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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 1
Monte Carlo simulation for treatment planning in conventional radiotherapy and
in hadrontherapy
Faiza Bourhaleb
Dipartimento di fisica sperimentale
Università degli studi di Torino
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 2
index
• General description of a Monte Carlo for Treatment Planning
• Monte Carlo validations.• Practical example of treatment planning
with MC: modeling and verification in hadrontherapy.
• Radiobiology and Monte Carlo.• Conclusion
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 3
General description of a Monte Carlo for Treatment Planning
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 4
Beamline modeling
Patient data
Optimized TP
ANCOD++
Analytical TPS MC of the TP
Patient modeling
MC for BDL
Scoring
Cutoffs
General description of a MC for TP verification
Particles Transport
12
3
4
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 5
• GEANT3 / GEANT4 • Fluka / Fluka++• EGS / EGS4• MCNP / MCNPX• ETRAN• ITS• PENELOPE• VMC (Voxel Monte Carlo) / VCM++
4 Phases of a MC =>
Packages used for Monte Carlo use to verify the TPS
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 6
• Electron and Photons: Physics is very similar in most MC codes for
electrons and photons transport.Multiple scattering for e- is very important.
• Proton and Carbon ion: Physics is similar but for carbon ion the nuclear
interaction and so the fragmentation are very important.
(Scattering + stragling effects)
Particle transport modeling
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• Read and conversion CT• 3D construction CT input HU
Density+ Tissues specification
PS: beam type dependent
Patient modeling
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• Primary sourceUpper part: components remaining Fixed (Patient not depending).It is modeled only oncePhase space file
• Secondary sourceThe phase space file is used as input for the transport of patient dependent beam modifiers Virtual Source Model (parameterization of a phase space file consisting of several sub-sources particle generator for MC )
Primary Source
Secondary Source
Beam Line Modeling
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 9
• Limitation on the voxel grid for the simulation
• Conversion to water-equivalent
• Cutoffs (Energies, histories, particles considered…..)
Scoring / Cutoffs
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 10
Validation of the Monte Carlo simulation
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• Light ion fragmentation reactions– Attenuate the primary beam– Lead to a build up of low Z reaction products– Long range fragments deposit dose beyond maximum
range of carbon beam
• Treatment planning – Physical beam model must consider fragmentation in
addition to scattering and ionization
Fragmentation of light ion
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• Analytical– Transport equation based on experimental
cross sections in water (GSI)
• Monte Carlo– Increased interest for treatment planning
exploiting parallel computing techniques
Fragmentation of light ion
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 13
– PHITS (JAERI-Japan) (Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System)
– SHIELD-HIT (Karolinska / Russian Acad. Of Sciences)
– FLUKA
– GEANT4 (4.6.2)• Binary cascade model of light ion fragmentation
Use of GEANT4 to simulate light ion fragmentation experiments for the purpose of verification
Codes handling fragmentation
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• Simulation of simple water tank
• Physical beam model used in treatment
planning – Energy deposition w. depth for carbon beams in
water– Extensively validated with experimental data (GSI)
Test 1
depth
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Test 1
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 16
Schall et al 1996 (GSI)
– Fragmentation of light ion beams in water
– Yield of fragments (Z > 4) with depth
Test 2
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 17
Ionisation Chambers90% Ar, 10% CH4, 1 atm t=50cm
E detector
670 MeV/u
Target
1o beam diagnostics
H2Ot=0-25 cm
Test 2
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C12
46%
Test 2
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Gunzert-Marx et al 2003 (GSI)
– Fragmentation of a carbon beam in water
– Spectroscopy of light fragments (A < 4)
Test 3
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 20
Water t=13 cm
NE102 t=9mm
BaF2
t=14.5cm
E-E detector
3m
C12
200 MeV/u
Target
Test 3
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 21
neutrons protons
deuterons
Test 3
tritons
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 22
helium-3alpha
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 23
Practical example of Monte Carlo for treatment planning in hadrontherapy: modeling and verification.
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 24
Hadron beams
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 25
Scanning magnets
Scanning magnets
SynchrotonSynchroton
LinacLinac
Carbon source
Carbon source
Proton source
Proton source
Monitoring system Monitoring system
Z
Ec
d E/ d
z
Active scan tecnique
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 26
• Simulation with GEANT4 for the beam delivery line consisting of :– monitoring system
– Ripple filter
Modeling of Beam Delivery Line
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 27
look-up tables of the inv. PS from MC
Proton beamsCarbon ion beams
Modeling of Beam Delivery Line
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 28
Patient modeling and conversion
this work = Jäkel et al.
Maximum number of materials are defined.
PS: We usually use the CT resolution for the simulation different from the TP matrix.simulation.
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• Parameters of a specific TP optimized to use as input for the MC TP– Positions of the sources– Kinetic energies for single beams– Direction of the Field– Angles of single beams– Optimized Fluences
Treatment planning verification
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 30
Carbon Ion beams Proton beams
Treatment planning verification
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 31
Radiobiology and Monte Carlo simulation
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Dos
e [G
y]
Depth [mm]
TRiP (GSI)
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 33
Sampling data inside a MC code using the LEM (or an hybrid)
Principles of Local Effect Model (LEM)
• Biological effect completely determined by the local distribution of dose inside the cell nucleus
• Homogeneous cell nucleus with constant density and radiosensitivity
• Locally, the effect of ions can be evaluated using the X-ray Linear Quadratic model:
Radiobiology and Monte Carlo simulation
Alpha
Carbon ions
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Il metodo Monte Carlo in radioterapia - pratica clinica e strumenti tecnologici 34
Radiobiology and Monte Carlo simulation
What we can do with MC for the Radiobiological part?
N
Depth [mm]Ed [keV]
Depth [mm]
Ed [
keV
]
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• “Data – Flow”
MC simulations
(Geant)
Ion tracks
Kraft/Scholz model
(RBEsoft)
Survival curves
(α,β)
Analytical functions
Lookup tables
TPS
(Ancod++)
RBE
Radiobiology and Monte Carlo simulation
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Radiobiology modeling
TP with the biological optimization how can we verify??
Radiobiology and Monte Carlo simulation
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Conclusion
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MC for hadron beams with Geant4 fully validated Experiments of ion fragmentation in tissue
substitutes useful for further verification studies
MC for radiobiology Biological Monte Carlo Treatment Planning (BMCTP)!?
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References• The Dosimetry of Ionizing Radiation, edited by Kase, Bjärngard, and Attix, Academic Press,
1990.• Dr. Schardt and Dr. Gunzert-Marx of GSI for experimental details and data• Dr. J.P. Wellisch and Dr. G. Folger of the GEANT4 hadronic physics group • Sven O. Groezinger of GSI for carbon therapy images• M. Kraemer et al (TRiP)• M. Scholz et al for the Local effect Model (LEM)• A treatment planning code for inverse planning and 3D-optimization in hadrontherapy. (F
Bourhaleb et al) paper in preparation…
Knowledge
F. Marchetto2, Iwan Cornellius, Andrea Attili2, Roberto Cirio2, Cristiana Peroni1
1 Dipartimento di fisica sperimentale, Università di Torino
2 Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Torino.
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Thanks for your attention
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Model Verification
• Simulate fragmentation experiments• Schall (GSI): Fragment yields (Z>4) for
varying thickness water target• Matsufuji (NIRS): fragment yields (Z>1)
for varying thickness PMMA target• Gunzert-Marx (GSI): fragment
spectroscopy and angular dependence (n,p,d,t,He-3,)
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G4 Ion Physics
• G4MultipleScattering
• G4ionIonisation
• G4HadronInelasticProcess
• G4TripathiCrossSection
• G4IonsShenCrossSection
• G4BinaryLightIonReaction
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Schall et.al. 1996
• Beam : C-12 676 AMeV
• Target : H2O (variable thickness, t)
• Detection system : Ionisation Chamber f(E)
• Information : N(Z,t) /No
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1. Results & Discussion
Xpeak mm Epeak % Eint %
GEANT4 2.0 4 4.1
SHIELD-HIT 2.0 N/A 3.0