II. The Living World
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Transcript of II. The Living World
BY J E S S I E M C C LU R E A N D M E G A N G A R R E TT
II. THE LIVING WORLD
BIOLOGICAL POPULATIONS AND COMMUNITIES
• Organisms occur in populations, communities, and ecosystems• A population is all the members of a
species living in a given area at the same time• All of the populations in one area make up
a biological community • An ecosystem consists of the biological
community as well as the physical environment (biotic and abiotic factors)
FULL SPECTRUM
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community
Population
OrganismOrgan system
Organ
Tissues
Cells
VOCABULARY
• Species• Population• Biological
Community• Ecosystem• Producers• Productivity• Biomass• Detritivores
• Food Chain• Food Web• Trophic Level• Consumer• Herbivores• Carnivores• Omnivores• Scavengers• Decomposer
COMMUNITY PROPERTIES AFFECT SPECIES AND POPULATIONS
• Productivity is a measure of biological activity • Community Structure describes spatial distribution of organisms• Complexity is an important ecological indicator• Edges and boundaries affect communities
ECOLOGICAL NICHE
•An ecological niche is the functional role and position of a species or population within a community or ecosystem including what resources are used, how and when it used these resources as well as how it interacts with other populations.
VOCABULARY
• Primary Productivity• Abundance•Diversity • Complexity • Edge Effects
• Random Distribution •Uniform Distribution • Clustered Distribution • Ecotones
T R O P I C A L R A I N F O R E S T S A R E S T R U C T U R A L LY A N D E C O L O G I C A L LY C O M P L E X
COMPLEXITY
SPECIES INTERACTIONS
•Competition leads to resource allocation•Predation affects species relationships•Certain Adaptations Help Avoid Predation•Symbiosis Involves Intimate Relations Among Species
T H E O T T E R S P R O T E C T S K E L P F O R E S T S B Y E A T I N G U R C H I N S T H A T W O U L D O T H E R W I S E D E S T R O Y T H E K E L P
KEYSTONE SPECIES
VOCABULARY • Adaptation
• Natural Selection
• Selection Pressures
• Tolerance Limits
• Indicators
• Habitat
• Ecological Niche
• Competitive Exclusion Principle
• Resource Partitioning • Speciation
• Geographic Isolation
• Allopatric speciation
• Sympatric Speciation
• Binomials
G E O G RA P H I C B A R R I E R S I N F LU E N C E S P E C I AT I O N
ALLOPATRIC V. SYMPATRIC SPECIATION
BIOMES TO KNOW
Major Terrestrial • Tropical Forest • Tropical Savanna and Grassland• Deserts• Temperate Grasslands• Temperate Shrublands• Temperate Forests (Deciduous and Coniferous)• Boreal Forests• Tundra
VOCABULARY
• Biome
• Vertical Zonation
• Cloud Forests
• Tropical Seasonal Forests
• Grasslands
• Savannas
• Chaparral
• Deciduous
• Coniferous
• Taiga
C H A RAC T E R I Z E D BY C O N I F E R S AT H I G H L AT I T U D E S
BOREAL FOREST/TAIGA
C H A R A C T E R I Z E D B Y P E R S I S T E N T , F R E Q U E N T O R S E A S O N A L L O W - L E V E L C L O U D C O V E R
CLOUD FOREST OF COSTA RICA
BIOMES TO KNOW
Major Aquatic• Streams/ Rivers• Lakes/ Ponds•Wetlands• Estuaries• Coastal• Coral Reefs•Open Ocean
VOCABULARY • Phytoplankton
• Benthic
• Pelagic
• Coral Bleaching
• Mangroves
• Salt Marshes
• Tide Pools
• Barrier Islands
• Thermocline
• Swamps
• Marshes
• Bogs
• Fens
C H A RAC T E R I Z E D BY T R E E S T H AT G R O W I N S A LT WAT E R
MANGROVE
P E L AG I C A N D B E N T H I C
OCEAN ZONES
VOCABULARY
• Chemosynthesis
• Photosynthesis
• Chlorophyll
SPECIES DIVERSITY
• Evolution produces species diversity •Natural selection leads to evolution• All species live within limits• Speciation maintains species diversity • Evolution is still at work
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Green plants get energy from the sun • Photosynthesis captures energy from the sun• Extremophiles live in severe condition
• Process: • Occurs in organelles called chloroplast in plant cells• Begins with light dependent reactions that occur when
the chloroplast is receiving light• Enzymes split water molecules and release O2• 6H2O + 6CO2 + solar energy C6 H12 O6 (sugar) + 6O2
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
A D I AG RA M O F T H E PR O C E S S
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Respiration releases the energy gained during photosynthesis
• The Process:• It involves splitting carbon and hydrogen atoms from the
sugar molecule • They are then recombined with oxygen to create carbon
dioxide and water• C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + released energy
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
video• http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=2f7YwCtHcgk
Remember• Two types/stages:• Glycolysis: anaerobic,
does not need oxygen• Aerobic also called the
Kreb’s cycle, requires oxygen • Generates energy• Crucial to
decomposition
FOOD CHAINS AND FOOD WEBSFood chains are a linked
feeding series
Food webs are interconnected food
chains
G R A S S G R O W S . R A B B I T E A T S G R A S S . F O X E A T S R A B B I T. W O L F E A T S R A B B I T
ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS DESCRIBE TROPHIC LEVELS
Carnivore
Herbivore
Producers
Top Carnivore
BIODIVERSITY
Genetic DiversityA measure of the variety of different versions of the same genes within
individual speciesSpecies Diversity
The number of different types of organisms within a community or
ecosystemsEcological Diversity
The richness of the community including the number of niches, trophic levels, and
ecological processes
BIODIVERSITY
• Two main factors give us biodiversity:
Natural selection&
Mutation(through sexual reproduction)
N AT U RA L S E L E C T I O N E X P L A I N S W H Y T H E Y H AV E D I F F E R E N T B E A K S ( B A S E D O N D I F F E R E N T AVA I L A B L E F O O D S O U RC E S )
GALAPAGOS FINCHES
NATURAL SELECTION• The organisms with
preferable traits for their environment are the ones that evade predators longer and survive longer and live to produce offspring.
• For example of the mice you see in the picture the lighter colored mice are better adapted to living on sand dunes where as the darker colored mice are more likely to survive on the darker soil nearby.
• Article:• http
://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/08/mice-living-in-sand-hills-quickly-evolved-lighter-coloration/
EVOLUTION
•A theory that explains how random changes in genetic material & competition for scarce resources cause the species to change gradually over generations
VOCABULARY
• Intraspecific Competition • Interspecific
Competition • Predator-Mediated
Competition • Coevolution • Batesian Mimicry
• Müllerian Mimicry • Symbiosis • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism
RANGE OF TOLERANCE
ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
CLIMATE SHIFTS
• If gradual -> Natural selection -> favorable traits for new climate
• If rapid -> mass die outs-> possible extinction
Possible explanations for climate shifts: • Changes in the sun’s
energy output• Shifts in the moon’s orbit,
altering tides & circulation• Milankovitch cycles: slight
variations in the earth’s tilt and orbit, explain extreme shifts
• Volcanos releasing large amounts of ash and sulfur, causing temperatures to drop quickly
SPECIES MOVEMENT
• Occurs when species migrate to a different climate because their original has become unsuitable
• NPR recording on climate change & species movement• http://
www.npr.org/player/v2/mediaPlayer.html?action=1&t=1&islist=false&id=95603499&m=95606687
COMMUNITIES CHANGE OVER TIME
• Communities develop in a sequence of stages• Ecological succession describes a history
of community development• Appropriate disturbances can benefit
communities • Introduced species can cause community
change
VOCABULARY
• Climax Community
• Primary Succession
• Secondary
Succession
• Pioneer Species
• Disturbance
• Disturbance-Adapted Species
B E G I N S B A R E O F S O I L , E N D S W I T H A C O M M U N I T Y
PRIMARY SUCCESSION
R E S U LT I N G F R O M A F I R E
SECONDARY SUCCESSION
CARBON CYCLE
• Cartoon on the carbon cycle (strange but helpful)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3SZKJVKRxQ• Teacher/lecture style:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xV3rYB79lcU&feature=fvwrel
NITROGEN CYCLE
• Video of cycle including sources• http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=BosHU4ARR9w&feature=related• Teacher/lecture
style:• http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=GU17Q10GEE8&feature=relmfu
PHOSPHORUS CYCLE
• Videos:• in short: http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=RKkC2JpjaGc• In detail/lecture
style: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gT3r2de8WqI
SULFUR CYCLE
Animation:http://academic.cengage.com/biology/discipline_content/animations/sulfur_cycle.html
THE WATER CYCLE
THE WATER CYCLE
• Animated Water Cycle• (stop motion)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YRWvovaHzkM&feature=related
• Water Cycle Rap(surprisingly helpful for vocabulary)• http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3NeMVBcXXU&feature=related
VOCABULARY
• Evaporation
• Precipitation
• Condensation
• Sublimation
• Assimliation
•Nitrification
•Denitrification
•Abiotic
•Biotic
CONSERVATION OF MATTER
•Matter is neither created nor destroyed
But rather recycled over and over again as chemical elements are used and reused by organisms
• In other words…Matter can be combined and transformed in many different ways, but will never disappear
REMEMBER
• All living things are made of the same 6 elements that cycle and are reused over and over
• CHNOPS!
•Carbon•Hydrogen•Nitrogen•Oxygen•Phosphorous•Sulfur
NOTEBOOK STUDY TOOLS FORTHE LIVING WORLD
• Chapter 4 & 5 test
• (remember) the Eco-Column Project
• Climatogram worksheet
• And of course any in-class notes (especially on videos)
• Biomes worksheet