III. Life in a totalitarian State€¦ · B. Stalin’s Rise to Power 1. Lenin suddenly died in...
Transcript of III. Life in a totalitarian State€¦ · B. Stalin’s Rise to Power 1. Lenin suddenly died in...
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I. Two Revolutions in Russia
II. From Lenin to Stalin
III. Life in a totalitarian State
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I. Two Revolutions in Russia
A. “Backwards” Russia pre-1914
1. massive territory
2. 1897 census - Russians minority
3. 1904: Russ-Japanese War
4. “Bloody Sunday” in 1905
○ Moderates fired upon by Czar forces
○ Festering working class
5. 1906: some legislative reforms
○ Peter Stolypin as Prime Minister
○ Duma “parliament”
Too little, too late
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I. Two Revolutions in Russia
B. The March Revolution
○ a. threat of revolution was always present
○ b.
○ c. Romanov answer: and
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I. Two Revolutions in Russia
B. The March Revolution
○ a. 99 problems, and the war
was one:
○ b. Tsar Nicholas II - to the front
○ c. Czarina Alexandra and
Rasputin
○ d. largest army, but
underdeveloped
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I. Two Revolutions in Russia
B. The March Revolution
○ a. March 1917, Tsar Nicholas II abdicates
○ b. liberals lead a new republican – Alexander Kerensky
○ c. granted natural rights and religious freedom
Too idealistic
○ d. Bolshevik socialists revolutionaries dominate soviets
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I. Two Revolutions in Russia
C. Lenin and the Bolsheviks
○ a. born in 1870 - middle-class
○ b. Lenin…in brother’s footsteps
○ a. Siberian punishment / Switzerland Exile
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I. Two Revolutions in Russia
C. Lenin and the Bolsheviks
○ a. Lenin adopted Marxist ideas
○ b. since a mass of urban workers did not exist, a
“dictatorship of the proletariat” would rule in their best
interest
○ a. Germany’s plan for infection…a double-edged sword?• yes
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I. Two Revolutions in Russia
D. The November Revolution
○ a. Lenin, Trotsky, other Bolshevik - “Peace, Land, and
Bread” - April Thesis
○ b. armed factory workers & mutinous sailors
i. “its no use, we give up. No bloodshed” – member of the
provisional government
○ a. took over other major cities outside Petrograd
○ b. Moscow new capital
○ c. ended private ownership & distributed lands to the
peasants
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I. Two Revolutions in Russia
E. Russian Civil War
1. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
○ a. gave up huge amount of territory and population
2. civil war raged for the next 3 years
○ a.
○ b.
3.
○ a. The RED ARMY - rallied behind nationalism
Led by Leon Trotsky
4. end of the line
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I. Two Revolutions in Russia
F. “ ”
1. banks, mines, factories, and
railroads
○ peasants forced to give surplus crops
○ army totally rebuilt under Trotsky's leadership
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I. Two Revolutions in Russia
G.
○ a. millions dead from the war
○ b. millions more dead from starvations and pandemic
○ c. immense job of rebuilding ahead
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II. From Lenin to Stalin
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II. From Lenin to Stalin
A. Building the
Communist Soviet Union
1. Lenin’s Communist
Government
○ a. constitution in 1922
both democratic and socialist
○ b. elected legislature; suffrage
for anyone over 18
○ c. ALL political, resources,
means of production would
belong to the workers and
peasants
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II. From Lenin to Stalin
Size and Limitations?
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II. From Lenin to Stalin
A. Building the Communist Soviet Union
2. Lenin’s Communist Government
○ d. despite promises of equality…power corrupted
○ e. Secret police / Cheka (later the KGB)
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II. From Lenin to Stalin
A. Building the Communist Soviet Union
3. Lenin’s NEP (New Economic Policy)
○ a. allowed for some capitalistic ventures
Farming (compare to CCP under Deng Xiaoping in 1970s)
○ b. communist government - mines, large industries, banks,
foreign trade, etc
○ c. peasants were allowed to save/sell their extra crops
i. all this SAVED a collapsing economy
ii. improved the standard of living
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II. From Lenin to Stalin
B. Stalin’s Rise to Power
1. Lenin suddenly died in January 1924
2. USSR / communist party in a power struggle
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II. From Lenin to Stalin
B. Stalin’s Rise to Power
3. Leon Trotsky
4. Joseph Djugashvili
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II. FROM LENIN TO STALINC. Stalin’s 5 Year Plans
• 1. acknowledged technologically behind
• 2. in 1928, first 5-year plan
• a. heavy industry, improving transportation, and increasing farm output
• 3. created a
• a. where government officials make all basic decisions as opposed to the
free market of capitalism
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II. FROM LENIN TO STALINC. Stalin’s 5 Year Plans
• 4.Mixed Industrial Results
• a. set high-production goals for industry and transportation
• i. wheelbarrow motivation
• b. standards of living declined steadily
• c. wages were low and consumer goods were scarce
• d. central planning was inefficient causing shortages of necessities and comforts
• e. quantity over quality instead of the other way around
• f. do well in heavy industry, but failed to consumer goods
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II. FROM LENIN TO STALINC. Stalin’s 5 Year Plans
• 5. Revolution in Agriculture -
• a. abolished “private” lands from Lenin’s NEP
• b. forced peasants into collectives
• c. told what to farm, when to far, how to farm and, of course, how much to
farm
• We must feed the urbanites!
• d. creation of MASSIVE factories because of TOTALITARIANISM, not
COMMUNISM
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II. FROM LENIN TO STALINC. Stalin’s 5 Year Plans
• 6. A Ruthless Policy
• a. Stalin looked to destroy the , or wealthy peasants
• i. confiscated lands and Siberian work camps (Gulags)
• b. close to 10 million peasants die
• c. grain production increased slightly / meats, fruits and vegetables scarce
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II. FROM LENIN TO STALIND. The Great Purge
• 1. purge / GULAGS
• 2. Stalin became obsessively paranoid
• a. begins to “remove” Old Bolsheviks
• b. targeted old army heroes, industrial managers, writers, ordinary citizens
• 3. held massive “ ” between 1936-38
• a. at least 4, but probably closer to 6 million Russians were purged
• 4. Great Purge strengthened Stalin's power, but weakened the Soviet Union
• a. new communist leaders were loyal to Stalin rather than to communism
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II. FROM LENIN TO STALINE. Soviet Foreign Policy
• 1. between 1917 and 1939, the Soviet Union pursued two very different
goals in foreign policy.
• 2.Commintern vs. League of Nations
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III. LIFE IN A TOTALITARIAN STATE
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III. LIFE IN A TOTALITARIAN STATEA. An Age of Totalitarian Control
• 1. Marx predicted that the “state” would disappear in a true socialist state
• 2. Stalin created a state
• 3. Terror
• Censorship and the death of privacy
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III. LIFE IN A TOTALITARIAN STATEA. An Age of Totalitarian Control
• 4. Propaganda
• a. ALL praised communism and ALL denounced capitalism
• b. promoted extreme nationalism
• c. created communist “heroes”
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III. LIFE IN A TOTALITARIAN STATEA. An Age of Totalitarian Control
• 5. War on Religion
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III. LIFE IN A TOTALITARIAN STATEB. Changes in Soviet Society
• 1. Equality is tough to deliver…a new elite emerges
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III. LIFE IN A TOTALITARIAN STATEB. Changes in Soviet Society
• 2. Social Benefits and Drawbacks
• a. most people did enjoy more benefits than before the revolution
• (but that’s not saying too much)
• b. free education for everyone
• c. free medical care, free day care, inexpensive housing and public
transportation and recreation
• d. still a comparatively low standard of living
• e. with urbanization, crowed living conditions
• f. bread available, but shortages of meat, veggies and fruits
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III. LIFE IN A TOTALITARIAN STATEB. Changes in Soviet Society
• 3. Education
• Universal…with an agenda
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III. LIFE IN A TOTALITARIAN STATEB. Changes in Soviet Society
• 4. Women in the Soviet Union
• Top down / not bottom up / East vs. West
• Zhenotdel – abolished in 1930 by Stalin
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II. FROM LENIN TO STALIN
Three Revolutions Compared:
, and
1. Sort the three revolutions from most radical to
least radical.
2. Which revolution had the greatest immediate
world-wide impact?
3. Which has had the most lasting effect on today?