedmaterial code, which makes recycling easier. Use of toxic orenvironmentally unfriendly substances, mentioned on the so-called blackand grey lists, is avoided. Another environmental theme is the use of energy. Efficient optics onlyrequire a minimum in lamp power to carry out a given project. The variousdimming options mean a further reduction in energy consumption, to savescarce sources and to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas. The aspectsthat reduce the energy consumption to a minimum lead at the same time toa luminous flux that is as limited as possible, thus also reducing lightpollution. This last subject will be discussed in further detail in a separatearticle in this edition of ILR. Finally, the production processes also play animportant part. The Philips luminaire factories are ISO 14000environmentally certified, which means that they are workingcontinuously and in a structured way on a reduction of the environmentalload, usually in anticipation of the legislation in this field. ■

5 6

1 A good example of roadlighting plus. Residiumluminaires with PL-L 36 Wlamps in the Daalsedijk, aresidential street in Utrecht, TheNetherlands, satisfy the requestfor more and better light withoutglare.

2-4 Road-lightingdemonstration showing twoapproaches to energy saving:2 normal lighting reveals objectin road; 3 switching off aluminaire can make the objectinvisible; 4 with dimmed lightingthe object remains visible.

5 Road-lighting demonstrationin progress at the OutdoorLighting Application Centre ofPhilips in Bressolles near Lyon,France.

6 LED street-lighting fixtureused in the first ‘live’demonstration at the PhilipsOutdoor Lighting ApplicationCentre, France.

Author: Jan Severin is Road Lighting Segment Manager, Philips LightingLuminaires, Miribel, France

8 ilr 003 roads/projects

Light switch Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

In recent years, Leeuwardenhas invested heavily inbringing the image created byits town centre into line withpresent-day expectations

An important part of the town improvement planinvolved the public lighting. This too has beenbrought right up to date

eeuwarden, capital of the province ofFriesland in the north of TheNetherlands, has managed to retain

much of its historical beauty down through theages. This is especially true in its centre, with itscharacteristic squares and canals. It is here thatthe town has concentrated on improving thesomewhat neglected image presented toinhabitants and visitors alike. Visual clutter isbeing removed and many streets and squares arebeing brought up to date to meet present-dayrequirements whilst preserving the nostalgiclink they have with the past.

L

The Lighting

An important part of the town improvementplan involved the public lighting. Here suchfactors as recognisability, safety, lightinguniformity, light colour and atmosphere playeda major role. Motorists arriving at the town and seekingdirections now know when they have reachedthe ring road by the style of lighting employed.The luminaire chosen was the Milewide (see ILR992), each of which houses a single SON-T lampto provide a lighting level of 1.2 cd/m2. Theseare mounted atop extra-tall columns placedclose to the side of the road.The existing lighting in the town centre was alsoclearly in need of an update. Mounted on tallcolumns and high on the facades of buildings,the various types of luminaires employed hadlimited decorative effect and contributed little tothe lighting level on the road surface. The newlighting is both decorative and functional.Furthermore, since only two styles of luminaireare employed throughout, the effect is also more

Frans Boots and Peter Zwart

restful to the eye. The chosen Metronomisluminaires, Annecy and Bordeaux, utilise theyellowish-white light of the SON lamp toprovide lighting that is fully in keeping with thehistoric nature of the architecture. At the sametime, the lighting level (ca 10 lux) and uniformityhave served to make the area more pedestrianfriendly after dark.The Waagplein, a fine old square in the towncentre, has also been given a much-neededupdate. Gone is the plethora of lighting masts. Intheir place is façade-mounted floodlighting tohighlight the buildings, and specially designedfree-standing lighting elements, one with astraight pole and the other curved. These carryfloodlights for the functional lighting of thesquare and, for visual impact, decorative Torinoluminaires. The vertically mounted luminaire is18 m high and clearly visible from afar, whichmakes it ideally suited for a second function,that of a barometer. At the top of the mast is alarge plastic sphere illuminated internally byfibre-optics cables that change colour accordingto the atmospheric pressure…fine weather

1

2 3

1 Leeuwarden’s historic towncentre.

2, 3 These unique luminairescarry floodlights for thefunctional lighting of the square,and decorative MetronomisTorino luminaires for visualimpact.2 The 18m vertical luminaire(see front cover) also acts as abarometer, changing the lightcolour according to atmosphericpressure.3 The curved free-standinglighting element, speciallydesigned for the Waagplein.

ilr 003 9

10 ilr 003

ilr 003 roads/projects 11

Urban planning: Peter Zwart, Urban planningdepartment, Leeuwarden and Frans Boots, BureauB+B, Amsterdam (Consultancy city and landscaping) Lighting design: Frans Boots, Bureau B+B; Electricitycompany Essent, Light International, Purmerend inco-operation with Philips Lighting

produces one colour, bad weather another. Theelectronic controls and colour disc are located inthe base of the mast. Further lighting plans for Leeuwarden includenew, less-obtrusive façade lighting and perhapssome imaginative lighting for the many smallbridges over the canals. ■

4-6 Metronomis (Annecy andBordeaux) luminaires have beenused in the town centre. TheSON lamp provides yellowishwhite light, in keeping with thehistoric architecture. Thelighting level (ca 10 lux) anduniformity have made the areamore pedestrian friendly afterdark.

7 Milewide luminaires mountedon extra-tall masts light the ringroad. Each luminaire houses asingle SON-T lamp to provide alighting level of 1.2 cd/m2.

6

5 7

4


1

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3

1 Deputy mayor MauriceTalazac: ‘The city’s new cultural-heritage lighting plan, whichincludes road lighting, isdesigned to heighten the appealof this important part of the cityfor locals and visitors alike.’

2 The facades facing theharbour are now included in thelighting plan. Here the TownHall.

3 Le Fort Saint-Jean, at theentrance to the old harbour.

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arseille, the oldest city in France andthe second largest after Paris, is amajor seaport and an important

commercial and industrial centre. The city wasbadly damaged during World War II, but majorconstruction programs transformed it into amodern community with many high-risebuildings. The harbour, once full with steamersand large sailing ships, is now filled only withleisure craft.


M The Lighting

Installed in the early 1980s, the former streetlighting down by the harbour was conceivedpurely with the interests of motorists in mind.But mayor Jean Claude Gaudin, and deputymayor Maurice Talazac were anxious to dosomething to heighten the appeal of thisimportant part of the city for locals and visitorsalike. The city’s new cultural-heritage lightingplan, which includes the busy harbour area,does just this. No longer restricted to the road running roundthe harbour, the harbour lighting now alsoprovides illumination for the mooringsthemselves and for many of the buildings facingthe harbour. The new lighting masts lining the harbour havebeen cleverly designed to resemble ships’ masts,complete with yards, so that they are more inkeeping with their surroundings than were theolder lighting columns. There are 36 masts in total, each 12 m high. Each

Overlooked by the NotreDame de la Garde is the VieuxPort, or old harbour. This wasthe birthplace of the city ofMarseille, gateway to theMediterranean, more than 2600years ago

Harbour lightsMarseille, France

The city of Marseille inaugurated an important step towards updatingits waterfront lighting

mast has four cast-aluminium yards, theextremities of which are adorned with red orgreen lights (PL 11 W). The main, three-partlighting, however, is situated in a crown at thetop of the mast. Two SNF 111 asymmetricalfloodlights fitted with 400 W SON-T Comfortlamps (Ra 54, 2200 K) are aimed downwards toilluminate the road below to twice the previouslevel. A single MNF 210 asymmetrical floodlighthousing the HPI-T 400 W (Ra 65, 4300 K)illuminates the moorings, while a secondasymmetrical unit, the SNF 210 housing theSON-T Deco 400 W (Ra 80, 5000 K), is aimedacross the road to light the façade opposite. ■

4 The new lighting masts alongMarseille’s busy waterfrontevoke the maritime scene oflong ago.

5 Marseille’s new harbour-frontroad lighting.

6 Plan of the harbour.Key:White (facades);SNF210/ SON-T DecoYellow (road);SNF 111/ SON-T ComfortBlue (moorings);MNF 210/ HPI-T

4

5

6

Commissioner: City of Marseille, Management ofPublic Lighting: Michel Karabadjakian, Jean-MarcMertz and Jean-Marie Audibert Lighting and mast design: Alain Guilhot, ArchitectureLumière ConseilLighting equipment: Philips Lighting, France

Architecture Lumière Conseil, France

New concepts

e may consider light as the fifth element of our environment.And just like air, water, earth and fire, it has two inseparabledimensions: positive and negative. Positive, because light can

stimulate emotion, promote comfort and give pleasure by revealing formsand colours. Negative, because that same light may intrude into areaswhere it is not wanted, possibly leading to discomfort or disturbance andit may aestheticcally disturb the urban environment .

Visuals nuisances Astronomers speak of light pollution of the night sky to characterise thesky glow that disturbs astronomical observations. The ‘brightening’ of thenight sky results from sky radiation being scattered by such things as dustparticles and gas molecules (e.g. from aerosols) in the atmosphere andfrom spill light from man-made sources.Spill light may also lead to visual annoyance to residents because of itsquantitative, directional or spectral attributes.Five parameters are fundamental in the fight to eliminate unwanted lightemissions:1. the light distribution of the luminaires2. the arrangement of the luminaires3. the aiming of the luminaires4. the light control according to need and/or time5. the surroundings.

W This concerns all those involved with public lighting, from themanufacturer of lamps and luminaires to the lighting designer, theinstaller, the town manager of lighting, and the provider of energy.

Recommendations of the CIETwo Technical Committees of the CIE (International LightingCommission) work on guides to restrict disturbing luminous effects: TC 4-21 – Interference by Light of Astronomical Observations, and TC 5-12 –Obtrusive light. The first set of these guidelines was published in 1997 (CIE Publication126), and the second set, currently being produced, deals with restrictingpotentially adverse effects of outdoor lighting on nearby residents andusers of adjacent roads. The CIE describes spill light in terms of wasted Upward Light OutputRatio. Here, the output of a luminaire is split into two parts: ULOR, theupward light output ratio (radiated above the horizontal plane), andDLOR, the downward light output ratio (radiated below the horizontalplane). As is indicated in the accompanying figure (fig 1), part of the lightradiated in the downward direction can also be undesirable. Restricting light in this respect means coping with this undesirable light.CIE states in its (draft) recommendations that the required degree oflimitation is dependent on the so-called Environmental Zone concerned.

14 ilr 003 roads/new concepts

The main arguments for improving our lighted environment are put forward and the stepsneeded to bring about change are outlined

Towards improving thelighted environment

Vincent Laganier

1

1 Spill light is described by CIEas Upward Light Output Ratio(ULOR). Part of the DownwardLight Output Ratio (DLOR) canalso lead to undesirable effects.(Light Output Ratio of theluminaire LOR = ULOR+DLOR)

ilr 003 roads/new concepts 15

2 2

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6 7 7

2 Undesirable penetration oflight into homes.

3 Badly-planned lightingcauses disturbance tomotorists.

4 Incoherent image of a citybecause of the badly-designedlighting of an open-air car parkand neon signs.

5 An example of heterogeneouslighting of commercial facadesresulting in a bad perception ofthe city.

6 An unprotected lightinginstallation is more likely to bevandalised.

7 The human eye is attracted tothe brightest spots. Do we reallywant to attract the eye to theseparts?

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Four zone ratings are defined, E1 to E4, according to the increasingbrightness of the area, and consequently in decreasing order of sensitivityto intrusive light.

The main objections to poorly-managed lightingThere are four principal objections to poorly designed and managedlighting installations:1. undesirable penetration of light into homes is irritating and potentially

embarrassing to residents(fig 2)2. they are a hazard to motorists because of potential glare (fig 3) 3. they present an incoherent image of the city (particularly in the case of

lighted open-air parking areas, and the neon signs at the entrancepoints of the city) (fig 4)

4. vandalism is more likely (fig 6).

Environmental zones (CIE Publication 126, 1997)

E1: Areas with intrinsically dark landscapes: national parks, areasof outstanding beauty.

E2: Areas with “low district brightness”: outer urban and ruralresidential areas (where roads are lit to residential road standards).

E3: Areas of “middle district brightness”: urban residential areas (where roads are lit to traffic route standards).

E4: Areas of “high district brightness”: urban areas having mixedresidential and commercial land use with high night-time activity.

8

E4 Urban

a) city centre

E4 Urban

c) old-town

E4 Urban

b) public spaces

E3 Suburban

b) residential area

E3 Suburban

c) sports ground

E3 Suburban

a) activity zone

E2 Rural

c) park

E2 Rural

b) village/hamlet

E2 Rural

a) through-road


8 A proposal for the sub-classification of theenvironmental classes of CIE.

9 Obtaining information on theenvironmental effects of publiclighting in a city by aninventarisation and subsequentmapping of the type of lightdistributions used (Analysisexample of the City of Balma,France).

road lighting reflector

diffuser

refractor

refractor anddecorative disc

louvre

rotation-symmetrical opaque cover

9

Luminaire with:


A sensitivity analysis and a dialogue on the quality of the night-timeenvironments in our cities must take place. A further sub-classificationbased on the CIE environmental classes (fig 8) makes it possible to takeinto account the interests of residents, workers, town architects and, whererelevant, astronomers. This map of a town’s suburbs (fig 9) shows apragmatic approach to group outdoor lighting, in relation to the lightpollution of the night sky. Each place is indexed according to thephotometry of the type of luminaires.

Defining sensitive spaces This consideration introduces the concept of defining ‘sensitive spaces’ innight-time perception. What visual impact does one wish to give to a spaceduring the night? What technical and administrative means are availableto arrive at a total control of the night-time environment? In defining a sensitive space the link between the human scale and the

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The major risk, however, is that poor lighting management can lead to thedestruction of what was a well-designed night-time environment. It canalso result in the heterogeneous lighting of commercial frontages, sogiving a bad perception of the city (fig 5), the individual being attracted tothe brightest spot like a moth to a flame (fig 7). This loss of efficiency andloss of effect relates to the public lighting as well as to the private,commercial lighting.

Proper lighting management Proper lighting management is a question of introducing the concept ofmutual respect. A well-thought-out lighting plan must comply with thefundamental objectives of a multiplicity of ‘users’, such as the street-goingpublic, residents in their homes, motorists, workers in business andcommercial premises, people organising and attending special events, andso forth.

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architectural scale is established. It clearly raises the question of socio-cultural, even economic, aspects ofthe perception of a place by its lighting and the consequences in terms ofmanagement. For example, a lighting scheme of the Rue de la Républiquein Lyon (fig 10). What level of visual comfort should be provided for thetourist at night? Until what time? To decide on these aspects requires realmanagement, both administrative and technical.Other significant sensitive spaces are the points of entry to the city. First ofall the real points of entry such as railway and bus stations and airports.What, for example, will one remember of the railway station in Strasbourg(fig 11 top) or of that in Luxembourg? (fig 11 bottom left) But what aboutthe photographic images of entry points, such as presented on theInternet? What image of the city does one want to show on the welcomepage for, say, Bordeaux? (fig 11 bottom right) Urban contrasts are often quite significant as part of the cultural

10 Different lighting at differenttimes (Rue de la République inLyon).

11 What do we remember of acity after entering it for the firsttime? Examples of railwaystations of Strasbourg (top) andLuxembourg (bottom left), andan example of the home page ofthe Internet site of the city ofBordeaux (bottom right).

12 Integrated public lightinginstallations emphasising thelocal environment (Place duSanitas, Nantes; lighting design:Roger Narboni).

13 The ordinary, day-time viewof a youth centre changescompletely at night, due to theprojection of coloured slides onthe facades.

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and for different occasions (fig 14). The light should also gradually adapt to our modes of movement in thepublic space; for example, by the use of interactive levels of lightingaccording to the amount of traffic (fig 15). It must also be possible to light our way through the city dynamically inresponse to our presence (fig 16). The light of the luminaire, like a torch,accompanies the pedestrian after dark.

Management tools In the short and medium term, new management tools for lighting willcertainly be developed. There should be a night charter of quality that defines and protects allsignificant spaces. This will call for an inventory and a planning of actions,and a more intense dialogue between the various creators and designers ofthe urban space. A period of curfew as recommended by CIE for

inheritance. How will we integrate functional lighting and the urbanvolume in, say, a district of Nantes? (fig 12) In the suburbs, the question isthe same: volume and perception. What sort of night-time image willcontrast with the unremarkable day-time impression of this youth centrebuilding? (fig 13) Lastly, the night sky, recognised as a world inheritance by UNESCO, is alsoa significant space in terms of the perception of stars. What sort ofenvironment do we want to create in the districts for future generations?Dazzling environments, which let half of their light escape into theatmosphere or environments controlled in terms of the perception of theenvironment and the use of electrical power?

Outlook Already, certain buildings are no longer lighted all night long in the sameway. Instead, they are illuminated using different lights at different times

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aesthetical, commercial or event lighting may form part of such a charter.At the same time, the lighting should become an integral part of the urbanand transport planning. To do this, whilst taking into account the influencebetween various types of lighting (public, vehicle, commercial, festive, andindoor lighting) is really a challenge.And just as there are town architects having a responsibility for the totalarchitectural environment of a town, so too should there be an expert inlighting who is responsible for the total quality of the lighted environment.Thus, before the quality of our night environment can be effectivelycontrolled, all the various public and private sector authorities andindividuals must start working together. Only then will there be a totalcoherence of the illumination of the city. Let us hope this will be achievedwithout delay. ■

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14 Two examples of dynamiclight for different times anddifferent occasions.Top: Palais des Congrès, Paris;architect: Christian dePortzamparc; lighting design:Michel Pieroni.Bottom: Basilique de Fourvière,Lyon; lighting design: LaurenceBouillon.

15 Demand-dependent lightingbased on the amount of traffic(Simulation)

16 Demand-dependent‘moving’ lighting based on thepresence and movement ofpedestrians. (Simulation)

Author: Vincent Laganier is Architect Lighting Designer from Philips Lighting,LiDAC - Lighting Design and Application Centre - in Miribel, France

This article is based on the presentation given at the national French Lighting Congress

2000 in Paris.

The photographs have been chosen to illustrate the message and not a particular city, brand

of luminaire or lighting design.

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New concepts


Requirements of outdoor lighting are now not only concernedwith lamp lifetime, reliability and efficiency, but also with

aesthetic aspects, such as colour impression, colour rendering,and the vivacity of the light

Lamp developments in public lightingErwin Dolmans and Gerrit van der Leest

pressure sodium lamps; SON-T PIA. Significant improvements have beenmade in all critical aspects of the lamp technology, therefore enhancing theoverall performance. For instance, lifetime has increased from three to fouryears, and the number of early failures has been drastically reduced.Importance of lifetime is clear, but for the eventual consumer a particularlydecisive factor is the reliability of the lamps. Early failures damage theperception of a good public service, and can also lead to dangeroussituations on the road. It is prudent to avoid individual lamp replacement,as this is labour-intensive and therefore expensive. Moreover, it disturbsthe flow of traffic, and causes a nuisance for road users.

As a result of technical breakthroughs the reliability of the lamp has beengreatly improved. The ignition coil, for instance (needed for a correctignition of the lamp), is now integrated in the burner (PIA - PhilipsIntegrated Antenna technology). The number of welded joints isdrastically reduced, and a different concept has been introduced for the

he requirements that govern outdoor lighting are becomingincreasingly more stringent, and this includes the lampsthemselves. Lamps are no longer selected only for their long life,

reliability and efficiency, but also for their aesthetic qualities, such ascolour impression, colour rendering, and the liveliness of the light. This is,of course, all part of the current trend in public lighting, which includes thefurther specialisation and professionalisation of the technical road-lightingdivision, and the increasing importance of City Beautification. Architectsare having an increasing influence on many public lighting applicationsincluding, in some cases, road lighting.

Philips recognised these trends and responded by developing a clear two-track policy. This enabled the company to become the leader in each of thevarious sub-divisions relating to road lighting, and to set the trends for thefuture. As far as the technical road lighting division is concerned, thesedevelopments have led to the production of a new generation of high-

T

1 The excellent colourrendering provided by the CDMMastercolour lightingin this London street is muchappreciated by residents….and feared by criminals.Lancaster Road in the LondonBorough of Kensington &Chelsea

2 Lamp spectra.White light: Mastercolour City(CDM-TT) Golden-white light: High-pressure sodium (SON-T)

3 Mastercolour-City newtechnology for outdoor lighting

1

SON- T Comfort

SON- T

HPL Comfort

HPL Neutral

CDM- TT/ET

QL/PL- L

20 40 60 80 100

20

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HPL Neutral

HPL Comfort

SON- T ComfortSON- T

4000

3500

3000

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200020 40 60 80 100

CDM- TT/ETQL/830PL- L/830


getter. This has resulted in a lamp failure rate of only 10% during theeconomic lifetime of four years, based on about 4000 burning hours a yearin a public lighting installation.

The optimal efficacy of the SON-T PIA Plus lamps allows a project to besuccessfully completed using lamps of a lower wattage. Due to thisdecrease in energy consumption costs are also reduced. Improvementsmade to this lamp mean that it is now more environmentally friendlyregarding issues such as the emission of greenhouse gas. Also, in theburner of the SON-T PIA Hg Free, the mercury has been replaced withargon, and a better alternative to lead has been used in all PIA lamps.

All these improvements have made this series of lamps an unrivalledleader in applications where extremely high functional requirements arepresent. This helps to satisfy the ever-higher expectations of an increasingnumber of professional customers. In various different countries, large-scale programmes are being introduced to convert the SOX, TL and HPLlamps, which are still used in many places, to SON.

It is not always apparent that a change is necessary, for example, a changefrom HPL to SON, particularly in city centres and residential areas. Inthese areas aesthetic requirements are becoming increasingly important.Many more city authorities and architects prefer whiter light in these areasand so, because of its excellent reliability, lifetime, and white lightproperties of the compact fluorescent lamp series they are used inresidential areas and city centres - places where relatively low light levelsare permitted. A further penetration of white light requires light sourceswith higher luminous fluxes. Until recently, there was no good alternativeto this, however ceramic metal-halide technology, originally developed forindoor lighting purposes, is gradually winning ground in this field. TheseCDM lamps have the unique combination of a metal halide gas (providingwhite light) in a ceramic burner. Prior to the CDM, ceramic burners wereonly used in high-pressure sodium lamps. Two modifications had to bemade before this new lamp could be used for road lighting. Firstly thelamp cap had to be of the screw-in rather than two-pin type to make theCDM suitable for retro-fitting existing luminaires fitted with E27 or E40lamp holders. Secondly, two bulb sizes would be needed, one for use inexisting SON-T luminaires and the other, larger, for use in SON-ovoidoptical systems. These adaptation problems were resolved by bringing outtwo new versions of the Mastercolour lamp, the Mastercolour-City CDM-TT and the CDM-ET. The last T stands for Town, the other T for tubularand the E for elliptical. Use of these lamps is growing very rapidly at themoment, in particular in those areas where the golden-yellow colour ofSON lamps is no longer desired. The CDM functional properties are still ata lower level than those of the SON families, and it is not likely that thelatter will be equalled in the near future. However, this relatively youngtechnology is making great progress. The CDM Mastercolour lamps have asufficiently long lifetime, 8000 burning hours, to make group replacementonly necessary every two years.Colour stability is one of the exceptionally good properties of CDM, andthe efficacy lies around 90 lm/W. Expectations are that new generations, tobe developed in the coming years, will have a better lifetime and output. ■

Authors: Erwin Dolmans is Marketing Manager and Gerrit van der Leest is ProductManager - Outdoor Lamps Europe - Philips Lighting

Specifications: CDM-TT v. CDM-ET

CDM-TT (tubular) CDM-ET (ovoid)Wattage (W) 70 150 70 150Light output (lm) 6300 13500 5900 13000Lumen maintenanceafter 4000 h (%) 80 80 80 80after 8000 h (%) 70 70 70 70Lamp efficacy (lm/W) 90 92 84 87Failure rate at 8000 h (%) <10 <10 <10 <10Colour temperature (K) 3000 3000 3000 3000Colour rendering (Ra) 83 85 83 85

3

2

CDM discharge tube• pleasant white light• good colour rendering• stable colour throughout

lifetime

SON-T outer bulb• robust design• easy to install• suitable for standard

luminaires

CDM-TT/ET• retrofit with SON gear• easy to install• Mastercolour tubular and

ovoid lamps for all luminaires

Colour rendering versus efficacy. Colour temperature versus colour rendering.

Lam

p ef

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/W)

Colour rendering (Ra) Minimum ideal value Colour rendering (Ra)

Colo

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)

CDM-TT SON-T

For projects with luminaire/Mastercolour lamp combinations see articles onTurnhout, page 24, and Nantes, page 28.


Turnhout is busy with a number of projectsaimed at making its centre a place to be moreenjoyed by residents and visitors alike

A town centre re-lighted Turnhout, Belgium

Part of the renovation hasinvolved the lighting of the town’sstreets and squares. What wasneeded was something more inkeeping with the new, friendlierimage being created

1 The Metronomis Bilbaoluminaire.

2 In very narrow residentialstreets (foreground), the verydirectional light distribution ofthe Metronomis Bilbao isinvaluable in helping to keeplight intrusion to a minimum.Note the screening to eliminateback light.The luminaire in the backgroundis the Metronomis Cambridge.

elieved to date back to Frankish times,the Belgian municipality of Turnhoutnear the Dutch border, north-east of

Antwerp, was first recorded in the 12th centuryas a market centre. Although present-dayTurnhout is still the commercial centre of anagricultural district, its economy is now largelybased on services and manufacturing.For the past six years Turnhout has been busywith a number of projects aimed at making itscentre a place to be more enjoyed by residentsand visitors alike. A major part of this work hasinvolved the relaying of numerous streets andsquares to make them into safer, more pleasantthoroughfares. But throughout, the emphasishas been on preserving, and where necessaryenhancing, the image of the town.

The Lighting

Part of the renovation work currently beingcarried out in a number of the town’s streetsincluded an update of the lighting. What wasneeded was a ‘natural white light’ to enhance thenew, friendlier image being created. The lampemployed thoughout is therefore the CDM-TMastercolour (‘ceramic metal halide’) lamp.

Town imageStreet lighting determines the image we have ofa town. During the day the rows of lightingcolumns help set the pattern of the town’s publicspaces. At night, they determine the way inwhich the surroundings are lighted, and so helpestablish a certain atmosphere.

B But public lighting is much more than simplyinstalling ‘enough light’. Rows of tall, galvanisedlighting columns equipped with purelyfunctional luminaires emitting monochromatic,yellowish light add nothing to the character of atown, they merely give a street the appearance ofbeing nothing much more than a traffic route.Carefully-designed luminaires, on the otherhand, mounted atop pleasing columns of thecorrect height, and spreading their light in asuitable way over the road, the pavement, wallsand street furniture create an entirely differentimpression. The street then becomes a placewhere one can wander, a place that invitesdiscovery, a place from where one can enjoy thesurroundings. It comes alive.This is the policy being adopted in the citybeautification project currently being carried outin Turnhout. The project is taking place invarious phases. The first phase, described here,involved replacing much of the existing streetlighting with new, state-of-the-art publiclighting.

All from one familyIn order to bring a degree of unity to the town, itwas decided that the lighting columns andluminaires had to be all from one family. Not thesame column and luminaire for every situation;this would be too much, but simply a controlleddegree of variety. In Turnhout, three models from the seven-strongMetronomis family of street-lighting luminaires(see ILR 982) are being employed: the Bordeaux,the Cambridge, and the Bilbao. All three arefitted with CDM-T Mastercolour lamps(‘ceramic metal halide’) giving ‘natural white’light with good colour rendering.

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Metronomis BordeauxWhat was needed along the newly laid-outstreets leading into the centre was lighting thatwould adequately illuminate both the roadsurface and the pavements.The luminaire chosen for this task was theMetronomis Bordeaux. This has a rotationallysymmetrical light distribution and is mountedon a short horizontal arm, from where it directsits light vertically downwards. The arm serves toensure that the light will not be obstructed byany adjacent trees to create unwanted shadows.

Metronomis CambridgeThe streets in the centre of the town are muchnarrower, and the role played here by the shopand business facades in establishing thecharacter of the surroundings is greater. Also,many of these narrow streets lead to squares andbuildings of special interest, which means thatthey are often thronged with passers by. The requirement here was for a more decorative,pole-top luminaire that radiates its lightprincipally downwards and not towards anyadjacent bedroom windows. The Metronomis Cambridge is such a luminaire.It is provided with a special mirror to ensure thatsufficient of its light reaches the road surface, onthe side away from the houses.

Metronomis BilbaoIn squares and very narrow residential streets it

is often more desirable and attractive to mountthe lighting nearer to the ground. But this canagain produce problems of stray light enteringbedroom windows, so the light distributionneeds to be concentrated outwards and down towhere it is really needed.This is just what the Metronomis Bilbao does. Itis a pole-top luminaire having a very directionallight distribution. Furthermore, the designcontains provision for screening off anyunwanted back light in particularly sensitiveareas.

A city beautification project of this nature wouldnot be complete without the lighting ofimportant local landmarks. In this case theseinclude the 15th-century castle of the dukes ofBrabant (now the Palace of Justice), and theChurch of St Peter (begun 1484), with a béguinage(a secular retreat for nuns) dating from the 14thcentury. Both have been lighted using Decofloodfloodlights. Those for the church shown herehouse CDM-T and HPI-T, the sources beingchosen to bring out the natural colour of thestone employed in its construction. ■

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Commissioner: City of TurnhoutLighting design: Bart Mertens, road lighting, andVolmer Rosi, flood lighting, Philips Lighting BelgiumLighting techniques: Electrabel

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3 The Metronomis Bordeauxdecorative downlighter.

4 Here the Metronomis Bilbaoand Cambridge light theperimeter of the church square.

5 The narrower streets are lit byMetronomis Cambridgeluminaires. The Church of StPeter at the end of the street isfloodlighted using Decofloodunits housing CDM-TMastercolour and HPI-T metalhalide lamps.

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antes, located thirty miles from theAtlantic Ocean, on the Loire River, isthe capital of the administrative

region of Pays de la Loire, in the West of France. The city’s first tramline was completed in 1985.Since then, a second line has been added and athird is due to open in 2005. In the meantime, theoriginal Line One has been extended 5.3 kmwestwards in the direction of Saint-Herblain.

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The French city of Nantes has recently extendedits original, fifteen-year-old tram linewestwards…across the grass

Lights on green Nantes tramway extension, France

The newly-installed lighting has been designed to enhance thelandscaped character of the new extension

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The Lighting

The new extension is confined to its own tramlane that is not accessible to other traffic. Theone-way roads are located on either side of thetramway, and both these and the tramway itselfare lighted from the same lighting columns.Additional lighting columns of an entirelydifferent design have been placed adjacent tostations at cross-over points. Both luminaireswere specially designed for this project. Not onlydo they meet the technical requirements, asregards light distribution and enhancement ofthe environment, they also satisfy the aestheticdemands of the architect and urban planner ofthe city of Nantes. The luminaire used to light the tramway and theadjacent roads is the Bellevue. These aremounted on graceful, eight-metre-high lightingcolumns spaced twelve metres apart. However,in this application the originally envisaged SON-T Deco 250 W lamp (13 500 lumen, Ra 23,2300 K) has been replaced by the newMastercolour CDM-TT 150 W lamp (13 500lumen, Ra 83, 3000 K). This has served to reducethe installed lighting load by some 40 per cent,whilst improving the colour rendering andproviding a lighting level of some 25 lux withexcellent uniformity.The tramway crossing points at either end ofeach of the twelve stations are illuminated by

distinctive lighting columns named Balise. Thesehouse the same Mastercolour CDM-T 150Wlamp as the Bellevue, but the Balise uses opticallighting film (OLF) technology and a built-infilter to emit green-coloured light along itslength. This light, combined with the unfilteredlight reflected downwards from the top of thecolumn, does much to bring a touch of night-time colour by illuminating the surroundinggreenery. But these luminaires also have animportant second function: to signal topassengers and pedestrians crossing the tracksthat a tram is approaching. The city of Nantes has standardised the use ofthe Mastercolour CDM lamp not only along thetramway but also in general along the principalroad axes. This enhances both the perceivedenvironment and facilitates maintenance. ■

Luminaire and lighting design: Yves Steff and LucDavy, Architects Steff-Lemoine-Davy, NantesLuminaire techniques and optics: Hervé Humez,Philips Lighting, Department of Special Affairs,Miribel, France Project coordination: Bernard Moussaud and AlainPapillon, Philips Lighting France

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1 The luminaire used to lightthe tramway and the adjacentroads is the Bellevue. Thishouses the new MastercolourCDM-TT 150 W lamp (13 500lumen, Ra 83, 3000 K).

2, 3 The distinctive Baliselighting column houses theMastercolour CDM-T 150 Wlamp and uses optical lightingfilm (OLF) technology and abuilt-in filter to emit green-coloured light along its length.Key: a) Inner polycarbonate tubeø 200 mm. b) Outer tube ofstainless steel with lightwindows. c) Access door tolighting assembly.

4 The Bellevue luminaire wasspecially designed for thisproject and its optical system istailored to suit the CDM-TT 150 W lamp employed.

5 View showing how thetramway crossing points areilluminated by the distinctiveBalise lighting columns.

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ne of the most importantthoroughfares in The Hague, the Spui,is undergoing a major refurbishment

of its road layout in a project entitled ‘The VitalCity Centre’. The street is divided into three parallel sectionsfor traffic: a tramway in the centre, with a roadand a cycle lane on each side. To accommodatepedestrians and café terraces, a broad space wascreated on the sunnier northern side.

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The Lighting

In 1997 the Department of Town Planning in theCity Council commissioned a landscape designand urban architecture bureau to devise a newlighting vision for the road. The primaryconsideration was to realise an uncluttered but

functional street scene. The tramlines and lighting were positioned incontinuous lines with the trees, and the projectwas simplified further by the decision to mountthe tram wires on the same masts as the lighting,thereby avoiding the generation of a ‘forest ofpoles’.Conical masts were specially constructed for theSpui, strong enough to bear the weight of boththe tram cables and the horizontal arms. Theinstallation was simplified further byminimising the equipment on the masts. Onlyfittings that were considered absolutelynecessary were included, for example rings tohold the tram cables. The arm on the mastprovides space for luminaires at either end.Light for the road and cycle lanes is provided bya luminaire on the longer end of the arm. Theshorter end is fitted with an integrated lightelement, which illuminates the tramway. There were two main requirements regarding

New heart-line The Spui, The Hague, The Netherlands

The Spui in The Hague – the ‘heart-line’ of thecity – has been refurbished as part of a project toregenerate the city centre, resulting in a neatand efficient street scene

Creative lighting design, unique luminaires and advanced lamptechnology come together to provide a sophisticated road-lightingsolution in The Hague’s city centre

1, 4 The long horizontal arm onthe mast carries luminaires ateither end to light the road (longout-reach, QL 85 W) and thetramway, (QL 55 W).

2 The Spui seen duringdaylight.

3 Trees and lighting masts arearranged in line with each otherto create order and continuity inthe street.

Arjan Karssen

the lighting: that the lamps should not needreplacing frequently, and that the road and cycletrack should have a higher level of illuminationthan the tramway. The QL series of lamps was chosen as they fulfilthese criteria. Firstly, they have a life span ofaround 15 years at 4000 burning hours per yearand secondly, lamps of 55 W and 85 W have beenemployed above the tramway and the roadsrespectively. QL lamps provide a white light,(colour 827), which complements the urbansurroundings.As there are no standard luminaires for this typeof lamp, a vacuum luminaire was developed inconjunction with Philips Denmark. This unit iscompletely sealed, as it does not require openingfor many years. The modernisation of the lighting of the Spui hasbeen split into three phases. The first two werecompleted in January and November 2000. Thethird has yet to begin. ■

Lighting concept: Bureau Alle Hosper, project leaderArjan Karssen, industrial designer BNO, Haarlem, anddesigners Ramon Jansen and Jaqueline Moors, TilburgLuminaire development: Bureau Alle Hosper togetherwith Philips Lighting, The Netherlands and DenmarkMast manufacture: PMF Machinefabriek Bergum bvConstruction calculation: Holland Rail Consult

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New concepts

he invention that changed the face of the 20th century was withoutdoubt the automobile. With the start of the new millennium, theworld numbers 700 million cars, 200 million of which are in the

USA and 250 million in Europe. Its invention has dramatically changedour way of life. But what was once the symbol of freedom, mobility andprosperity, now seems to have become synonymous with traffic hazards,congestion (traffic jams), exhaustion of our natural resources, air pollution,and the warming up of our atmosphere.

Nevertheless, despite the increase in traffic density, road safety stillcontinues to increase. First because of the car itself, which has undergoneenormous technological improvements such as ABS, airbags and so forth.And second, because of the extensive measures that are constantly beingundertaken by the authorities in the area of traffic management and roadinfrastructure. In this field, lighting systems have long played animportant role with respect to providing good seeing comfort, guidanceand signalling to road users.

Road lighting for visibility, comfort and guidanceThe increasing traffic density and the pressure to ensure traffic safety areimportant reasons to design and maintain good road lighting systems.These provide motorists with good night-time visual conditions so thatthey can both see and be seen. Road lighting also provides long distancevisual guidance to road users, which isespecially important when driving at high speedand under difficult conditions on unfamiliarroads. On an unlighted road at night, visualguidance is restricted to the area within the reachof the vehicle’s headlights.

Lighting panels for traffic information To keep all the vehicles on the move, more

T information has to be communicated directly to the drivers. There arealready devices in use that provide drivers with information, such as howfast to drive and which route to take. Much of this information is given byvisual means, and here lighting display signals also play a very importantrole. We are also seeing an immense growth of traffic information displaysystems in which fibre optics and LED technology are used tocommunicate messages to the road users.

More efficiency in traffic management and road infrastructureThe need for the efficient use of traffic management and a more dynamicuse of the road infrastructure is more pressing than ever before. This ispartly due to the continuously growing number of vehicles on the road,but also because authorities do not intend to increase the number of squaremetres of road surface indefinitely. And not every road can be lighted,either because of financial restrictions or for environmental reasons. A more efficient, reliable and safe traffic flow will provide a majorcontribution to reducing the level of traffic congestion and increasemobility. The question raised by both authorities and lightingprofessionals alike is how can lighting contribute much more effectively tothis. It is against this background that Philips Lighting has initiated a majorresearch study into the future of traffic lighting systems providingdedicated traffic guidance and information for road users.

Traffic lighting scenarios Philips Lighting initiated the study byinterviewing leading experts in outdoor lightingdesign. A number of traffic lighting scenarioshave been explored in which new developmentsin traffic lighting systems might have anessential new role to play. These scenarios arebriefly examined here.


A recent research study backed up by a pilot project indicatesthat new developments in dynamic traffic-guidance-lighting

systems may help to improve traffic management

Dynamic roads to the futureLuc van der Poel

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Road guidanceA number of dedicated road traffic guidance systems are currently beingtested. One installation comprising small light points accentuating theroad layout may provide a promising solution. The light points can beplaced either on the safety barrier or in the road surface beyond the reachof the car headlights to show the motorist the run of the road far ahead.Either configuration will allow the motorist to reduce speed in time to takethe bends safely. It is even possible to install a hybrid installation(guidance and road lighting combined) that will permit flexible switchingbetween systems during or after rush hours or when weather conditionschange.

Roundabout guidanceMore and more roundabouts are being constructed throughout the worldto replace crossroads, especially in rural areas, in order to increase safety.The traffic flow at these roundabouts can be increased by providing goodvisual guidance, and this is where good lighting, either static or dynamic,can play an important role.

Flexible lane marking Ways are being explored of how to increase the vehicle capacity of ourroad network. This does not involve building more roads, but simply relieson increasing or decreasing the number of lanes available on existing roadsat specified times. For example, during periods of heavy, slow traffic, thenumber of lanes is increased. Similarly, where there is less traffic travellingat higher speeds, the number of lanes is reduced. The aim at all times, ofcourse, is to ensure the safety of the road users. The number of lanes can be increased in two ways. The first involvesreducing the width of the existing traffic lanes, while the second approachis to make use of the hard shoulder or breakdown lane (see below the pilotproject: Flexible lane marking on A15 motorway).

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1 Road guidance.Guidance light points:a) left and right b) right c) centre d) as seen through thecar windscreen

2 Flexible lane marking.a) normal situation b) threenarrow lanes c) hard shoulderas third lane


Dynamic roads to the future - pilot projectsFlexible lane marking on A15 motorway The concept involves a dynamic arrangement of traffic lanes on a sectionof the busy A15 motorway in The Netherlands, increasing the number oflanes during periods of heavy (low speed) traffic and reducing thenumber of lanes when the (high speed) traffic is lighter. The lane marking is achieved by employing rows of bright, closely spacedfibre optics light points instead of the normal painted lines. These appearto the motorist as a bright, continuous white line. The problem of how toensure that the light points remain clearly visible during the day, whenbright sunlight is reflected from the road surface, has been solved bydirecting the light beams straight into the eyes of the road user. When thelight generators feeding the fibres are switched off, the terminationsthemselves make no colour contrast with the road surface, so they are nolonger visible. The complete system is dimmable to create a suitabledegree of contrast in both day and night-time situations.The pilot project, which covered a 1100m long one-way stretch of the A15motorway, was installed in June 1999. It was designed to test functional,behaviour-related issues during a period of six months. Along the test section, the normal lane marking between the right handlane and the emergency lane was replaced by a row of light pointsembedded in the road surface. In addition, an extra row of light pointswas installed to mark the right hand side of the emergency laneimmediately adjacent to the crash barrier. The lights embedded in the road surface use various switching modes.This enables the number and status of the lanes to be altered according tothe traffic density. At peak times an additional lane is created by bringingthe emergency lane into use. This is realised by switching the lights at theright hand side of the carriageway to a different mode, so that they areonly partially lit. This forms a broken line as opposed to the continuousline used at off-peak times. Furthermore at peak times, the row of lightsadjacent to the crash barrier are fully switched on, to indicate the extremeright hand side of the road.

After a test period of six months, the project was closed and the differentgroups involved with the study came up with their findings. These can besummarised as follows:- Traffic jams were reduced to almost 60%, so considerably increasing

Free or flexible lane marking for public transport (bus-tram-taxi)Light can be employed to speed up the flow of public transport incongested city centres. A permanent or dynamic set of lights can be used toindicate a special public transport lane, which is ‘out of bounds’ to otherroad users.

Tram/bus arrival signallingIn many pedestrian streets, potentially dangerous traffic situations canarise at the unexpected arrival of a tram or bus. One solution would be toemploy special signalling lights built into the road surface along the tramor bus route. These could be switched on automatically when a publicservice vehicle is approaching.

Pedestrian crossing signallingPedestrian crossings need to be well lighted if accidents are to be avoided.One solution would be to draw the attention of oncoming motorists to thecrossing when it is actually in use. This could easily be achieved byinstalling a presence-detection system to activate the lighting.

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Author: Luc van der Poel is manager of the Traffic Lighting Systems group, PhilipsLighting The Netherlands


the road capacity. - Road users experienced no problems with the new situation. The

system is immediately recognised as a replacement for the conventionalpainted lines.

- Due to the high light output, better visibility conditions can be realisedin both day and night-time situations. The light lines are more easilyvisible than the conventional painted lines, especially during rain, fogand low-lying sun.

The pilot project was pronounced highly successful by all those whoparticipated in it, and the expectation is that it will prove promising whenplanning the future steps to be taken in traffic management. An increase inroad capacity of between 30 and 50 per cent is expected to be possible bydynamically switching to three lanes at moments of extremely high trafficdensity.Principal: Dutch Ministry of Transport and Public Works (RWS) Region ZuidHollandLighting design and realisation: Philips Traffic Lighting Systems in close co-operation with Heijmans Infrastructuur en Milieu, Rosmalen

Road guidance test on TerbregsepleinA road-traffic guidance system is currently successfully being tested onTerbregseplein, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The aim is to reduce thenumber of accidents that frequently occur here due to high driving speeds.

The installation comprises small fibre-optics light points accentuating theroad layout. These are placed in a plastic belt along the crash barrier toshow the motorist the run of the road a long distance ahead. A red colour ischosen for the fibre points, which are seen as active reflectors. Normallyreflectors used in this kind of situation are red on the right hand side of theroad and white on the left hand side. ■Principal: Dutch Ministry of Transport and Public Works (RWS) Region ZuidHollandLighting design and realisation: Philips Traffic Lighting Systems in close co-operation with CityTech, The Haque

3 Lane marking for publictransport.a) normal situation b)temporary marking for bus lane

4 Tram/bus arrival signalling.Special lights built into the roadsurface signal the approach of apublic service vehicle.

5 Pedestrian crossingsignalling.A presence-detection systemactivates the lighting.

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6, 7 Flexible lane marking onthe A15 motorway in TheNetherlands.

8 Road traffic guidance systemon Terbregseplein, Rotterdam,The Netherlands. Small fibre-optics light points (red) alongthe crash barrier accentuate theroad layout.

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New concepts

ith telemanagement it is becoming possible to switch anylight point anywhere in the city or in the area on and off froma central PC, execute an individual dimming profile, instantly

receive failure messages, and to automatically update a database of alllight points in the installed base.

General architecture and principle of operation The system (fig 1) consists of, apart from a PC, a segment controller perarea to be monitored, and a luminaire controller per light point. The mainstructure of a telemanagement system is defined by the installations to bemanaged, and their geographical positions (fig 2). The architecture musttherefore enable the identification of the various zones or installationsconcerned. A communication network, superimposed on the physicalsupply network, takes care of the transmission of information. The main tele-management architecture will then consist of: • Luminaire controllers, built into the individual luminaires or into the


New technologies in the area of electronics and telecommunication create surprising newpossibilities for the management of public lighting. With telemanagement it is possible, even

using the existing installed base of luminaires and lamps, to enforce breakthroughs in the servicelevel to the public, rationalisation of maintenance, energy consumption, cost of ownership, and

environmental care.

Telemanagement inpublic lighting

Philippe Gandon Leger and Cor Verbakel

W bases of the individual poles (the Luminaire controllers of a group ofluminaires can be replaced by a single ‘group controller’, noinformation per individual luminaire is then available)

• Segment controllers (fig 3), (per geographical zone) built into a switchcabinet

• Communication protocol, to allow for communication between thedifferent elements (‘talking to each other’)

• Software to automatically control the lighting also based on the inputfrom different systems (traffic flow measurement, road weathermeasurement, time etc.), and to provide management information (Theprogram can always be manually overruled, e.g. in case of accidents orfestivities)

• A PC, to carry out the configuration, gather management information,and perform management activities.

The Luminaire controllers communicate with a dedicated Segment controller.

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1 System architecture of atelemanagement system.

2 System architecturesuperimposed on differentgeographical areas of a publiclighting network.

3 System architecture of asection covered by a singlesegment controller.

4,5 Examples of PC screens ofa telemanagement system usedto control and maintain thepublic lighting in a district of acity. 4: Three different sectionsusing three segment controllerswith corresponding luminairecontrollers. 5: One section withluminaire controllerssuperimposed on a map of thecity with two pop-up screens,one for setting dimming levelsand one to provide an alarm inthe event of malfunctioning.

Configurations &management

Communication

System input

Applications


The Segment controller can be linked to the PC in various ways: bystandard or mobile telephone line, by power line transmission, by fibreoptic connection, by radio frequency, or by a combination of these. Allluminaire controllers and segment controllers can be addressedindividually.

The Luminaire controller integrates a certain number of functions - it stores the intrinsic parameters of lamp, gear, luminaire combination

(state of the lamp, dimming percentages, etc) - it carries out the commands received, such as switch on, switch off, and

dim to a certain value - it reports events such as the state of the lamps (lit, extinguished,

dimmed, degraded, etc.) and, of course, deficiencies of the equipment(e.g. lamp, electrical connections, mains supply)

- it can, in certain cases, integrate additional functions such as light-output stabilisation, timing, settings.

The Segment controller manages the Luminaire controllers that are allocatedto it- it transmits commands - it identifies local abnormal operations - it controls the maintenance of the communication in terms of continuity

or quality - it can integrate more global functions such as pre-set lighting schemes

or scenarios - it has a limited control function for calamity situations.

Two approaches for implementationFrom an application point of view we can distinguish two different cases.In the first place the case of a relatively straightforward, basic publiclighting installed base, which can be equipped with telemanagement. Herethe functionality is on/off and dimming, and failure reporting such aslamp failure, gear failure, mains failure or communication failure. In thiscase the segment controllers can be mounted in the switch cabinets, andluminaire controllers preferably in the pole. The existing gear remains tobe used, only the connections to the existing gear need to be made. Sincecommunication to the luminaire controllers goes through the mains cables,the streets do not need to be opened and no additional wiring is needed,apart from e.g. a telephone connection to a switch cabinet. In most cases atelephone cable is available already.

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Of course the installation of this add-on equipment can be carried outstepwise, according to the available budgets. Next to equipping existingluminaires, also new luminaires with conventional gear can be connected.This is all possible using a new Philips 3P communication protocol. At alater stage this technology will be extended to electronic gear as well.

The second case concerns more advanced installations where the lightingparameters are governed by external parameters such as traffic density orweather condition information. Another example is the execution ofdynamic illumination programs (see Service and management benefits).Here more sophisticated communication and control equipment isrequired. This is done using the internationally accepted LonTalkcommunication protocol. At first instance this will be available incombination with electronic gear, using 1-10 V control for the dimmingfunction. At a later stage the gear interface will be DALI (DigitalAddressable Light Interface). This system will be suited for use with SON,PL and CDM lamps. CDM lamps, however, are currently not dimmabledue to life time and colour stability uncertainties.

Service and management benefitsA recent investigation has shown that end users wish, primarily, for abetter service to the public. The failure reporting function in thetelemanagement system allows for a daily or even more frequent analysisof the kind and location of failures(figs 4, 5). This makes it possible tojudge urgency of failures, necessitating either immediate intervention, orallowing to wait and organising a combined intervention at lower cost.Traditional expensive and time consuming methods of scouting and visitsare thus not longer required. Subsequently, with help of a database, thefrequencies and origins of certain types of failures can be analysed andwell targeted preventive measures can be taken. Also, based on such data,the time interval between group lamp replacements can be optimised andthe actual life performance of various types of lamps can be determined.

It is interesting that telemanagement can also be used for CityBeautification illumination projects, where on/off- and dimmingprogrammes can be used to create a variety of illumination scenarioswhich can be applied at various occasions or at different times of the night.

Energy saving possibilities Since the energy crises of the 70s, energy consumption has been a major


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issue. Several rationalisation drives have already taken place, byapplication of better optics, more efficient lamp types and through newindividual dimming options like the Philips dimming switch andChronosense. Telemanagement offers the opportunity to furtherrationalise on energy consumption, without any negative effects on serviceto the public, safety or comfort.

Lighting level requirements often depend on external parameters such astraffic volume, ambient brightness and weather conditions. Some of thesefactors can vary at different periods of the night or through the seasons. Asa consequence, maintaining the same lighting level throughout the night isnot the optimum lighting solution. The road users do not need same levelof light when there is virtually no traffic. The same applies for the touristand resident: late at night the aesthetic lighting of buildings andmonuments in a city is not needed or even wanted.Demand-dependent controlling of lighting and lighting level is easily done

with telemanagement thus avoiding a waste of energy. (figs 6 - 8)

Lamps are available in a limited range of wattages. It would be a sheercoincidence if on a certain mast position a lumen package would berequired, which corresponds exactly with that of, say, a 100 W SON-Tlamp. If a higher wattage is required, the lighting designer will be obligedto choose for the next higher wattage available, which of course leads tounavoidable “overlighting”. It is estimated that in this way an average 15 % excess power is applied. With telemanagement this overlightingeffect can be corrected by individually adjusting a 150 W lamp to a virtual127 W lamp (fig 9). And there is yet another interesting way to save energy. In planning a newlighting installation a maintenance factor is taken into account, whichaccounts for the reduction of the flux of the lamp during its life. Therefore,depending on the lamp type, a new installation or an existing installationright after relamping may produce up to 20 % excess of light. This isanother source of overlighting. With telemanagment it is possible, basedupon the actualised database to correct for this gradual reduction of lightflux during the lamp life. This is called the CLOU function (Constant LightOutput) and may save up to 10 % of the total energy consumption, againwithout any negative effect on the service, safety or comfort for the public(fig 10). Next to the evident economical advantages, these options mentionedabove will also contribute to the reduction of light pollution, consumptionof scarce fossil fuels, and reduce emission of greenhouse gases.

Economical considerationsThe pay-back period of the initial investment in telemanagement will haveto be analysed case by case. It depends of a large number of factors, forexample the lamp power used in the installed base, the required dimmingperiod, the required reduction in light flux, the price per kilowatt hourduring the night, the potential reduction of early lamp failures as aconsequence of voltage peaks, the feasible cost reduction in lampreplacement schemes and the effective prolongation of the group replaceperiod. Furthermore, the pay-back period strongly depends on the currentpractices in managing the installed base. As an example, the nightlyscouting can be made superfluous, and the power consumption can bemonitored on individual light point basis. Abnormal power consumptionas a consequence of defects or abuse, can be detected on distance.Maintenance works can be checked. Alongside all these economical

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Mr Hautala is head of the Outdoor Lighting Division of Sito-Group, Finnish ConsultingEngineers Ltd and Director of Division 4 of the International Lighting Commission (CIE)‘Lighting and signalling for transport’. He has 24 years service with the Finnish NationalRoad Administration as a highway/road engineer with specialisation in lighting.

What is your current connection with tele-management?We are doing an extensive test on a 3-km stretch of a single-carriageway highway, 80 kmnorth-west of Helsinki. In the summer of 2000 we installed a new lighting installationutilising the existing columns. A tele-management system allows us to switch to any oneof 10 lighting levels, for example depending on traffic volume. The system is connectedwith a road-weather measurement system, a traffic-monitoring system and a system thatmonitors the actual luminance of the road surface. This allows the lighting level of eachstep to be automatically kept constant, whatever the prevailing conditions happen to be.

What is the purpose of this study?We are trying to develop an optimal control model of road lighting based on predictedshort-term socio-economic impacts.This will, in response to changing operatingconditions, take into account the balance between the various costs associated with roadtraffic: accident costs, environmental costs, vehicle costs (fuel), time costs and roadlighting costs. We are convinced that tele-management systems will provide the much-needed flexibility in road lighting.

How is flexibility important?Well, as mentioned already, because the lighting level is dependent on traffic volume. Butalso for providing extra lighting when and where school children cross the road inwintertime during dark hours. And then there is the ability to automatically correct the roadlighting to allow for darker road surfaces immediately after resurfacing. Also, being able toautomatically increase the light output in order to correct for dirt accumulation on lampsand luminaires and for lamp-lumen depreciation, will bring big savings on energy costsbecause higher initial levels are simply no longer needed.

From an administrative point of view, what do you think is the most important benefitto be obtained from tele-management systems?Undoubtedly, the remote monitoring of the state of an installation for maintenancepurposes. Maintenance costs will decrease considerably, simply because expensivescouting of installations is no longer needed.

Where do you think that tele-management will bring us?First of all, looking to the total costs connected with road traffic, it will bring considerablesavings. Ultimately, it will allow authorities to put the complete responsibility for good andefficient road-lighting firmly in the hands of one single body. Such a complete service willthen include planning, installation and the complete maintenance of the road lightingproject, as well as the supply of electricity.

Telemanagement – A study in progressInterview with Pentti Hautala

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6-8 Illustration of demand-dependent lighting control witha telemanagent system. 6 Hightraffic volume with full lighting,7 Low traffic volume on righthand side carriageway withdimmed lighting, 8 Lamp failurecan be indicated on screen.

9 Correction of overlighting withtelemanagement by virtuallyadjusting the lamp poweractually required.

considerations, it is to be expected that the quality and ecological aspectsas mentioned before will also play an important role in the introduction oftelemanagement in our public lighting.Telemanagement technologies offer the biggest opportunity to becomemore efficient and cost effective in the maintenance of street lighting stock.It certainly will bring substantial improvements in the way we operatetoday. ■

Authors: Philippe Gandon Leger, Application manager Controls and Cor Verbakel,Project leader Lighting Controls, working both in the outdoor segment of PhilipsLighting.

10 Correction of overlighting byapplying the Constant LightOutput function (CLOU) withtelemanagement.

Design

he world has changed a lot inrecent years. This is particularlynoticeable on the road. Compare

motoring today with the situation twenty years ago:not only are there far more cars, they are also travelling

much faster. Product manager Juergen Leffers: ‘This is having abig impact on road lighting and luminaire design. It was clear toPhilips that the existing road-lighting concepts did not fully meetthe demands of the future, and that the next generation of road-lighting luminaires would have to meet ever-more-stringentperformance requirements. For example, luminaires will have tobe even more environmentally friendly, and this includes lowerenergy requirements, increased efficiency, easy and flexibleinstallation, minimal maintenance, the avoidance of lightpollution, and the need to be easily recyclable. There must alsobe a higher level of design perception for the total light point,both by day (visual appearance of luminaire, pole and bracket)and by night (light colour). And last but not least, the technicallayout of the product must lend itself to the needs of trafficmanagement, which means the ability to monitor the status ofboth the lamp and the luminaire.’

With a view to arriving at an overall luminaire concept thatwould represent a balance of all these lighting aspects, aspecial development team from Philips initiated an intensivemarket research programme. Juergen: ‘Key players inEuropean public lighting were interviewed, includingmunicipalities, local authorities, power companies,governmental road authorities, installers and others. As a firststep, trends and needs were identified. Then, during a secondround of interviews, a new design concept was introduced.Lastly, in a final round, a working prototype was presentedas an ultimate “test”.’

Iridium – a balanced approach to design And so, based on the outcome of this study and a thoroughevaluation of the prototype, the design of the new Iridiumroad-lighting luminaire was finalised. The result is a well-balanced design that fully addresses the various needs of allthose involved in road lighting. In the words of designers

Iridium - designed to lastJuergen Leffers, Joël Thomé, Taeke Halma and Dido van Klinken

T Dido van Klinken and Taeke Halma of Philips Design:‘This meant payingas much attention to the interior of the luminaire as to its overall aestheticappearance. The ‘‘smart and ergonomic’’ interior therefore embraces anumber of optical, electrical, and mechanical design features aimed atmaking the unit versatile in application, easy to install, reliable inoperation, simple to maintain, and friendly to all aspects of theenvironment. At the same time, the aerodynamic product profile reducesthe wind load and accentuates the ‘‘dynamic’’ impact of the productdesign.’

A complete product rangeIridium is in fact a family of modular road-lighting luminaires, and comesin three sizes according to the needs of the application. For high mountingheights on major roads, motorways, cross-roads and roundabouts there isthe SGS 254. This is the largest version of the luminaire, which can housethe SON-T 400 W. Quite a few new installations employ this model, whichmakes possible very economical pole spacings. Then, for use on both majorand minor roads, there is the medium-sized SGS 253 version. This can takelamps up to SON-T 150 W, and satisfies the need for a good opticalperformance on new and existing installations, especially where whitelight is becoming important. Finally, for lower mounting heights inresidential areas and for minor roads, there is the small SGS252 version forlamps up to SON-T 70 W.

A timeless product designWhat the designers were looking for was a product with an innovativeappearance that would still fit a rather traditional market. Dido: ‘After all,the product would have a very long life cycle, and we wanted to avoidcreating a fashionable product that would be judged obsolete within fiveyears. What we were striving for was a timeless design. ‘Previous road-lighting luminaires had a very boxy and technicalappearance. What you now see is a pure monoshape, which is in line withthe design of other Philips road-lighting luminaires such as Malaga andResidium.’

The Iridium range combines three volumes with one coherent identity. Theproduct range is identified by an elegantly-shaped design, with a cleanhandling of the detailing. The perception of the product volume ensuresthat the luminaire is in proportion to the pole height. Dido: ‘The characterof the product is such that you can employ it anywhere: it is neither

An innovative road-lightingluminaire that combines apleasing appearance withexcellent performance and

maintenance-friendlyoperation

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shocking in a classical environment, nor boringly traditional against amore modern architectural background. Furthermore, you now havevisual consistency through a range of applications from residential streetto ring-road to motorway.’

Optical featuresThe optical system offers a choice of two reflectors, three transparentcovers, and two louvres. The highly successful T-POT reflector is for use with SON-T and meets thewet-road conditions, which is essential in Scandinavian countries, whilethe new CT-POT reflector has been developed in response to the risingdemand for white light with CDM Mastercolour. Juergen: ‘These reflectorscan be mounted in seven different positions relative to the lamp so that thelight is directed to precisely where it is needed on the road. And thesesettings cannot be disturbed by accident while carrying out maintenance.’The first of the three different transparent covers is a vandal-resistantpolycarbonate bowl. This gives the best spacings and best visual guidance.Alternatively, there is a shallow glass bowl that offers a balance betweenvisual guidance and minimum light pollution, and a flat glass which givesa sharp cut-off to avoid light pollution and glare. The simple-to-install front and back louvres help to eliminate spill lightwhen a pole is placed in front of houses.

MaintenanceProject manager Joël Thomé: ‘Maintenance is always from above to ensurean ergonomically sound posture for the engineer. Furthermore, alloperations can be performed without the use of tools.’ There are two basic construction concepts, open optics (opti-O) and closedoptics (opti-C). In the former, the reflector is attached to the canopy, so thatwhen the luminaire is opened by swinging the canopy upwards, the lampis revealed. With the closed optical system, on the other hand, the reflectorforms one unit with the bowl in a sealed compartment. While the formerfacilitates maintenance through its ease of accessibility, the latterminimises maintenance due to its double IP 66 protection (optics andluminaire). Joël: ‘The double IP 66 protected opti-C construction offers maximumassurance that no dust and water will penetrate and reduce the lighttransmission of the bowl throughout its life. In combination with a glassbowl, this is even better: glass does not attract dust and does not yellow.This gives a highly efficient luminaire throughout its life.’A high protection IP66 has been chosen for the whole luminaire includinggear tray in order to make the luminaire ‘future-proof.’ In the years ahead,electrical components will become increasingly more important inconnection with the need for telemanagement. But such components arevery sensitive to humidity, and good protection is essential.

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1, 2 Iridium’s aerodynamicprofile reduces the wind loadand accentuates the ‘dynamic’impact of the product design.

3, 4 Iridium offers a choice ofthree different transparentcovers: flat glass bowl withsharp cut-off giving no lightpollution and acceptableguidance; shallow glass bowlwith soft cut-off giving a

balance between visualguidance and minimum lightpollution; and a vandal-resistantpolycarbonate bowl giving thebest spacings and best visualguidance.

5 The reflector can be mountedin different positions relative tothe lamp so that the light isdirected to precisely where it isneeded on the road, regardless

of where the pole is positioned.And a simple-to-install louvrekeeps the light out of adjacentwindows.

42 ilr 003 roads/design

InstallationInstallation is very straightforward. The mounting spigot is integrated inthe luminaire, so no extra ordering or installation is needed. This so-calledflexi-fit system offers the most efficient means of post-top or side-entrymounting, a built-in two-position cap serving to hide the unused entryposition. Joël: ‘There is no product on the market that is so easy to install asIridium.’

Environmental considerationsIridium makes a significant contribution on a number of importantenvironmental issues.

Energy saving In situations where traffic is light, dimming of lamps willhelp to save energy. Either of two systems (an additional dim-ballastcontrolled by a pilot cable, or a Chronosense stand-alone system) dim thelighting level down to around 50 per cent to provide an energy saving of upto around 40 per cent. Uniformity is maintained, which is important foridentifying obstacles on the road, while the good optical system thatpermits large spacings makes possible an enormous reduction in theinstalled watts per km.

Light pollution Light should fall where it is needed, viz. on the road, andlight nuisance must be at a minimum. Iridium’s shallow and flat glass

bowls provide the answer by keeping the upward emission of light to theabsolute minimum.

Recycling All parts of Iridium can be disassembled and recycled at the endof life. An internationally-accepted coding system indicates the type ofmaterial used for the various injection moulded plastic parts.

Protection Iridium has an additional protection on its glass-fibre-reinforced-polyester canopy. Such canopies sometimes encounter theproblem that glass fibres become exposed when the elements have actedupon the material and degraded the surface. IMC is a reactive fluid thatwhen applied to a surface, bonds to it and provides a paint-like acryliccoating. This protects the canopy over a period of 15 years.

The futureRoad lighting will continue to play an important role in helping tomaintain road safety and driving comfort. And it is with products such asIridium customer needs will be satisfied for years to come. Indeed, thesuccess of the Iridium concept was assured even at the European launchcampaign, during which many customers indicated that they will useIridium as the standard for public lighting in their city. ■

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The multi-disciplinary Iridium development teamwho developed the product and brought it to themarket consisted, amongst others, of:Project management: J Thomé - Product management:

J Leffers - Development: G J de Vries, C Goindet, DSvongchan, F Perrin, S Bassi, T Beaufour, P FalcozProduction: C Giraud, F Conchin - Optics: D Fournier- Laboratory: P Vinau - Design: T Halma, D v KlinkenLiDAC: G. Giesbers - Purchasing: P Collange

Iridium – Lighting the road aheadFeeder road to A4 Highway in Weimar, Germany (left)The original luminaires installed in 1991 have been replaced byIridium SGS 253 units. These incorporate the T-POT reflector Opti-Oin combination with the SON/T PIA 150 W lamp. Mounting height is 8 m, outreach 1.5 m, and pole spacing 35 m. This has resulted in a20 per cent increase in luminance level, better uniformity, and areduced amount of glare. Also much appreciated by the client is theeasier maintenance and the increased maintenance period of fouryears.

Approach road A5 to Towcester, UK (right)This section of the Watling Street (an old roman road) was previouslylighted by SOX. This installation has been upgraded using IridiumSGS 253 glass-bowl luminaires - incorporating the T-POT reflectorOpti-O fitted with SON-T PLUS 150 W lamps - in a staggeredinstallation to bring it up to the British Standard 5489 part 2 cat 2.Maintained average luminance level is 1.06 cd/m2. Mounting heightis 10 m, with 5 degrees of tilt and zero overhang. Spacing is 40 m.The fact that the Iridum has a quick release on the lamp and that thecomplete lantern is protected to IP66 will enable any maintenance tobe carried out very quickly. If light pollution could cause a problem,the louvres that are available for the fitting will be quickly installed toovercome this.

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6 Maintenance is always fromabove.

7 Integrated spigot for easyinstallation on the pole.

8,9 Lamp exchange, gear-trayexchange and bowl exchangefor opti-O and opti-C,respectively.

10 The well-organized interiorof Iridium, with the manypossibilities offered.

Integrated front clip for easy, top-opening canopy

Lamp choice:SON-E/T 50-150 W

HPL 50-125 WCDM-TT 70-150 W

PL-T 32- 42 WQL 55- 85 W

Philips Optical Technology (POT),giving choice of:T-POT: Opti-O (open)CT-POT: Opti-O and Opti-C (closed).

Clip for tool-less bowl exchange

Blue handle: for easy lamp positioning or replacement

Clasp for easy gear access

ilr 003 43


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xtensive expansion of the BordeauxRocade, or ring road, included theconstruction of two extra lanes, an

additional central reservation, and noiseabatement screens. With these modificationsthere was a distinct shift in the character of theroad. The Rocade was transformed from atraditional highway into a motorway. Thereforeit was important that the architecturalrenovation should project a positive image ofBordeaux, reflecting its position as a progressive,modern industrial city.


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The Lighting

The Direction Départementale de l’Equipement(Regional Construction and PlanningDepartment) brought together a team ofarchitects and lighting designers to realise anambitious plan to improve the Rocade. Theoverall philosophy of the lighting design wasthat the distinctive V-shaped apex of the 15m-high lighting masts, which are spaced 52 metresapart, should indicate to drivers when they areapproaching a slip road. Along the stretches ofuninterrupted carriageway, the normal V-shapeis maintained, but approaching a junction thisgradually opens out to assume a much wider,almost horizontal position. This wider V ismaintained until after the junction is passed,after which it returns to its former shape. Thewhole process is repeated in waves along theRocade.Besides serving as a warning, this change inshape of the lighting masts has the additionaleffect of lowering the light source and therebyincreasing the lighting level on the road at points

where it is most needed. The luminaires used are those of the Modulaseries, with a T-POT optical system. Glare isminimised by the luminaire’s flat front glass andits sharp beam cut-off. The T-POT opticproduces a wide beam angle, and thereforefewer masts are needed to light the roadeffectively. A high IP rating (IP66) enables theluminaire to withstand harsh weather and thedusty conditions of a busy highway. Theluminaires have been painted in metallic-grey sothat they blend in with the iron mast. A specialistcompany made the brackets from compositematerials. In the near future the lighting installation will beextended to cover the full 12 kilometres of thering road. Used by many of Bordeaux’s 700 000inhabitants, but also by thousands of businesstravellers and tourists, the Rocade provides amemorable first contact with the city. ■

Rocade of Bordeaux The Bordeaux ring road, France

Visual aspects of the Bordeaux ring road areenhanced to distinguish it from a classichighway, creating a lasting and positiveimpression

An aesthetic luminaire in aflexible V-shaped mast indicates todrivers when they are approachinga slip-road

1 The Bordeaux Rocade, orring road…junction ahead.This change in shape of thelighting masts also serves toincrease the lighting level, of 38lux, as the junction isapproached.

2 Installation in progress.

3, 4 The two extremes of mastconfiguration.

Christophe Dorian

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Commissioner: Direction Départementale del’Equipement, BordeauxLighting design: Louis Clair, Light Cibles, ParisMast design: Jean de Giacinto , architect, BordeauxModula luminaires: Mazda, France

Courtesy: Direction Départementale de l’Equipement;text is used from their magazine Carré BleuAuthor: Christophe Dorian has been working at PhilipsLighting Luminaires, Miribel, France

he official opening of the Øresund linkon 1 July 2000 marked two historicoccasions: the completion of one of

Scandinavia's largest infrastructure projects ever,and the direct linking of two Europeancountries. The coastal cities of Copenhagen andMalmö are now closely connected by a 16 kmroad and rail link. Almost half of the total link ismade up of a cable-stayed elevated bridgecarrying the motorway on the upper level andthe rail track on the lower level. As regionalsuburban traffic is managed on the ØresundBridge, it was decided that the road should bedesigned as an illuminated motorway section.


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Coast to Coast ConnectionØresund Bridge, Denmark - Sweden

The first bridge across the Øresund and thelargest of its kind will become the primarymeans of transportation, communication anddevelopment between Denmark and Sweden

Much more than a triumph of engineering, theØresund Bridge is a work of art that cried out to belighted. In addition, effective road lighting has beenemployed to provide safety and comfort for drivers

1 In low cloud, the pylonsbecome shrouded in mist. Thiscreates a spectacular effect asthe white light is scatteredthrough the vapour giving thebridge an almost etherealquality.

2 The bridge is a cable-stayedstructure with the cablesarranged in the classical harppattern.

Morten Reimann

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3 This particular road surface islighted to a medium level ofluminance of greater than 1.0cd/m2, with an overall uniformityof 0.40 and a longitudinaluniformity of 0.30.

4 This permanent road and railconnection stretches for 16 kmand consists of a tunnel, anartificial island and an 8 kmelevated bridge.

5 Traffic crossing the link isconveyed on two levels, theupper deck is a four-lanemotorway, the lower levelcarries a railway line.

The Lighting

The motorway lighting is designed inaccordance with the Danish road-lightingregulations, which assign classifications to allroads to determine how each road type shouldbe illuminated. The carriageway passing over the bridge islighted using 100 W SON-T Plus lamps incombination with specially designed reflectors,which concentrate and direct the light on to theroad. The luminaires, designed andmanufactured in Copenhagen, are mounted on12-m-high masts in a typical twin-centralarrangement, with the masts spaced 40 metresapart along the length of the bridge. Theparticular road-lighting scheme employed inthis case ensures that even under wet-weatherconditions, the overall uniformity on the wetroads never falls below 0.15.The architectural centre-piece of the bridge is thepair of 204-m-high support pylons, whichchallenged lighting designers to use light toaccentuate their aesthetic form. At night they are

Artificial Perinsula

ImmersedTunnel

Saltholm

Artifical Island

Salthom

Bridge

Lernacker

SwedenDenmark

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dramatically illuminated in the neutral-whitelight from 48 ArenaVision floodlights housing acombination of 1000 W and 1800 W metal halidelamps, colour temperature 4200 K. In addition,80 Decoflood units have also been employed.This lighting, installed at road level to facilitatemaintenance and minimise disturbance to theroad and air traffic, is aimed upward anddownward to achieve a uniform illumination ofthe pylons. After only a few months, there are distinctindications that the Øresund connection willprovide an economic boost for the whole region,home to 3.5 million people. ■

Commissioner: ØresundkonsortietConsulting Engineers: ASO Group, Øresund LinkConsultantsLighting design and engineering: Hansen &Henneberg asLighting equipment: Philips Lighting DenmarkAuthors: Morten Reimann and Gert Poulsen fromPhilips Lighting Denmark have contributed to theengineering and co-ordination of this project

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ince the World Exposition in Brussels in1958 ILR has regularly reported onsubsequent Expos: New York in 1964/5,

Montreal in 1967 Osaka in 1970 and Vancouverin 1986 (ILR issues 58/ 3 and 4; 64/4; 67/3; 70/2and 3; 86/4). The theme of the latest world exhibition, the firstin the new millennium, EXPO 2000 in HannoverGermany, was ‘Humankind - nature -technology: a new world arising’. The ideabehind it was ‘to emphasise humanity's vastpotential for shaping its own future in keepingwith the principle of sustainable developmentand for achieving a change of consciousness thatwill bring about a harmony between humanity,nature and technology’.EXPO 2000 attracted almost one and a halfmillion visitors during the five months it wasopen – 1 June to 31 October – making good useof the world's largest trade fair grounds.Consequently, it is impossible to describe itcompletely here. In this article we have chosen toshow some examples to demonstrate how thewide variety of lighting was used to help shape


S the night-time environment of EXPO 2000.

A test laboratory of the environmentEXPO 2000 may be seen as a test laboratory ofthe environment for the future. Aspects such asarchitecture, planning of public space, protectionof the environment, and all possible functionsand feelings are part of this. Since lighting playsan important role in all these aspects, it isinteresting to see what different types of lightingwere used in Hannover to comply with theseaims. A team of experts embracing differentdisciplines, including architects, engineers,lighting specialists, PR staff, economists and sociologists worked together, either for athematic presentation or for a countrypresentation. There was a high degree offreedom of expression in what we call fivedimensions:1. constructions, including public spaces, parks

and urban furniture2. variability of processes following the daily life

and schedule of EXPO from 09.00 to 24.00 hrs

3. rhythms of visitors (speed and intervals ofevents, pauses, places and occasions to beactive or to do nothing, or to rest or to relax orto eat or to drink)

4. moods: smells, music, singing, hearing,touching, appreciating and seeing

5. message: last but not least, to bring over theessential message of the theme or the country.

Different approaches to the lightingThe way the lighting was approached in EXPO2000 shows many different variants and isextensive and interesting.On the one hand we saw beautification ofexisting exhibition halls (of the annual HannoverTrade Fair, following fairs will be held in thesebuildings immediately after closing of EXPO2000). In these two to three storey buildings theexhibitions of a variety of different, oftensmaller, countries, with relatively small budgets,were displayed or thematic areas constructed.Typical examples included ‘the future of work’,‘health futures’ and ‘mobility’ (with itspanorama of mobility using translucent, bright

EXPO 2000 Lighting at the world exhibition in Hannover, Germany

Some examples to demonstrate how the wide varietyof lighting was used to help shape the night-timeenvironment of the exhibition

Philippe Joye

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The theme of this latest world exhibition, thefirst in the new millennium, was ‘Humankind –nature – technology: a new world arising’


futuristic models of humans). It was interesting to see the large differencesbetween the exterior decoration of these halls.Some had no decoration at all, while on theexterior walls of others a second temporary skinwas added, usually with some basic exteriorlighting. Other, often bigger, countries made useof the standard halls – Canada, for example,transformed the exterior view into spectacularsights.There were also specifically designed andconstructed pavilions, often planned withvisionary far-sightedness, offering exciting andunusual structures. Here the lighting sometimeswent far beyond beautification and becameessential in shaping the structure. In many casesthis was done in a dynamic way to give acontinuously-changing, three-dimensionalimage after dark.

A nice example in this respect was the pavilionof Mexico. It comprised five multi-storeybuildings, and was designed as different-sizedsteel and glass cubes showing a substantialdegree of transparency. The alternation betweenlight and dark colours and transparent andopaque surfaces brought an element of motionto the facades. During the night, the interplay ofdynamic, coloured light and the materialqualities of glass provided a pleasant, playfulimage, which changed with different points ofview. The artificial lighting gave to the maincube of the pavilion, with a huge cylinder in thebuilding, a look which was far more interestingat night than in the daytime.The pavilion of Venezuela, whose theme was ‘aflower from Venezuela for the world’ was initself dynamic. The roof of the glass buildingwas a huge artificial flower with ten-metre-long

petals that opened and closed, the whole processbeing highlighted by a really rather simple, buteffective, lighting installation. Largely thanks to the lighting, the Monacopavilion radiated an image of luxury, pleasureand relaxation. The building consisted of glass,aluminium and wood in an open design so thatlight ‘played’ through the building at night togive it its own almost Mediterranean setting. This almost festive lighting was in strongcontrast to the seemingly simple but veryeffective and impressive lighting of the twobuildings comprising the Norwegian pavilion. Arushing, 15-metre-high waterfall modelled on areal waterfall in a Norwegian fjord, whichformed the bright separation of the twobuildings, was lit with ‘honest, white, natural’artificial light.

1 The Expo roof has a goodchance of remaining the mostprominent feature of Expo2000.

2 Solar grasses in the Expo lakewhich is covered by the woodenExpo roof.

3 The Canadian pavilion makesuse of one of the HannoverTrade Fair Halls.

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Expo’s public lightingThe ‘normal’ public lighting of Expo 2000 was inmany places not of such impressive quality. Forexample, the walk-ways to and from the parkingareas were too dark to ensure both safety andsecurity. We could not perceive the ‘red thread’of the lighting plan in those zones. Intimacy oflight was especially missing along the existingbuildings of the Fair. The excellently lit walk-way style bridges linking two separate parts ofthe grounds were an exception. Thesuperstructures of slim steel poles varying inheight from 8 to 14 metres were transformed bybuilt-in lighting into a sea of luminous acrylic-glass cylinders that could be seen from afar.

What will be remembered?The final question to be answered for all of thedesigners of the different pavilions andexhibitions is ‘what memory stays with thevisitor?’ Is it related to economy or commerce? Isit ideological? Is it psychological? Is it consciousor subconscious?Only the future will reveal what peopleremember as being the most prominent featureof the World Exhibition 2000. There is a verygood chance that that will be the ‘Expo roof’. Itprotects an area of 16 000 square metres (aboutthe same size as five soccer fields!). It comprisesten huge wooden umbrellas, each over 20 metrestall and spanning an area of 40 x 40 metres. The

result is a demonstration of architectural skilland beauty. The interesting lattice framework ofwooden shells was strongly emphasised by animpressive but simple floodlighting system.Whether or not the Expo roof indeed becomesthe most prominent feature of this WorldExposition in Hannover may well depend onwhether or not the floodlighting remains afterthe final closing of EXPO 2000 at the end ofOctober 2000. The Expo 2000 lake that is covered by the Exporoof is provided with flexible, stainless-steel‘solar grasses’. The visible photovoltaic elementson top of the nine-metre-long stalks are theblossoms. The solar cells are charged during theday and radiate light during the night. First thetops of the grasses are bright, and then spotlightscome on to project bright, one-metre-diameterspots on the ground. These bright spots wanderover the ground in response to movementscaused by the wind.

Finally, our impression is that the next EXPOwill have to do much more towards fullyintegrating the ‘five dimensions’, which wementioned at the beginning of our description.For sure, dynamic lighting, now and then alsoshocking, will then become, even more than inHannover, integrated in the overall lightingconcept. The numerous huge video screens thatwe saw, totally out of scale, kind of inundated

the plazas, but brought also a new relationshipbetween video and people.On the other hand, all the subtle ingredients ofwhat makes a city live, apart from the quality ofit's buildings and spaces, will become moreimportant: humanity, humanism in its mostsophisticated significance, must again take thelead, so that the citizen will feel at ease,comfortable and peaceful. ■

Author: Philippe Joye, Dipl Arch ETH-Zürich, SIA,Atelier d’Architectes Philippe Joye & Associés SARL

4 The pavilion of Monacoradiates especially thanks to thelighting an image of luxury,pleasure and relaxation.

5 The Norwegian pavilion withits thundering waterfall addsnew dimensions of noise,movement and freshness to thevisual aspect. The waterfall is litwith ‘honest, white, natural’artificial light.

6 Visitors leaving the Expo inthe direction of the car parks,walk into a ‘black hole’.

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Argentina:Ariel Szajowicz, Buenos Aires,fax 015467668.Australia:Therese Tarlinton, Sydney,North Ryde, fax 0298054495.Austria:Thomas Jelemensky, Vienna,fax 0160101276 .Belgium:Gerd Sterckx, Brussels,fax 025257694.Brazil:Juliana Ficheli, Sao Paulo,fax 01151880662.Canada:Sandra weil, Toronto,fax 04167546265.Central America:Ricardo Chicas, San SalvadorFax 2941801.Chile:Valeria Sáez, Santiago,fax 027371711.China:Cindy Ding, Shanghai,fax 0255501822.Colombia:Edgardo Cayón, Bogota,fax 016236177.Czech Republic: Jacob Wittlich, Prague,fax 0233099326.Denmark:Hans Jorgen Jacobsen,Copenhagen, fax 032960131.Finland:Petri Pekola, Mäntsäla,fax 096883230.France:Pierre Launay,Ivry-sur-Seine, fax 0149876178.Germany: Harald Dekkers, Springe,fax 05041945183.Greece:Isabella Terzaki, Athens,fax 016845728.

Hong Kong: Pilva P. Kwan, Hong Kong,fax 02 28610568.Hungary:Laszlo Fabian, Budapest,fax 013821851.India:Meera Bankal, Calcutta,fax 0224964319.Indonesia:Sinta Marino, Jakarta,fax 0264 351666.Ireland:Eoin Cooke, Dublin,fax 017640283.Italy:Mariangela Speroni, Monza,fax 0392036125.Japan:Masako Manning, Tokyo,fax 0337405376.Korea:S.H. Cho, Seoul,fax 027091359.Malaysia:K.C. Wong, Kuala Lumpur,fax 037574368.Mexico:Jorge Avila, Mexicofax 05 7294844.New Zealand:Sarah Bastin, Auckland,fax 098497812.Netherlands:Anneke Summerfield, Eindhoven,fax 0402786795.Norway: Line Furulund, Oslo,fax 022748229.Peru:Fabián Ysla, Lima,fax 014449147.Pakistan:Ejaz Ahmed, KarachiFax 021 2568658Philippines: Robert Victoriano, Manila,fax 028166340.Poland:Magda Tarnowska, Pila,fax 067 3513104.

Portugal:Rui Santos, Lisbon,fax 014163222.Russia:Vitaly Stepanov, Moscow,fax 0959379357.Singapore: Teh Eng Chuan, Singapore,fax 02532343.Slovakia: Zuzana Marekova, Bratislava,fax 075424213.Spain: Lourdes Gil, Madrid,fax 0915669655.Sweden:Per-Aake Alm, Stockholm,fax 0859852616 Switzerland: Jolanda Hagnauer, Zürich,fax 014883249.Taiwan: Michelle Lin, Taipei,fax 0221342678.Thailand:Kitiya Vorasuntharosoth, Bangkok,fax 02 703 4183.Turkey: Didem Sen, Istanbul,fax 02122804501.United Kingdom: Andy Gowen, Croydon,fax 01816892752.Uruguay:Carlos Galante, Montevideo,fax 029023616.USA:Megan Carroll,fax 732 5633 525Venezuela:Alejandro SamourFax: 2 2378343

Other countries:ILR/ Franka Heesterbeek fax 31 40 275 78 00

Please complete this order-form and fax it to the appropriate Reader-Service person in your country.

❑ Reader-service❑ Please send me more information on the following lighting products

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The Reader-Service person in your countryShould no such person be listed for your country, please fax or post your order to:

fax ILR/ Franka Heesterbeek **31 40 275 78 00

post ILR/ Franka Heesterbeek P.O. Box 721, 5600 AS Eindhoven The Netherlands

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993 INDUSTRY992 LANDMARKS 001 CITY

BEAUTIFICATION

EURO 2000 SOCCER

ILR website and ILR indexAn online overview of the current issue ofILR and the Quick-Reference Index of thebacknumbers from 1998 onwards isavailable. These ILR online versionsrepresent a key-selection of the contentsof the printed versions of ILR.See www.lightingreview.com

AMERICASARGENTINA: Buenos Aires 15-19 March 2001, AMBIENTAR, International Furniture and Lighting Fair. BRASIL: Sao Paulo, April2001, EXPOLUX, International Lighting Exhibition. USA: New York, 19-22 May, 2001 ICFF, International comtemporary Furniture Fair.Las Vegas, 29 may - 1 Lune, 2001, Lightfair International, 2001.

ASIA/PACIFIC/AFRICACHINA: Shanghai, LIGHTING CHINA, International Exhibition for Lighting Technology and Equipment. INDONESIA: Jakarta, 21-24February 2001, BROADCAST TECHNOLOGY INDONESIA, Int. Professional Broadcast, Sound, Film, Video and Lighting Exhibition.JAPAN: Tokyo, 6-9 .March 2001, International Lighting Fair Tokyo. Tokyo, Juin 2001, Interior Lifestyle, International Trade Fair forHome Fashion. SAUDI ARABIA: Riyadh, 4-8 February, 2001 SAUDI LUMINEX, International Lighting Equipment show. TAIWAN: Taipei5 -8 May, 2001, TILF, Taipei International Lighting Fair. THAILAND: Bangkok, 7-10 March, 2001, Lighting Thailand, InternationalLighting Equipment. TUNISIA: Tunis, March 2001, DAR, International Furniture, Furnishing, Lighting Exhibition.

EUROPEAUSTRIA: Vienna, 8-11 March, 2001, WOHN-Stil, Exhibition for Stylish Living. Vienna 18-20 October 2001, WOHNDESIGN, DomesticDesign Exhibition. BELGIUM: Kortrijk, 119-21 March 2001, Inside Insight, International Trade Exhibition. CZECH REPUBLIC: Prague,15-17 February 2001, PRAGOINTERIER – NEW DESIGN International Exhibition of Furniture, New Design, Lighting. FRANCE: Paris,11-15 January 2001, PARIS SELECTION DECO Interior Decoration Exhibition. GERMANY: Frankfurt/Main, 16-20 February 2001,Ambiente Internationale Frankfurter Messe, Domus & Lumina. Hanover, 23-28 april, 2001 HANNOVER MESSE, World's leading Fair forIndustry, Automation, Innovation. ITALY: Milan, INTEL, International Electrical Engineering and Electronics Exhibition. PORTUGAL:Porto, 28 Feb – 4 March 2001, Export Home – Expo of Furniture, Lighting. ROMANIA: Bucharest, 29 May - 4 June, 2001, EXPOSOUND & LIGHT, Exhibition for Sound and Light Equipment. Cluj-Napoca, 6-10 February 2001, AMBIENT-INSTAL, Heating andSanitation Technology Exhibition. RUSSIA: St. Petersburg, 21-25 February 2001, LIGHTING, International Lighting Trade Fair.SWEDEN: Stockholm, 07-11 February 2001, LIGHTING, Lighting Fair.

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