II. Phylum Cnidarian. A. Includes: Hydra, coral, sea anemone, jellyfish & Portuguese man-o-war.
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Transcript of II. Phylum Cnidarian. A. Includes: Hydra, coral, sea anemone, jellyfish & Portuguese man-o-war.
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II. Phylum Cnidarian
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A. Includes: Hydra, coral, sea anemone, jellyfish & Portuguese man-o-war
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B. Characteristics:
1. Radial symmetry
2. digestive cavity with only one opening
3. no brain, no eyes
4. Nerve net - very simple
5. Only animal with nematocyst = stinging cells
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C. Body Structure
1. Body Parts =ALL Cnidarians
a. epidermis = outer covering, “slimy”
b. mesoglea = middle layer, jelly-like (“jellyfish”)
c. gastrodermis = “inner layer”; lining of stomach
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d. gastrovascular cavity = stomach (for digestion)
e. mouth = opening for food and waste
f. tentacles with nematocyst
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2. Two body shapes
a. Polyp shape
1) hydra, coral, Portuguese man-o-war, & sea
anemone
2) sessile (permanently attached) ,
except man- o-war
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3) cylindrical body (except man-o-war)
4) mouth and tentacles face up (except man-o-war)
b. Medusa shape
1) Jellyfish
2) Free-swimming, but at mercy of currents;
plankton
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3) Mouth and tentacles hang down
4) Umbrella shape
D. The Nematocyst
1. nematocyst located all along tentacles – 100s
2. housed in small fluid-filled sacs
3. tightly coiled; “spring-loaded”
4. very sharp and barbed
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5. “fires”, entangling prey (or humans)
6. poison is released, paralyzing prey
7. tentacles retract; bringing prey to mouth
8. gastrovascular cavity releases enzymes to digest
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9. nematocyst “fired” due to chemical reactions or “bombing”
E. Importance of Cnidarians
1. Anticancer drug?
2. nervous system research
3. used as homes for many marine organisms; coral reef
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F. The Three Classes of Phylum Cnidaria
1. Class Hydrozoa
a. Includes hydra & Man-o-war
b. Polyp shape
c. A floating colony of 1000s of polyps living as one
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d. Also contains 1000s of medusas to create “sail” (bubble)
e. Polymorphism = having two different types in same species
f. Very powerful nematocyst = have to paralyze fish (their prey)
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g. Colorful sail used for floatationh. Live only a few monthsi. Each polyp has specific
function*feeding polyps*reproducing polyps they all
work together as one individual
*stinging polyps*digestive polyps
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j. Man-o-war size
*up to 2 ft in body
*average 45 ft long
*tentacles; up to 150 ft
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2. Class Scyphozoa
a. Jellyfish
b. Medusa shape
c. Have thick mesoglea for firmness
d. A single individual
e. Moves by pulsating “bell”
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f. Separate sexes
g. Predators: turtles, sharks, birds, Mola mola
h. Gulf of Mexico:
1)cabbage heads = harmless (can sting, but not much)
2)nettle = OUCH!! Very transparent, hard to see
3)moon = ouch!!, smaller
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i. Most dangerous jellyfish =
Box Jelly or Sea Wasp
1) The most poisonous animal on earth
2) Can cause death to humans in 4 min.
3) Leaves very nasty scars
4) Found in Australia
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5) Chironex fleckeri = means “murdering hand”
6) 60 tentacles about 9ft long
j. if stung= vinegar, meat tenderizer
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3. Class Anthozoa
a. includes sea anemones & coral
b. polyp shape
c. sessile (does not swim)d. Anthor = Greek for “flower”
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e. Sea anemones
1) look like flowers; vary in color
2) found in all oceans
3) “cement” to substrate
4) tentacles can be retracted completely into body
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5) feed on shrimp, plankton, fish
6) live individually, but in groups
7) reproduction:
*release sperm & egg
*fragmentation
*hermaphroditic
*budding
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8) soft bodies; covered in mucus (lots of it)
9) live well in aquariums = 66 to 75 years
10) Predator: nudibranchs (seaslugs)
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11)Larger anemones have little fish = clown fish =
live within tentacles;
clown fish immune to nematocyst
and bring food to anemone
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f. Corals
1) live in colonies
2) secrete a skeleton of calcium carbonate
around soft bodies
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3) 2 groups of corals
a) ahermatypic corals = non reef building
corals
*can be found in all oceans
*not very solid
*ex. Sea fans, sea whips
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b) hermatypic corals = reef building corals
*found only in tropics
*form massive structures
*have zooxanthalle = a unicellular algae that lives in the coral’s tissue;
helps coral to secrete CaCO3 = forming reefs
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*without zooxanthalle – coral will die
*must have sunlight for zooxanthalle
* coral feed only on zooplankton (animals) because can’t digest
plant material
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Parts of a polyp
zooxanthalleCorallite cup
tentaclesWith nematocystmouth
gullet
Calcium carbonate
sclerosepta
epidermis
gastrodermis
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III. Coral Reefs A. General information
1. built entirely by biological activity
2. creates the largest living structures on Earth; Great Barrier Reef
3. Found only in tropics, plenty of sunlight
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4. Reefs are made up of millions of tiny polyps
5. each polyp lives in a corallite cup –
*CaCO3 “houses” (like little apartments)
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B. Factors Affecting Growth of Reefs
1. To = only grow in T of 20-25C (70-90F)
* cold currents prevent formation of reef
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2. Depth = mostly shallow – need sunlight for zooxanthalle
* average depth = 70m (250ft), can be 500ft
*deep waters are too cold3. Salinity = must be 35%0 or
higher; “salty”*flourish in really “salty”
waters
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4. Sedimentation = cannot survive heavy sediments
*clogs filters, suffocating polyps
*seds. can “squash” the fragile polyps
*blocks out sunlight = killing zooxanthalle
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5. Waves = needs heavy wave action
* removes sedimentation
* since sessile, brings food & oxygen
6. Air = cannot be exposed for long, 1 hour max
7. Solid “base” = has to have something sturdy to grow on
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C. Types of Reefs1. Fringing reef = close to
land mass, no lagoon2. Barrier reef = separated
from land by a lagoon*Ex. Great Barrier Reef in
Australia; stretches over 2000km
(1200miles)
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3. Atoll reef = circular reef surrounding a lagoon;
no where near land
*Formation of atoll reefs were a mystery = out in middle of deep waters
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* Charles Darwin proposed the Subsidence Theory
a) a fringing reef grew around a volcanic island
b) the island slowly subsided (sank); very slowly
c) reef continued to grow, forming a barrier reef
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d) island completely sank, leaving a lagoon in middle of a
circular reef = Atoll reefe) took over 50 years to prove
Darwin right*in 1953 drilled 1283m down
the center of atoll reef* hit volcanic rock = theory
proved
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f) oldest reef is 60 million yrs old
g) youngest is only 15,000 yrs. old
*coral polyps die, more grow on top of dead ones
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D. Destruction of reefs
1. Tropical storms = hurricanes/typhoons
break of large masses of coral reefs
*killing all the polyps
2. El Nino = increases hurricanes, destroying miles of reef
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*also changes currents – cold ones run into reefs3. Predators
*several species of fish bite off chunks of reefs to
eat polyps Ex. parrot, trigger fish*#1 predator is the
Acanthaster or “crown-of- thorns” sea star
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a) eats about 8km2 of reef per year
b) in 1950’s huge population explosion of Acanthasters*Three reasons why
1) removal of Giant Triton = a snail that feeds on Acanthaster
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2) a chemical runoff that “excited” the Acanthaster
3) People trying to help get rid of Acanthaster =
they sliced & diced the sea star, and threw the parts back into the water
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Sea stars can regenerate;
so where there used to be one, now
there were 3 or 4 more
c) Impossible to remove all Acanthasters = way too many
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4. Man = as usual* dredging – completely
uproot entire reefs* pollution – coral polyps very
delicate little things* collection of coral reef fish =
kills the polyps because many collectors use cyanide
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* souvenirs = NEVER BUY SEA SOUVENIRS, unless you know how they were gathered
* touching reef will actually “squash” polyps
* causes bleaching = coral turns white because zooxanthalle dies; can’t live without
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E. Recovery of reefs
*takes about 25-100 yrs to fully recover from mild
destruction
*never recover from severe destruction
*never recover from bleaching
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F. Importance of Coral Reefs
1. Contains the most diverse species of animals on Earth
2. Valuable part of marine life, food chain, etc
3. Home to soooo many organisms
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4. Multimillion dollar industry depends on reefs (scuba, food – lobsters, fish, etc)
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III. Phylum CtenophoraA. General Information
1. Strictly Marine
2. 100 known species
3. very delicate
4. lack nematocyst
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5. feed on zooplankton
6. Hermaphroditic
7. Found in all oceans at all depths
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B. Body Structure
1. medusa shape
2. epidermis lined with mucus glands
3. statocyst – organ for balancing
4. has only a mouth – has gullet and digestive
canals
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5. have 8 ciliated bands = “combs”
6. Tentacles with colloblasts = sticky stuff;
doesn’t sting;
used to catch food
7. have bioluminescence
![Page 63: II. Phylum Cnidarian. A. Includes: Hydra, coral, sea anemone, jellyfish & Portuguese man-o-war.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081418/56649ddf5503460f94ad8f23/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
C. ***only animal with colloblasts
***have colloblasts not nematocysts