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![Page 1: Illinois State University Muscular Control of Movement Chapters 17 and 18 Review of Gross Anatomy: l 430 voluntary muscles in the body. l The muscle is.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081519/56649ce65503460f949b3a7a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Illinois State University
Muscular Control of Movement Chapters 17 and 18
Review of Gross Anatomy: 430 voluntary muscles in the body. The muscle is
» 75% water, » 20% protein, » and 5% inorganic salts and other
substances.
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Illinois State University
Types of Muscles:
1. Smooth - blood vessels and organs. 2. Cardiac - heart. 3. Skeletal - movement muscles.
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Illinois State University
Origins and Insertions
The origin of the muscle is the relatively stable skeletal part to which the muscle attaches. » This is usually more proximal.
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Illinois State University
Origins and Insertions
The insertion of the muscle is the more mobile skeletal part to which the muscle attaches and is more distal.
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Illinois State University
Connective Tissue Components
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Illinois State University
The Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle
An individual muscle cell is called a muscle fiber.
A muscle fiber is enclosed by a plasma membrane called the sarcolemma.
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Illinois State University
Sarcolemma
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Illinois State University
The Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle:
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber is called the sarcoplasm.
The extensive tubule network found in the sarcoplasm includes:» t-tubules - allow communication and
transport of substances throughout the muscle fiber
» sarcoplasmic reticulum - which stores calcium.
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Illinois State University
Sarcoplasm
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Illinois State University
The Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle:
Myofibrils are composed of sarcomeres, the smallest functional units of muscle.
A sarcomere is composed of filaments of two proteins, which are responsible for muscle contraction.
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Illinois State University
The Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle:
Myosin is a thick filament, folded into a globular head at one end.
An actin filament is composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin.
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Illinois State University
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Illinois State University
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Illinois State University
The Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle:
One end of each actin filament is attached to a z disk.
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Illinois State University
Sarcomere:
The bands are named according to their optical properties.
The I band (isotropic) - velocity of light is same in all directions. » Contains actin only.
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Illinois State University
Sarcomere:
A band (anisotropic) - light does not scatter equally. » Contains both actin and myosin.
Z disk (zwischen) - German word for between.
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Illinois State University
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Illinois State University
Sarcomere:
H zone - center of A band. » Contains myosin only.
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Illinois State University
The Sliding Filament Theory:
Muscle action is initiated by a motor nerve impulse.
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Illinois State University
The Sliding Filament Theory:
The action potential travels along the sarcolemma, then through the tubule system, and eventually causes stored calcium to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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Illinois State University
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Illinois State University
The Sliding Filament Theory:
Calcium binds with troponin, and then troponin lifts the tropomyosin molecules off of the active sites on the actin filament, opening these sites for binding with the myosin head.
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Illinois State University
The Sliding Filament Theory:
Once it binds with the actin active site, the myosin head tilts, pulling the actin filament so that the two slide across each other. » The tilting of the myosin head is the power
stroke.
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Illinois State University
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Illinois State University
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Illinois State University
The Sliding Filament Theory:
Energy is required before muscle action can occur. » The myosin head binds to ATP, and
ATPase found on the head splits ATP into ADP and Pi, releasing energy to fuel the contraction.
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Illinois State University
The Sliding Filament Theory:
Muscle action ends when the calcium is actively pumped out of the sarcoplasm back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage. » This process, leading to relaxation, also
requires energy supplied by ATP.
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Illinois State University
Skeletal Muscle and Exercise
Most skeletal muscles contain both ST and FT fibers.
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Illinois State University
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Illinois State University
Skeletal Muscle and Exercise:
The different fiber types have different ATPases.
The ATPase in the FT fibers acts faster, providing energy for muscle action more quickly than the ATPase in ST fibers.
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Illinois State University
Skeletal Muscle and Exercise:
FT fibers have a more highly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, enhancing the delivery of calcium needed for muscle action.
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Illinois State University
Skeletal Muscle and Exercise:
Motor neurons supplying FT motor units are larger and supply more fibers than do neurons for ST motor units.
Thus FT motor units have more fibers to
contract and can produce more force than ST motor units.
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Illinois State University
Skeletal Muscle and Exercise:
The proportions of ST and FT fibers in an individual’s arm and leg muscles are usually quite similar.
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Illinois State University
Skeletal Muscle and Exercise:
ST fibers have high aerobic endurance and are well suited to low-intensity endurance activities.
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Illinois State University
Skeletal Muscle and Exercise:
FT fibers are better for anaerobic activity.
FTa fibers are well utilized in explosive bouts of exercise.
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Illinois State University
Skeletal Muscle and Exercise:
Fiber type is predominantly determined by genetics.
Composition will change over the course of your life as FT fibers atrophy and die.
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Illinois State University
Classification of Muscle Fibers
Characteristic Type I Type IIa
TypeIIb
Oxidative capacity High Mod. High Low Glycolytic capacity Low High
Highest Contractile speed Slow Fast Fast Fatigue resistant High Moderate Low Motor unit strength Low High High
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Illinois State University
Characteristics of Muscle Fiber Types
Characteristic ST FTa FTb
Fibers per motor neuron 10-180 300-800 300-800
Motor neuron size Small Large Large Nerve conduction velocity Slow Fast Fast Contraction speed (ms) 110 50 50 Type of myosin ATPase Slow Fast Fast Sarcoplasmic Ret. Dev. Low High High
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Illinois State University
Motor Units
A motor unit consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle
fibers it supplies
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Illinois State University
Neuro-muscular Interaction
Motor units give all-or-none responses.
For a unit to be recruited into activity, the motor nerve impulse must meet or exceed the threshold.
Threshold of excitation.
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Illinois State University
Neuro-muscular Interaction
When this occurs, all muscle fibers in the motor unit act maximally.
If the threshold is not met, no fibers in
that unit act.
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Illinois State University
Neuro-muscular Interaction
More force is produced by activating more motor units, and thus more muscle fibers.
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Illinois State University
Neuro-muscular Interaction
In low-intensity activity, most muscle force is generated by ST fibers.
As the resistance increases, FTa fibers are recruited, and at even higher intensities, the FTb fibers are activated.
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Illinois State University
Ramping of Muscle Fibers
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Illinois State University
Neuro-muscular Interaction
The same pattern of recruitment is followed during events of long duration.
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Illinois State University
Muscle Action:
Muscles involved in a movement can be classified as:» agonists (prime movers)» antagonists (opponents or resistors)» synergists (assistants)» fixator, neutralizer, stabilizer
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Illinois State University
Muscle Action:
The three main types of muscle action are:» concentric, in which the muscle shortens;» static, in which the muscle acts but the joint
angle is unchanged;» eccentric, in which the muscle lengthens.
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Illinois State University
Generation of Force
The number of motor units activated.» Force production can be increased by
recruiting more motor units.
The type of motor units activated.
The size of the muscle.
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Illinois State University
Generation of Force:
The muscle’s initial length when activated.» Force production can be maximized if the
muscle is stretched 20% prior to action. » At this point, the amount of energy stored
and the number of linked actin-myosin cross-bridges are optimum.
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Illinois State University
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Illinois State University
Generation of Force:
The angle of the joint.» All joints have an optimal angle at which the
muscles crossing the joint function to produce maximum force.
» This angle varies with the relative position of the muscle’s insertion on the bone and the load placed on the muscle.
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Illinois State University
Generation of Force:
The muscle’s speed of action.» Speed of action also affects the amount of
force produced. » For concentric action, maximum force can
be achieved with slower contractions. » The closer you get to zero velocity (static),
the more force can be generated.
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Illinois State University
Muscle Action:
With eccentric actions, however, faster movement allows more force production.
Concentric
Eccentric
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Illinois State University
Requirements for Large Muscle Development
Proper nutrition » 65% CHO, 20% Fat, 15% Protein
Resistance Training Genetics Hormonal Secretion Levels
» Testosterone and Androgens
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Illinois State University
ACSM Strength Guidelines F = 2-3 days per week. I = intensity
» >85% of max for strength,» 50-65% for muscular endurance.
T = duration» 30-90 secs per set, » 8-12 reps, » 1:4 work:rest ratio
S = resistance of any type.
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Illinois State University
Types of Training
Isometric
muscular tension,
no movement.
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Illinois State University
Types of Training
Isotonic - muscular tension, movement.» Set resistance» Variable resistance
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Illinois State University
Types of Training
Isokinetic - muscular tension, speed of movement is controlled.
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Illinois State University
Strength Training Myths
Strength training will cause “muscle boundness”.
Women who strength train will become masculinized.
Strength training reduces speed. “No pain - No gain”.
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Illinois State University
Strength Training Myths
It takes hours of training daily to gain muscle mass.
Food supplements will speed up or cause muscle and strength development.
Anabolic steroids are a safe and effective aid.