II. The Magic of Synchronous and Asynchronous Tools and Techniques Curt Bonk, Professor, Indiana...

II. The Magic of Synchronous and Asynchronous Tools and Techniques

Curt Bonk, Professor, Indiana UniversityPresident, CourseShare and SurveyShare

[email protected]

http://php.indiana.edu/~cjbonk

http://CourseShare.com

Ten Minnie-Myths of E-Learning and the Data to Dispel Them (Corporate)

Dr. Curtis J. BonkAlias: Mickey Mouse President, CourseShare.comAssociate Professor, Indiana Universityhttp://php.indiana.edu/~cjbonk, [email protected]

With supporting Help from:

Ms. Minnie MouseOrlando, [email protected]

Corporate E-Learning Myths

For full report, see: http://PublicationShare.com

Myth #1.E-learning will soon go away.

Figure 42. Percent of Instructional Time spent training via the Web in the next decade

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1 Year 2Years

5Years

10Years

76-100%

51-75%

26-50%

1-25%

0%

Myth #2.E-learning can now take place

at home and on the road.

Figure 49. Location Where Learners Access Web-Based Training

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Office

Home

Road

Other

Percent of Respondents

Myth #3. Everyone is evaluating e-learning but us.

Figure 26. How Respondent Organizations Measure Success of Web-Based Learning According to the

Kirkpatrick Model

0102030405060708090

Learner satisfaction Change inknowledge, skill,

atttitude

Job performance ROI

Kirkpatrick's Evaluation Level

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

spo

nd

en

ts

Myth #4.Learner completion rate has

magical importance.

Figure 53. Learner Completion Rate in Web-Based Courses

0

5

10

15

20

25

0-25% 26-50% 50-59% 60-69% 70-79% 80-89% 90-99% 99-100%

Learner Completion Rate

Per

cen

t o

f R

esp

on

den

ts

Myth #5.Work-related incentives are important in motivating e-

learners.

Figure 55. Incentives for Successful Completion of Web-Based Learning

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

None

Inc Job Responsibility

Public Recognition

Awarding Credits to Degree

Inc Job Security

Salary

Promotion


Myth #6.Thiagi has convinced the world of the need for interactivity and

social ice-breakers.

Figure 41. Activities Learners Would Deem Highly Engaging and Useful

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Cases or Job Reflections

Brainstorming

Group Projects/Teams

Electronic Guests/Mentoring

Students Leading Discussion

Symposia/Panels

Voting/Polling

E-mail Pals/Peer Review

Role Play/Debates

Article Discussion/Critique

Display Products

Ice Breakers/Social


Myth #7.Watch out…trainers will

soon be out of a job.

Figure 19. Purpose of Web-Based Learning in Organization

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Sole source oflearning

Supplementtraditional

Follow-up totraditional

Alternative totraditional

Other

Pe

rce

nrt

of

Re

sp

on

de

nts

Myth #8.Traditional instructional

strategies (e.g., lecture, role play, etc.) will not work online.

Figure 38. Instructional Strategies Perceived as Fairly Equally Supported by Online and Traditional Classroom Environments

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Exploration StudentGenerated

Content

Case-Based GuildedLearning

PBL Modeling

Per

cen

t o

f R

esp

on

den

ts

Online

Traditional

Equal

Figure 39. Instructional Strategies Perceived as Better Supported by Online than Traditional Classroom

Environments

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Group ProbSolving &

Collab

SocraticQuestioning

Role Play &Simulations

Discussion Coaching orMentoring

Lecturing

Pe

rce

nt

of

Re

sp

on

de

nts

Online

Traditional

Equal

Myth #9.Trainers operate alone and do not want to give away trade secrets.

Figure 56. Important Features of a Free Course-Sharing Resource Community

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Articles and New sletters

Professional Links

Expert Advice

Web Resource Sharing Tools

Courses, Catalogs, Products

Answ ers to Teaching Problems

Stories of instructional experiences

Pedagogical Ideas

Pre-Rated Web Resources


Myth #10.Trainers are loyal.

Figure 44. Freelance or Adjunct Instructor Web-Based Training

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Past Experience Future Interest

No

Yes

Want a copy of the report???See: PublicationShare.com

Free Reports!!!

What are your e-learning myths???

II. E-Learning Magic….or lack thereof…

Lack of Motivation or Incentive to Complete!!!

Corporate Study• 55% did not track or did not know their

completion rates• Of those that did, 22% reported completion

rates of less than a fourth of students.• Nearly half reported less than 50%

completion rates• Only 2% reported 100% completion.

E-Learning: Harnessing the hype. Cohen & Payiatakis (2002, Feb).

Performance Improvement, 41(7), 7-15.

…both instructional and graphic (design)…must be compelling and engaging enough to keep the learner involved, interested, and stimulated…The ideal future is a learning experience designed to be memorable, motivational, and magical if it is to make a lasting impact on the capabilities of the learner.

Motivating Employees During Down Times, Training Magazine, April 2002

“True motivation comes from within. Programs of manipulation, incentive schemes and other gimmicks never bring about the ongoing change that is truly needed. Ultimately, we have to be inwardly motivated and emotionally engaged while doing it.”

R. Brayton Bowen, Author

of Recognizing and

Rewarding Employees.

Online Training Boring?

From Forrester, Michelle Delio (2000), Wired News. (Interviewed 40 training managers and knowledge officers)

Six Types of E-learning ContentClark Aldrich, A Field Guide to Educational

Simulations

1. Extended Books

2. Extended Lectures

3. Extended Communities

4. Extended Expert Access

5. Embedded Help

6. Simulations

Part III. Motivational Strategies: Asynchronous E-Learning

Motivational Aspects of Web-Based Learning

0 20 40 60 80 100

Relevant Materials

Responsive Feedback

Goal-Driven

Personal Growth

Choice/Flexibility

Interactive/Collab.

Variety/Novelty

Curiosity/Fun


Types of Asynchronous Activities1. Online Testing2. Learner-Content Interactions3. Scenarios4. Games and Simulations5. Sharing Perspectives from Cases, Internships,

Jobs, Field Experiences6. Collaborative or Virtual Team Writing7. Reflection on Online Cases8. Web Resource Reviews9. Concept Mapping10.Annotations and Animations in E-Books

1. Online Testing

1. Online Exams and Gradebooks

Test Selection Criteria (Hezel, 1999; Perry & Colon, 2001)

• Easy to Configure Items and Test• Handle Symbols, Timed Tests• Scheduling of Feedback (immediate?)• Flexible Scoring and Reporting

– (first, last, ave, by individual or group)• Easy to Pick Items for Randomizing• Randomize Answers Within a Question• Weighting of Answer OptionsWeb Resource: http://www.indiana.edu/~best/

Electronic Gradebooks (Vockell & Fiore, 1993)

• Calculate scores, store info

• Weight scores

• Flag students with certain characteristics

• Print reports by individual or group

• Provide prompt feedback

• But inflexible, impersonal, & can be incorrect

2. Learner-Content Interactions (Option 6)

Clark Aldrich, A Field Guide to Educational Simulations

• Multiple Choice Pros– Simple to figure out

– Provides new info

– Cheap to create

• Multiple Choice Cons– Can lead the learner too much

– Railroads people into a certain decision

– May be too easy

– May not be sufficiently rich to capture real world

2. More Learner Content Interactionfrom Option 6

2. Even More Option 6 (Option 7?)

3. Scenarios: Wisdom Tools: Time-Revealed Scenarios (TRS)

Strengths of Scenariosper Marty Siegel (May, 2003)

• They take little time to build• They are (in comparison) cheap to build and

implement; weeks vs. months (soon, even in days!)

• They follow a fixed path (some may see this as a flaw, but it's not); the designer controls the path experience; thus, important

• Paths are always experienced.• Because they describe a reality, like a good

novel, it can feel VERY realistic.

Scenarios…

• Incorporate case study methodology, simulation and story-telling

• Occur in a rich context and are authentic in form

• Allow exploration of multiple paths from various perspectives

• Involve interactive real-world tasks with no single, correct answer

WisdomTools™ Scenarios

• Scenarios equip individuals or teams to achieve results on mission critical or complex issues

• Scenarios create a shared experience at the learner’s convenience

• Learners can “see” failure, be challenged by other viewpoints, reflect and apply new learning, build community and culture

• Self and group assessment provided via quizzes, surveys, and facilitators/coaches

• Scenarios lead to insight, judgment, and strategic thinking

Why Scenarios?

4. Games and Simulations

“There’s something new on the horizon, though: computer-based soft skills simulations, which let learners practice skills such as negotiation and team building.”

Clark Aldrich, The State of Simulations, Sept. 2001, Online Learning

4. A. Simple Games (7-Down)(see Thiagi.com

Or deepfun.com)

1. Puzzle games

2. Solve puzzle against timer

3. Learn concepts

4. Compete

5. Get points

4. Games and Simulations

B. Online Jeopardy Gamewww.km-solutions.biz/caa/quiz.zip

Game based Story Based

Simulation Based

Off-the-Shelf Flight Simulators

Wheel of Fortune

Solitaire

Cognitive Arts

Accenture/Indeliq

Will Interactive

SimuLearn

The Sims

Airline Flight Simulators

Medal of Honor

You Don’t Know Jack Choose-your-own AdventureGames2Train

Visual Purple

(Clark Aldrich, 2003)

Simulation-Based:Number of Calculations/Turn


10 1001000

10K

100K

1000K

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Simu-game-story: Development Budget


5K50K

500K

2M

1990 1995 2000 2005

Mark Brodsky, May 7, 2003

“Another business driver that will ultimately perpetuate an important trend in e-learning, specifically the greater use of simulation-based e-learning, is the migration of more and more services to automated or "self-service" applications. With the greater use of self-service applications, the type of training organizations provide their employees will change.”

Marty Siegel, IU Professor, and Founder of Wisdom Tools (May, 2003)

• Simulations are data driven. There's a model of behavior that underlies them, simulating some process or behavior.

• A simulation approximates reality. It is not reality.• Simulations allow users to interact with

characters or events or processes and see what happens.

• They're very interactive (most of the time) and can include sophisticated graphics.

• Many computer games employ simulation technology. MAXIS makes great games.

Marty Siegel, IU Professor, and Founder of Wisdom Tools

• “If you're building a game and selling 10s of thousands of copies, you can invest a lot to build them and sell them for $50 a pop.”

• “If you're using them for training, they'll still cost a bundle to build, and you'll need to charge a lot to implement (that is, if the simulation is specific to a company; if it's general, then you can sell it for less; it still costs a bundled to produce).... And it takes a lot of time to produce.”

4D. Turn Based Simulations (e.g., Chess)


• Turn-Based Simulation Pros– Promotes contemplation, thoughtfulness, and reflection

– Less expensive

– Sense of flow

• Turn-Based Simulation Cons– Not real

– People get more manipulative

– Need to be highly positive experiences

4E. Complex Virtual Worlds/Virtual Reality

Avatars--representations of peopleObjects--representations of objects Maps--the landscape which can be exploredBots--artificial intelligence

The Sims: What will strike you?Clark Aldrich, Simulations and the Future of

Learning, Jossey-Bass, Fall 2003

• Rudimentary and incomplete the game feels– The Sims don’t talk, they mumble, cleaning the house is a drag

• The interface is confusing• How much fun it is

– Earning money is rewarding, you can decorate your house, flirt with the neighbor’s spouse, buy expensive tools, sleep late, invite friends over instead of going to work

• You might even reflect on your own life• Time is a precious commodity


• Abstract Manipulation Pros– More options

– Interface can help organize info

– Responsive in real time

– Intuitive

• Abstract Manipulation Cons– Very expensive

– Need instructions to use; must be committed

– As much art as science

– Many are younger than age 35

4F. SimuLearn’s Virtual Leader

Virtual Leader Components

1. Power: explores the effects of informal (i.e., expertise and recognized alliances) and formal (e.g., title) power

2. Ideas: explores effective strategies for generating ideas

3. Tension: looking at how tension affects performance

• Once the 3 ingredients are aligned and balanced, the leaders commit to a course of action.


• Computer Graphics Pros– Easy to tweak– Taps creativity of user– Explores uncharted territory– Generalizes skills– Good for high level business skills

• Computer Graphics Cons– Expensive– Requires significant processing power– Skill base to produce is hard to find

4G. Ninth House Publishing


• Video Based Pros– Lots of details, nuances, & specific behaviors– Feel serious and real– Over-forty people are used to TV – Works off dumb terminals

• Video Based Cons– Expensive– Huge bandwidth required– Interaction with video has delays– Hard to get just right– Hard to make small changes

4H. eDrama (Front Desk Hiring)

4I. Intermezzon: MoneyMaker Sales Training

4J: Virtual University Adminstrator

4K. Indeliq• Simulation: Perform Real-World Tasks

– Conduct analyses, make decisions, see immediate results, model expert decisions and behaviors

• Feedback: Evaluate and Coach– Identify mistakes, reinforce best practices,

provide individualized coaching, offer feedback unique to each learner

• Reference: Fill Knowledge Gaps– Access expert war stories and perspectives,

read industry examples and cases consult rich glossary, complete practice activities

4L. Florio: simulation to see connection between individuals actions

and overall corporate performance


• Branching Calculation Models Pros– Adaptive– You know how they got there, so can embed linear

instructional content– Allows for more hand-holding– Can be cost effective– Consistency in assessment– Good for story telling

• Branching Calculation Models Cons– More of an assessment than an experience– Feels manipulative if can’t do what want to do– Feels confined to set space

Army Simulations

4M. Army AC3-DL Simulation Tools

• A highly realistic and innovative PC video game that puts you inside an Army unit.• You’ll face your first tour of duty along with your fellow Soldiers.

4N. America’s Army

C:\Documents and Settings\Curt Bonk\My Documents\PowerPoint\Wisconsin\2002\AC3-DL Blended\operations.exe

Differences between Scenarios and Simulations

Marty Siegel, 2003

1. Scenarios are designed to ensure learners are directed towards a specific outcome or “path” whereas simulations can yield different results or outcomes and important paths are often missed

2. Simulations take significantly more time, resources and money to develop than Scenarios

3. People tend to try to “game” a simulation by tweaking inputs vs. directly facing the types of challenging situations they see on the job

4. Simulations tend to be built for individuals instead of encouraging collaboration amongst individuals grappling with a complex challenge

5. Collaborative simulations are very expensive and time consuming to build and even then must be operated in a synchronous environment

6. Scenarios allow learners to build upon each other’s experiences as they are reacting to the story

7. Scenarios provide necessary context around available resources and ensure their proper use, leveraging the prior investments made in these resources

Simulation IssuesClark Aldrich, A Field Guide to Educational

Simulations

• Harder to evaluate simulation content—no ID theories

• Huge cultural shift from:– Just-enough, just-in-time, fast, relevant, bite-sized content

• Hard to know how much guidance to give learner• SME and designers difficult to identify• People may try beat to system rather than learn• Bandwidth an issue; especially on multiplayer

games• Tough to evaluate what people learned• No real standards

5. Case-Based Learning: A. Business

5. Case-Based Learning: B. Medical: My Patient.com

5. Case-Based Learning: C.Educational: SimTeacher

6. Sharing PerspectivesExperiences

Perspective sharing discussions: Have learners relate the course material to a real-life experience. Real situations or cases.

• Example: In a course on leadership development, have learners share experiences where they were all-of-a-sudden been put in charge of some project or activity and describe what happened as well as what they would do differently.

http://www.oilandgasonline.com/

7. Collaborative Writing

Groove.net

8. Web Resource Reviews

8. Perhaps Turn a Resource Review into a Debate

9. Concept Mapping

• Visual, Auditory, or Tactile/Kinesthetic Learners prefer diagrams, flowcharts, timelines, pictures, films, and demonstrations.

Concept Mapping:Inspiration Example

10. Annotations and Animations in Electronic Books: MetaText (eBooks)

• June 2003, Page 4D • E-books are getting a

boost at BookExpo Free Adobe software helps get word out

• By Jefferson GrahamUSA TODAY

• LOS ANGELES -- E-books are still alive and are getting a new sales pitch, judging from the weekend's BookExpo America, the annual booksellers' convention.

Pick an Idea

• Definitely Will Use: ___________________________

• May Try to Use: ___________________________

• No Way: ___________________________

Part III. Motivational Strategies: Synchronous E-Learning

Growth in Live-eLearning (US$M) (Cushing Anderson, 2002, IDC)

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

United States andCanadaWorldwide

54% growth in US

65% WW

Online Learning Goes Synchronous(see Tom Barron, ASTD, Learning Circuits, Jan 2000)

“Just when you were getting used to the idea of Web-based training (WBT), with its easy content distribution, electronic bulletin boards, and self-paced learning model, the Web’s technological juggernaut has thrown the workplace learning field a new curve: synchronicity.”

Synchronous WBT Products Jennifer Hoffman, ASTD, Learning Circuits, (2000, Jan)

• Deluxe (InterWise, LearnLinc, Centra)– 2-way audio using VOIP, one-way or two-way

video, course scheduling, tracking, text chat, assessment (requires thick client-side software)

• Standard (HorizonLive, PlaceWare)– One-way VOIP or phone bridge for two-way

audio, text chat, application viewing, (requires thin client-side app or browser plug-in)

• Economy (Blackboard, WebCT)– Browser-based, chat, some application viewing

(Requires Java-enabled browsers, little cost, free)

Web Conferencing Tools(e.g., Meetings, events, seminars, application sharing;

see Tom Barron, Demo’ing Synchronous WBT—on the Skinniest of Bandwidths, ASTD, Learning Circuits, Jan 2000)

• Astound (Genysis)• Centra• HorizonLive• Interwise• LearnLinc (Mentergy)• Lotus LearningSpace (DataBeam)• NetPodium (Intervu)• PlaceWare• WebEx

“There are, say, 20 features that encompass live e-learning, and all the products have 17 of them.”

Jennifer Hofmann, quoted by Wendy Webb, Online Learning, November, 2001, p. 44.

Web Conferencing Features

• Audio (VOIP, bridge) and Videostreaming• Application Sharing or Viewing (e.g., Word and

PowerPoint) Includes remote control and emoticons

• Text (Q&A) Chat (private and public)• Live Surveys, Polls, and Reports• Synchronous Web Browsing• File Transfer


• Content Windows—HTML, PowerPoint• Discussion Boards—post info, FAQs, post

session assignments• Archive Meeting—record and playback• Breakout Rooms• Shared Whiteboards• Hand-Raising and Yes/No Buttons


• Assistant instructor options• Pre-session content distribution• Assessment/Testing—pre and post session• Button—for students to notify instructor they

are stepping away.• Breakout Rooms—to share info or gossip• Web Tours

Types of Synchronous Activities

1. Webinar, Webcast2. Guest speaker or expert moderated (or open)

Q&A forum3. Peer and Expert Chats and Online Communities4. Wearable and Wireless Technologies5. Brainstorming ideas, What-Ifs, Quick reflections6. Online Role Play or 6 Hats Technique7. Quick Polls/Quizzes, Voting Ranking, Surveys8. Graphic Organizers in Whiteboard (e.g., Venn)9. Synchronous Course Training10.Discuss Content and Invite Author in for Chat

1. Webinar

1. Live Application Sharing in HorizonLive

2. Electronic Guests & Mentoring

1. Find article or topic that is controversial

2. Invite person associated with that article (perhaps based on student suggestions)

3. Hold real time chat

4. Pose questions

5. Discuss and debrief (i.e., did anyone change their minds?)

(Alternatives: Email Interviews with experts

Assignments with expert reviews)

2. Chat in HorizonLive

3. Peer and Expert Chats and Communities

http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0875847625/bidigitalcomworl

Some Expertise is Misleading!LearnKey's e-learning model integrates all of the proven products that LearnKey has developed and introduced worldwide into the growing IT certification market. We call this new product OnlineExpert™, a hybrid next generation delivery infrastructure and e-learning platform. March 2003, Chief Learning Officer

3. Expert and Peer Chat. Online Language

Support and Translation (pronunciation, communication,

vocabulary, grammar, etc.)

Typical Features (e.g., Englishtown (millions of users from over

100 countries)

• Online Conversation Classes• Experienced Teachers (certified ESL)• Expert Mentors• Peer-to-Peer Conversation• Private Conversation Classes• Placement Tests• Personalized Feedback• University Certification• Self-Paced Lessons

4. Wireless and Wearable Computing

5. Brainstorming

• Come up with interesting or topic or problem to solve

• Anonymously brainstorm ideas in a chat discussion

• Encourage spin off ideas• Post list of ideas generated• Rank or rate ideas and submit to

instructor• Calculate average ratings and

distribute to group

5. Group Brainstorming and Decision Making with GroupSystems

5a. Group Brainstorming in GroupSystems

1. GroupSystems:

Although each person has her own computer, everyone is working on the same list of ideas. If Mary from Marketing enters an idea, everyone else sees it.


2. GroupSystems:

However, all inputs are fully anonymous, so each participant is free to be honest and open. If Joe from Sales doesn't agree with one of Mary's ideas, he can enter his opinion without worrying about offending Mary. Likewise, Mary can debate an issue without even knowing who entered it. Ideas are the focus, not their authors.


3. GroupSystems:

At the end of the session, Sally, the team leader, creates a report that includes not only the team's end result, but full documentation of each step leading to that outcome. The report is complete and in the participants' own words.

5a. Sample Tool: Voting Tool

6. Role Play: Six Hats (from De

Bono, `985; adopted for online learning by Karen Belfer, 2001, Ed Media)

• White Hat: Data, facts, figures, info (neutral)

• Red Hat: Feelings, emotions, intuition, rage…

• Yellow Hat: Positive, sunshine, optimistic

• Black Hat: Logical, negative, judgmental, gloomy

• Green Hat: New ideas, creativity, growth

• Blue Hat: Controls thinking process & organization

Note: technique used in a business info systems class where discussion got too predictable!

7. Synchronous Tools Voting and Polling During Webinar

8. Graphic Organizers (e.g., Digital Whiteboards)

Mapedit Tool

The Mapedit program, was developed to create map overlays, emulating plastic sheets on which symbols are drawn that are laid onto a map (like football playbooks for the maneuver officer). And if students want a whiteboard, they simply have to open a blank overlay (no map background).

Mapedit ToolMapedit allows multiple users to add,

delete, and move symbols and lines on the map overlay. In Mapedit, the driver chooses which file to open, and names the file to save, but all users can edit the contents.

8. Electronic Whiteboard in HorizonLive

9. Synchronous Training (Coast Guard)

10. Asynchronous Discussion in SiteScape Forum

10. Discussion plus Chat (e.g., Starter-Wrapper + Sync Guest Chat)(Discuss books and invite authors in for a chat)

Questions?

Comments?

Concerns?

II. The Magic of Synchronous and Asynchronous Tools and Techniques Curt Bonk, Professor, Indiana...

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Transcript of II. The Magic of Synchronous and Asynchronous Tools and Techniques Curt Bonk, Professor, Indiana...