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488
Section IV. National Security
RECOMMENDED FURTHER READING
Among the souroos consulted in the preparation of this section, the following are recommended as additional reading on the basis of quality and general availability.
Browne, Malcolm W. The New Face of W 1lR'. Indianapolis: BobbsMerrill, 1965.
Buttinger, Joseph, The SrrUitler Dragon: A Politieril HiBtO'l'1/ of Vietnam. New York: Praeger, 1962.
Corley, Francis J. "Freedom in Indo-China: A Review Article," Paeific Affai11'8, XXXIV, Winter 1961-62, 315-380.
___ . "The President in the Constitution of the RepUblic of VietNam," Pacific AffroVr8, XXXIV, Summer 1961, 165--174.
Fall, Bernard B. The Two Viet-NaJm}8: A Politieril 0JTUt MilitOll'Y Analy8iB. (Rev. ed.) New York: Praeger, 1964.
Fishel, Wesley R. "The Eleventh Hour in Vietnam," A8ian Swrvey, V, February 1965, 98-107.
Halberstam, David. The Maicing of a Quagmire. New York: Random House, 1964.
Jordan, Amos A. F O'I'eign Aid 0JTUt the Defense of SlMtheaRt A8ia. New York: Praeger, 1962.
Kahin, George McTurnan (ed.). Government 0JTUt P oUtW8 of S outheaRt A8ia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1962.
Lancaster, Donald. The EmarwipaJ;ion of FrMWh Indoahina. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
Mecklin, John. MiB8ion in Torment. Garden City: Donbleday, 1965. Newman, Bernard. Background To Viet-NIlIm. New York: The
New American Library, 1965. Republic of Vietnam. Information Printing Office. Eight Year8 of
the Ngo Dilnh Diem AdminiBtratien, 1954-1961&. Saigon: 1962. ___ . Seven YellR'8 of the Ngo Dink Diem AdminiBtratWn, 1954-
1961. Saigon: 1961. Republic of Vietnam. National Institute of Administration. Re
search and Documentation Division. Supplement to Government Organisation Manuril, 1M7-1958. Saigon: 1960.
___ . Viet Nam Government Organization Manuat, 1957-1958. Saigon: 1958.
489
Scigliano, Robert G. "Vietnam: A Country at War," A8ian SWl'Vey, III, January 1963, 48-54.
Scigliano, Robert G., and Fox, Guy H. Teclllnioal A8BiBtIJJJWe in Viet'lU1Im: The Michigan State U'fIIimerBity EaJperienoe. New York: Praeger, 1965.
Shaplen, Robert. The L08t Revo/;u,tion. New York: Harper and Row, 1965.
Sloane, Charles F. "More About Vietnam," Police Ohief, XXV, March 1958, 16-32.
___ ,. "The Police in Vietnam," Police Ohief, XXV, January 1958, 12-24.
___ . "Vietnam Continues to Reorganize," Police Ohief, XXV, February 1958, 22-32.
Trumbull, Robert. The Scrutable EO!8t. New York: David McKay, 1964.
U.S. Department of State. Bureau of Public Affa;irs. Office of Public Services. A Threat to the Peace: North Viet-Nam'8 Effort to Oonquer South Viet-Nam, Pts. I and II. (Department of State Publication 7308, Far Eastern Series 110.) Washington: GPO, 196-1.
U.S. United States Operations Mission to Vietnam. Public Safety Division. National Police Plan for V iet'lUllm, by Frank E. Walton. Saigon: USOM, 1964.
___ . The Police anu1 Re80'1J11'Oe8 Oontrol in Oownter-/nswrgenoy, by E. H. Adkins, Jr. Saigon: USOM, 1964.
Warner, Denis. The Last Oonfucian: Viet'lUllm, Southeast Asia arvl the West. Baltimore: Penguin. Books, 1964.
OTHER SOURCES USED
RepUblic of Vietnam. Embassy in Manila. The Republic of VietNam. Manila: 1962.
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Scigliano, Robert G. Stmth Vietnam: Nation Under Stre88. Boston: Houghton MilBin, 1964.
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U.S. Military Assist&nce Comma,nd, Vietna,m. Civil Affairs Division. b!fO'f"J7U1jtion on Looal Level!! of G01Je'l"fllTMnt of Smdh VietnaJm. Sa.igon: n.pub., n.d.
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tistictilBulletin. (No.8.) Saigon: 1965. U.S. United States Operations Mission to Vietnam. Public Admin
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Westerma,n, George F. "Military Justice in the Republic of Vietnam," Military L(JfIJ) Review, XXXI, January 1966, 137-158.
Woodruff, Lloyd W. Looal AdmJinistration in Viet Nam: Its Future Development. Saigon: Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group a,nd National Institute of Administration, 1961_
(In addition to the above sources, the following periodicals were used in the preparation of this sectioll: W fUlhington Evening Star, from December 1965 through February 1966; Ohrietiatn Science M onit01', from January through March 1966; M a;ncMster GUOJrdiatn, from August 1965 through February 1966; Saigon Daily News, from June through December 1965, a,nd U.S. N 1?JW8 and W 01'74 Rep01't, from J ulle 1965 through Apri11966. .
491
GLOSSARY
AID-Agency fQr InternatiQnal DevelQpment. Annam-N ame 'If fQrmer protectorate fQrming part 'If French IndQ
china; its area cQnfQrmed rQughly with that' 'If the Central LQwlands and Central Highlands 'If Vietnam, between Cochin China and TQnkin.
ARVN-Army 'If the Republic 'If Vietnam. bang-See (Jongregation. Biinh X WJjerv--A political and racketeering QrganizatiQn that flQur-
ished during the BaQ Dai regime after WQrld War II. B'!U:l4hist Institute 101' SeffUUvr Affairs-See Vien Hoa Dao. Buddhist Lmy Institute-:-See Vien HoaDao. Oan Lao Nhan Vi Oaah Mang Dang-The RevQlutiQnary Personalist
LabQr Party, PQPularly knQwn as the Can Lao. It was the prQgQvernment party headed by N gQ Dinh Nhu, brother 'If the late President NgQ Dinh Diem.
Oao Dai-A religiQus grQUP, cQmmQnly sPQken 'If as a refQrmed Buddhist sect, but in fact it represents a synthesis 'If tenets drawn from several religiQus and philosophical traditiQns. PQlitically active', its center is in Tay Ninh, nQrthwest 'If Saigon, but groups 'If varying sizes ,are found in all the Qther prQvinces 'If the MekQng Delta.
OapSt. Jaaques-See Vung Tau. OARE-CQQperative fQr American Remittances to Everywhere, Inc. OGT--'CQnrederatiQn Generale du Travail (GeneralConfederatiQn of
LabQr). A CQmmunist-led French labor QrganizatiDn. Ohieu Hoi-Lit., Qpen arms. A gQvernment prQgram designed tQ in
duce the Viet CQng tQ shift their allegiance to the government side. Administered by the Department 'If InfQrmatiQn and Open Arms.
Ooehin Ohina-FQrmer French 'colQny which fQrmed part 'If French IndQchina; its area CQmprised rQughly what is nQW the sQuthern third 'If SQuth Vietnam.
Oolombo Pla.nr---The CQIQmbQ Plan fQr CQQperative EconQmic DevelQpment in SQuth and Southeast Asia was published by the CQmmQnwealth CQnsultative CQmmittee, 'In SQuth and SQutheast Asia 'In NQvember 29, 1950, and was to be effective frQm July 1, 1951, to June 30, 1957. The terminal date was extended to 1961 and later to 1966. The Plan is an internatiQnal cooperative effort tQ assist
493
countries of the area to raise their living standards. Member nations in 1966 were Afghanistan, Australia, Bhutan, Burma, CIIJIlbodia, Canada, Ceylon, India, Indonesia, Japan, Rorea Laos, Malaysia, the Maldive Islands, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the United States and South Vietnam. By mid-1966 no action regarding membership had been announced by the newly formed Republic of Singapore.
Oon SO'Tlr-An island in the South China Sea off the coast of South Vietnam; formerly called Poulo Condore. Well known as a penal island, the site of a maximum security prison and historically as a place for exiling political prisoners. Its status"as a separateprovince changed in 1965 when its provincial government was replaced by an admillistrative delegation directly subordinate to the central government in Saigon.
oongregatio'Tlr-The name commonly applied by the French to associations (in Vietnamese, bang) of Chinese in Vietnam. The assooiations are based on dialects spoken in the areas in China from which their members had emigrated, and they usually serve 'as focal points for the social, economic and political activities <1f the respective groups.
OSTV."..confederation des Syudicats des TravaHleurs Vietnamiens (Confederation of Unions of Workers of Vietnam). A South VietnllJIlese labor organization.
OVTO-Confederation Vietnamienne du Travail Chretien (Vietnamese Confederation of Christian Labor). The largest of the labor organizations in South Vietnam.
Dang Lao Dong VwtNwm-See Lao Dong Pa1'ty. Demaroation LVne-.The line dividing South and North Vietnam. It
does not coincide exactly with the seventeenth parallel but approximates it closely enough so that the terms are used interchangeaihly in many contexts throughout this book.
dh~Ideal truth, especially as taught by Buddha. FA O-Food and Agriculture Organization. A Specialized Agency of
the United Nations. jrano--.-Basic unit of French currency. Annual averages of the ex
change rate for US$1: from September 1949 to August 1957, 350 francs; from August 1957 to December 1958, 420 francs; from December ·1958 through December 1959,.493.7 francs; on January 1, 1960, the par value of the franc per US$1 was established at 4.937 new francs.
heot0Jl'e-2.471 acres. he--.-Term used to refer to a named descent group,,-a group consisting
of persons able to trace descent from a common ancestor. Can refer to either the group or the name.
n oa n ao--.-A reformed Buddhist sect founded in 1939. Politioally
494
active, it has gained importance as a religious and political force in the Mekong Delta region, especially in the northwestern provinces of Chau Doc and An Giang, where much of its membership is concentrated.
/vuong hOlb-Land set aside; the income from it is dedicated to the support of the Cult of Ancestors.
IBRD-International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. A Specialized Agency of the United Nations.
IOAO-International Civil Aviation Organization. A Specialized Agency ofthe United Nations.
IOO-International Control Commission. A commission appointed under the provision of the Geneva Agreement of 1954 to check on the observance of its clauses by the contending sides.
IDA-International Development Association. A Specialized Agency of the United Nations.
ILO-International Labor Organization. A Specialized Agency of the United Nations.
IMF-International Monetary Fund. A Spooialized Agency of the United Nations.
lnatilJute for the Eroeoution of Dluurma-See Vien Hoa Dao. ITU-InternationalTelecommunications Union. A Specialized
Agency of the United Nations. Lao Dong Party-Dang Lao Dong Viet Nam (The Workers' Party
of Vietnam). The Communist Party of North Vietnam. MAOV-Military Assistance Command for Vietnam. Mat Tr{J/n D{J/n Too Giai-phong Mien-Na;m-See National, Front for
the Liberrotion of South Vietnam. matrilooal----A term used to describe a society in which the husband
and wife, at marriage, take up residenee in the house or community of the bride's parents.
MEDOAP-Medical Civic Action Program. M ekrmg Rimer Projeot-A project for developing the irrigation, hy
droelectric and navigational potentials of the Mekong River. Preliminary surveys were initiated in 191>'1' when Laos, Cambodia and South Vietnam joined Thailand and formed a four-nation Mekong Committee to direct planning for the project. Besides maintaining a year-round office in Bangkok staffed by United Nations technicians, the Committee has held several meetings a year in the capitals of the four countries, despite military operations or diplomatic difficulties. By mid-1965, 18 .non-Communist nations as well as some United Nations agencies supplied funds or technical assistance to the Project.
MILPHAP~Military Public Health AsSistance Project of fue United States Army,
495
montagnard-Mountaineer. A French word frequently applied to the ethnically diverse peoples of the Centra.l Highlands region.
mui---Vietnamese word for cape or point. N am-bo-A term initially used to denote the Cochin China area; now
used by Vietnamese, North and s.:.uth, to mean South Vietnam as a whole.
Nationcil F,.ont 10,. the Libemtion of South Vietnamr---Mat Tran Dan Toe Giai·J:lhong Mien-Nam. Commonly known by the English contraction, National Front, or by the abbreviation NFLSV. A Communist political-front organization set up in December 1960 by North Vietnam and used by the Communists to give the appea.rance of popular non-Communist support to their insurgency activities in South Vietnam. Not given recognition or credence by the governments of South Vietnam or the United States.
NFLSV-See National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam. Most often adopted by American journalists.
nuoc mamr-A pungent fish sauce. ong lang-Chinese traditional medicine. Open A1'm8 Pmg,.ann-i:lee OhieuHoi. patnloclil--A term used to describe a society in whidhthe husband
and wife, at marriage, take up residence in the house or community of the bridegroom's parents.
piaBte1'--The basic unit of currency in South Vietnam. called the dong in Vietnamese, it is referred to a.s the piaster in all other languages. The official rate of exchange, established in May 1953, is 35 piasters to US$1. The exchange system was modified in January 1962 and a new rate established which, in effect, devalued the piaster. Technically the official rate stands, but a premium of 25 piasters to US$l on purchases of foreigu exchange and a tax of 25 piasters to US$l on piaster sales introduced an effective rate of 60 piasters to US$1. This rate was made wpplicable to all trade transactions and to the ordinary transfers. of funds. As before the ·1962 modification, the controlled rate of 73.5 piasters to U\S$l applies to certain specified transfersoffunds.
Poulo Oond0'T'e---8ee OonSon. quoc ng'llr-A system of writing Vietnamese in Roman letters. Orig
inally devised by a French missionary, it is now the common method of writing the language.
Boogha-Any order or community of Buddhist monks. Sometimes_ used to refer to the total body of Buddhist monks everywhere.
SEATO-Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. Member nations (Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United StateS) are committed to resist aggression- to the treaty area. Established in September 1954.
496
SOFIDIV-Societe Finauciere pour Ie DeveJoppement de l'Industrie au Viet-N am (Financial Company for the Development of Industry in Vietnam). An investment bank in South Vietnam. Created in November 1961.
8fJttg-Vietnamese word meaning stream or river. TOItkin-Name of former French protectorate forming part of French
Indochina; its area conformed roughly to the basin of the Red River Sy,tem.
Iruong too-The head of a lineage. UNESOO-United Natious Educational, Scientific and Cultural Or
ganization. A Specialized Agency of the United Nations. UNIOEF-United Nations Children's Fund. A Specialized Agency
of the United Nations. Unified Buddhist Ohurch of Vietnamr-Formed at Saigon in January
1964 by a group of Buddhist leaders, the most active of whom were Thicli Tam Chau and Thich Tri Quang; it is the primary organization behind the Buddhist movement in South Vietnam.
UOV-Union Ouvriere du "Vietnam (Vietnam Labor Union). A South Vietnamese labor organization.
UPU-Universal Postal Uuion. A Specialized Agency of the United Nations.
USIA-United States Information Agency. Its representatives in embassies overseas form the USIS (United States Information Service).
USIS-UnitedStatesInformation Service. See USIA. USOM-United States Operations Mission. Overseas mission of the
Agency for International Development (AID). TJien Boa Dao-The Institute (or High Council) for the Execution
of Dharma, an agency of the Unified Buddhist Church of Vietnam. Also known as the Buddhist Institute for Secular Affairs and as the Buddhist Lay Institute.
Viet Oong-Coudensed from the term Viet Nam Cong San, meaning Vietnamese Communists (sometimes translated as Vietnamese Communism). It is the term generally applied to the supporters and participants in the Communist-controlled subversive insurgency in South Vietnam. Communists, including the insurgents themselves, avoid use of the term, preferring to operate under the guise of nationalists.
Viet Minlv-See Viet NamDoG Lap Dong MinI.. Vietnam Buddhist ForGe-The political arm of the Unified Buddhist
Church of Vietnam. Viet Nam Oong San-Vietnamese Communists; usually contracted to
Viet Cong, q.'IJ. Viet Nam DOG Lap Dong Minh-The Vietnam Independence League,
usually called the Viet Minh. A Communist-led organization, rep-
497
q''Ji'1ilelSented as a coalition of nationalist groups, which actively OP1Posifl French and Japanese during World War II and spE,arlleadei
Vlemamlll'" resistance to French rule in the early years the ohina War; in 1951 it incorporated its key elements into the nA"')V\
formed Lao Dong Party. VietnatmNationaJJl8t Party~See Viet NMn QuoaDUJnDUJng. 'Viet NdJm Quoa DUJn DUJng-Vietnam Nationalist Party, formed in .
'. 1927. Commonly known by the abbreviation, VNQDD. It advo·
~.'.ki .. ;i,.:.~.~ .. "., ............. , .... ' .. , ... ca .. ted"t ,p. rogram.. . for Vietn.am similar to that of the Chinese N a· 1l!f(1lft")1~~_$tf ,Party, . the Kuommtang. F'·'~'V'il!tIilithese' word for bay. See 1JWng.
'V1.V~1!xiJtJ.;.Soo Viet N Mn Quoa Dan DUJrtg. 'IJ1ImrVietnam_ word for bay. See vVnh. 'Vttm;g T OJUr-A town on the coast about 75 miles south of Saigon,
formerly called Cap St. Jacques. W.l!lOwWorld Health Organization. A Specialized Agenoy of the
United No:tions. . .fWiIl!lIIlciworld Meteorological Organization. A Specialized Agency
of the United Nations. 'W,n;Mers' Party of Vietnam-See Lao Dong PaTty.
498
INDEX
administrative regions: 212. 218 (fig.
10) Africa: 273-274
Agency for International Development
(AID) : 125. 186. 189. 142. 813. 322.
877, 405, 412; and education, 148,
SOO; and industry, 337, SS9; and
labor movement, 847, MS, 362; and
medical ald. 122. 130-133
agriculture: 318-8115 j credit, 139, 31S,
332, 383; crops (800 alao rice, rub~
ber) ; 121. 811. 313, 327. 828; cultl·
vation, 311, 814; in economy, 12,
307, 310; and education, 150, 151,
312-814 j under French rule, 3, 96,
99 ; and government assistance, 139.
140; an4 labor force,' 65, 66, 347.
353, 354; and montagnards, 62, 64,
74,79,88 agrovl!!e program: 231-232, 328. 333,
834 air force: 427. 430. 432, 437. 446. 449
(fig. 16) air transport: 22. 28. 25 (fig. 7); 378.
874-375; and airfields, 23 (fig. 7),
25. 26. 808. 809 American Federation of Labor·'Congress
of Industrial Organizations (AFL-
010) : 368
Americans: 69, 70, 91; attitude toward,
278. 279; cultural influence, 167;
stan4ard of living, 135
An Giang province: 63
An Boa-Nong Son: industri'al project,
66 An Nhon (Blnb Dlnb) : 24
An Xuyen Province: 90, 148
animal life : 20. 22
animism: 5, 83, 63, 74, 86, 170, 172
Annam: and Catholics, 288 j and Ohi-
nese, 99 j and cultural heritage, 30,
106; description. 97. 98, 100. 145;
and French rule, 1, 8, 10, 45 j his
tory, 34, 85, 40; 42, 44, 50, 52, 93,
96. 97. 105. 892; and political dis·
260-364 0 - 6~ - 33
unity, 282; and social values, lOS,
191 Annamites : 317
Anti-Oommunist International "Trade
Secretariats (ITS); 861
Archbishop of Saigon: Monsignor Paul
Ngnyen Van Blnb. 228. 889
archi.tecture': -41, 165
armed forces: (8ee also United States,
military aid): 427-488. 484 (fig.
12).485.486 (fig. 18). 487-446. 447
(fig. 14).448 (fig. 15).449 (fig. 16).
450-453 j and Council, 228 j and gov
-ernment, 393 j and Diem regime,
218, 219 j as political force, 284, 235 ;
and political order, 217 j and popu
lation, 60
Army: 485. 486 (fig. 18). 446. 447 (fig.
14) art: 160 Associate States of Indochina: 55
Association of Vietnamese Revolution-
ary Youth (Vietnam Thanh-Nian
Oacb·Mang Dong·Obl Hoi) : 47
AUstralia: aid, 6, 489; relations with,
265
BaOut: 411 DR Xuyen Province: 148, 826
Bac Lieu Province: 62
Bac·bo: 52 Babal faltb : 170. 188
Bahnars: 77; as ethnic group, 62, 80-
82 j language, 74, 78; social customs,
75 ; and Viet Oong. 244
balance of payments: 887. 888 (table
8).389; and deficit, 807. 809
Ban Me Thuot: description, lIS, 24, 25,
122 j and montagnara8, 77,· 245,
246; and population, 88. 85. s6 87
bany: 407
banking system: 401. 403-406
banks: 808-309, 346, 402-406 j in Oho
Lon. 870 Bao Dal: 47-48, 226 (table 1) ; and cen·
sorship of the press, 288 j as- chief
499
Bao Dal-Contlnued of state, 2()1; and civil service, 21Q i
ex-emperor, 1; and Geneva Agree
ment, ~7; and independence, 00-
li2, 54, l%, 57, 200; and labor Code',
851 i and 1'I'WntagnMd8; 76; nation
alist regime, 410-411; relations
with United Slates, 261
Bien Boa: 21>, 78 Blnh Dlnh Province: 66, 80, 816
Blnh Duong Province.: 141
Blnh Long Province: 8Z Blnh;Nguyen·Loc: 167
Blnh Xuyen Province: 57, U1
birth rate: 60 black-marketing: 185, 425-426
BoHoSu:9 BongMleu: 22 books: 281, 260 boundaries: 2, 9-10
Buddhists: 159, 179-184: and armed
forces, 284 j and educatlo~ 145, 1M,
155, 158 j and government relations,
6t~, 227-229: a.nd hlstory, 88, 169,
170,172-176; and labor movement,
348, 860 j and Diem. regime, 161, 219,
225: as political force, 285-288, 253:
in pOpUlation, 5, 68, 70, 00, 171; and
social values, 191, 195; and student
groups, 242 j and uprisings, 58, 194,
217, 222-22~ 227, 280, 28~ 286
budgets: 392-395: 896-007 (tsble 9):
deficit, 800: military, 430-431
Bul Hoanh: 258 Bul Quang Ohleu: 46
Burma: 18
cabinet: 206-207, 224, 227, 228, 229
cal: 853 Oal San project: 84, 821, 827
Oam Rauh Bay: 25, 27
Oambodla: attitude toward, 278: de
Scription, 2,' 9, 18, 15, 24, 25, 69 j
and French rule, 1, 10, 96; and
Geneva Conterence, 56 j history,
80, 86, 88; 40, 41, 42 j and "protocol"
slates, 262.: relations with, 266-268,
879 Can Lao (Revolutionary Personalist
Labor Party) : 219
OanTho: 25
Canada: International Control Com
mission: 258-259 j relations with,
266
500
• Oao Dal faith: 57, 87, 169, 184-186, 189:
and Oathollcs, 239: history, 175:
landownership, 821 j number in
population, 5, 68 : and political
force, 240-242, 411
Oao Hoal Sang: 242
Oao Nguyen Dac Lac: 15-16
Caravelle Group: 220
Catholic: (see aZso refugees) : 187 j and
armed forces, 2M i and education,
158: and family life, 118-119, 160:
'and governroent relations, 172, 219,
222, 225, 227-230, 282: and history,
169-170,174-176: as political force,
217, 288-240, 254 j in population, 5,
89, 68, 70, 171 i and student groups,
242 censorship: newspapers, 225, 281-286;
and campaign speeches, 255
census: 59 Central Executive Committee (The War
Oabinet) : 199, 206-207
Oentral Highlands: and agriculture,
808, 311, 81~ 31~ 820-822,825-829:
and Annam~ a i description, 15, 16,
24, 27, 1.26,'12'8; geographic region,
212 j and labor force, 66: and nat
ural resources, 338, 887; and popu
lation, 4, 61, 84; and refugees, 64,
187 Central Lowlands: and agriculture, 314,
816, 820, 825; and Annam, 8 j cli
mate, 17; desoriptioD, 7, 180; aDd
geographic region, 10, 16, 212 i his
tory, 818 j population, 61, 62, 68,
69, 807 i port faclllties, 27 i and
refugees, 64, 65; and social rela
tions, 107, 112
Chaine Annamitique: 2, 12, 17, 24, 814;
geographic region, 10, 15-16 i }X)PU
lation, 61, 62, 78
Champa Kingdom: history, 80, 85-88,
100 j and montagnM'ds, 12, 84
Chams: 77; as ethnic group, 69, 82, 00-
91 i history, 68, 75, 428, 429; and
language, 70
Ohlna: history, 29-34, 37, 428: and
North Vietnam, 51-54 i relations
with, 27()"271: trade with, 878
Ohlnese (8ee al80 Oho Lon) : attitude
toward, 277; and Communists, 49-
50 j and culture, 2, 3, 9, .1~9, 165;
and education, 158; as ethnic group,
4, 5, 12, 62, 69, 87-89: and family
Ute, 119, 120; history, I, 172; and Kuomintang, 47, 49; language, 69, 71, 89, 145, 160; and medical practices, 1~134; political force, 247, 248; in population, 98-99; and religion, 173; script, 41, 72, 160; and trade, 99, 345, 368, 370, 372
Cblnh Luan : 254 Cbo Lon: banks in, 308; and industry,
26, 337, 338, 340, 341; population, 4, 62, 88, 99, 308; (lnd refugees, 64; and trade, 3M, 367, 369
Cbrlstlanity: 40, 63,170,174 Cbu Lai : 25, 27 clu, ftom: 39, 41, 72,160 Chuong Thien Province: 326 cinnamon: 73 cities: 61 citizenship: and Chinese, 88, 89, 270;
and French, 100; and Khmers, 90 Civil Guard: 412; and budget, 893 civil service: 210-211, 219, 350, 353-
355,357 Civilian Irregular Defense Group: 77,
427,432 climate: 10, l2, 17, 18 (fig. 4), 19 (fig.
5),316 clothing: 138 coal: 22,337-339 coastline: 16, 17 Cochin China: and CathOlics, 238; and
Chinese, 99; colony, 10, 232; and communism, 51; culture, 30; description, 97, 98, 100; oflnd education, 145, 146; and exports, 378; history, 1, 41, 42, 44 tl, 87, 93, 96, 105, 392, 410; social customs, 108, 191 ; trade, 368
coconuts: 328,329 cotree: 16, 66, 76, 313, 357; export, 328,
329; and land concessions, 318, 320, 326
collective bargaining: 365 Colombo Plan: 275, 379, 386 commerce: and employment, 308; and
labor force, 65, 347 Commercial Import Program: 310,385 communes: 33-34 communications: 2, 20, 44 Communist China: 54,260 Communists: (see also Democratic Re
public of Vietnam, 80 Chi Minh, National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, Viet Cong, Viet
Mlnb): 49-50; and Buddhists, 238; tnsurgency, 218, 220, 221, 417-418, 430; and peasants, 306; propaganda,221,297,299
Con Son Province: 40 concubinage: 111,142 Confederation of Workers' Trade
Unions of Vietnam (ConfM~ration des Syndicats des Travailleurs Vletnamlens-{)STV) : 242, 361
ConfUCianism (see also mandarins): 176-179, 188; cultural influence, 159, ' 160, 163; and education, 144, 145; and family, 115, 192-193; and French rule, 44, 196-197; history. 3, 35--37, 39, 170, 172, 173, 200; and labor movement, 346, 348, 363, 364 ; in population, 63, 70, 171; and social values, 191-192, 194-195; 301-302
Congress of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Vietnam: 203, 205, 276, 432,437
constitution: 201-~, 224, 225, 227; and budgetary ,process, 392, 393; and freedom of the press, 283; and labor organizations, 358--359; and
·'''state of war," 199 Constitutionalist Party: 46 construction industry: 135 consumer goods: 369 cooperatives: 312, 346, 372; and agri
culture, 332, 333 Coordinated American Relief Every
where (CARE): HI, 142, 263 copra: 316 cost of living: 135, 232, 236, 310, 348,
361 counterinsurgency program: 6, 7, 409 courts: 207-209 j criminal, 419-423;
military, 451--453; special, 310-311, 409,424
credl t: 404, 406-407 crime: 401, 409, 420-421, 424-426 criminal laws: 421 Cult of the Ancestors: 60, 103, 104, 106,
107, 109-110, 116, 120, 177, 188, 192, 193, 318
currency: 307, 30S-309, 310, 407 custom'S duties: 309,398 Da Lat: agriculture, 328; description,
16, 20, 24, 25, 122; government, 211 ; population, 36, 37, 61, 83, 86
Da Lat Military Academy: 428
501
Da . Nang: and Buddhist disturbances,
217. 287 i description, 22, 24, 2CS,
211 j. demonstrations, 225, 2SO; his
tory, 40, 41 j and population, 61, 65,
75; por~ 26,27,374
Da Nhlm River: 340, 386
Dal Co Viet: and Buddhism, 178
dams: 125, 340 Dao Phu Quoc: 10, 22, 25
Darl.ac Province: 62, 85 j history, 75;
and montaonard8, 77, 245, 246; and
population, 84
death rate: 60 Demarcation Line: 1, 2, 7, 56, 78, 201,
257, 259, 810, 411 j and description,
9, 10, 16 j and transportation sys
tem,24 Democratic Republic ot Viet Nam: 51-
52,58,259 Department of Revolutionary Devel
ment! Rnd rural reconstruction,
207, 312, 386, 431
Dhyana school: 173, 180
Diem: Se. Ngo Dlnh Diem
Dien Bien Phu: 81, 55 diet: 102, 123, 124
Dlnh dynasty: 35
Directory, The: Bee National Leader
ship Committee
disease: 12Z-124, 126-129: and monta-
gnard8, 81;, in refugee camps, 136
divorce: 111, 142
doctors: 122, 132, 134
Dong Ha : 24, 308
Dong Minh Hoi: and National Assem
bly, 52
drainage systems: 226, 314, 819, 827;
under French rule, 45: and Mekong
Rlver, 8, 18,.86 Duong Van Minh, Major General: 334:
and censorship, 284, 285 j coup
d'etat, 58, 202-208, 224, 225, 227;
and Revolutionary Military Oom-
mlttee, 202 .
Economic Commission for Asia and the
Far East .(EOAFE) : 275
education: (8ee aZso elementary edu
cation, mandarinate, schools, sec
ondary education) : 148-:158: adult
education, 153-154 j mtendance,
144, 146, 147, 146: and elite, 100-
101-; and French rule, 97, 99, 100 i
and lower· class, 102 j and middle
502
class, 101 j in rural areas, 104; and
scholarship funds, 886
elections: 228, 280 j general, 56, 255; and
law,~,205
electric power: 186, 281, 387, 840
elementary education: 143, 146, 147-
149 elite: 70 j and education, 95, 100-101,
152, 157 j and French rule, 00-97;
and landownership, 94-00; and
religion, 171, 187 employers: 358, 354, 868
employment: 63-67
English language: 74, 100, 167; In edu
cation, 144, 152; as second lan
guage, 5,92 ethnic groups: (Bee aZBo Americans,
Behnars, Chams, Chinese, French,
Khtrters, montaonard8, .B.hades-,
Vietnamese) : Arabs, 68 j. Blh, 86 i
Eurasians, 69, 91; Europeans, 69 j
Hindus, 68; Hre, 245 j Indians, 63,
278 j Jarai, 62, 74, 76, 77, 84-85,
244, 245; K<ltu, 78-79, 873: KIl, 33:
Koho, 8Z-83, 244: Ma (Oau Ma),
88; Malays, 68; Mnong, 62, 74, 77,
88-84, 87, 873 j Nung, 87 j Paki
stanis, 6~ 69, 70, 88, 91 j Raglai, 77,
86; Rengao, 74; Sedang, 62, 74, 77,
7()-8(), 873 i Sre, 88; Stieng, 74, 77,
32 Eorope : 4, 266
ex:penditures, government: 809, 395,
896-897 (table 9)
Export-Import Bank: 885
exports: (8ee cUBO rice, rubber): 310,
828, 330, 368-370, 877, 378-380, 381
(table 5), 382-{133
farmers: 307, 810, 318
fertilizers: 20, 22, 185, 139, 311-818, 816,
828 films: 2114, 296, 298
FinanCial Company for the Develop
ment ot Industry In Vietnam (So
cl~te Financi~re pour Ie D~velop
pement de l'Industrie au Viet
Nam-SOFIDIU) : 405
fishing: 16, 331, 382: and credit taclll
ties, 312, 318; and dle~ 102: and
labor force, 65, 66; resources, 22
Five-Year Plan: 812, 839
floods: 66, 882 i and Mekong River, 13,
824,326
•
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) : 27~
food processing industry: 342, 349, 369 foreign aid: (see also United Stotes) :
26.>-266, 27{)-271, 273, 307, 309, 337, 377, 384-387, 301, 430, 439
foreign debt: 400 foreign exchange: and export licensing,
381--382 ; lowest level, 309; rice, 313; rubber. 329; and system, 392; and United States, 389
foreign trade: (Bee alsQ imports, exports) : 37&-384
forests: 12, 16,20,21 (fig. 6), 61; and products, 73, 312, 33{)-331, 341, 343, 344
France: 51, 53, 100; attitude toward. 4. 277; and Chinese, 88; colonial rule,!, 2, 10, 200-201. 429 ; and commerce, 368; conquest, 41-42, 43 (fig. 8),44-48; culture, 3, 30, 167; and education, 145, 146, 152; and for-eign aid, 129, 386, 395; Ihdochinn War, 53, 55; and montagll.ard8, 76; relations with, 264-265; and society, 96, 99; trade with, 377-380; and weltare, 138
freedom of expression: 281, 283-286 French: as ethnic group, 69, 91; and
language,7~71, 74,75,80,82,84,92
French Confederation of Christian Workers (Confederation Frantaise des Travallleurs ChrnUens-CF'.rC) : 359
fruits: 314
Gautama : founder of Buddhism, 169 Gendarmerie: 418 Geneva Agreement: (8ee al80 Demarca
tion Line) : 1, 2, 9, 55-57; and elections, 257; and Laos, 268--269; relations with United States, 261-262
geographic regions: 2, 10, 11 (fig. 2), 12-16
Gia Dinh Province: 40, 149 Gla Long: 40, 175, 318 Giai Phong: 251 Giao Chi: 32, 34 Giap: See Yo Nguyen Giap giap: 406 gold: 22
government: 166, 199-203, 264 (fig. 9) ; 205-212, 213 (fig. 10), 214-215; at-
67, 210, 211; leadership, 226 (table 1)
Great Britain: 55, 258, 259, 265 guerrillas: (scc also Viet Cong) : 139,
141,221,323 Gulf of Siam: 66, 266; and resettlement
project, 64, 321
Ha Tien : 22, 24 Haiphong: 48, 53, 198 handicrafts: 166, 167, 308, 311, 344-346;
and labor force, 350 Hauoi: description, 24, 57, 97, 98, 100,
111, 210; history, 44; and Indochina 'Yar, 53; National Front, 6; regime. 58; and Viet Minh, 201
barbors: 45 Health Opportunity for People Every
where (HOPE) : medical aid, 130, 132
highways: 22, 23 (fig. 7) ; 24, 45, 308, 369
Hinduism: 169,170, 188 history: 29-58 Ito: 406 Ho Chi Minh: and Communist Party,
31, 49; Democratic Republic, 200, 201; and Geneva Agreement, 258; and Indochina War, 53-55; insurgency, 439; nationnlist movement, 429; and Viet :\1inh, 50, 51-53
Han Hao sect: 57, 8~, 169, 186, 189; and Catholics, 239; history, 175; landownership, 321 ; and police force, 411; and political force, 240, 242; in population, 5, 63
Hoang Cong Kanh : 161 Hoang Quynh, Father: 238-239 Hoi An : 39, 78 holidays: 3!lh305, 354, 428 Hong Bang dynasty: 31 Hong Kong: 9 hospitals: 129, 132, 138 housing: 15, 100-103, 136, 138; and
1Jwtltagnanl8, 78, 81, 86; and projects, 352; and refugees, 121
Hue: 73, 77, SO, 100; and Buddhist disturbances. 217, 222-224, 230, 237; and Catbolic demonstrations, 225; cultural influence, 111; description, 16, 17, 22, 25, 97,98, 145, 167; history, 30, 32, 40, 41, 45, 47, 50, 171; port 26-28
titnde toward, 305 i employment in, Huang: and Buddhists, 236
lIuynh Phu So: 175, 186 lIuynh Tan Phat: 250 lIuynh Van Nhlem: 208
illiteracy: 157 j and lower class, 102 imports: 309, 310, 868, 369, 378, 879, 8BO
(table 4), 8S8 (table 6), 884; since partition, 377 j from U.S., 813
income: per capita, 807 j in rural areas, 184
indepen'dence : 34-39, 50-51, 515-58 India: 9, 80, 258, 259; relations with,
278 Indocbina : 36, 38, 45, 48 Indocbina War: 1, 31, 53, 55, 91, 2:77.
869, 429; and landownership, 817; and refugees, 59, 119
Indocbinese Communist Party: 47, 49, 62,154,96
Indonesia: 272-273 Industrial Development Center: 811,
887,846,405 industry: and employment 308; under
French, 9St 99; a~d labor force, 66, 347, 35Q j and power shortage, 307; In Saigon, 26
Infant Il\Ortality : 81, 126 inflation: 7, 122, 135, 309, 310 insurgency: (866 aZaa Viet Oong) : 58,
98,489-441 International Bank for Reconstruction
'.and Development (IBRD) : 275, 88CS International Control Commission: 56,
258,259,273 International Development Associa
tlon: 275 International Federation of Ohristian
Trade Unions (IFCTU) : 860, 361, 862
International Labor Organization (ILO) : 275, 851
Int,ernatlooa\ Monetary Fund (IMF): 275,885
international organizations: 258, 276-276
iron deposits: 79 Irrigation: 316, 319, 827 Islam: 170, 188 ivory: 78
Japan: 'attitude toward, 277; and foreign aid, 386; and independence, 200; and nationalism, 46; occupation, 31, 48-49, 410, 429; relations with, 271-272; trade with, 878, 880
504
Joint United States Public Affairs Of· ftce (JUSPAO) : 295, 299-800
journalists: 288 judges: 207 jungles: 61, 78 juvenile delinquency: 142
Khmers: 153, 180; ethnic group, 4, 5, 12, 68, 69, 89-90; history, 75, 428, 429; language, 69; political force, 245
Khmer Serel (Free Khmer) : 267 Khanh Hoa Province: 65, 85 Kien Hoa Province: 141 kinship: 75, 106, 808 Kompong Cham: 13 Konturo Province: 24, 62, 79, 80, 122 Korea: 271 Krong Kno River: 86 Kuomlntang: 47,49 Ky: See Nguyen Oao Ky labor, compulsory: 357-858 labor force: agriculture, 60, OS; and
Chinese, 99; disputes, 364.-365; and industry, 60; and laws, 351-852; in population, 60; rural, 66, 849; urban, 349
labor unions: 347-848; 358-362; and international ·afllUations, 362-363; as poUtlcal force, 243
Lac Long Quan : 81 lacquer: 73 LalAn: 27 land reform: 189, 818; in Delta, 817-
824; expenditures, 895 landownership: absentee ownership,
44-45, 98; and elite, 94-100; reform, 310, 311, 817-824; and tenant farmers,3
language: 69-78,92,148, 152,208 Laos: attitude towa,rd, 278; descrip
tion, 2, 9, 18, 15, 24, 25; history, 10, 42; "protocol states," 262; relations with, 268-269, 879
Le Dlnh Thai: 242 Le Dlnh Thong: 242 Le dynasty: 37..,'J8, 174 Le Thanh·Long : 37 La Van KIm, Major General: 224 Le Van Trung: and Cao Dai,175 life expectancy: 122, 300 limestone deposits: 22 literacy: 144,153,157 literature: 160,161,162 livestock: 325, 329-880
Loan Quoc Sy : 167 lower class: 93, 98, 100-102 Luong Trong Tuong : 242 Luu Quang Thuan : 161 Ly dynasty: 35-86, 173
machinery: imports, 879 magazines: 281 Mahayana Buddhism: 169, 173, 180-
181 Malayo-Polynesian languages: 32. 73-
74, 77, 82, 91 Malaysia: 272 mandarlnate: (8ee aZso Confucianism) :
and civil servants, 86, 200;. and c0-lonial rule. 44, 97, 177, 196 i and education, 145 j history. 8, 4, 95, 96, 174
mangrove: 20 manufacturing: 337, 389, 341-844; Im-
ports, 877, 888; and labor force, 66 Marines: 427, 480, 487 marketing: 867-869, 871-872 marriage: 110-114, 194; and montag
narda, 75, 78, 85 Medical OIvlc Action Program: 129-
188,446 Mekong Delta: agriculture, 45, 811,
314, 816. 826-828; climate, 61 j description, 2, 13, 14 (fig. 8),125,126. 128, 180, 290, 870, 874, 432; and
. history, 8, So, 88, 71,429; and labor force, 61, 66 j Rnd landownership, 817-822; and population, 4, 59, 61-68, 69, 90 j and refugees, 64 j Rnd religion, 169, 174, 175, 181, 134, 188; Rnd social cU'stoms, 107, 110, 112, 118; and standard of living, 185 j and Viet Cong, 867, 871
Mekong River: 18, 201, 266. 840 middle class: 98, 98-101 miUtary: and courts, 207, 209. 451-458;
and government. 225, 227, 487-488 j training, 442-444
Military Payment Certilicates (MPC) : 407
minerals: 22, 841 Minh Mang: 160 Ministries of: 7, 147, 896-897 (table 0) ;
Economy 'and Finance, 62, 67, 3tH, 415; Foreign AlI'alrs, 207, 276; Justice, 207 j Social and Cultural Affairs, 67, 129, 139, 146, 147, 153, 166 j War and Reconstruction, 7, 231, 205 11'., 276, 286, 895, 482, 488, 458
missionaries: 129, 169, 171, 172, 174: CathOlics, 89, 40 j and mantagnaro8, 78, 79, 80, 82; persecution, 41
Mon-Khmer languages: 82, 78-74, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 86, 91
Mongoloid people: 9, 82, 70, 71, 78 monsoons: 17, 827 montagnara8: 12, 15, 135, 157 j and
agriculture, 62, 64, 79, 88, 808, 325-828 j in Central Highlands, 816 j as ethnic group, 4-5, 62, 69, 72-87; and government information programs, 282, 296: and justice, 422, 423 j and landownership, 311, 819, 820, 322, 324 j as political force, 244-247; and religion, 171,188: and trade, 878 j and Viet Cong, 298
Moslems: 68 mountains: 14 (fig. 8), 15, 16 Mul Bal Bung (Co Mau Peninsula) : 15 MulDleu: 16 MulDlnh: 16, 17 Municipal Police: 412 music: 159, 168-164, 167
Nam-bo:52 nam-tien : 80, 36 National Constituent Assembly: 2Q1,
202, 220, 224 National Front for the Liberation of
South Vietnam: 58, 258, 260, 261, 268, 272; and Cao Dal, 188; and montagnara8, 247 j propaganda" 221, 278, 282-288, 299 j and Viet Cong, 250 j World Peace Oonference, 275
National Leadership Committee: 6, 100, 208, 205--207, 229, 284, 276, 482
National LeglslativeCouncn: 228, 229 National Liberation Army: 2, 51 National Lottery: 185-136, 852 National POlice: 409 National Political Congress: 205, 230 National Revolutionary Civil Servants
League (Lien Doan Cong Chuc Cach Mang Quoc Gla) : 219
National Revolutionary Movement (Phong Trao Coch Mnag Quoe Gla) : 219-220
National Security Council: 206 National Security Police: 412-417 national symbols: 3M nationalism: 1, 2, 4, 45-47, 49, IW, 98,
161 j and government, 7, 295 j and Viet Cong, 5, M, 429
505
Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam: 252,253-254
natural resources: 309, 339 Navy: 427, 480, 482, 487, 446, 448 (fig.
15) New Life Hamlet Program: 139 New Zealand: 6, 265, 266, 439; aid, 439 news agencies: 285, 290 newspapers: 225,281,282, 283,284,285,
286, 287 (table 2), 283-289, 297, 424-425
N go Dinh can: unofficial governor of Central Vietnam, 218-219, 222
Ngo Dinh Diem: 6, 47, 48, 57 j armed forces, 234 j agro1JiUe8, 883, 384 j budget, 392 j Buddhists, 194, 288 j censorship, 2S3 j Chinese, 88 j cooperation with U.S., 262; downfail, 6, 161, 217, 218, 224, 227, 235, 286; education, 158 j elections, 255,j foreign 'aid, 387 j foreign relations, 264, 265, 267, 269, 270, 271, 273 j Geneva Agreement, 258, 259 j independence, 54 i labor unions, 248, 358; landownership, 317 j land reform, 322, 328, 324; montagnard8, 244 j police agencies, 412 j political pal'ties, 252, 254, 802 j public morality, 142; regime, 5, 57, 58, 201, 218, 222,437,488 j rel1gton, 172, 175, 185, 187, 288, 289, 240, 241, 411 j Viet Cong, 231, 250
Ngo Dlnb Luyen : 219 NgO Dinh Nhu: role in Diem regime j
202, '218, 219, 220, 221, 228, 224 Ngo Dlnb Thuc: 219, 222 Ngo'dynasty: 84-85 Nguol Tbuongs: 4 Nguyen AI Quoc: 49, 50 Nguyen Gao Ky: 6, 208, 205, 226 (table
1);229,23~ 259,270,272, 27~ 448: air force, 446: Buddhist relations, 234, 236 j and Obinese, 248 j civilian leadership, 217;- ,ooDln;muism, 119, 257; education, 144 j foreign aid, 887, 398; foreign economic relations, 271, 276, 278, 377; freedom .of the press, 2815 j government corruption, 237 j Honolulu, Conference, 263; labor movement;'348,859,;866; land reform, 328, 324; marketing cooperatives, 372 j resettlement clraims, 141, revolUtionary development program, 281
506
Nguyen Obanb Thi, Colonel: 221, 229, 234
Nguyen Dlnh Bach: 253 Nguyen Due: 162 Nguyen dynasty: 40, 174 Nguyen family: 38, 39 Nguyen Hoa Hiep: 253 Nguyen Hoang Bay: 254 Nguyen Huu Co, Lieutenant General:
203,433 Nguyen Huu Tho: 250 Nguyen Khanh, Major General: 77,
225, 226 (table 1), 227-229; and Buddhists, 236 ; and Catholics, 240 ; and foreign aid, 387, 893; and foreign economic relations, 377; and hamlets, 231, 334 j and labor unions, 358; and land reform, 311, 323 j and political parties, 254
Nguyen Luv Vien: 203 Nguyen Ngoc Tho: prime minister, 224 Nguyen Phan Long: 46 Nguyen Thai Hoc: 47 Nguyen Thanh Phuong: 254 Nguyen Ton Hoan : 253, 254 Nguyen Tuong Tam: 16 Nguyen Van Ouc: 252 Nguyen Van Huyen: 203 Nguyen Van Thieu, Major General:
203, 230; chairman of the Dlr~ctorate, 6, 205 j and electoral process, 255; and Honolulu conference, 263 j and montagnard8, 246
NguyenXuanPhong: 351, 352 Nha.Trang: 24,25; port, 26, 27, 65, 374 Nhu, 'Madame: influential role: 218,
220, 221, 228 and Family Code, 142 Nlnh Hoa: 24 Nong Son: 3S8, SS9 novel: 161, 166, 167 nuoo mam: 128, 124, 332 Nur, Paul: 247 nurses: 122, 131
opium: 142
painting: 159,164-165 Paracel Islands: 838 partition: 59 paternalism: 343-349, 868 patrllIneage: 106'-107, 116 peace proposals: 260-261 peasants: as political force, 248-250 People'. Army ot Vietnam: 258 People's Revolution'ary Party: 251, 252
periodicals: 288, 289 personalism: 219 Pham Buu Chuong: 208 Pham Cong Tac: 186 Pahn Boi Ohau: 46 Pahn Chau Trinh: 46 Phan Duy Nhung: 242 Phan Huy Quat: 208, 226 (table 1), 228-
229; and m1I1tary government, 285 Phan Khae SUll: Chief of State, 208,
227 ; and Manifesto of the Eighteen, 220-221,226 (table 1) ; and m1l1tary government, 229, 285
Phan Khoang : 203 Phan Quang Dan: 221 Phan Rang: 24, 68, 86, 90 Phan Thong Thao : 258 Phan Xuan Ohieu, Major General: 228 Ph1l1pplnes: 9, 272 Phnom Penh: 18, 25 Phong Dinh Province: 68, 826 phosphate deposits: 838 Phu Bal: 27 Phu Bon Province: 122, 246 Phu Vlnh: 90 Phu Yen Province: 81'), 816 PhuGe Long Province: 82 phurong: 859 plaster: 401, 402, 407 Pleiku Province: 24, 25, 62, 80, 81, 87 poetry: 159-162, 166 Poland: and International Oontrol
Commission, 258, 259, 278 Pollee Syatem: 410-417 poUtleal disunity: 282-288 poUtleal parties: 217-218; 251-254 polygamy: 108, 111, 142, 198 Popular Force: 409, 418-419, 427, 481-
482,445 population: 4, 12, 59-67 ports: 809 Portuguese: 89 president: 202 Prime Minister: 205--206, 211-212, 214 prisons: 428
public information: and government activities, 295--297
pubUe ut1l1tles : 186
Quan Long (formerly Ca Mau) : 24 Quang Duc Province: 246; and popula-
tion, 82, 85 Quang Hun Kim: 203 Quang Nam Province: 65, 00, 332 Quang Ngai Province: 27, 80; and
refugees,65,141,332,341 Quang TrJ Province: 65 Quang-Trung Emperor: 38-89 Qui Nhon : 25, 26, 27, 65, 874 quoo ngu: 72, 161
Rach Gla : 62, 64 radio: 281, 282, 290, 291 (table 3), 292-
298,295,297-298 rallroads: 22, 28 (fig. 7), 24-25, 45, 808,
374 rainfall: 10, 12, 17, 18 (fig. 4), 19 (fig.
5) recreation: 135-186 Red River Delta: and Oatholics, 238;
history, 82, 85, 36, 42, 71, 105, 172, 178,817; and Japanese troops, 48
referendum: 57-58 refugees: 59, 94, 107, 119, 121, 122, 141-
142, 302, 311, 321, 409; and Cath· olics, 63-65, 171, 172, 176, 187, 188, 192, 288.; employment, 349 i and International Oontrol Oommission, 259 i and labor force, 847, 348 i and landownership, 817; and living conditions, 186
Regional Forces: 409, 418, 427, 431, 445 regions:, (8ee alao Central Highlands,
Central Lowlands) 59,212 RepubUe of Vietnam: 1, 58, 259 resettlement program: 57, 60, 64-65, 94,
100,122,141-142, 311, 821, 848; and ~ontagnard8, 76-77, 81, 82
Resources Oontrol Program: 415 revenue, government: 809, 891-893, 398,
899 (table10),4OO Protestants: 68, 188 provinces: 211-212, 213
215 (fig. 10), 214- revolts: 83,34,47; and ~ontagn-ard8,
76,77 ProviSional Constitutional
202,208 Oharter: Revolutionary Development Program:
199, 281-282, 249 Provisional Gonvention of June 1965:
276 Provisional LeaderShip Oommittee: 227 publle debt: 400
Revolutionary League of Vietnam (Vietnam each Minh Dong Minh Hoi) : 49, 50
Revolutionary M1l1tary Oomndttee: 202
507
Revolutionary Military Council: 202, 224
Revolutionary Personalist Labor Party (Can Lao Nhan Vi Cach Mang Dang) : See Can Lao
Rhades: 76, 77 j as ethnic group, 62, 85-86 j language, '74 j social customs, 75, 120 j toode, 373; uprising, 244 j and Viet Cong, 245
rice: cultivation, 61, 66, 315 (fig. 11) j in economy, 4, 12, 307 j export crop, 26, 307, 300, 313, 369, 377, 378, 380, 382 ; marketing, 370--872 ; and Mekong Delta, 3, 326-327 ; and montagnarus, 79, 83; production, 20, 307, 326-327 j ricelands, 10, 13, 16, 22, 36, 311, 318; and trade, 89, 99, 369; and V!et Cong, 307-308
rivers: (8ee also Mekong River), 13, 14 (fig. 3), 15, 25-26
roads: 24, 308, 309, 368; and agriculture, 20; in Central Highlangs, 79
rubber: and Agriculture Code, 351 ; and export crop, 807, 809, 328, 369, 377, 378, 380, 382-383; and labor force, 66; and land concessions, 318, 320, 326; and plantations, 16, 20, 45, 76, 277, 308, 326, 352, 357; and production, 329
Rural Reconstruction Budget: 394 rural reconstruction program: See De
partment of Revolutionary Development; "Revolutionary Development Program
Rusk, Dean: 257, 260
Saigon: Buddhist disturbances, 217, 287; capital, 57, 808; Catholic demonstrations"225 j description, 2, 9, 17, 20, 26, 100, 106, 124-128, 132, 186, 167, 211, 410, 413, 416; education in, 149, 210; history, 41; indus~ try, 66; labor force, "60, 65, 98; language, 70; population, 4, 61, 63, 70, 90; port; 26, 374; refugees, 64; transportaion, 24, 25; Viet Cong, 7
Saigon Post: and Dai Viet, 254 Saigon River: 125 sanLtation facilities: 122, 124-126, 136 scholarship: 157, 160 schools: (8ee al80 education); and
building program, 121, 143, 148, 149 j dropouts, 143; enrollment,143 j priva.te, 152-153; and terrorism, 221
508
script: (8ee al80 ohu nom, quae nyu): and montaynard8, 80, 91
sculpture: 41, 159, 165-166 secondary education: 143, 144, 146, 149,
152,158 skilled workers: 347, 350 smuggling: 425-426 Soc Trang: Chinese population, 62 Social Democratic Party (Dan Chu Xu
Ho! Dang) : 186, 254 Social and Political Research Service
(So Nghien Cuu X-a Hoi Chinh Tri) : 220
social security: 356 solls: 20; in Mekong Delta, 314, 316;
in Central Lowlands, 816 Song Dong N a! R!ver: 13, 83, 125 Song Hau Giang River: description, 13,
15, 20 j and religion, 169; Qnd resettlement project, 321
Song Sai Gon River: 13, 15, 26 South China Sea: 2, 13, 66, 469 South Korea: aid, 439 Southeast Asia: 9, 60, 121, 128, 273 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization
(SEATO): and militarya!d, 6, 257-258; and "protocol states," 261-262 j and foreign" relations, 264, 265,269 j 273
Southern Montagnard Oountry (Pays Montagnard du Sud-PMS) : 76
Soviet-bloc countries: 53 Soviet Union: 31, 50, 258--260; relations
with,265 Special Court: 409, 424 spirits and magic: 64, 70, 72, 75, 81, 84,
117,133-134,162,170,172,174,178, 180,185 .
standard" of Uving: 135, 385 Strategic Hamlet Brogram: 281-232 strikes: 225, 286, 348, 3_ student groups: 223, 228, 236, 242-248 suffrage: 255 , sugar: 329; in Central Lowlands, 16;
crop, 314; and export, 328 superstitions: (8ee <spirits and magic)
Tan Son Nhut A!rport : 25, 26 Taoism": 170, 178 j and Chinese, 5 j and
cultural inlluence,159j history, 172 j in population, 63, 70
tar!ffs: 377-378 taxes: 215, 309, 391-398, 398, 899 (table
10),400 Tay Ninh Province: 63,90,185,186
tea: aDd CeDtral Hlgblands, 16, 320; cultivation, 321); export. 313, 328; and labor force, 66; land concesmoos, 318; and montagnards, 76; and plantations, 357
teachers: shortage, 143, 151-152 tedmlcal employees: 312 television: 282, 293-294 tenorism: 202, 230-233, 262; and labor
uDlons, 361; and montagnards, 76, 77
textbooks: 144,148,166,265 t.P:ltile Industry:: 342--343; employment
in, 349. 357; and imports, 378; and labor movement, 66, 366
Thailand: 13, 25, 40, 41; relations with, 269-270
Thanh Long (IInnoi) : 40 Thanh Tong: 36 theater: 159,162-163 Tbcrtwadn Buddhism: 169.180--181, 186 Thich no Giae : 237 Thich Tnm Chau: lender ot Buddhist
movemen t, 2"22. 225, 236, 231 Tbich Thien Minh: 237 Thich Tinh Khiet : 223,225,236, 237 Tbich Tri Quang : leader ot Buddhist
mO\,{~lllent. 222, 223, 225. 230, 236, 237; and political parties, 253
Thieu Tri : 160 Thuongs : 4--U tobacco: 16 Ton That Dillh, Mnjor General: and
coup d 'etat: 224 Tonkill: lind Chinese, 09; and elite
society. 07, 08, 100; history, 10, 30, 42, 44, 45, 50, 03; and industrial development, 338; and political disunity, 232; and social customs. 108, 145; and Viet llinh, 51. 52
Tonie Sap: 13 Tourunc: Sec Da ~·ang trade, domestic: 367-375, 377, 379 1'ran dynasty: 36-37, 173 '1 ~tlU :KUIll 'l'rung: 252 TJ'8n Ngoc Ninh: 147 Trnll Ql1'JC Buu: 243, 360, 363 Tran TLip:1 Khiem, Mnjor General: 227 Trull Trong Kim: 161. 200 Trail Van An: 203 Trull Vall Chuong: 29-3 TrUll Vall Do: 203 Trun Van DOll, Major General: und
coup d'etat, 224
Tran Van Huong: 226 (taIJle 1), 227-229,284
Trun Vun Tuyen: 253 transportation: 3, 22, 23 (fig. 7), 24-
28, 41, 281, 308, 310, 311, 368--369, 373-375
Trinh family: 38. 39 Trinh Quoc Khanh : 2M Trung-bo: 52 Trung Nhi : 33 Trong sisters: 4-'>9 Trung Trac : 33 Tn Chanh Nong Son: 22 Tn Due: 160
unemployment: 313, 349, 353 Unified j1"rOllt for the Liberation of Op
pressed Races (Front Unifie pour Ia Liberation des Races Opprlmees-FULRO) : 77, 85, 245, 246
United National Front: 51 United Nations: 267, 274, 275; aid, 379,
386; Childrens' Fund (UNICEF), 127, 140, 275; Fkonomic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE), 34()-341; Fact Finding Mission, 2?-3; SI)E!Cial Fund, 339, 38(h'J87
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural 0 r g a n I z n t ion (UNESCO) : 146. 275
United States: and agriculture, 328, 332; and aid. 55, 138-139, 257- 258, 307-311, 314, 379, 381, 384 (table 7), 3t»-386, 39;), 40'"), 40n; nod edu
cation. 144, 150. 152, 153, 156, 166. 210; aud Geneva Agreement, 56, 57 ; and Indochina 'Var, 53; and information activities, 282, 285-286, 289, 293, 295, 296, 299-300; and military aid. 57, 91, 92, 427, 428, 430, 431; and 1I1Ontagnardl, 77, 244-246; and Public Law 480, 372; relations with, 261-263; and Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (S E.\ TO), 257; and trnnsporttltion system, 23. 2S-27; nnd trool)S, 6, 7. 438. 439.
United States Development Loan Fund: 385
United States Information Service (USIS) : 299
United States Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) : 394, 438
509
States Military Assistance Qommand for Vietnam (MACV):
285-~86,419,438
States Operations Mission (USOM) : 153, 294, 339, 412, 423;
and medical ai<1t 127, 128-; and
;efugees, 141-1'42 j and sanitation
facilities, 125. 136; and welfarE" projects, 121, 122, 139
129, 130, 181, 146, 151, ~-:15(f •. 158.183.187. 286
.Major General: 208
:~;;;;;ig;;;;;~; 314, 825, 327-328 V· 20,.21 (fig. 6)
Cong (VI~t Nam Cong Son) : 5-7,
217,,-'2ti6-252, 441; and agriculture,
329,834;' and Camhodia, 267, 268;
and Chinese, 89, 248 j and communi-
"'1':" cations system, 281; and govern
~"\lf:'.'l'n,; •. '._'\~.' ,_-w~nt, 199, 215, 296; and labor lUovejJ;~.tft~'I,)'f;~i\;'-·cmen~ 859, 865; and montagnard8,
Nf'~'-- "';'~-'::<_\"-'~17, 79-82, 87; and peasants, 248,
., 249, 250, 306; and political loyal-
ties, 119; and propaganda, 122-123,
126, 128, 298-299, 442; and refugees,
59, 6S, 64; and t~rrorism. 121, 135.
140,143,148-149,409,439-440; and
transportation system, 23-25, 308,
313, 367-368, 371, 378, 374
Viet Minh: See Vietnam Independence
League Vietnam Independence League (Viet
Nnm Doc Lap Dong Minh) : 49, 50,
51, 200, 201; and Ohinese, 52; _ and
Communist group, 31; and Geneva
Agreement, 55-57 j and Indochina
War, 53-55 j and landownership,
320 j and nationaUst movement,
429 j and religious sects, 240
Vietnam Labor Union (Union Ouvriere
du Viet Nam-UOV) : 361
Vietnam National Restoration Associa
tion (Vietnam Phuc Quoc HoI):
254 Vietnam Nationalist Party (Viet Nam
Quoe Dan Dang-VNQDD): 47,
52, 161, 252, 253
Vietnam Social Democratic Party (Viet
nam Dan Chu Xa Hoi Dang) : 254
Vietnamese: ethnic group, 4, 5, 12, 61-
63,69, 70-71j history, 317-318; and
language. 34. 75. 82. 89. 144, 147.
153,208; and Nationalist Party. 49
510
Vietnamese Confederation of Christian Labor (ConfMeratlon Vietnami
enne du Travail Chretien-CVTC) :
243, 359 Vietnamese Conf'edera,tion of Lanor
(Oonf.ed{!ration Vi~tnamienne du
Travall-OVT) : 243, 347, 36<l-863,
366 Vietnamese People's Revolutionary
Party: and Viet Cong, 251
villages: 15, 16, 102-104, 368; adminis
tration, 214-215, 421-422; and
Buddhist organizations, 237 j and
government information, 296 j and
living conditions, 134-135, 137; and
montagnard8. 74; and rural development programs, 231-232; and so
cial welfare programs, 139-140
Vinh Long Province: 24. 63. 326
Vo Nguyen Giap and Viet Minh: 49, 50
Vo Phien: 167 vocational education: 146, 149-151,
334-335, 350 Voice of America: 300
Vu Ngo Tran: 203
Vu Van Man: 223 Vung Da Nang: 16, 89, 61
Vung Tau: 211; Development Program,
231; government projects. 352; and
population, 61; port, 26, 28
wages: 309, 310, 347-348, 354-356, 361,
364; and government control, 135
water: and power, 338, 340; resources,
311, 313; supply, 124-125, 186, 137;
and transport, 25-26, 308, 008, 374
welfare activities: 6, 13s-.-142,187
Western Europe: 381
women: 59; and education, 101; ideal
character, 195; in labor force, 67,
349,355; in public Ufe, 140; role in
society, 193; status, 114-115
Workers' Party of Vietnam (Dang Lao
Dong Viet N am) : 54, 251, 252
working conditions: 353-858, 364
World Health Organization (WHO):
127,275 World War I: 44
VVorld War II: 1, 10, 47, 51, 369
Y Bham : 85, 245-246
Yen Bay: 47 youth organizations: 140
U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1967 0 - 260-364