II

II Papers Presented at the

II SIXTH ANNUAL

II IN-SERVICE TRAINING COURSE

II FOR PUBLIC HEALTH INSPECTORSII Sponsoredby

THE ONTARIO BRANCH, CANADIAN INSTITUTE

I OF PUBLIC HEALTH INSPECTORSAND

I THE DEPARTMENTOF EXTENSION EDUCATIONONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

!II April 25 - 26- 27 - 28, 1.966II

| UNIVERSITY OF GUELPHGUELPH, ONTARIO

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PLEASE NOTE I

IAfter the book "OF COURSE" papers was printed_ it was

discovered that some pages were misplaced in the book. The following I

guide will assist you in reading the twopapers involved_ correctly.

SWIMMING POOLS I

Following page 7, which opens the subject_ read page 59 and

then turn back to page 8. I

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER IN UPPER LAYERS

OF SOIL I

Following page 60, which opens the subject; turn back to

page 53 and read on. I

In the Index at the front of the book, there is an omission,

which can be rectified by writing in the following: I

A BETTER PLACE TO LIVE

J. F. Brown, Supervisor, Redevelopment Section, I

Community Planning Branch, Department of Municipal Affairs

Pages Z8 - 36 I

I _ INDEX PAGES

i ADDRESS OF WELCOMEDr. H. W. Caldwell, Head, Dept. of Extension Education, O.A.C.,University of Guelph.

Dr. G. O. Sutherland, Medica! Officer of Health, City of Guelph--- 1 2

I PRESIDENT ISMESSAGE

L. A. Lychowyd, C. P. H.I. (C) R. S. , President - Ontario Branch

I Canadian Instituteof Public Health Inspectors 3KEY-NOTE ADDRESS

i W.M. Walkinshaw, M.A. Sc., P. Eng., Director, EnvironmentalSanitation Branch, Ontario Department of Health.Delivered by G.H. Powell, C. P. H. !. (C) 4 - 6

l SWIMMING POOLSGlen R. Jarvis, Manager, Jarvis Products Co 7 - iZ

l WATER TESTING AND WATER TREATMENT FOR DOMESTIC ANDSMALL COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS

James D. Moffat, Water Mechanics and Associates,

i North Bay, Ontario.- ....... I3MILK PLANT AND CANNING FACTORY WASTE DISPOSAL

G. H. Kay, P. Eng., Supervisor, Field Activities, Division of

I Sanitary Engineering, Ontario Water Resources Commission-- 14 - 21

GROUND WATER AND CONTAMINATION

I T., J. Yakutchik, Supervisor, Surveys and Projects Branch,Division of Water Resources Commission 22 - 36

i SCHOOL LIGHTING TO PROMOTE VISUAL ENVIRONMENTG. E. Clark, Sales Representative, Lamp Department,

Canadian General Electric Company ............... - ......... 37 - 42

l "LIGHTING MAINTENANCE" AND "LIGHT SOURCE OF THE FUTURE"E. A. Norris, P. Eng., Regional Engineer, Lamp Department,Canadian General Electric Company. 43 - 46

I CLEANING AND DISINFECTING TECHNIQUES APPLICABLE TO SCHOOLSL. T. Earwicker, Branch Manager, West Chemical Products

Limited. _7 - 50

I SCHOOL VENTILATION, HEATING, AND HUMIDITY CONTROLW. M. Prentice, P. Eng. ,Environmental Sanitation Branch,

l Ontario Department of Health. 51 - 59

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER IN UPPER LAYERS

l OF SOILR. Laak and A. P. Bernhart,, Sanitary Engineering Research

Project, Department of Civil Engineering, University of

Toronto. Presented by R. Laak_ P. Eng. 60

I SANITARY MICROBIOLOGY

Robert E. Rose., Bacteriologist-in-Charge, Biological Research

l and Development, Millipore Filter Corporation, Bedford,Massachusetts, 01730, U.S.A.- ......... 61 - 62

I PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF ICE CREAMProfessor A. M. Pearson, Department of Dairy Science, O.A.C.,University of Guelph. - ........ 63

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I _ADDRESS OF WELCOME Dr. H. Wo Caldweli, HeadDept. of Extension: EducationOntario Agricultural College

I University of Guelph

i Members of the Ontario Branch of Public Health Inspectors:Again itis a real pleasure for me to welcome you to the Sixth Annual

Training Course, both as individuals and as members of your organization. After

I five itis like homecoming I to of and Will contain ofyears, expect many you many

the aspects of a re -union. In addition, we hope it is part of your work which in it-self is a pleasant experience andwhichalso will help youperform your duties more

I effectively throughout t.he year.

It seems I am always, starting off by bringing you. up-to-date, or at least

i trying to do so. This year is no exception. We have had great changes since youwere here last and you cannotbe unaware of the large building programme nowunderway. You will find a largearea of campus enclosed: by a plywood fence, andif you get a glimpse through, youwill find a large building beginningtotake shape.

I This is the first phase of the new Arts Complex - to beready*by next Youyear.

will also notice-that a new residence has beenbuilt and opened in January to ho_seapproximately 400 students. You will .likelyhear thatthe Extension Education

I building is. to. be razed and Onthe site extending., beyond will be the new library, alargeand modern structure to service the University. The plans for an AnimalScience b%fildin_ and a Crop Science building are also approved and, I believe, are

i at the stage of calling for tenders. In fact, it is estimatedthat by July 1, contractstotalling approximately 121 million dollars will be underway. Perhaps the easiestway for you to get a glimpse of what the campus wil! look like would be to call in atthe rotunda of the AdministrationBuilding and see the:model on display in that area.

I . . , • .Perhaps enough of that - but it will explain some of the nois_, mud, dust,

arid lack of greeness, ivy-coloured buildings and the quietness often associated with

I university campuses. Perhaps in ten years .......

Again, on beh_-Ifthe Ontario Agricultural College and the University, we

I extend youwelcome. You have a very interesting course outlined. It is a busyschedule but I know your committeewants you to get just as much as possible fromthese four days. I hope youfindit verylrewarding and that youhave an enjoyable

i stay here on campus.

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IADDRESS OF WELCOME Dr. G.Q. Sutherland

Medical Officer of Health, •B ICity of Guelph

m

]Vlr. Chairman Distinguished Guests Gentlemen. i

l am pleased on behalf of the Royal city and Our Health Department.t0 iwelcome you to the sixth annual In Service Training Course. This is my first Iopportunityto speaktoyyou. AS of January.the first of thls'year our progressivecity of Guelph literally burst at the seams and annexed many miles of surrounding •

country and its population. _ iOur environment vitally affects our living. No organizationis more aware m

of this than your own. The impact of a mushrooming population - the industrial ispread andtechn01ogical advances bring its manifold blessings to the human race,but likewise its ever increasingproblems: m

Man seems determinedto compound the hazards of his existence and his ienvironment; poisofling the atmosphere, destroying and polluting his natural waterresources and contaminating the soil. Must we accept the philosophy of too many, •to handle too few to tackle them too late to begin. |

Public Health is determined that such is not the case. The winds of changeare blowing in the total Health and allied fields. We must be ready andwillingto iaccept the Challenge. The good sailor knows the wind both veers and backs. All willnot be fair sailing,

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A glance at your interesting and varied program indicates it to be quite Bcomprehensive. At this point it would be appropriate that I remind myself of thespeaker who said I am asked to say a few words. You are to listen. If you get •through first let me know. i

May the hospitality of our City, the association with oldand new friends, i

and the discussions inyour course enrich :your short stay. i

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I PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE L.A. Lychowyd, C. P. H.I. (C) R.S.President - Ontario BranchCanadian Institute of Public Health

I ,Inspectors

i Mr. Chai:fman, Gentlemen:On behalf of the Ontario Branch of the Canadian Institute of Public Health

Inspectors, I welcome you to this, our Sixth Annual In-Service Training Course.

I It is indeed, very gratifying to see that so many Medical Officers ofHealth and Boards of Health, willing to permit their Public Health Inspectors to

I attend this course. On!y through increased knowledge and your efforts will yoube able tokeep pace with the vast changes of environmental sanitation and itsproblems.

I This course will not give you all the answers needed to your problems,but itwill definitelygive you some extra knowledge and a chance to discuss variousproblems with your fellow colleagues.

Since your Chairman, Mr. Lloyd Dodgson, has had some previous ex-perience with the In-_Service Training Course, he and his committee knew the

I problems of the Public Health Inspectors in the field. Thereforethey planned andgot the best qualified men in the field to lecture to you at this course.

I wish to personally thank Lloyd and his_Committee, Dr. Caldwell of

I O.A.C. and all of at University Guelph,those here the of who,worked with US to

make this course possible.

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IW.M. Walkinshaw, M.A. Sc. , P. Er_g. , nDire ctor,

Environmental Sanitation Branch,

Ontario Department of Health •

(Delivered by G. H. Powell, C.P.H.I. (c)) |

KEY-NOTE ADDRESS I

lINTRODUC TION

It is myintenti0n to discuss briefly with you a couple of subjects of current •significance in environmental health which relate to your programme, then I shalldiscuss some recent developments of interest to public health inspectors, and finallymake a few comments on the training of inspectors.

|WATER

The first subject I want to mention is drinking water quality. I note from nyour programme that you will devote the afternoonto water testing and water treat-ment for domestic and small commercial systems, and Thursday morning to sanitarymicrobiology with special reference to the bacteriological examination of water and •milk. The quality of our drinking water is, and will continueto be, one of the most |important aspects of our environment; The responsibility for collecting, treatingand distributing the water is usually the responsibility of the municipal authority, nbut the surveillanceof water

quality from the public health point of view is the Iresponsibility of the local health agency.. There is a great deal that we do not knowabout this problem. There are important problems as yet unsolved inthe identifi-cation of pathogens in the water, particularly the viruses. Nor do we know as much nas we need to know regarding the long-term toxicity of some of the chemicals thatare now present in the drinking water supplies. One thing we can be sure of is thatthe best water for drinking is water that has not been used as a,solvent or as a means •

of transportation for unwanted materials. Of course, such water is virtually, ira- |

possible to find, and so we have to work with the best water we can get, do our ut-

most to protect• its integrity, and try to devise means of measuring.its fitness for nhuman

consumption. As you can see then the problems of drinkingwater quality Iand pollutioncontrolare bound together and the public healthinspector has a majorinterestin both ofthem.

!Pollutioncontrolinvolvesnot only the controlofdischarges from municipaland industrialwaste treatment plantsbut also the controlofpollutionby individualsfrom their homes,, cottages,and pleasure craft. Inthe end, I think,publiceducation •and the acceptance by the public of individualresponsibilityfor the controlof mpollutionwillbe the decisive factorinbringing to a haltthe destructionof our waterresource. I can thinkof no group better situatedthan the publichealthinspectors n

who are in dailycontactwith individualcitizensto initiatethe mobilizationof public •opinionwhich willbring about the revolutionthatisneeded in our society!sattitude

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toward thisproblem. I am pleased to see thatyour programme includes sessionson waste disposal,ground water contamination, pesticides,and tile_bed_research, nallof which are important topicsinthis subjectarea.

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I THE ROLE OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH INSPECTOR IN CANADA.

I should like now to bring to your attention som'e recent developments of.

J interestto publichealthinspectors. The firstofthese is a study of The Role ofthe PUblic Health Inspectorin Canada which has been undertaken bythe CanadianPublic Health Associationunder Federal Health Grants. Much has been saidabout

i the acceleratingpace of events in allscientificfieldsincludinglthefieldof publichealth, Itis a factthatmany new ideas ofmerit are being advanced inthis field,and at the same time demands ofthe publicfor health services of allkinds are in-creasing rapidly. In additionto thisincrease inthe volume of healthservicesthere

I is also a change inthe kind ofhealth services thatmust be provided. The study ofThe Role ofthe Public Health Inspectorin Canada presently underway willbecome,itishoped, a preliminary to a review ofthe entirefieldof environmental health

l to be made at some later time. Inthe present study itis hoped to assemble thestatisticalinformationthatwould be needed todraw a profileofthe publichealthinspectorin Canada, where he is, how he has been trained,what his dutiesare,

i and what he feels his duties shouldbe. From thisitis hoped to draw some con-clusionsabout how heshould be trained. These conclusions,of course, mighthave tobe modified laterwhen a broad study of environmental healthis carried out.

I REORGANIZATION OF THE PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

The second recent development thatI want tomention to you is_there-

I organizationofthe Provincial Department of Health, and in particularthe.establish-ment of a Public Health Divisionwithinthe Department. The Minister in his state-ment to the House when:introducinghis estimates outlinedthe proposed reorgani-

i zation. There willbe four major Divisionscreated withinthe Department each headedby an ExecutiveDirector reportingdirectlyto the Deputy Minister. This willprovidegreater depth of organizationand the grouping of relatedfunctionswillfacilitateco-ordinationof services. Of the four Divisionsthe one ofmost interestto public

l healthinspectorswillbe the Public Health Division. The Executive Director ofthe Public Health Divisionwill be comparable to the Chief Medical Officerof Healthand he willbe the chief linkbetween the Department and the localhealthagencies,

I The Public Health Divisionwillhave four Branches, includinga Local Health ServicesBranch, a SpecialHealth Services Branch, and Environmental Health Branch, anda Laboratories Branch.

J The Health Services Branch will have on Nursing_ ca _

itsstaffMedical,and Public Health Inspectionconsultantswho willprovide an advisory and coun-sellingserviceto the local agencies, and itis-_xpectedthatthisBranch willdevelop

I regional officeswhich willbe complementary to, and supportive of, the local healthprogrammes. The regional structurehas become necessary with the increasing--complexity of publichealthproblems and the increasing need for specialiststo deal

l with'them.The Special Health Services Branch willcombine the programme respon-

i sibilitiesof existingspecializedbranches such as Epidemiology,Maternal and Child•Health, Tuberculosis Prevention, Medical Rehabilitationand others.

The Environmental Health Branch willincludethe present branches of

I IndustrialHygiene and Environmental Sanitation._ _

The Laboratories Branch will be very similar to the existingLaboratories

l Branch with itscentraland regionallaboratoriesstructure.

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With the general and special public health capabilities of the Department ncombined in a single division under his control, the Executive Director of the

Public Health Division will be able to achieve.the necessary co-ordination of theseservices and toform a more complete pictureofthe publichealthsituationinthe •Province. • |TRAINING

The finalpoint Iwould liketo discuss isthe.trainingofpublic healthin- ispectors. The formal trainingin Ontario, as you know, is now_of twelve months'duration, comprizing an academic portionand a fieldtrainingportionto make up nthe totaltwelve month period. At the completion ofthistrainingperiod the can- e

didatepresents himself for an oral exami'nationby the Canadian Public HealthAssociation.and ifthistestispassed successfullythen the candidateis granted his •CertificateinPublicHealth Inspection. Itish.opedthatthe study ofthe Role ofthe |Public Health Inspector in Canada willthrow.some lighton the adequacy ofthetrainingnow being given publichealthinspectors to fitthem to fulfiltheirrole at i

the present time. Itisassumed thatthe larger study of environmental health •o

which, itis hoped willbe undertaken at a laterstage may identifynew roles orI

new functionsthatshouldbe performed by the publichealthinspector, and for

which changes might be necessary inthe ':trainingprovided, nn.Inmy view amore important aspect oftrainingfor publichealthinspectors

relatestothe trainingof inspectors already engaged inthiswork. This group •possesses experience and know-how, and some.thought isbeing given to the best |conservationmethods tobe appliedto thishealthmanpower resource.

I should liketomention two approaches to thisproblem which are currently ninuse. •The most recentone isan In-Branch Course being conducted by the En-vironmental SanitationBranch of the Department fdr Chef Inspectors and Seniorsnominated by theirMedical Officers ofHealth. This isnot a classroom course. •Two or three men at a time visitthe Branch for ai:twoor three week period andduring thistime an_attempt ismade to give them_an insightintothe workings ofthe Branch as these relate to the local environmental health programme. They will •work with various staff members, do field work under supervision, and write te- nports on the work they have done. The aim is to achievebetter environmental z:

sanitation programmes through improved communication between health agencies

and the Environmental SanitationBranch, and attainbettermutual understanding, i

.Theother form of short-term trainingcourse isthe In-Service Course atGuelph-which you are now attending. I have watched the.development ofthiscourse •with great interest. I had the privilegeof takingpart in the opening ceremonies ofthe First, Second, and Third Courses. In speaking tothe.Third Course inApril1963, I suggested thatplanning should be underway to establisha nationaltraining •centre which could meet the needs of allthe Provinces intrainingpublichealth iinspectors: This has not been accomplished yet, although,inthis area also thestudy ofthe Role ofPublic Health Inspectorsand theirtrainingmight help to point% n

out,theneed for such a centre. In the meantime your Annual In-Service Training •Course fillsa need, and the Executive of the Branch and the In-Service TrainingCommittee. are tobe commended on.the high qualityofthe courses they have pre-

pared for you. I am sure thatthisSixth.Course willmaintainthe high standard, ii

.... Thank' YC_u. ' "

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I SWIMMING POOLS J Glen R JarvisManager• Jarvis Products Co.

: In an area bounded byOakvilie, 'Pickering, and Caledon, we feel that

i there are at least 4,000 swimmingp0'ols. Of these pools approximately 250 wouldbe in. the semi-commei'cial classification. That is a pool at an apartment, hotel,

or motel. Throilghout Ontario_there are at least 500 such Semi-c0mmercial pools.Most of you here, are quite familiar with what the regulations are for a Municipal ty

I type commercial pool. My comments thismorning willbe mainly aimed at the socalledsemi-commercial swimmingpool, andto:explain whathas been builtinthepast, what is now being built,and what willbe builtinthe future.

l The new swimming pool Health-_Regulation, states.what is to be enforcedat a public pool. At present" there seems to be no definition, as to what is publicand what is not public. Insome cases where the apartment owner charges a yearly

I fee o_'cha_on a per'capita basis, the poolmay or may not beconsidered apublic pool, 'depending onthe ruling of the local Health Department. The samegrey areas exist in aMotel operation, where the registered guests are not con-

I sidered public when they use the pool, but are considered public .when they usesome other facilities of the motel.

I In the particular area where we service pools, there is a subtle move afootby Some' Health people to suggest Certain control measures.in-regards tosafety, water treatment, and pool maintenance, 40 the owners of these Comrrer_'cial

I establishments. I think it is only common sense on anyones part, who is. involvedin the business of swimming pools, to see that stronger, and more controlledsuggestions are going to be forth coming, in order to Offer the apartment residentandMotel guest better protection, as these guests and tennants are certainly

l depending on the management of the establishment or the Health Departmentto givethem this assurance. "

l In regards to Po01 Conslr.uction. I willdefine the different types:

(i) Above Ground

i Above ground pool_s_s_aally have Vinyl liners. They canbe circular,rectangular, or kidney shaped and are usually supported by steel or plywood.

I (2) . Below Ground .Formed concrete pools will have 8" to 12" reinforced concrete wallsand 4,, to 8" reinforced concrete floors. The Concrete is usually 3,000 lb., 5%

l air entrainment, and 4" slump. These pools when properly built stand up as well,"or better than most. The Poured pool usually required painting each year.

I Gunnite .... • .A dry mix. of sand and cement is blown through a hose where the wateris added at the noz.zle and then this mixture is shot against the .earth and supported

I by reinforced steel mesh. The rough structural shell is:.then plastered with a sandand cement grout finish or a marbalite finish (marble_dust and medusa cement).

!Diatomaceous'Earth

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Both the vacuum and pressure diatomaceous earth filters are used on the semi-

commercial pool. Five or six years ago the vacuum filter was quite popular, but i

it is the pressure Diatomaceous Earth filter that is mostly being manufactured |now. These filters are the same units as are used in residential pools, and they

filter on pre-coat only, as they have no means for continual Diatomaceous Earth

feeding. When operating in the low pressure range they give excellent filtration I

and specified turnover rates, but With the water, in most cases not being kept ,.- J

under continual Chlorination, it is usually not very long before they blind out andhave to be recharged, giving short filter runs. It is our experience that these " •filters have a much higher maintenance cost and a shorter life, because of the |many inherent problems, thanagood quality residential sand filter.

Sand Filtration _ I

As with D.E. filtration, most of the sand filters installed in semi-commercial

locations are the same equipment that is manufactured for the residential market. I

Up until eightyears ago sand filters operate d at 3 gallons a minute per square ft.of suriace area; after that, and until three years ago, these filters wererun at

5 gallons a minute per square ft. of surface area. Recently the higher flow rate •filters havebecome 'very popular, and now command by far the greatest part of |the pool market. When these filters were first manufactured, some manufacturers

still used a coarse sand with a mechanical underdrain. The problem here was that nthe finer particles in the water

were not filtered out until several passes andmany lof the mechanical type underdrain systems failed due to electrolitic and corrosive

action. However, the newly designed rapid sand filters with a finer sand and the

non corrosive underdrain system seem to be operating very well. .. ISome of the advantages of rapid sand filters are, that they are simple to operate,need no filter aid, require a minimum of maintenance and are Very reliable.Some of the old disadvantages suchas, poor water clarity and large space require- •ments, commonly related to sand filtration no longer exist. More water is re- |quired for backwashing a rapid sand filter than a D.E. filter, but the amount of

water compared to a slow flow filter•has been considerably reduced. in

WATER CONTROL

|• Standards are useful tools in a modern society such as ours. In poolconstruction and pool filtration the builder and the manufacturer has to have _ertain

standards in order to sell his goods. The pool chemical companies also must have •

certain standards to sell their chemicals, but when it comes to usin_ those chemicals, |pool and filter, there are no standards in existance and thisis where the swimmer

in our apartment, motel and hotel pool takes h'ischances' "" •|

In pool water control,l am not going to discuss th'especificpros and consof chlorine,bromine, iodine,ultravioletlight,silverbars, ozone, quaterneries,mercury compounds, chlorinatedcyannurates, etc. In accordance with the Public IHealth Act, chlorine is the only one acceptable anyway. There have been manypapers written on thissubject: one such .paperby Jack Mills of Dow Chemicalconcluded that"no •sweepinggeneral conclusions can be made r,egarding the re-. •lative activitiesof chlorine, bromine and iodine". • -. . |

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I I would like however, todiscuss what is in exist ance, and what ispractical to use under the circumstances these pools are being operated.Consider these different circumstances and the problems:..a pool in a large 400suite complex with lifeguards and maintenance people or an inside p001 in a 27

l suite is which I live in 18 it reasonable for thebuilding; this a building myself..owner of this building to consider a l_feguard and a:regular maintenance routine ?He certainly does not hav.e any: intentions of doing so. In either case, the water

I does rot know the Unrelated problems of the owner and. the water goes its' ownway to become turbid and contaminated.

I By far, the most 8ifficult bioligical problem in swimming pools isalgae. The s.wimmer, of course, also contributes sweat, saliva, urine and skindebris.

I How these controlled? In 90% of the loca-are pools presently being

tions where a vacuum or pressure type chlorinator has been originally installed,itis not being used or has been discarded. The reason for this has been the

I ._P_oblem of clogging from direct application of calcium hypochlorite or the useof sodium hypochlorite in hard water or the unit not being flushed regularly withmuriatic acid, or properly maintained. In most cases the pools are being hand

I fed with calcium hypochlorite, as little as once a day or once every other day.As aresult, the water will remain fait3ty clear but there are manyhours of theday when no bacteriacide is present in the pool water. The argument put forthby the owner is that as long as thewater is clear, it must be all right. Under

I the circumstances, what most pool companiesservice will recommend, is an

addition of chlorine every 2 hours or so, in order to maintain a.5 residualduring the swimming hours and also the addition of an algaecide. Further to

I this, we would suggest break-point chlorination once a week to remove abuildup of chloramines and to replace them by the more active hypochlorous acid.For bromine and iodine, this of course, is unecessary.

We are now experimenting with a dry automatic cholorine feederwhichlcan be used with tableted calcium hypochlorite or a tableted chlorinated

cyanuric. We feel.that this will be a good approach to the existing problem.! .. POOL PLANNING

In pool planning, as you know, proper c_nsideration should be giventowards swimming pooI orientation, wind direction, sun, shade, traffic patterns,

I athletic values, safety, etc. In some semi-commercial installations theseconsiderations are given_ but in the greater number no consideration is giventowards these requirements, what so ever. As an example, one apartment poolthat we service is 15' x 30', built in a shady location, has grassed areas inside

I the sand filter, has no chlorimator and is usedfence, uses an inadequate coarse

by 70 famili'_ss. As you can see, diving cannot be accomplished safely, and underconditions of medium or heavy pool loads it is impossibleto maintain a bac-

I teriacide residual and maintain good water clarity. The total cost of this pooloriginally wasl probably about $4,000.00. Another pool is 20' x 40', withconcrete insidethe fence enclosure, automatic chlorinator, 6 hour filtration,

I adaquate diving area, and hsed by 40 families. In.this case, the water can becontrolled under most circumstances and the total cost of the pool was around$6,500.00."So the problem-is not always one of p0ol cost, but in many casesit is a problem of little or no building requirements, no minimum standards and

I little or no responsibility on part apartmentthe of the owner.

!SWIMMING POOL SAFETY MEASURES l

mm

Swimming pool SAFETY MEASURES as known in a municipal public

pool are almost totallylackinginmost semi-commercial pools. However, the •owner of a commercial establishmentmust exercise ordinary and reasonable careto provide his patrons with a safe place and must keep his premises in a reasonablysafe condition. The:mere factthatthe patron has been injuredor met his death mcertainlyisnot any proof of negligence,because the measures taken to prevent this |by the owner, would be judged, by what a prudent man would do under the same setof circumstances. There is of course, another sideto the responsibility.

The patron of the swimming pool himself has a duty to exercise ordinary

care for his own safety. The mere posting of "Use At Your Own Risk" signs does

not nullify the responsibility of the owner. However, the posting of warning signs •such as "Shallow Water" depth markers of other existing hazardous conditions does

describe what a prudent man would do. Because of local conditions in regards to

vandalism, littlepool supervision,and klightinterestby the owner, normal safety Imeasures such as not allowingglass in the pool area,•running, horse play, over- |crowding ofthe pool, turbidwater and slipperyareas are very difficultto control.These pools could have availableforimmediate use a shepherds crook, reachingpole, lifeguard ring,and emergency telephone numbers to police,firedepartment Iand ambulance prominently posted.

POOL MAINTENANCE l

. Since most of the pools are constructed from some form of concrete, I' I

will only discuss the concrete pool here. If the pool is painted, in the Spring it

should be super chlorinated for three days previous to draining the water. Then

the water is drained from the pool, the walls should be brushed and all the debrisremoved from the pool. Walls and floor should be lightly sanded with an electric

power sander to remove all loose paint, chalk, _and algae. The walls and floorshould then be acid washed with a 10% solution of muriatic acid, hosed down, :let

dry, and repainted. There are many types of pool paint on the market includingepoxy, polyester, vinyl, acrylic, urethane, marine enamel, oil paint, cement base,

cement rubber base and chlorinated rubber. There have also been many attemptsat permanent finishes using vinyl, epoxy, and cement base products. Most of these

permanent finish products seldom last longer than three years and in many cases donot last longer than one year.

Most pool owners find that they will have to paint their pool each year;the most popular paints being cement base or chlorinated rubber.

Filter

Inthe Spring the filterhead should be removed for fullinspectionof the sand bed.This should be checked for debris, channeling and mud ballsthroughout the sand.Ifthere is a large quantityof debris throughoutthe:sand bed,:thes.andshouldbereplaced. Other items to be checked are the pressure guages, pump, valves andair release_system. D.E. filtersshould have the septums removed and cleanedwith a mild solutionof acid and they should•thenbe:checked'forany tears in thecloth. All maintenance equipment Such as vacuum, hand Surface skimm@rs, wallbrushes, testkits should•alsobe checked and repaired Or replaced.

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I POOL HEATERSFd'r._.pool heaters the fuel contracto'r (gas, oil, or propane gas) will usually

l service his cOmponents as part of his fuelsupply contract. .water tubes should,.bevisuallychecked for liming.'Ifthishas occured itcan.beremoved-with the use ofan inhibitedacid.

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I After the water is placed in the pool, ladders, diving.bQards,inletplates,

and underwater lightsshould be inspected, repaired and placed.:" j . l

UNDERWATER LIGHTS .i .. i

i There has'been much controversy.andmany changes in the manufactureof underwater swimming pool lights. Yearsag0, the dry niche installation was mostpopular,' where the light was placed.behind a glass window and access.was from awell at the back. Lately however,_nearly al! pool lights are of the wet niche type.

I Here the lightis placed in a sealed unitbeneath the water and the connectionsare

made in a deck box above the wa.terline. Problems have developed from poorgrounding, shorted terminals; wet.wires, and the water has seeped:intothe sealed

I unit;so much so, thatthe introduction.oflow voltageunderwater lightsbecamepopular. This lightwas able tobe manufaCtured.very economically by using anordinary 12.voltcar bulb, aluminum deck box and 12 volttransformer; the thought

i being thatthislow voltagewould not be dangerous even ifshorted to the lightframe.Subsequent tests however, showed thatvoltages much lower than iZ volts could bedangerous by causingmuscle spasms ifcontactedin the water. The lightswere soldfor about four years and then discontinued. Ithas been increasinglydifficultfor the

,. manufacturers to get a C. S..A. approval and the way itnow stands isthatno trans-former has a hydro approval, so 12 voltlightsare not allowed at all. 115 woltunitshave tobe bolted directlytothe copper niche and connected by a brass conduitto a

i brass deck box with a-braided copper grounding c0nnectinn from. the deck box to theground at the service panel as well as BXL cable '!or BX cable in conduit back. to theservice terminal. Even so, these ,lights should be tested for continuity, grounding

i and water tightnesson a yearly basis. This cost can run about $25.00 per year.WEEKLY POOL MAINTENANCE

l Our normal maintenance program availableto home owners on aweekly basis, where-by we vacuum the pool, backwash the filter,adjustthe water, and perform allpoolhousekeeping dutiesis not p_acticalfor semi-c0mmercial pools, as they require

I these chores to be done on a continualbasis each day. Many owners do not realizethisuntilafterone or.two years of operation, and much agravationwith inexperienc-ed help.

I WINTER CLOSE DOWNS

Since-most pools are usually corstructed monolithically or joined together as if in

I one piece, the walls and footingsdo not projectdown below the pool floorfrostline.itistherefore necessary to leave the pool filledwith water over the Winter so thatdamage willnotoccur to the floorand walls from frost. All accessories should be

I removed, filtersand pumps drained and checks made to the equipment, eitherin theFall or in the Spring. There isa trend away from placinglogs around the perimeterofthe pool as usuallymore damage willbe caused by _he logs, scraping the sides ofthe pobl, breaking tile,and liftlngcoping stones, than would occur ifthe logs were

I not placed.

I -li

CONCLUSION I• . What will the semi-commercia! pool.of the future'be like.? We feel that

many ofthe problems now in existancewillbe overcome by the naturalimprove- iments of apartments, hotelsand motels. Apartment complexes are becoming |larger;motels and hotelsare changing from the small one man operationto thelarger chain operations. Commercial owners are takingmore pride in theirpro-

jectsand the publicis continuallyexpecting and gettingbetterfacilities, lJ

However, buildingand healthby-laws are confusingand are not helpingthe situation.No Permit is required whatsoever for the constructionof a swimming •pool in some townships; in others a permit is required for the drain connection and |the fence, but not the swimming pool. Some areas put the restrictiononthe size ofthe pool, depending on the totalsquare footageof allthe buildingson the lotinclud- ming the pool., thereby, in some cases making the pool too small. Others have no |restrictionsfor fencingand others have setback by-!aws, and so itgoes. Very fewhave minimum standardsa safety_and maintenance by-laws.

I think, a general upgrading of allphases.in relationto swimming pools,is in the making, because the need is there. No one sees thismore than pool main-tenance and supply company person_ielserving allMunicipalities. As the many •problems now existingare overcome, I thinkthe semi-commercial swimming pool mof the future, willbe a proud asset to our growing economy and provide the swimm-ing publicwith more and better swimming, than was ever available,in such a short am

time before in the historyof our country. •

!!!

-IZ- i

!I • : James D. Moffat "Water Mechanics and Associates

' North Bay, Ontario., t

WATER TESTING AND WATER TREATMENT

FOR DOMESTIC AND SMALL COMMERCIAL SYSTEMS

l The basis for Mr. Moffat'spresentationwas the textof'theEverpure "ShortCourse inWater Purificationand Treatment". This textis comprehensive in scope

l but concise in form. Itrepresents both an excellenteducationalworks and a firstrate reference book.

Many inspectors already possess thispiece ofliterature. Those who do notl have a copy can obtainone by writingto:

Everpure of Canada Limited

I 60 Front St, W., _Toronto i, Ontario. :

I The name of the pubiicationis:Water Purificationand Treatment Handbook

i ' Everpure Inc.

mG.H. Kay, P. Eng., •

• Supervisor, Field ActivitiesDivisionof SanitaryEngineering

Ontario Water Resources Commission n

Although the title of this paper deals only with canneries and milk plants, •

itmight well have included other food processing plants such as meat plants sinceit concerns industries having organic wastes which require suitable disposa!.

nIn most of these there is a certain portion of the wastes in a relatively dry

form. However, there is a large quantity of liquid wastes which must be disposed n

withoutthe creationof deleteriousconditions. -., .. mBeing organic in nature, these wastes, in the same general manner as

domestic sewage, are unstable, being composed of complex combinations of pro- mteins, carbohydrates and sugars, and under certain conditions will tend to oxidizeto the simple stable elements or their compounds such as nitrates, carbonates,

phosphates, etc., by combining with oxygen. The quickest example of thisis when •these solids are burned. In nature, this process proceeds more slowlywith the ihelp of bacteria whether in the presence or absence of free oxygen. When oxygen

is present this is an aerobic, generally non-objectionable process. However, when n

the process proceeds anaerobically,similar to the,actionin a septictank, opaque mliquids arriv.e and malodorous conditions arise.

mm

Since the watercourses ofthe province are the usual receivers ofthe liquid •wastes from the municipalities and industries, we are concerned that these waters

do not become lost for the purposes for which they maybe used. These include

domestic and industrial water supplies, recreational purposes, waste assimilation, •etc. |

Itshould not be forgottenthatthe waters of our streams are being used overand over again for drinking and other purposes. Therefore proper treatment of all mwastes is imperative. Of prime import, is the dissolved oxygen balance in the

stream. Thesewastes exert a'deoxygenating pressure on the stream as they are

being stabilized. The stream itselftends to absorb oxygen from the air and from •itsgreen floraby the actionof photosynthesis. Therefore prima i'ily,the intentisto treat suchwastes through stabilizingthem by oxygenation or aer_ftion,to a degreethatwillprevent them from severely affectingthe receivingwatercourse and its •biota. A dramatic example of such degradation would be a fish kill caused by isuffocation due to inadequate dissolved oxygen,

• !The alternative.to proper treatment is to exclude the wastes from the st;ream

entir ely.

There are other deleteriousqualitiesofthese wastes, such as caustic •constituents,turbidity,colour, temperature, etc., however, inthis presentati'on,we shall be speaking primarily of the B. O. D. _0r Biochemical Oxygen Demand of

various individualwastes. Specificallythe 5-Day B.O.D. isused. •m

- 14-, m

!I This quality is usually expressed in parts per million •or litre. This

milligrams per

really is only a proportion, the same as a percentage or a fraction. It is an in-

dication of the amount of oxygen required by the rnicr'o-organisrns as they feed on •

I thewastes to change them from unstableor putresciblecomplex proteins, hydro-carbons and sugars, tomore stableforms such as carbonates, nitrates,phosphates,carbon dioxide and water.

| 'Every organic material has a relatively predictable B. O. D. value. Theorganic constituents in domestic sewage usually yield a total 5-Day B. O. D. of

approximately 200-250 pprn. That is, for every 100 gallons of sewage, _theB. O. D.

I thereof or the number of pounds to stabilize it would be i00Ofoxygen required

gallonsx 200 x i0 Ibs. & .21,000, 000 • _ per gal.

• i

Now if we use this figure of 200 pprn for domestic sewage it may help us

to gain a concept of the "strength" or deoxygenating capabilities of cannery wastes

I and milk plantwastes.•- , AT CANNERIES

I Pack B.O.D.h'

l Asparagus _ - , 50 - 120 pprnBeans - 150 - 1500 "

Tomatoes - - 575 - 4000 "

I Peaches - 1350 - 4700 "

• Corn - 620 - 6000 "

I Pumpkin - 4000 - 11000 "

E AT MILK PLANTS

Wastes B.O. D_

l Cheese Factory i000 pprn

Creamery 1250 "

! .General Dairy . 750 "

Whey . 32000 "

| --Buttermilk 64000 "

It can be seen that whereas the danger of sewage discharges have been

I well publicized,the effectof some organin industrialwastes is sometimes twentytirnesthatof domestic sewage and for some industries,occurs at the criticaltimewhen the streams are low in flow for dilutionand low intheir dissolvedoxygen

l reserve. Itis.interestingtonotethatduringthepeak canningperiodinOntario,approximately Z5MGD are used at these plants. Thisiis_equal to the totaldailywater demand of the City of London, Ontario .... _ :_ -_

: , t •

i -15-

Therefore the problem to the Commission for the welfareof the pebple,of _ Itheprovince becomes one of ensuring thatthese•wastes are disposed in an economi-callysuitablemanner so thatthe waters ofthe streams_w_illstillbe availableforltheuses for which itmaybe reasonab!e•toexpect they willbe needed. _ I

Often the best solutionis found in a connection to a municipal sewer systemwhere •secondary treatment is provided. However, thispresentationdeals with •situationswherein such connections are not available. |SepticTanks o

• . - m

• Septictanks and subsurface tiledisposaibeds have been used and depending.... /

upon the absorptive capacityofthe soiland the design of•thesystem, thismay beadequate for some small installationsperhaps up to 4000 gallonsper day. However, •the character ofthe wastes usually resultsin foulingof the tilebed so thatitbe-comes necessary to replace the bed afteronly a few years' use.

Ridge and Furrow Irrigation |This method has furrows 1 to 3 feetdeep, 1 to 3 feetwide, while spaced 3 to

15 feetapart. This is generallypreferred for strong wastes of low volume. These Iinstillationshave produced offensiveodours and poor qualityeffluents. Thereforeitis usuallynot as acceptable as some other methods.

BiologicalTricklingFilters |These are adaptable tothe highvariationof flow strengthsand quantities ..

arriving. However, these lose much oftheir efficienci_esin the Ontario winters and |generally are incapableby themselves of producing acceptable effluents.

Spra Z Irri_ation I

Spray irrigationvia properly designed and operated systems, inthe finalanalysis,is perhaps the most desirablemethod availablefor the disposal of organic •waste waters, providingany danger of ground water pollutionis avoided. |

The proper system imparts no B.O.D. loadingon the streams. Also, the mmwhole of southern Ontario is in the watersheds ofthe Great Lakes and the•St.L •Lawrence River. Problems such as taste and odour in drinking waters are occurring

a

with increased frequency caused by the algae in the Great Lakes. These algae_arestimulated by the increasing quantitiesofnutrientsinthe lakes. The very act of Bsatisfyingthe B. O. D. of an _organicwaste renders these stabilizedcompounds suchas nitrates,phosphates, carbonates, readilyavailablefor use bythe algae. There-fore, particularly-in this general area which drains to the Great Lakes, nutrients in •the waste discharges eventually will need to be excluded from the watercourses |wherever possible.

_Originally, theseliquids we're spread on tl_e bare ground via broad irrig_.tion,to be absorbed and/or eVaporated. Itwas proven however; that these:rates wereimproved and'prob!ems avoided ifthese wastes were spr:ayed on the ground and •further improved if sprayed on a cover-crop Iof varioUs grasses. ' This is because

the roots of the grasses tendto keep the soi,! open for_-aB_s6rption ratherthan beingcompacted as the bare soil would tend to become. AlSO,- in theii_natural processes,

the grasses tend to breath-out or transpire great quantities of water which is then •evaporated from the surfaces of the manyblades of grass. In fact,in thislatitude; |

-16- l

mduring the summer months, it hasbeen Calculated that this amount of evapo_t_ns-Piration is 8-10,000 G.A.D. _ ,

I In this system: the components consist of a sump, a a pump; ascreen,

distribution system, fittings, spray nozzles and a suitable area of agricultural •land.

I The sump which receives the screened wastes should be so constructed thatno more than approximately one half hour of the maximum flows are retained be-

tweenpumpings. This ensures the freshness of the Wastes to avoid possible odours

i inthe sump and in the spray areas. All wastes should be removed from the sumpat the end of each working day.

The pump must be of sufficient head or pressure capability to provide proper

I pressure at the furthermost •spray nozzle.

Our experience has been thatsome systems are left inoperative because of

I clogging•of the nozzles. This can be obviated to a greater degree by providing extrascreens at thepump suction. These are commonly of 1/4" wire mesh.

i The:distribution system is usually composed of above-ground lightweightheaders and laterals or permanent valved underground lines.

On the above-groundilines, leak-proof couplings should be used to avoid

I "burning" the cover-crop. On these lines also, ball-type valves allow the sprinklernozzle risers to be moved and inserted to suit. ••

I The spray nozzles are of the self-activating type and usually openings arenot less than 1/4" in size since clogging usually beComes excessive in smalleropening s.

I Ascertaining the area required is one aspect that can require a goodland

deal of investigation. Resort can bemade to various dissertations on this matter•including that paper entitled "Evaluating the Soils for the Disposal of Waste Spray

J Irrigation" by Dr. L.R. Webber which was given at the 1959 Ontario IndustrialWaste Conference. Evaluations of infiltration, permeability and storage capacityare desirable. Generally, sandy soils are best and clay soils the poorest; In

I e£ther, it is desirable to allow a rest period such as six days between each sprayingby alternating the sections of the spray area in use.

i Depending on the soil qualities, overall dosages including regular spray arearotation, range from 2500-6200 gallons/acre/day, calculated onthe total area.

• In some locations, the fields are sprayed at a rate of 60,000 gallons/acre:/

I day or 8,000 gallons/acre/hour; again allowing a six day rest period before sPray-ing. Because of their high B. O. D: 's, buttermilk, whey and blood wastes shoul:d bedisposed of separately.

I Particularly in clay soils, the sodium content of the wastes can be critical.The Zeolite charges can cause deleterious effects in•the infiltration characteristicsof the soil. An annual treatment:of agricultural :lime and: light harrowing can be of

I assistance.

! ,I :17-

The cover-cro p may be composed of many mixtures ....EventuallY some i

grasses will die out and others willpersist. Alfalfa does not flourish. Reed

canary grass will withstand flooding conditions as well as periods of drought. A

common mixture consists of nine pounds of reed_canary, eight pounds of brome i

and two pounds of Timothy per acre.

The grass Should be cut when it reaches approximately one foot in height, i

In some locations itis cut t-Othree to four inches. Desirably the grass should be Ballowed to recover from the cutting prior to respraying.

If cattle graze the area or when equipment is used, care shouldbetaken ito avoid compacting the soil.

Insome areas underdrain tiles present a problem. There is an appreciable •reduction in the B.O.D. of the wastes as they pass through the soil to the drains,

particularly if the B.O.D. loading does not exceed approximately 235 pounds per

acre per day. Usually however, this is inadequate to allow the wastes to be dis- icharged to a watercourse without further treatment. We ,were pleased to allow aprogram this year by the Canadian CannersLimited at their Exeter plant to assess

this degre.e of treatment with the view to directing th_se wastes to the municipal

treatment plant after spraying. _ isewage

Inallthese systems the slope of the area should not exceed 6-8% so thatexcessive run-offwillnot occur. The surface should be devoid of pockets or •depressions since ponding of the wastes will tend to occur with associated "burning" mof the cover-crop.

°' " " : iThis systern is very acceptable during the growing season. However, at

other times itpresents some p=oblems. FortUnately during these off-periods,milk intakerates are usuallyreduced and the canneries are usuallyinoperative. i

• • i

Attempts to operate the system using Spray nozzles inthe wintertime havemet with failure. Attempts are now made to operate the system withoutthe nozzles.This Produces an ice cap around each nozzle which me:its slowly in the spring and •the wastes are Primarily absorved into the soil. However, the cover-crop is

sometimes affected. For winter operations, self-draining lines are required.

.... I' Particularly formilk plants, the OWRC'is presently recommending ,that

storage facilities be provided to store the wastes during the winter months for

•spraying during the growing season of the subsequent year. Since odours may

tend to develop for part of this time, a limited aerationl system is recommended Bto be included in the design. This storage vessel, such as a lagoon then becomes

available also, for use during the growing season when periods of rainfall affect

the operation of the system. Such systems have been installed at Ault's Milk of •

Winchester and at F abrique Laitiere St. Isidore Ztee.

.Lago oning IIf for any of various reasons, -spray irrigation is not feasible, thenthe

wastes must be adequately treated prio r to their d_scharge to the receiving stream,

At present' the main criteria for waste treatment is to reduce the B.O. D: of the Bwastes to acceptable levels by biological oxidation. Primary treatment by sedi-

mentation is not satisfactory by itself. Aeration by trickling filters is usually not

i-18- i

I _.sufficientto satisfypresent waste flow qualityObjectives.,Therefore the methodsavailableare by oxidationor stabilization,generallyin aerated or n0n-aerated

i lagoons or by treatment in activatedsludge units, s_milar to.thoseat secondary-type municipal S.T.P. 's. Inallofthese, a concentratedbiotaor aerobicbacteria,protozoa etc., is suppliedwith adequateoxygen to reduce the B. O. D. of the wastesto a minimum, producting carbonates, nitrates,phosphates,ietc. Inthe n0n-aerated

I lagoon the source 0f_thisoxygen is_viasurface absorption and by the algae intheprocess ofphotosynthesisduring the daylighthours, inthe case oftfie_aeratedlagoon and activated sludge unit_,.-airis added by surface aerators or via various

l subsurface aeration devices using compressed air. Again, domestic sewage beingan organic waste, it can be and is treated viathese same methods alone, or incombination with these wastes. In all of the above, the wastes must be screened

i before reaching the treatment unit.Some inspectorsmay have sad memories of some ponds thatwere used to

store milk plantwastes or cannery wastes and where the 0dours and stream

l pollutionwere a cbntinualsource of concern. This was due to the factthattheponds were used in justthatway. They were sto_age vessels and nothingelse.They resembled anaerobic digestersand therefore should have been expected to

I give off noxious gases. If we wish to avoid these offensive gases, we must designthe ponds as aerobic units rather than as anaerobic units. That is, we must supply

oxygen at a rate equal to or greater than tilerate that it is being used by the bio-

logical forces that are stabilizing the wastes and thereby reducing the B.O.D. :

I reasons 1 am not including anaerobic lagoons inthereof. Itis also for these thatthisdiscussion. Generally, itis difficultto balance theirefficiencieswiththeprobabilityof complaints from the public.

I In _eg_rd to non-aerated aerobic or facultativelagoons, used for treatingdomestic wastes inthislatitude,a three to fivefootdepth provides acceptable

I treatment during the greater part of any year if the number of pounds of B.O.D.delivered to the lagoon does not exceed twenty pounds per acre per day. With

conventional domestic sewage this yields a retention time of approximately 1.00-150

days. Any odours that arrive usually occur during one or two weeks at the time

l ofthe melt ofthe ice are recommended to be locatedat safecover. The lagoons a

distance from any_.SUiltup area, for this reason.

I in other parts ofthe continentother loadingshave been used. Itshould beborne inmind however thatclimaticconditions=cry appreciablywith differingareas.The rate of stabilizationis affectedappreciablyby temperature and the rate of

I oxygen productionby the algae depends directlyon the sunlightmade available.In this area the average annual rainfallisjustabout equal tothe annual

evaporation from water surfaces. Since most ofthese lagoons are sealed or Ul-

l timately seal themselves that isminimal, itis toso absorption a fallacy expect

thatthere willbe no effluent.Basically, when operated full,the outflowwillequal the inflow.

I At any plant, the problem cannot be properly resolved Untiltheflowcharacteristicsare known._:This required sampling and gauging of the flows atthe

i plant. To be complete, thismust include 24-hour evaluationsand shouldbe per-formed atvarious times of the year. In the case ofthe milk plants,the summer

intakeis commonly double thatduring the winter. Daily peaks can be eighttimesthe average flow. Inthe Canner_each pack has itSdifferentwaste characteristics.

I -i9

At a milk pliantor meat plant there are some wastes which due to their high IB.O.D. would require extensive treatment works and should be excluded from the

lagoon or spray system. There are whey and buttermilk in the milk plantsand

blood in the meat plants. II

Once the daily loadings are known, thelagoon size can be established. Multi-

cell installations are desirable With piping provided to allow series or parallel Ioperation. A three-foot minimum depth is suggested, to avoid the occurrence of |emergent vegetation. A five-foot maximum depth is recommended to allow pene-

tration by sunlight to reasonable depths to encourage the production of oxygen by

the algae. This depth also allows an ice-cover to form withoutloss of appreciable Iliquid depth. It is common in Ontario to lower the liquid level in April and raisethi_-in October.

I

Cannery operations are relativelyseasonal and as I have said, some ofthe Iproblems with cannery wastes result from capacity being provided adequate only for

storage purposes. A perio d of time is required for an innoculum of algae and bac- •teria to develop. If the wastes are added to a dry lagoon, at the start of the canning |season, anaerobic conditions will result well before this innoculum Can develop, so

that noxious conditions result very early and persist until the ice cover forms.

TO avoid these conditions, particularly where tomatoes are the main product, Ithe lagoon is designed to hold approximately 125% of the expected yearly liquid waste

flow. In the firstyear of operations at'leastthree feetofpotableor non-potable •water is added to the lagoon prior to commencement of operations. In subsequent myears the lagoon isnot completely drained ofthe stabilizedwastes but approximatelyone footthereofis leftto dilutethe incoming wastes and provide an innoculum of I

bacteria and algae to commence the treatment process. IIt is advantageous to leave the wastes in the lagoon cells for stabiliZation:for

as long a period as possible so that the wastes will satisfy the effluent quality ob- Ijectives of the regulatory authority. In order to achieve this, an interesting develop-

ment is taking place. This is the "Ever-full" Lagoon System as initiated by Mr. G.

Dickson of the Califo.rnia Packing Corporation. Here multiple cells are used in •series to receive the plant wastes. Assuming that during the initial season of using mthis s_stem, the cells are full of water, the wastes will displace this water and

arrive at the outlet, just at the end of the canning season. The strength of the wastes mmcould then be expected to be ata maximum in the firstcelland at a minimum inthe •last or eighth cell. The avoid odours and assist the process, the wastes are pumped

I

from the last cell to the first until the waste loading is approximately equal in all

cells. The wastes are held inthe lagoon untildisplacedin series bythe waste flows Iof the following year. It is reported that no odours arrived and that the wastes wereadequately stabilizedatthe time oftheir discharge. The OWRC was pleased to giveapproval for an experimental installationof thistype atthe St. Davids Plant Of •Canadian Canners Limited. The results of these investigations this year will be minter e sting.

If adequate economical land is not available for spray irrigation or non-aerated Ilagoons, resort maybemade to the use of aerated lagoons. These are Similar to

the non-aerated aerobic lagoons but therequired oxygen for stabiiizationlis provided

by surface aerators resembling rotating horizontal fans in the surface of the water Ior via perforated plastic pipe or verfical plastic tubesUsing compressed air. The

OWRC conducted extens{we experiments at Chatham on tomato wastes.

!-20- I

!

From these experiments itwas feltsafe to recommend a loading maximum of 350pounds of B. OoD. /acre/day. Also the depth of the lagoon can be increased to

i from 8 to 12 feet in depth. Therefore, the land requirements can be reduced to20 -- l____thof the size required in a Conventional non-aerated lagoon. In these350 17

there appreared to be great merit in the mixing effect of the aeration processes

i as well as in the it Some difficultiesoxygen supplied. were experienced in car

b0nate accumulations in the perforated plastic pipe that tended to Close theseopenings.

l A further development of these investigations has brought new considerationsof the oxidation ditch which has found favour in the treatment of domestic sewage

i and industrial wastes in Europe. Herethe lagoon is Shaped as a racecourse ordoughnut. The aeration is provided by a surface aerator which resembles a brushwith bristles around a centre core which is laid at right angles to the direction ofthe flow. This KeSsner Brush rotates rapidly to aerate and accelerate the wastes.

l For best results this system is followed basin.by a Settling

ACTIVATED SLUDGE UNITS

Beyond the aerated lagoon stands the Activated Sludge Process and its manymodifications. Here large concentrations Of aigae protozoans etc., are .cultivated

i to give rapid, high quality treatment of the wastes. This process is capable ofproviding approximately 95 per cent stabilizationwithin 8-24 hours. With thislimited total hydraulic capacity, shock hydraulic or organic loads can be deleter-ious. Desirably an aerated surge tank should be provided so that the hourly flow

I each day to the aeration tank can be made relatively equal in quality and quantity.

During the aeration period inany of the aerobic processes the bacteria

l convert the finely suspended, colloidal and dissolved putrescible solids into newbacteria and energy. After eight hours' aeration in the activated sludge processthere is a surplus of bacteria that must be disposed. Ifthis mass is aerated for

l twenty-four hours this is called the Extended Aeration Modification or erroneously,the total oxidation process. The organic solids available in the wastes are notadequate to feed this mass of bacteria for this length of time, so that they tend todie off and lyse so that very littleexcess sludge needs to be disposed. This is the

I process that was used in the design of the plant at the Teeswater Creamery, Un-fortunately an equalization tank has not yet been provided here and when maximumsummer waste flows are received, the afternoon effluent quality suffers.

I Milk wastes putresce very quickly or as stated, technically they have a highearly B.O.D. Therefore high aeration' levels must be available as soon as thewastes reach the treatment units.

I SUMMARY

I The large volumes of high B.O.D. wastes from the food industries of theprovince require to be highly treated prior to being discharged to the receivingwatercourses or otherwise they must be excluded from such watercourses. The

i OWRC is charged with the responsibility of water pollution abatement in theprovince and is receiving ever-increasing compliance by the industries. The co-operation of the staffs of the local health units has made much of this progresspossible. It is my sincere hope that we of the OWRC can hope for your continued

l assistance in this important work.

IT. J. Yakutchik, |Supervisor, ISurveys and Projects Branch,Division of Water Resources,Ontario Water Resources Commission. i

GROUND WATER AND CONTAMINATION Im

As a result of the industrial and population growth of the province

and the increasing urbanization of outlying areas, it becomes apparent that the |need for ensuring adequate supplies of good quality water to meet ever-increasing !demands will be a pressing problem for water resources management. Increasedwater use means increased wastes which could result in an increase in pollution iof water. I

Until recently, water contamination or pollution was synonymouswith surface water contamination. As interest inwater contamination increased ithis conception changed to include contamination of ground-water sources.

It is evident that ground-water resources will continue to be of •vital impo_rtance in the daily life and in the economy of the province and that aattention should be given to the protection of this resource. To fully understandthe problems associated with ground-water contamination, it is necessary to havea working knowledge of ground water hydrology, the types and sources of icontamination and the methods by which the contaminants or pollutants reach orgain acces_s to ground water reservoirs.

GROUND WATER HYDROLOGY: Ground water hydrology involves ithe study of the origin, occurrence and movement of water through the formations

of the earth, i

Origin: Water below the surface of the ground is one phase of the

hydrologic cycle and to discuss the origi n of groun d water requires a discussion •of the hydrologic cycle. ]

All water on the face of the earth is moving in a continual cycle,that is, it falls on the ground as rain or snow, then gradually makes its way to thesea and eventually returns to the atmosphere to begin the cYCle all over again.Of all the water falling on the surface of the ground only a small portion soaks in,most of it runs off as surface water. Of the water that does soak in, part of it isdrained off by surface streams. It is only the part that is left that finally works itsway down to the main body of ground water. This process takes time and the waterin our ground water reservoirs is the accumulation of thousands of years.

Occurrence: Water occurs in the ground in different zones and wemight well consider the various zones and the various kinds of water than occur inthem.

-Zz-

Theearth's sub-surface _isdivided int0 tii.reezones as far-as sub-surface

water ,is concerned.. These.aide: , ',.- - " •.... ', "

I i. The zone of aeration, beingthe zone above,the wa'ter_table_•2..The zone of saturati0n, being the zone below the wate.r table;

'3. The zone of"rock fl0wag e or the molten interior of the earth. "

I _ Inthe of aeration above the water table, wafer'is he].d in suspensionzone

inthe ground material and is called Vadose Water. Water in this Zone is present

in three belts; the Upper-most being called the belt of soilmoisture, the inter

I mediate one being called the •belt of fntermediate vaidbse water and theilowern_ost, 'just above the water table,- being' called the belt of capillary fringe water. In eachof these belts water __aries.in quantity,_ quality and rate of movement_ The motion

I of infiltrating water in the zone of aeration is essentially a vertical downwardmotion into the zone of saturation below it.

In the zone of saturation wa_er fills all openings-in the -earth's-form-

I ations', and is Continuous whenever it is The. waterin thisthroughout possible.. zone

is calledphreatic water or true groundWater. This then is the most important 'zone as far as ground water supplies are,.,concerned. The upper surface of this

I zone is Called the water table. If a water-bearing formation ir,this zone •is notoverlain by an impervious formation the wate'r will not be under" pressure and it is

said that the formation.is under water-tkble conditions. If the water-bearing

I formation is overlain by an impervious bed, the water in the water-bearing bed isgenerally under pressure and when a hole is drilled into the formation the water willrise to some point _-above -the level at which, it was struck° It is said that. thisformation is then under artesian conditions and the levelto which, the water rises is

I called the static level. It or not be the same as the water table. If themay may

pressure is such that the static level is above ground ievel the well would be a

flowing artesian well0

It should be remembered that there is no water-table in a •dense solid

rock formation. In theseformationswater occurs in fracture zones. If a well is

I sunk below the surface'it will remain dry Until it enters the zone of saturation, thenif it encounters some openings in the rock which are water-bearing, the water will

rise up the we!l. _ ....

I The depth to .which the zone of saturation extends below the surface, isuncertain.. In some places water is found at depths of several thousands of feet butas fs Usually, the case in. Ontario tKe water: is highly .mineralized. At these depths

I there is very little movement of water andSbecause of the long contact time. largequantities of mineral are disolved out. It is possible .that some of this deep waterhas been associated with the formations since the time of their deposition.

| "In the zone of rock fiowage the water that is present is that which, hasbeen formed in chemical reactionsin the rock and is unimportant as far as ground

water supplies are concerned. ".... " "

Movement: The movement of ground water is controlled by the geology

of the area through, which it is passing. The pressure "'head on a[ water-bearing

I formation, the rate of movement through it, the ability to 'yield water or not at all,also the quantity and the quality of water in it_are all dependent o'n certaincharacteristics of the formations_. _ Theshape _,-'the Size. _nd the ' number of open spaces

I in any. formation are the main features which'control the amount of'water that theformation will hold and also the amount that it will yield.

I[]

Openings informations are of allsizes and shapes,.butallfallintotwo icategories; those thatwere •formed when the formation was formed and those thatwere formed afterthe formation was formed. Openings such as joints,fractures, icrevices and solutionchannels in a consolidatedrock formation are an example of Bthe lattert_pe. An example ofthe former type of openings are pore spaces or theopenings leftbetween the grains of material when clays, sands or gravels aredeposited. The openings or pore spaces are calledthe porosityand is generally Bexpressed as a percentage of the volume. The following,are some examples of theporositiesofvarious kinds of formations: granitei.2%, and shale 3.9570,limestone:4.85%,,sandstone 15.8990,sand 3590,and clay 45%. Itcan be seen quite []readilythat:clay can containthe most water but the problem isto get itout. In |order to understand thiswe have to know what forces controlthe movement of

water in the formations. •

Gravity is the principal force that controls the movement of water in aformation, that is, it causes water to flow from a higher place to a lower place and

then flow horizontally if it can go no farther vertically. Ground water flow follow s i

this principle as long as the openings in the formation are large. But when the form-

at•on changes and the openings are much smaller, then a second force, molecularattraction enters the picture. This simply means that mol.ecules of water are •attracted to. and cling to the grains in the .formation. Thus the smaller the grainsize the more surface area for the water to cling to and the less water that is trans-mitted through the formation. This is the reason that clays, although high in pore i

space, yield littlewater to wells. The abilityof a formation to yieldor transmit •verywater is its_permeabilityand is probably about the most important characteristics

me

of a water -bearing formation.i

GEOLOGY AND GROUND WATER: Itis interestingto note from a igeologicalpointof view thatabout 16 per cent ofthe area of southern Ontario iscovered with shallow overburden:and the surface features are controlledby the •underlying bedrock formations. The remaining•84% is covered by unconsolidated isediments of glacialoriginthataverage between 75 and I00 feetin depth. Much ofthisarea,iscovered on the surface ofthe ground with,clayeymaterials.

It is estimated that about 70% of the wells drilled in Ontario end inbedrock and obtain water from these formations. However, high. capacity wells

are confinedalmost entirelytothe sand and gravel deposits inthe •overburden. Bmm

SOURCES OF GROUND WATER CONTAMINATION: Sources ofgroundwater contamination•may,be grouped•intotwo categorieson the basis oftheir origin: •artificialand natural. i

Artifici'alsources•are those in.which the contaminants are man-made.

• !Some examples are as follows:i. land disposal sites for sanitary wastes.2. land disposal sites for industrial wastes.3. chemical sprays - fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides. •4. water drainage wells. []5. waste disposalwells.6. septictanks, privies, cesspools. •7. contaminated surface water bodies. B8. saltspreading on roads and stock piles.9. chemical spillsand leaks. ..

H

i I0. ground water recharge operations.11111..water well drilling.

i Natural sources of ground water contamination are those in which thecontaminants occur naturallybut can become potentialpollutantsthrough humaninterference. Some examples are:

i i. mineral water wells2. oiland gas wells3. brine wells ,

i UNDERGROUND MOVEMENT OF POLLUTANTS: The nature ofthemovement of pollutionin ground water is understood to some degree but the flowpatternin any region depends to.agreat extenton local geologicalconditionsand as

i these conditionsdiffer,the flow patterndiffers.

Briefly.the movement ofpollutantsin the ground takes place in the

i followingmanner. The movement ofpollutantsdoes not occur in the ground untilwater is applied. The sources of the water may be precipitationthathas percolatedintothe ground, water includedwith the wastes or water in the ground. The applied

i water aids in the decomposition of the materials and leaches and transports solublematerials downward to reach ground water below the water table. On reaching thewater table,the solublematter mixes with the ground water and both move towardsthe pointofground water discharg_e.,During the movement the solublematter is

i dilutedand dispersed. Itcan be readily seen thatifpollutantsare dischargeddirectlyintoground water the initialconcentrationsof solublematter willbe greaterand the distancethatpollutionwilltravelwillbe much greater.

i .. The movement of pollutantsunderground then involvestwo distinctlydifferentaspects: one isthe movement of bacteriaand chemicals downward with the

i percolatingwater above the water tableand the other isthe lateralmovement ofsuch pollutantsonce they have entered the ground water eitheralong with percolatingwater or by directrecharge.

i MOVEMENT ABOVE WATER TABLE: Itis generallyagreed thatpollutionisnot appreciably extended laterallyby percolatingwaters moving down-ward _bQve the water table. The most important factorthen becomes the extentiof

i verticaltravelofthe pollutants. In other words what isthe minimum safe distancebetween the ground surface and the water table.

A few experiments dealingwith sewage sPreading and sanitarylandfilli the .observations:

made followingi. Organic material isformed in the top ofthe soilsand bacteria

associated with itare drasticallyremoved atthe soilsurface, the actualdepth of

i penetrationdepending on the nature ofthe pollutant.andthe soil..2. Chemical movementdiffers from bacterialmovement and can occurover great distances, the actualdistanceagain dependent on the nature ofthe pollutant

i and the s_oil. , ..•

MOVEMENT WITHGROUND WATER: Knowledge is imperfect on themovement ofpollutantswith ground water._.Itis agreed, however, thatpollution

i inthe directionofground-water flow and thatchemical pollutantstravelsfarthesttravelfarther.

!I -25-

|A few experiments in which, bacterial and chemical pollutants were

injected into ground water have been carried out, and the following observationswere made: m

i. Movement. of bacterial and chemical pollutants is greatest in the

direction of ground-water..flow with chemical travel being .by-far the greatest. Inthel

actual experiments, results varied from a few tens of feet to thousands of feet; m

depending on the conditions. "Z. Pollutantsundergo a verticalas well as a lateraldiffusionto a

limitedextentand where an aquiferisthickthe bottom water may remain unimpaired.

3. Pollutantswillbe subjectto dilutionby mixing laterallywith thesurrounding clean water. |

4. Indicatorsofpolution'areincreased hardness and iron content,althoughthere is a general increase inmany othermineralelements.

|CASE HISTORIES OF GROUND WATER POLLUTION: The natureofground water pollutionand itsmovement is illustratedinthe followingincidentsthathave occurred in the province. One deals with contamination of grouhd_water Iby saltspreading on roads, another by gasolineleakage intoground waferformationand, another of insecticide reaching ground water through a water drainage well.

|SALT POLLUTION INCIDENT: The salt polIuti0nincident occurred ina small.v.iliage located along a major highway on which salt spreading is practicedduring winter maintenance and where dug wells are near the highway. Reports of i

salt in local wells, instigated a hydrogeologic investigation to determine the source !of the contamination.

The evidence obtainedin the investigationindicatedthatsalt,either Icalcium or sodium.chloride, used for road constructionand maintenance was

responsible for the high chloride contentespeciallyin dug.wellsnear the highway.Hydrogeologic evidence showed thatsaltpollutionmoved in the general directionofground water movement towards the wells and decreased inconcentrationlaterally |and vertically.

GASOLINE LEAKAGE INCIDEIN:T: An example of gasoline contaminationof ground water occurred in a hamlet located along, a major highway in an area"wheredug .wells in a shallow formation are relied upon for water supplies. A hydro-

geologic investigation was carried out .into reports of gasoline in the wells.

The evidence obtained indicated that gasoline leakage from a servicestation i n the hamlet was responsible for the contamination. The evidence showedthe movement of pollution with ground waferthrough a shallow .water-bearingformation.

WATER DRAINAGE WELL INCIDENT: An example of water drainagewell which wa s contributing insecticide to ground water occurred recently in anarea where surface drainage was poor. A water well drilled originally as anirrigation well was connected to field tiles draining about 90 acres of farm landlSamples of the water entering the well and that in a well about two miles distant

contained quantities of DDT. The incident serves as an example of the distancethat chemical pollutants can travel with the ground water.

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I SUMMARY: In it can be that thesummary appreciated sources of

ground water contamination are as varied as the water uses from which wastesarise. As wastes increase,a thorough understanding ofthe properties ofthe

I wastes and the purifyingprocesses of theground is necessary ifpollutioncontrolisto be effective.

i The subtlenature with which pollutionof ground water occurs, thelong elapsed time before itisdetectedand the_extendedperiod required for ittoregain itsoriginalquality,ifever, make itessentialto prevent pollutionratherthan attempt corrective measures after its.occurfence. : "

m

m I

I -Z7

i•J.F. Brown, ISupervisor, Redevelopment Section,

.... Community Planning Branch,

•Department of •Municipal Affair.. s. I

"A BETTER PLACE TO LIVE ''.•. i

THE ATTACK ON BLIGHT IN'RESiDENTIAL AREAS THROUGH

BUILDING MAINTENANCE AND THE PREVENTION OF OVERCROWDING i

IThe talk,today, willincludea quick look at the historicalbackground to

the subjectin the United Kingdom, the United States,and in Canada; a review of Ithe kind of items for which standards are set and includedin by-laws; the im-portance of administering a program, ofwhich a by-law is a part;and a reviewof the experience of one cityinOntario in the _uccessful administrationof a

housing standards program. I

iiIIIiIiiI

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I Housing of all forms is a valuable social and economic asset. It is botha physical and a social resource and, like all resources, it is limited while the

demands upon it are many/ It Occupies the largest proportion of built-up land

l area in all urban communities. It is subject to many deteriorating influencesand it is difficult to replace. Because it is both a vital resource and an importantinfluence in shaping the lives of citizens, its conservation should be one of the

i prime objectives of every community.For many people, the investment in a dwelling is the largest investment

they ever make. Usually the investor wants to protect his investment by taking

J good care ofthehouse. But negativeinfluencesmay hinder his good intentions.The originalowner may move away, or he may be short of funds. There may bechanges inneighbourhood environment which discourage and good maintenance of

i the individualhome such as overcrowding, lack of sufficientopen space, heavytraffic,even the point ofview thatmoney willbe saved - or made - ifthe houseisneithermaintained nor improved.

! •A house also represents a general social and a specific community asset.As a general social asset, it is the primary physical environment in.which an

.individual grows and.lives. As a .specific community asset, it i's another dwelling

I place, it produces revenue and its appearance adds to or detracts from thephysical environment.

I In all levels of society there are standards by which individuals conductthemselves. Such standards may be customary or based on law, but to deviateto something less than the norm is not regarded with favour. Yet standards ,:

i change with society and new situations create new standards in different waysdepending upon the tradition of any given group. What was standard twenty-five years ago miiy be substandard tomorrow.

I Good Housing Needs Standards

Because of the importance of housing to.the individual and to the.community,

I the requirement for standards is immediate. A house must be safe from collapseor fire, hence there are standards of construction and fire prevention. There arealso standards for dwellings regulating the size, kind, and relationship of onedwelling to another and standards to minimize and control the incidence and the

I of disease.spread

In spite of the fact that standards: have increased in number and in quality,

I it has sometimes happened that the deterioration of housing has made large urbanrenewal projects necessary, and renewal of this type inevitably requires largepublic expenditures and entails serious social and individual adjustments.

I Interest in preventing the spread of blight in deteriorating neighbourhoodshas increased almost dramatically in the last decade and many of the reasonsfor blight have been identified. A principal reason is the lack of minimum stan-

I dards of and for Another is the lack ofoccupan-cy maintenance dwellings. proper

enforcement where such standard@ are in effect,

I It is particularly,appropriate thatthe subject of improving housing con-ditions through the establishment and enforcement of housing standards be in-cluded in an In-Service Training Course for Public Health Inspectors, because

I the field of public health has a long and honourable association with it.

I -Z9-

i

"A Better Place.to Live" Hi

In a comprehensive study conducted by the Department of Municipal Affairsbetween 1959 and 1962 on the role and effect of by-laws regulating standards of imaintenance and occupancy in dwellings, public health agencies and their staffsacross Canada invariably were the most interested and frequently the most helpful.A key consultant on matters not only of philosophy and principle, but of practic- •abilityand :_'administration,was Mr. George Kelly, Chief Sanitary Inspector for mthe City of Winnipeg's Public Health Department.

The study, completed in 1962, resulted in a final report entitled "A Better BPlace to Live". Copies of this may be obtained on request from the Department of

i

Mur_icipal Affairs, 801 Bay Street, Toronto. For anyone interested in improvinghousing conditions itis recommended reading, if for nothing else than the ex- Btensive references contained throughout the text.

Regulations of structure or of conditions within the structure have taken •place for many years. Too often, unfortunately, the regulations have been effected Blong:after the problem has been identifiedor after there has been a general publicacceptance or demand for a higher standard. Too often, after specific conditions _m

of poor housing have been identifiedand investigated, existing regulations are not •enforced. Too often, the same areas will continue to fester in filthand breeddisease and iniquity decade after decade and generation after generation.

i

Over the centuries, people concerned with housing conditions have found isimilarities in problems, investigations, and attitudes. Nonetheless, improve-ments have been made. Little by little, regulations have been bolstered to meet •contemporary conditions and society increasingly has been made aware of the imagnitude of the problem, the cost and the resulting human misery.

Health: the basic motivation i

In 1756, Isaac Ware observed that "in building upon land there should beregard for the convenience of the inhabitants, and the beauty and proportions of ithe fabrick and that neither should be considered independently of the other as one

would be bound to be sacrificed and this, which would be very disagreeable , is

never absolutely necessary. "

Concern over health continues to be the basic motivation for bringing aboutimprovements in:the ratio of land to buildings, and in standards of occupancy.Programs of environmental sanitation or environmental health are assuming greater Bimportance. In commenting on environmental sanitation in 1939, Dr. A.E. Grauer

isaid that:

• "This aspect of public health is directed to the control of the physical environ- iment by:

a. providing and protecting a safe water SUlJply i

b. protecting against communicable diseases throughthe safe disposal ofgarbage, trade waste and body waste and through the removal of dirt; iattending to community cleanliness for aesthetic purposes Cindirectly'

i

a health factor). "

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I c. town planning, which has been defined the of a stable,as planning

well balanced physical structure, so designed as to secure health,

safety, amenity, order and convenience and .generally to promote

I human welfare. Some phases, considered are the location of in_dustries and the housing arrangements for the employee; housing

in regulation to attractiveness of surroundings and density of popu-

I lation;space for recreation;zoning to accommodate various needs;maintenance of ample space for lightand air above buildings.

i d. requiringsuitableplumbing constructionin buildingsfor the safecollectionand removal of liquidand relatedwastes; and inspectionto protectagainstfaultsmenacing health.

! •• e. making reguIations, for housing, assuring safe construction, suitabIelighting, heating and ventilation and the prevention of overcrowding. "

I Background on health and housing

In England, the London Building Act of 1667 was concerned with hazal-ds

l from fire and from the of houses Richard Mead who liveddanger fallingdown.

from 1673-1754 didmuch to promote the need for cleanliness and condemned the

practices used at that time for infected houses. John Howard effectively drew to

I the attentionof the publicand the authorftiesthe appallingconditionsof hygieneand sanitationinjails,from the time of his appointment as High Sheriffof Bedford-shire in 1773 untilhis death in 1790.

l But itwas Edwin Chadwick who recognized the deteriorating and de-moralizing .housingconditionsthat commenced with the rapid growth oftowns andtheir industrializationin the latterpart ofthe eighteenthcentury. Following the

I of his Sanitary•Report of 1842, concern for housing conditionshas been _publication

based upon considerations of health and sanitation right up to the present time.

I Inthe United Statesthe concern with poor housing conditionshas an almostequallylong history.

l As New York is one ofthe oldestand most strategiccitiesinthe UnitedStates,itshistoryofhousing conditionsisperhaps the most relevant ofanyplacein thatcountry. As early as 1664, there was an unsuccessful attempt to zoneagainststillsand tanneries in residentialareas. Ten years later,measures were

I taken to the filthcaused by herds of cattleand hogs inthe streets. Althoughpre_zent

there was an order for more fire-resistantconstructionin 1761, there were severalplagues and epidemics during the eighteenthcentury which focused attentionon

I housing conditionsfrom the point ofview of publichealth. The legislationthathassince been developed has arisen from a recognitionofthe importance ofpublichealth.

I As an example ofthe wide scope ofthe meaning of the term in recenttimes, Ira V. Hiscock describes the functionsof a municipal sanitationagency as

i follows:

| -

I -31 --

D11Th e principal functions of a division or bureau of sanitation in a health •

department concern such problems of municipal sanitation as city planning,i

supervision of water supply, sewage disposal, housing, sanitation of public

buildings and industrial establishments (including lighting, heating, and B

ventilation), swimming pools and bathing beaches, barber shops, and fly,i

mosquito and rodent control."i

The Canadian Concern I

I need not dwell long on the early beginnings of housing standards in Canada, •

because they are deeply rooted in thePublic Health movement, a subject you are iundoubtedly more knowledgeable about than I. Interest in Canada, from the days of

New France to Confederation and beyond, stemmed chiefly from a concern oversanitation. This interestbroadened, rhowever, over the years and inthe firstannual Rreport ofthe Provincial Board of Health concern is expressed over_"How few houses inthe land have arrangements made inthem for good ventilationand rationalsystems ofwarming; how few households take precaution againstthe •infectionofwells, and the air oftheir houses by cesspools and open privies;and howfew villages,towns and citieshave adopted any systematic cleansingof streetsorhouse-premises, or have adopted precautions againstthe spread of infectiousdisease •by the isolationofthe sick, or by preventing childrenfrom infectedfamilies spreading Hthe contagioninthe public schools."

From thisrather sketchy historicalreview comes two major conclusions, ii

i. There has been a long and steady concern over poor housing conditions,

largelyfrom a publichealthstandpoint. Many strideshave been made. Bi

2o In spiteofthislong interest,and the many gains in the fieldof structuralstandards, fireand safetyand publichealth,housing itself-- as part of ia community and social environment -- somehow was subordinatedto imore immediate, perhaps more important, concerns in these fields.

No more back seats Bi

Partly because housing as such had been treated as a secondary subject ofconcern and partly because, perhaps, a more comprehensive approach had not been •

thought of before, a definite movement against poor housing began to emerge gradu- mally. The movement was reflected in slum clearance projects, public housing

programs, and in special laws and regulations directed exclusively to overcoming Iand preventing disrepair and overcrowding.i

In Ontario the three physical methods for attacking residential blight --conservation, rehabilitation and redevelopment -- have had a long and relatively Bsuccessful history. Today such programs are gathering new momentum as these'methods are being combined and concentrated through comprehensive communityplanning and extensive financial aid programs. •

Slum clearance projects have. tal<en place in virtually every major city. inCanada. Public housing programs were initiated as long ago as 1920, and have iaccelerated through the post-war years where all the major cities and towns in •

Ontario have a program of housing for people of low income. And, as long ago asi

1935, the City of Toronto, through private legislation, adopted a housing standardsby-law. In 1952, Ottawa followed suit and in 1958, the City of Windsor added a isimilar by-law to its administration.

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I Findingthe softspots'A study, "A Better Place to Live", referred to earlierreached a number of

I c0nclusions_ Of particularimportance were the following:i. MultiplicityOf regulationsand multiplicityofadministrativeagencies

i with resultantoverlapping and confusion.2. Failure by governing bodies to offerguidance or overallenforcement

policiestomunicipal officials.

l 3. insufficientresources to enable limitedplanning staffsto study theproblems and recommend measures.

I 4. Legislationwas needed to permit allOntario municipalitiesto adoptby-law and program directedtoward preventing•disrepairand over-

l crowding of dwellings.Though somewhat less piecemeal than separate, sporadic building, health,

fire and safety programs, the isolated by-law enforcement programs of Toronto,

l Ottawa, Windsor, Winnipeg and Halifax proved less than maximum successes.The main reason they did not fulfil their expectations was because, generally, theywere.administered apart from other community development programs. In programs

l ofthiskind, greater emphasis .hasto be placed on the integratingfunctionof com-prehensive long-range community planning.

Former U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, reflected this view in an

l address to Congress in 1954:

"In order to clear our slums and blighted areas and to improve our communi-

I ';' .:.' ' .ties, we must eliminate the causes of slums and blight. This is essentiallya problem for our cities. However, Federal assistance is justified forcommunities which face up to the problem of neighbourhood decay and under-

l take long-range programs directed to its prevention. The main elementsof such a program should include -

First. Prevention of the spread of blight into good areas of the community

l strict enforcement of and standards andthrough housing neighbourhood

strict occupancy control;

I Second. Rehabilitation•of.thesalvableareas, turningthem intosound,healthy neighbourhoods by replanning, removing congestion, providing parks

and playgrounds, re-organizing streets and traffic, and by facilitating

l physical rehabilitationof deterioratedstructures;Third. Clearance and redevelopment of non-salvable slums."

I Housing the planning programand

In 1963, the Legislatureof Ontario took the firstbig steptowards making

l the bz0ad all-outapproach possible,by adding a new sectionto The Planning Actpermitting municipalitiesto adopt housing by-laws. There was one import_intcondition: That the municipalityhave in effectan officialplan thatincludes --

i among other official policies on its physical, economic and social development --a policy relating to housing conditions and the prevention of blight in residentialareas.

I -33 -

The official plan is the principal policy statement of the municipality con- _ i

cerning its future development. From a legal point of view, •this plan is especially

•important to any municipality considering thepassing of a maintenance-and-occupancyby-law; subsection 2 of the new section 30a of The PlanningAct requires, that there •

be in effect in themunicipality "an official plan that includes provisions relating tohousing conditions" before sucha by-law can be passed.

thisstatutoryrequirement did notexist, any comprehensive planning IEven if

program for an urban community should be concerned with such matters as thequalityof existinghousing accommodation, the locationand degree of any over-crowding that.is found to exist,vacancy rates, ownership and tenancy patterns, Dhousing .costs,the financialabilityof owners to pay for house improvements, andthe adequacy ofmunicipal services and community facilities.

i

Based on a thorough study of matters relating to housing, appropriate pro- i

visions should be included in the official plan to establish formally the municipality's

policies for: i(a) maintaining existing sound housing stock

(b) improving the quality of housing that has been found to havedeteriorated II

(C) and replacing housing that has declined to the point where it cannot be

satisfactorily and economically rehabilitated, im

The specific provisions that should•go into official plans to establish policies

on housing conditions hav.e to be carefully tailored to each individual community.

• iWhat Hamilton looks for

The two other basic considerations in an effective program of preventing iresidential blight are the by-law itself and.itsadministration. While local con-

ditions will determine the content of by-laws, the provisions, of the recently drafted

Hamilton by-law provide a good example of the kind Of matters dealt with: If

i. The physical condition of yards and passageways including the accumula-tion of debris and rubbish.

' 2. The adequacy of sanitation, including drainage and garbage. B

3. •The physical condition of accessory bffildings, i

4. The physical condition of the dwellings or dwelling units with particular

regard to the following: Ia) insects and vermin

b) structural standards •

• c) Water-.tight conditions '

d) adequacy of light and v.entilation D

e) condition of stairs •

interior .walls, _ceilings , and floorsf). B

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I g) toilet facilities

h) condition of chimneys

I i) general cleanliness

l j) heatingsystemk) adequacy of electricalservice

E i) adequacy Off0od-preparationfacilitiesm) adequacy of access

l n) standards dealingwith minimum areas, heights,etc.

i o) occupancyFor thisaudience itis interestingto note thatof a totalof 67 sections,37

l pertainto health,while 5 are concerned with electrical,safetyand convenience;6 with firesafety,8 with structuralsafetyand ii are described as new and mis-cellaneous,such as housekeeping.

l Good administration: key to success

Undoubtedly the most important part of a successfulminimum standards• program is itsadministration. The experience ofthose involvedin the practical

applicationof housing standards by-laws demonstrates thatthe guidingprinciplesare education,persuasion, and voluntary compliance. Legal actionand policetype

l enforcement must be qa!ledupon only as lastresorts. Yet the applicationofthe"teeth"in such a program may have to be necessary indealingwith certainkindsofprofit-minded, absefiteelandlords.

l The administration of these by-laws and programs is being handled by avariety of agencies, some new, some old. In Ottawa, the program is administeredby the office of the Co-ordinator of Housing and Urban Renewal; in Toronto by the

i BuildingsDepartment, (perhaps soont0 move to a new Department of Housing forthe City); in Windsor by the Building Department; and in Winnipeg by the HealthDepartment.

I recent analysis of agencies administering by-law enforcement programsA

in forty selected American cities ranging from 24,000 to over 3½ million peoplereveals thattwelve were urban renewal departments; eleven health departments;

I eighthousing authorities;four buildingdepartments; and one by the firedepartment.Four were administered by unclassed agencies such as county healthunits.

l How Ottawa does itHow does a by-law enforcement program work? And does itwork?

l Ifthe proof ofthe pudding is in the eating,there is perhaps no betterproof than theCity of Ottawa where an active program, with limited staff and resources, has been

moving ahead for the past 14 years.

!|

Mr. Peter Burns, Director of Housing and Urban Renewal, reports that in i

1965, 899 repair orders and 53 demolition orders were issued to spruce up or tear

down dwellings. That same year 497 ,cases were closed, indicating that earlierrepair orders had been complied with and 403 dwelling units demolished. Consider- i

ing that Ottawa has only three full-time inspectors and does not inspect on a system-i

atic, area-by-area basis, this is a creditable record.i

One of the key aspects of the Ottawa administration, according to Mr. Burns, i

is the hearing that is held with an owner prior to issuing an order. This gives the

owner the opportunity to state his case and prepares him to accept the City's n

standards and take action. The hearing is particularly helpful to the "hardship case" n-- the owner occupant of limited income -- who can obtain suggestions from the

inspector on methods and probable costs of needed repairs. At the same time he

can be assured that as long as he is making a conscientious effort to comply, ex- i

tension of timewill be given as required.i

If it should happen that the dwelling is beyond repair, zoning regulations •and possible re-uses of the land are often explored and the owner is then in a better

position to deal with real estate firms, It is this "service" aspect of administering

a minimum housing standards program that can make or break a program.

Staffing a rural program

But cities and towns are not the only places for minimum standards programs, iA real need exists for them in rural areas although littleis known as yet about how

extensive the problem is. One of the major obstacles to administering a program

in rural areas and in smaller towns and villages is lack of staff and organization. •

Here, possibly, is where a large, administrative unit, such as a county, could make ma major contribution. Your views and,thoughts on this, backed up by your extensive

experience in such areas, would be most helpful. •

Conclusion-.

While the concern over poor housing conditions has existed for centuries, I i

the idea of a comprehensive community-wide program to prevent residential blightthrough the establishment and enforcement of minimum standards and maintenance

and occupancy, is relatively flew. As such it is subject to ci_iticism and complaint ifrom many sources.

There are those who maintain in the best tradition of 19th century Liberalism ithat programs such as these are an invasion of in.dividual liberties, freedom and Brights. Others maintain that they are, at best, unworkable. Whether or not eitherview has any validity remains to be seen. What is certain is that a vast amount of

residential property in Canada today has been, .by a variety of standards, judged i

to be in "fair" condition. This housing, now over 20 years old, willget older andit will not disappear or be renewed through normal market operations.

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I _ G.E. ClarkSales Representative_: Lamp Department

Canadian General Electric •Company

I SCHOOL LIGHTING TO PROMOTE VISUAL ENVIRONMENT

! .School work makes exceptional demands on the vision of students duringtheir academic career,

l A well-planned visual environment is vital to the operation of any class-°room. Lightingis the key element ofvisual environment.

I Zoday!:sclassrooms have to be designed to facilitatelearningby seeingand by doing. Pupils today oftenwork in teams doing projects as inthis slideorin chum type discussion groups.

l Now, letssee how we can improve the visual environment.

Of course cost is a big factor,but providing 70 footcandles of quality

l illurninationrepresents about the same proportion of school constructioncosts in1965 as 30 footcandles did in 1948

l Constructioncosts have risen about 4590in i0 years while cost of lighthas decreased about 3090. This resultsfrom increased lamp efficiencyand therelativelystablecost ofelectricpower.

l These recommended reflectance for classroom. We haveare ranges a

to avoid "Eye-Jarring" contrasts in brightness from room and work surfaces.

Visual discomfort may occur if there is a substantial difference in brightness

between the task and surrounding area. As an example, desk tops should beslightlylower inbrightness than the task and white or very dark desk tops shouldnever be used.

! •Yet color schemes for room surfaces and furnishingsare vitalto ache erful'pleas ant environment.

l The following graphs the human seeing responses improveshow how as

lighting levels are increased.

l As seeing conditions are improved, seeing becomes more reliable andtakes less time, texture and color are seen more clearly.Clarity of fine detail is greater, human energy is conserved and productive seeing

l pr ol0ng ed. _It must be noted that while current recommended standards for schools

are higher than those of the past, .they are still far below the ideal vai_fes of 400

l to 500 footcandles.

The ideal levelof illuminationis oftenreferred to in the example of

i reading inthe shade of a tree on a sunny day.

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However, improvements in lamp efficiency have a tendency to keep instep with the upward_trend of recommended footcandle levels. This helps keep olderschool lighting Systems up todate.

!For example - A classroom with three rows of fluorescent luminairesinstalled to provide 50 footcandles in 1950, can now expect 70--footcandles simply

because of improvements in lampefficiency, iThe 40 watt fluorescent lamps manufactured in 1964 produced 50 per

cent more lightthan those made in 1959.l

Intensive research and development efforts in General Electric ilaboratories will continue to increase lamp efficiency and reduce the cost of light.

. . . . •

i

lOne of these new lamps is the ,higher light output power grove. _"This isa configurated fluorescent lamp which produces the same amount of light Outputas 4½ 40 watt lamps. It can reduce the initialcost of a lighting system by i090 to iZbff_compared with other lamps. l

We have talked about sources but a high standard of quality is desirablein school lighting. Lighting quality is influenced by the number and location of lluminaires and the brightnesses they expose to the students and the task.

, Unsheilded or strip lighting fixtures expose brightness too high for isatisfactory visual comfort. This equipment is not suitable for classroom Qlighting.

Luminaires available today vary widely in construction, number and itype of lamp and brightness characteristics.

Progress has been made in evaluating the visual comfort of luminaires ias an aid in selecting unity appropriate for school lighting. The visual comfortindex is a comprehensive method of comfort evaluation.

To satisfy students from the stand-point of visual comfort, lighting isystems with high visual comfort index should be selected.

This slide shows luminaire zones based on a horizontal line of sight iwhich affects (1) visual comfort (2)veiling reflections for glossy surfaces in oraround a visual task.

iWhat causes veiling reflections? -Well, most surfaces have a combin-

• ation of specular and diffuse reflection, characteristics. Examples are-, newly

varnished desk top is specular while white blottirfgpaper is diffuse, li

How do we reduce veiling reflections? i) Dull and matte surfacesshould be used where possible. 2) Fluorescent"lighting is preferred to incandes

cent where the lamp is exposed to the task, as in louvered-bottom direct lighting lsystems. 3) Lighting systems which have diffuse or refracting material belowthe lamps such as semi-indirect fixturesor_luminous ceilings should be used.4) Veiling reflections are generally reduced by increasing levels of i_llumination iin relation to brightness which can be reflected.

Let's take a look at these illustrations. The one on the lefthas lighting •unit _A as a potential source of veiling reflections for glossy surfaces on the desk.Unit_B will not create reflections for the desk at the location shown. When layoutspermit, advantage should be taken of this arrangement. •

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I The illustrationon the right shows placement of rows of luminairesparallel with the line of sight location over the aisles rather than over desks Willgreatly reduce the occurance of veiling reflections.

! .As you can now see we recommend' fiuorescent lighting as the mostpeacticalway to provide the recommended Iighting levels for classrooms without

i creating discomfort from glare and heat.Fluorescent lamps, with approximately three times the efficiency of

incandescent lamps, produce lightat a lower over-all cost in most applications

l despite higher initialcosts.

If incandescent lamps are used for general lighting, indirect luminaires

I provide the most suitable quality.But, illumination levels are usually limited to about 30 footcandles

i because of the heat produced by this type of lamp.Now I would like to show a few classrooms using luminaires ranking in

visual comfort class A or B with illumination levels of 70 footcandles or more.

This classroom is using recessed lighting in acoustical ceiling. In thistype of lighting floors and desk tops must be iight to reflect light back to the ceiling.

I To avoid excessive brightness and heat,no more than two lamps should be used in a12" wide troffer and no more than four lamps in a 24" wide troffer.

This classroom is 28 ft. wide. Ceiling height is 10 feet. Classrooms

i 24 to 30 ft. in width may require four or more rows of two-lamp units (or single-lamp power groove) to obtain even distribution of light.

I This arrangement improves the quality of illumination by reducingtroublesome shadows and reflections.

l All classrooms of this elementary school have luminous ceilings. Thecost of this type of system compares favorably with that of a suspended acoustical

ceiling with conventional lighting units. .

l Lighting and cleaning can be handled efficientlyduringmaintenance

summer vacation by a maintenance contractor or a school custodian.

l Ceiling construction and selection of lighting equipment were influenced4

by this school's budget. Two tows of two-lamp fixtures were used to obtain 70footcandles. The lamp used, however, are high output fluorescent that produce

l about 40% more lightthan slimline or 40 watt lamps. The initialcost of install-ation is lower than for other systems.

This classroom has single-lamp luminaires, with opaque sides, suitable

I for viewing from any angle.J

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Ii

They are connected toa central spline containing the ballast and wiring, iDifferent patterns and.lighting levels are possible through variations in spa_ing andchoice of lamps. These luminaires are made for four types of fluorescent lamps,

i..40 watt, 2. Slimline, High-output and power groove, ii

Whenever any vertical surfaces like chalk board, peg board, tack board,

etc. are being utilized they should be properly lighted. B

Anytime the walls of a room are well lighted, a more stimulating andpleasant environment is provided,

School corridors are more than mere passageways from one classroom •

- to another. They are important to the over-all atmosphere of the school. Corridors

should have about half the illumination of the adjacent class-rooms to avoid ex- •

cessive contras_t_ High-reflectance walls, floors and ceiling improve itilization of

light and increase the feeling of cheerfulness.

The lighting technique illustrated by the slide is especially appropriate Hfor..school corridors. The rows of luminaires at each sidewall illuminate bulletin

boards, special displays and the_faces and interiors of lockers muchmore effec-

tively than units centred in the ceiling. The equipment can be mounted in many" •ways. 16

Now lets move on to the audio-visual and lecture rooms where projection i

equipment is regularly used. The type of room we are in today. It has to have

great flexibility in its lighting from a regular class-room (70 footcandle) to just

enough to permit note taking during slide presentations. To achieve this f_lexibility •

you have to have different types of lighting. Lets start with the chalkboard. It Bshould be a parabolic shaped reflector with high output or power groove lamp aimed3/4 of the way down the board. This should give_:you about 150 fc on the chalk- i

board. For high lighting a demonstration floodlamp could be used over demon- , •

stration area (200 fc.) Then you have for general lighting, a luminaire or trofferand for note taking during projection potlights on a dimmer control. This slide

slightly dates itself. They could make 2 skirts out of One worn then, This is just

another look at a chalkboard fixture improving visibility in this region.

This is a small lecture-room using recessed troffers with aluminum •

reflectors for low brightness. These fluorescents are operated on a dimming Bcircuit to provide light for note-taking.

TELEVISION'. .They see it at home but now i_ is an accepted classroom Bteaching aid. _Studies show that modern T.,V. receivers permit good visibility with

g

general lighting of .70 footcandles'or more. This is possible because of the bright-ness and contrast whichis built into the modern receivers. Lighting units in class- irooms must be well shielded and brightness must be low enough to prevent veilingreflections on the face of the picture tube.

The T. Vo receiver on the Ieft is operating while the one on the right isoff. You can see the veiling reflections of the bright iuminaires which couid bedistracting. The footcandle meter between the sets indicates about 70 footcandles, i

i

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I In this Second slide the .sets are the same withthe one on the right off.But this time the room is lighted with well shielded, low brightness luminaireswhich practically create no veiling reflection. As you can notice they are hardly

I noticeableon the receiver thatis operating.: Here are a few suggestions that may improve television viewing in

classrooms.

I a simple over top ofthe receiver to reduce lighton the facei. Use "hood" the

ofthe tube.

2. Mount the receiver above eye leveland tiltitforward to reduce veiling

I reflectionsof ceilingand luminaires.3. Shieldpicturetube from daylightand outsidef_eflections.

I :' :. Fiz0m T. Vo to reading. Libraries have also taken a:new outlook withattractive, colorful reading rooms and study areas. In new libraries low bright-ness recessed fluorescent lighting is being used widely. Many older libraries

l have the interiordesign planned but with relightingextend theirusefulness.Relightingofthislibraryarea to 70 footcandleshasmade ita more desirableandefficientroom for students. The white ceilingreflectsthe upward fluorescentlightback to the tablesefficiently°

I This new libraryshows the use of 2 lamp low brightness troffersgivinghigh visualcomfort with about 70 footcandlesofillumination.

l For stack lighting,fixturesthatprovide a narrow concentratingdown-ward distributionof lightare desirableto lightthe lower shelves effectively.High reflectancefloors can reflectlightback to the lower shelves and materially

i increase the lighting them.of

Physical educationand fitnessare receivingmore emphasis in the

l educational programs of today. Also lighting of these area has to be improved.New lamps like power groove and quartzline are filling this need.

l This gym using 2 lamp power groove fixtures has i00 footcandles ofillumination, twice the minimum recommended level.

l Heat and light are supplied by lamps in this gym. The linear unitsshown contain 1600 watt quartz infaredlamps. Turned on about 15 minutesbe-fore occupancy the lamps warm the floorand bleachers, yet the air remainsrelativelycool. A conventionalincandescent lightingsystem with the infrared

l lamps produce a level of 150 footcandlesas a dual system.

You may not be inspectingfootballfieldsfor lightingor bacteria, but

I thisshows the use ofthe new quartzlinelamp on only four poles. Quartzlinelamps and fixturesproduce a rectangularbeam spread which is justtailoredfora footballfield.

I Since we have covered the inside,letstake a short look atthe outside.Well planned outdoor lightingis essentialfor the safety,comfort, and con-venience of people using the school at night,also itis a powerful deterrentto

l vandalism.

IIncandescent,. fluorescent and mercury lamps can be used for outdoor ilighting. Lighting units should be placed so that beam patterns overlap to prevent

dark spots_ Outdoor lighting not only.promotes safety but also enhances-the

appearance of the buildings. IIn summary, gentlemen, it is hoped that some of your problems now and

those in the future have been simplified. Lighting levels are the key element of Ivisual environment to which our children are entitled throughout their academiccareer.

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Ii "LIGHTING MAINTENANCE" AND "LIGHT-SOURCE OF THE FUTURE"

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By: E. Ao Norris, P. Eng.

i R'egional Engineer

i ' Lamp Department

i Canadian General Electric Company

i .... .

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Ii --43 -

iLIGHTING MAINTENANCE' . ' _'.

Are we gettingfullvalue for the dollarswe investin good schoollighting? When I ask thatquestion,I includethe modern, well designed school •lightingsystem thatMr. Clark outlined,and the not so well designed system thatwe are allto familiarwith.

we builda new school or renovate an older one, we installthe DWhen

finest,most up to date lightingequipment available,to provide quick, accuratei

and comfortable•seeing for our children. After the school opens we pay littleattentionto the lights,except to turn them on and offand possibly replace burnt iout bulbs, at some convenienttime. We take lightingfor granted - and perhaps ithisis reasonable, afterallthe lightingeqipment installedwas the finest

available,itshould provide fineservice, ii

Well gentlemen, we are takingtoo:mu'chforgranted - thatlighting

system does need attention,not on a regular basis, but perhaps justonce a year. i

As the months and years pass the bright shiny lightingfixturesbecomedingy and dark, the lamps don't seem to be as brightas'theywere, intact we

begin to realizethatour modern lightingsystem is not fullfillingitsfunction° ii

To illustrate how a lighting system can deteriorate through lack ofadequate lighting maintenancewe have a device that reduces years into minutes •

and the size ofa classroom intothis small case. We convenientlycallthis |device a maintenance meter.

may represent a school room and when this HThe interiorof the meter

class room is opened the firstthin•we do is turn on the lights,inthiscasei

fluorescent,and to make thisclass,room lightingmore realisticwe are goingto put a reflectorbehind the lamp and a louver•in frontof the lamp to provide ius with an acceptable lightingfixture. The meter in thissmall classroom hasbeen set to read I00 and represent 100% of the lightfrom a new lamp. Weassume thatthe fluorescentlamp willburn brightlyfrom the firstday untilit •burns out perhaps fiveyears later,but thisi-snot the case.

After one year or approximately 2000 burning hours the lightoutput ifrom the lamp willdrop 6% similarly after2 years itwilldrop an additional4%, Band after4 years itwilldrop an additional3% and finallyafter 6 years itwillI/avedropped a totalof 18%. This is the lightdepreciationfrom the lamp alone.

• '' iNow lets go back to our 2 year old system and replace the reflectorand iouver to suit the time. A two year accumulation of dirt and grime will takeitstoll,the lightoutputhas dropped to 69%, we have lost31% of our light. In •the same time interval,one % of our lamps willhave burned out.

Two more years pass, the lightoutputcontinuesto drop as the lampgets older and the dirtand grime continuesto accumulate on the reflectorand ilouver, Ithink itis fairto say this has been•taken from an industrialarea. Ourlightis now only 42%, down some 27% in the past two years, and in additionupto 19 more lamps willhave burned out. i

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I We have lost a totalof 58% 0f our light over a period of four yearsand up to twenty lamps will have burned out. This deterioration will continueat an accelerated rate until the maintenance stafftakes corrective action.

i ..The most iogical step is to wash the lighting fixtures including,reflectors, louvers and lamps. This gets rid of the accumulated dirt and grime,and right away our light output jumps back to 84% of its original value. We can

I even do better than that, we can institute annual maintenancean lighting programe,

whereby the lightingfixtures are washed each year during the summer holidayperiod.

I Now we must take a serious look at the 4 year old lamps, 20% havealready burned out and in thenext year another 30% will burn out. Ifwe replace

i them as they burn out, our maintenance staffwill be a busy group.Here is a case where itis,wiser to replace all the lamps at one time

instead of replacing them on a spot basis as they burn out. We call this method

I group relampin_, group relamping we replace all of the lamps in our lightingIn

s-ystem after!a predetermined burning period, in the vicinity of 80% of the ratedlifeof the lamp. This group relamping is made to coincide with the annual

I lightingmaintenance program and for the average school would occur every _fourth or fifthyear, depending on usage.

I " A good lightingmaintenance and group relamping program Willdramatically improve the lighting levels in our classrooms.

i To answer our opening question, yes we can get fullvalue for thedollars we invest in school lighting,by institutinga good lightingmaintenanceand group relamping program.

I LIGHT SOURCE OF •THE FUTURE.

I From the practical world of today, itis a short 87 years back to 1879,when Thomas Edison developed the first commercial incandescent lamp - thefirst age of lightwa,s born. Further developments and improvements followedrapidly, but itwasn't until 1938, and the introduction of the fluorescent lamp,

I we age light. Now, in 1966, with the development ofthat entered the second of

the sodium lucalox lamp, we are on the threshold of the third age of light.

I _ The Sodium lucalox lamp is a high pressure, metallic sodium, arcdischarge lamp. I emphasize high. pressure because there are sodium lampsavailable today, that operate at a relatively low pressure. These lamps have a

I distinctive, but very unflattering monochromatic yellow colour, and for thisreason they have not found wide acceptance. They are seldom used in.Nor'thAmerica,_ and are used in limited application in England, the Netherlands and

i Japan, mainly for highway lighting.•The heart of any discharge lamp is the arc tube, that contains the

metal such as sodium or mercury'. When sufficient_zoltageis applied across the

I electrodes at either end of the arc tube, an arc is truck, causing themetalicelement to vaporize and producing an intense light. The colour and bi'ightnessof such a light source depends on the metalic element used in the arc tube, and

I operating conditions. .

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Metalic sodium is the most efficientelement and the higher the relative ntemperature and pressure we can maintain withinthe arc tube,the whiter the Ilight. But all efforts to produce this white lighthave failed because of the chemicalinstabilityof the arc tube. As the temperature increased the arc tube material, •generally quartz, would turn black and actually disintegrate after a few minutes Boperation.

, ' , n

In 1959 the General Electric Research gabratory developed a translucent isynthetic ceramic material that is remarkably stable at high temperature andpressures and hasa_high light transmission property. The name given to this

synthetic material is lucalox, n

Our lamp development engineers were quick to recognizethe possibilitiesof this material for arc tubes in discharge lamps. They combined metalic sodium •as the light source material and lucalox as the arc tube material and the sodium Blucalox lamp wasborn. After years of development and extensive field test we now,have themost efficientsource of white lightever produced.

• IThis is the lucaiox lamp: at 400 watts it produces 42,000 Iumens of•light,

or t05 lumens per watt, with a color that is described-as "Sunny"°. This singlelamp.will produce as much light as thirteen 40 watt, 4 foot fluorescent lamps, that nis 52 feet of fluorescent requiring 520 watts. It is equalto fifty 60 watt incandescentlamps requiring 3000 watts or to two 400 watt high intensity mercury lamps. Theseare the blue-white lamps that are installed on some of our highways and shopping •plaza parking lots. i

.. . The white cigarette shaped tube inside the glass jacket is the lucalox arctube containing the metallic sodium and a small amount of mercury. The glass outer njacket provides protection from the elements and the nickel plated base provides

n

support for the lamp,as well as electrical connection.n

As a discharge lamp, lucalox requires a separate ballasting device that iwill start the lamp by means of a high v01tage pulse and then maintain operation ata reduced voltage. I will insert the. lamp into. this fixture, and when we start it from •cold you wil! notice a brief starting flash, then a slow build-up of light, requiring |approximately 3 minutes to fulllight output. During the initialbuild up we passthrough the area of low pressure indicated bythe characteristic monochromatic n

yellow colour. Notice the affect this light has on red surfaces, ii

As the pressure and light output increase you will notice a distinctbroadening of the spectoral distribution, and at fulllight output the warm white •colour of the light is apparent. This is the forerunner of a complete family oflucaloxlamps ranging from i00 watts all the wayup to i000 watts.

iGentlemen, this is the light source of the futu, re: - and you may well ask"How can this be used in schools?" Well iet me conjure up in your mind a-class-room of the future with a transiucent luminous ceiling panel --above,. and in thecentre of that ceiling panel, is a single lucalox lamp that provides totally indirect nlight at an equal level in all parts of the.room. A single !amp that will be 50% more i

efficient than todays best lamp, will provide ideal colour rendition and .willonlyrequire change every I0 years. This is truly the light source of the future •- This is Liica_l:ox. ....

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I . . L.T. Earwicker, "Branch Manager,West Chemical Products Ltd.

I CLEANING AND DISINFECTING TECHNIQUES'APPLICABLE TO SCHOOLS

Infection requires an infectious agent plus the-transmission of this

I agent to a host. A good deal of publicity has been noted recently about infectionsin schools, particularly about Infectious Hepatitis. ....

I Infection control dates back to Lister's time when solutions ofcarbolic acid were used in an attempt to destroy airborne bacteria. To go backfuther into history, it is known that Aristotle advised Alexander the Great to

i require his armies to boil their cooking and drinking water and to bury all humanexcreta, which would indicate there was some insight into bacterial contaminationduring this period.

The theory that inanimate surfaces could be freed of harmfulorganisms was proved by Lord Lister in the 1870's, but chemical compounds inthose days had very serious shortcomings. Many surfaces treated were harmed

I or destroyed by the chemical agents employed. Contact with the skin wasdangerous: and often disastrous since organisms, which were supposedly destroyedwere not. We could say therefore, that modern disinfection was started in the

i 1870's by Lord Lister.PROCESS OF CHEMICAL DISINFECTION: By far the best method

for the destruction of microbial life is now, as was in the past, heat under

I pressure. We know, of. course, this method is not inpractical possibleor even

many instances, especially where certain instruments, cages and other inanimatesurfaces are concerned. In the past few years newer chemicals have been

I discovered which are much more effective and diversified than those disinfectantsused in the past. The entire process of chemical disinfection is, and has been,a controversial one. For each authority in favour of one group of chemicals,

there is another in favour of stillanother group. Therefore, the entire _hemicalpro de s s" of'dis infe.ct_ioii s hou'_dl. 15e"cdnsider ed.

The first consideration should be that strong chemical solutions

I kill micro-organisms by coagulating their protein, thereby acting in the sameway as does heat.

One Of the primary controls of infection is proper cleaning followedby disinfection, or cleaning and disinfection carried out in one step.

Mor'e modern methods of germicidal care have been made possible

I chemistry.. These advances have been that we areby recent advances in iodine

at least in the position to overcome the many limitations which have beeninherent to cleanliness and disinfectants previously usedand which have now

I become antiquated. The need therefore,, for good disinfectants has beenestablished] " " ....

I It is known, and has been proved by many. investigators, that •ordinary cleariing of a surface will not destroy .even mildlyresistant micro-organisms, such as Staph Aureus. Therefore, .the user. should be on the lookout

!I -47-

Ifor a disinfectant that exhibits a wide variety of advantages which should be iincluded as important constituents of the germicidal employed. Some of these |are:

I

i. It must be stable. L

Z. It must have a high co-efficient of disinfection. •It should not pick and choose the micro-organisms !itwilldestroy - itshould destroy allofthemicrobial lifeitcomes in contactwith.

3. The chemical compound must have solubility. I

It must be readily misciblewith water in all

proportions, i|

4. Itmust be non-toxicto humans and animals.

5. Itmust be inexpensiveto use. i

6. It must be non-corrosive and non-irritating.n

7. It must have a high power of penetration by i

containing certain wetting agents to helpcarry that portion of the chemical compound •

" capable of destroying microbial life to its ifinal sour ce.

8. Itmust be easy to apply - one should not have Ito be a pharmacist to make the use dilution.

i

9. It must have deodorizing power. This should be iaccompanied bythe chemical agent's power todestroy a wide variety of bacteria. "

10. It would be most desirabie for the detergentgermicide to display its power to continue its

killing action .... i

11. It must meet the requirements of the FederalGovernment Departments who are concerned with

these products. I

Before proceeding further, it will be appropriateto clarify some

often,-used .term.inology ,_h.i,ch .at timesmay be erroneously employed. We use i(he word""antiseptic"Zquite frequently and I wonder whether we have a Clear i

understanding of its meaning.i

It is a substance which, _when applied to micro-organisms, will irender them inoculate either by killing them or preventing their growth,

according to the character of the preparation or the mode of application. Theterm "antiseptic" is used primarily for pi'eparations which are applied to H

living tissues. This term is often applied and misused when described as askin disinfectant whereas skin antiseptic is more appropriate.

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l Many school business officialswho requestquotations on liquidhand soaps often ask for green surgical soap, 10g0, 20% or 40% sOlids content.(Say something about this misunderstanding regarding green surgical soap).

l Hexachlorophene.To consider inanimate surfaces - add here the word "sanitize" is

important. A sanitizer is an agent that-reduces the Bacterial contamination to

l safe levels as be judged by Public Health The ismay requirements. term

commonly used for substances applied to inanimate objects. The words"sanitize" and "sanitizer" are commonly used words to denote the reduction Of

l bacterial number usually applied to eating and drinking utensils. Itis certainlYnot as precise a word as the word "disinfectant" which means actually robefree from infectious micro-organisms. A disinfectanttherefore, is an agent

l that frees from infection. It is usually a chemical agent which destroys diseasegerms or other harmful micro-organisms or inactivates viruses.

Sterilization, which is the act or process of sterilizing or freeing! •. from ali living micro-organisms. It is a process which wii1 physicaily orchemically desl:ro.y ai1 forms of life. This is appIied especially to micro-organisms including bacterial .and mould spores and the inactivation of ali

l viruses. The terms which I have just described are those which are mostcommonly employed.

l There is a variety of chemical agents - about 6, 000-7, 000formulation - which are currently available, and sometimes employed in thefield of environmental hygiene. Some of these include Mercurial Compounds,Synthetic Phenolic Compounds _,Chlorine, Quaternaries, Alcohols, Formalde-

l hydes, Tamed Iodines, which are well suited to perform the duties involvedin environmental hygiene. They clean and disinfect, killall organisms theycontact and have many other merits.

! • Ofthe germicidal compounds previously mentioned, I openlyadmit prejudice in favour of the iodine group. There is an abundance of

I information available which deals with the historical background and researchliterature which supports the appropriateness of iodine as an importantconstituent o£a germicidal agent. There is no need therefore, to delve deeplyinto this aspect.

! For many yeazs, iodine has been known as one of the fewgermicides that wili-effectively destroy all the harmful bacteria that it contacts.

l The former:use of iodine however, has been limited due to several disadvantageswhich have now beensuccessfully conquered by West Chemical Products Ltd.Our company, during the past several years has •been successful in carrying out

I a research programme resulting in the detoxification of iodine thereby givingus tamed iodine. An outgrowth of this programme resultedlin maintaining allthe advantages of iodine and eliminating the disadvantages, thereby removingany apprehension regarding its several uses.

l As a point of interest, the Whirlpool Corporation under contractwith the Aeronautical Systems Division of the United States Air Force, has

I developed an experimental space feeding console for the United States Air Force.This console must contain sufficientfood and auxiliary equipment to feed twoor three men for fourteen days at zero gravity, or weightlessness, while

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!i

whirling through outer space. As a part ofthisprogramme, variouschemical •systems were testedfor the contro!of odors'and gases:arisingfrom'waste

l

matter. After a careful study ofthe problem, itwas decided thatwaste 'storageshould be devided intotwo phases. Storage for dry waste and storage for •wet waste. A wide variety ofgermicides was studiedforpossible use inthe istorage ofwet waste. TheWest Tamed iodinewas chosen because itprovedthe most effectiveas a broadspectrum germicide. Its surfaceactivenature ishould assistthe germicide in spreading through the waste food at zero |gravity. Antimicr_)bicagents used for thisapplicationmust be effectivein thepresence ofmassive amounts oforganic matter. Therefore, many germicides Im

used for routinedisinfectionofinanimate objectscould not be effectively •appliedto thisproblem. A group ofpotentiallyeffectiveagents were evaluatedand, as a resultof scientificknowledge and the technicalknow-how, the tamed '_

iodineproduct was selectedfrom the many tested. Il

(Demonstrate dispensing of Wescodyne, describe mop and bucketapplication,demonstrate Spacemaste r with Wescodyne solutionand low-pressure ispraying equipment. Describe techniques for floorsof locker rooms and washroorrls, |and disinfectingtechniques for the cleaningoftoiletbowls, drinkingfountains,push plates and otherwashroom fixtures. Show small hand-sprayer).

• |OTHER CLEANING TECHNIQUES: As long ago as 1960, doctors •of the Harvard Medical School carried out experiments to endeavour to measurethe fallout of bacteria from the atmosphere on a'horizontal surface - especially •

a floor. A bacterially-sickwoman was put intoa thoroughly disinfectedroom;the sickeningbacteria were soon in the air and fellsteadilyto the floor, inother experiments scientistsfound sickeningbacteria on the floorand were able amto identifytheir source as the room's occupant. Bacteria traps were set up " |in various parts ofthe hospitaland the heaviest concentrationwas found where ,the laundry was sorted. Also, in the corridors, itwas 1400 times greaterduring the peak traffic period than in the slack time of early morning. From Ithese and other experiments, Drs. Carl Walters and Ruth Kundsin decided the

floor isa reservoir of hospitalinfections.

We are not concerned at this time with hospital infections - oursubjectis schools and ways of properly carrying out .disinfecting techniques toeliminate cross-infection in schools. Bacteria do accumulate on the-floor and I

unless these organisms are destroyed at frequent intervals,the count can Ireach considerableproportions and the air count is also increased. Dry-mopping and dry-sweeping resultin high air counts. Mops and brushes becomeheavilyladen with bacteria. The conventionalmop, pailand soapy water method ldoes not disinfectand may coatthe floorwith a thindispersal oforganisms. IThe wet mop and slurry in the pailbecome culturemediums.

_ We therefore recommend only wet2mopping with a mop thatis wetfrom a germicidal detergent and rinsed frequently in'runningwater. Possibly,

an. improvement on thiswould be for thesolution tobe picked up from the iifloorby vacuum cleaner. We are speaking now ofthe best possible results •which can be obtained. However, a degr_ee of cleanliness Which will result I

in the method just described is not practical inm0st schools. The .amount oftime involved'andthe subsequent costwould be prohibitive. - Therefore, a dry Emop which hasbeen.treated with a dust controI agent with ,a bacte-riastaticingredient added'to it would be preferable. Sucha productis manufactured by

our company and is called Super Westone. ImShow and demonstrate Super Westone mop.

_50_ I

I W.M. Prentice,-P. Eng. ,: . , Environmental Sanitation Branch,Ontario- Department of Health

! -SCHOOL VENTILAT£ON, HEATING AND HUMIDITY CONTROL

l The speaker introduced the subject by a review of the conditions whichcreate "comfort". This is described as involving the control of the release of

unused heat from the body created in the :metabolic processes. This is controlled

l by two principal means the maintenance of ambient air temperature between70 - 75 °, or by the use of radiant heat wave, the two systems being briefly des-cribed. It was pointed out that our most common environmental material, air,

is an unusual gas in that it can be handled in many ways such as heating, cooling,

l humidifying, dehumidifying, washing, filtering, andodourizing, deor°dourizing, as

well, can be compressed and expanded. The heating of air is one of the verycommon procedures necessary in the creation of a comfort condition incoid

I climates; cooling has become very popular, and in a properly controlled situationprovides a much higher degree of comfort in the very hot weather. Humidification

is simply and cheaply done in cold weather when the air is quite dry, but dehumid-

l ifying of air is an expensive process, because it is necessary to cool the air tocondense the water in it which leaves the air too cold and thus requires reheatfn_.

Ventilation means nothing more than the removal of air from the area

I and its. replacement with fresh air, and this is in schoolcommonly accomplished

classrooms and other areas at a rate generally considered satisfactory at 10

cubic feet per pupil per minute. This amount may vary and, of course, the oper-

i ation of the ventilating system often depends on the type of installation. If, forinstance, a separate exhaust fan is placed in each classroom, and to be operated

by the teacher, it has been observed that the fan is seldom used except in the

l hottest weather, and if no provision has been made to supply fresh air to replacethe removed air, not much may be gained. A better system is to use a single fanfor all areas operated by a time switch, but which may be switched off when schoolis not operating.

I The speaker showed concern in respect of creating environmentalconditions which may vary too much fromthe natural, fearing that, to create

l artificial conditions durfng certain periods of the persons' working day, or in-deed for a considerable portion of his life, may create a condition difficult toadjust to his subsequent experience; in other words, we must avoid "hot house

i plants "The role of the public health official in the planning of new schools, or

renovationssof existing plant, was then discussed. The speaker firmly believes

I that there should be a much better liaison between the local educational authoritiesand those in the field of health, and it was urged that if only a.slig_htcontact orrelation exists or even no relation exists between the personnel involved in these

i two important areas in our life, that this undesirable situation be remedied at o:_:_once; certainly the school inspectors and other administrators in education can

claim no more expert knowledge of health matters than can the he,alth personnel

i of education. The speaker next touched on the subject of continuing education,deploring the fact that too many persons think that they have "arrived" after

attaining some particular standing. This blindness is inexcusable and all persons

in every area of life, particularly in public service, should feel a responsibility

I to continue in an up-grading programme. For those interested in obtaining

further information in respect of sChool buildings, attention was drawn to a number. Iof publications available, and which included the following:

i

School Building Maintenance Procedures •Planning School Buildings ..Problems in Planning School Facilities

Ontario Department of Education suggested Layouts.for School Buildings •Association of School Business Officials Publications INational Council on Schoolhouse Construction Publications .Ontario Association School Business Officials Publications

Brochures, American Instituteof Architects I

" ' The audience was reminded that the Environmental Sanitation Branch of• the Ontario Department of Health existed largely for the purpose of providing ad- •visory and consultive services in the fields of public health engineering, which Iincludes problems associated with schools, and recommended that health officials

contact this Branch at any time. •

Following the presentation, a lively discussion period brought forth someunuZsual situations for consideration.

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-52- ' m

I DISCUSSION: ' i J

The aerobic reactor remained aerobic in the settlingtank and in all_soi-i

i columns. In the settlingtank the surface ofthe liquidwas exposed to the air andthe Waste water oxygen uptake rate was relativelylow. Inthe soilcolumn the upperlayers of soilwere subjectto air exchange or ventilationby displacement of gasand liquidduring adosing cycle. ......

| 'Before the waste water reached the soilface, the 5 day B.O.D. had been

reduced to a comparatively low level (seetables i, ii, IIi). Protozoawere found

I in the aeration plant effluent, consisting mostly of free swimming ciliates whichsettledwith the sludge inthe settlingtank but returned intothe supernatantduringthe firsthour of settlingtime. :

I Itis our theory thatthe discharge Ofpredatory protozoa from the aerationplantis beneficialfor the soilface or interface. We believethatmost of the soilcloggingmaterial at the interfaceis due to bacteria. Therefore, the cloggingrate

I at the interfacecould be reduced by increasedpredatory protozoa application.

However, we are not sure ofthe consequences and of the protozoa growths kineticsin sewage, to visualizethe overallbenefitsincludingthe totaloxidationprocess _,

I when the settling tank would be designed todischarge the 'maximum number ofprotozoa. ,' ' '.

I Our experiments show thatthe soilparticlesizes and B.O.D. reductionwere not related.Individual particlesof soilsare not alldispersed but some arebound togetherforming larger particles. Differents0ilshave differentrates ofmicrobial degrationas was demonstrated with thegarden soiland siltyclay (see

ItableIV).

We found that an increased residence time illa given soil increases the

. B.O.D. removal. Because the residence time in soildepends upon the infiltrationrate and not entirelyon the hydraulicloading, the fnaximum limitto assimilateB.O. D. intocellmaterial and respiratoryproducts per unitvolume of soilmay

I never be reached.The virus analyses showed thatSabin type iii virus concentrationsare

lowered during passage through soil. This is likelydue to dilution,rather than

I adsorption or destruction.

Low temperatures of around -17oc on top of the grass, cooled the

I aeration plant effluent at the interface to about 6° to 9°C. However, we did notfindany disadvantages at these temperatures. This could be explainedby theincrease of adsorption by soil particles at lower temperature, the metabolism of

psychrophilicorganisms and the insulationvalue of a soilcover of 20 cm above theI seepage bed.

The effluent from the aerobic plant contained larger sized suspended

I solids than the septic tank effluent. We found that for a given volume and givensuspended solidsthe aerobic plant effluentusuallyfilteredat a slower rate througha 0.45 membrane filterthan the septictank effluent. Comparing the 5.0 and a

I 0.45 membrane filter, the suspended solicls determination for aerobic plant effluentdo not differ,howeverj there was a noticeabledifferencein suspended solidsweightwhen filteringa septictank effluentthrough the 2 filters. Ithas been demonstrated i

I by Campbell and Smith ofthe Ontario Research Foundation thattotaloxidationplanteffluentwillreadilyinfiltratea claytilewhere a septictank effluentwillnot.

|

Our research confirms thatthe effluentsfrom septictanks and total l•oxidationplantsare high in totalcoliforms as well as inE. Coli. and containfecal streptococcus. Itappears thatin soilthe removal oftotalcoliforms is afunctionofthe residence time, of the soilpore sizes, ofthe infiltrationrate and B•is a functionofthe competitivemicrobial activity.We found that 14 crn of soilis |insufficientthicknessfor the removal ofE. Coli. and fecal streptococcus. Thiswould confirm the present day criteria which considers ponding t{le beds or see- •page beds as public health hazards. |CONCLUSIONS :

1. Our experiments showed that low temperatures on the surface of soil Ihad no significant effect on seepagebeds located 20 cm below the surface.

!: 2. The size of suspended solids in aerobic processes were larger than inanaerobic processes.

3. For given organic and hydraulic loads, the B. O. D. removal was not Idirectly related to the soil particle sizes.

4. Our study showed that garden soil, rich in organic matter, removed IB. O. D. and total inorganic phosphates better than soils with smaller I

non- capillary pores.

!5. For a given soil, the prime consideration in achieving the desiredresults was the rate of hydraulic loading and the strength of the applieddomestic waste water. I

6. We believe that the adoptation of the principle of an aerobic reactor: would lead _o_tertiary treatment levels in soils, not far from the seepage

. bed level. Imm

° • J I

!-54- m

TABLE I SOIL 'A'

32 cm of coarse sand E.S. 0.26 mm U. C. 1.94

Average of 7 reactors, with surface area of 165 cm 2

Laboratory percolation rate i.1 minutes per inch

Non-capillary porosity 0.28 cc/cm 3

Hydraulic loading 30 cc/cm 2 /day with a dose every 80 minute:s.

Xl05 / 100cc

5 Day B. O. D. At 20°C ppm S.S. mg/l Total Coliforms C_MPN) Total PO 4 mg/linfluent effluent influent effluent influent effluent influent effluent

Av. of 36 Av. of 114 Av_. of 6 Av. of 19 Av. of 3 Av. of 9 Av. of 4 Av. of 5

samples :gamples samples samples samples samples samples samples

87 44 44 20 1i0 51 74 66

TABLE II SOIL_:B -'

14 cm of sandy silt (black garden soil) ,_

Average of 4 reactors, soil surface area of 158 cm 2 - ..... m,

Fieldpercolation rate 16 to 24 minutes per inch

Laboratory percolation rate 16 minutes per inch .......

Non-capillary porosity 0. 14 cc/cm 3 '

Hydraulic loading 13 cc/cmZ/day, with a dose every 80 minutes "

Xio 5 / lOOcc5 Day B. O. D. at 20 ° ppm S.S. mg. /1 Total'C0!i.forms (MPN) Total PO4 mg/1

in_lifei_it:'1:? effluent influent effluent influent effluent influent effluent

Av. of 17 Av. of 65 Av. of 13 Av. of 18 Av. of 6 Av. of 4 Av. of 5 Av. of Ii

samples: samples " samples samples samples samples samples samples

51 18 84 26 99 . 3__!_7 7__._2_2 5__.4_4

TABLE III SOIL' C]'

14 cm of silty clay (non-fertile soil)

Average of 6 reactors, with surface area of 158 cm 2

Field percolation rate ll0 minutes per inch, with range of 95 - 125 minutes per inch

Laboratory percolation rate 97 minutes per inch

Non-capillary porosity 0.05 cc/cm 3

Hydraulic loading 10 cc/cm2idaywith a dose every 80 minutes

XI05 / 100cc

5 Day B. O.D. at 20° C ppm S.S. mg/l Total Coliforms (MPN) Total PO4 mg/l

influent effluent " influent effluent influent effluent influent effluent

Av. of 37 Av. of 148 Av. of 12 Av. of 16 Av. of 4 Av. of 6 Av. of 5 Av. of 5

samples, samples samples samples samples samples samples samples

5__!8 _ z__!9 84 z__!6 94 z8 74 63!

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l TAB LE IV SUMMARY ,1

"_ (Garden

I . _, (Sand) Soil) (Silty Clay)• ".... SOIL A SOIL B SOIL C17-5.7 cm 14 cm " 14 cm

I Lab. percolation,rate minutes/inch ° i. i 16 97

Non-capillary porosity cc/cm 3

! (Total up to 60 cm of vacuum) 0.28 0. 14 0.05

i •Test Loading cc/cmZ/day 30 13 i05 Day B. O. D. reduction ppm 43 313 29

I S.S. Reduction mg/1 24 58 58

M P N total coliform reduction approx. % 54 " 63 70

I Total PO 4 reduction rag/1 8 18 9

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i -57-

!REFERENCES: lBayer, L.D., 1961 SOIL PHYSICS, John Wiley & Son, New York

Eckenfelder, W.W. Jr., O'Connor, D.J., (1961)BIOLOGICAL WASTE TREATMENT,

Pergamon Press, New York

Federal Security Agency U.S.P.H.S. , STUDIES ON HOUSEHOLD SEWAGE DISPOSAL l

SYSTEMS, Part i, ii, iii, Environmental Health Centre,

Cincinnati, Ohio. l

McGauhey, H., Winneberger, J_:H. (1963) SUMMARY REPORT ON CAUSES AND

!PREVENTION oF FAILURE OF SEPTIC TANK PERCOLATIONSYSTEMS_

University of California, Berkley. " IMcKinneY, R.E. (1962) MICROBIOLOGY FOR SANITARY ENGINEERS, McGraw-Hill,

Toronto. - I

Ontario Department of Health, (1965) SEPTIC TANK SYSTEMS, Toronto, Ontario.

Public Health Service (1960) Report to Federal Housing Administration, l

STUDY OF SEEPAGE BEDS, Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering

Centre, Cincinnati, Ohio. l

Stout, J.D. (1965) THE RELATION BETWEEN PROTOZOA POPULATIONS AND

BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY IN SOILS, Progress in Protozoa, Abstracts lof Papers,

Excerpta Medica Foundation, New York l

World Health Organization, EXCRETA DISPOSAL FOR RURAL AREAS AND SMALL

COMMUNITIES, Monograph Series No. 39, Geneva l

I Hand Pack L _,"

Here the excavation and steel is prepared the same as with gunnite, (3,500 Lbs. 2"

i slump, 5% air entrainment, pea gravel) concrete is piled against the wall of theexcavation to about 8 or 10 inches thick, in layers of 4 to 6 inches and Continued thisway for the total height of the wall. The structural shellis then plastered, as withthe gunnite pool, with either a sand and .cement grout or a marbalite finish.

l Block Pools

i Usually the concrete floorand footingsofthe pool are placed first. The blocks,either8, i0, or 12 inch, depending on the heightofthe walls, are then set in thefootingsand placed to form the wall ofthe pool. The blocks should be reinforced

I and filledwith concrete. Some pools are builtwith an autoclave glazed block, otherpools have a plasterfinishon the block or in :some cases the block is painteddirectly.

steelpools

Steel pools have been built with steel walis and concrete floors, as well as steelwallsand steel floors. These pools have not been too popular because of original high

I construction costs and high maintenance costs later.Aluminum

i Some aluminum pools have been bu{it. The problem again is one of high original

cost, higher maintenance costs, and the builder being able to obtain componentequipment, such as skimmers, lights and inlet fittings, that will not cause electro-

I liticbreakdowns.

Fiberglass

| .F!bergiass pools were quite popula r six or seven:years ago, but there are very few

fiberglasspools being built"to-day. At firstthe fullfiberglasspool was popular

I laterthe fiberglasswall and concrete bottom pool was built;but because ofthe manyproblems encountered with transportation,leakage, and the fiberglassfinishnotstandingup, they did not prove as popular as concrete. :

iVinyl Liner

Vinyl linershave been placed in concrete pools, with concrete bottoms, concrete

l pools with sand bottoms, block pools With sand bottoms, treatedplywood poolswith sand bottoms and steelwall pools with sand bottoms. Most of the guaranteesonthese pools state,thatthe pool can never be drained, and thisis not always

l practical. Although the originalcost of thisp0ol is low, maintenance costs arequitehigh and the lifeofthe pool is very short. All ofthe mentioned pools have atone time, or are stillbeing used in semi-commercial applications.

I FILTR_ATION "

i .Theprimary function of a filter is to r'emove turbidity from the water; inaddition, the filter and pump recirculates.the water and operates the skimmers,equalizers,main drain, vacuum, hair'and linttraps, heater; solutionfeeders, back-wash lineand inlets.

!

R. Laak and A.P. Bernhart •SanitaryEngineering Research Project |

• Department of CivilEngineeringUniversity of Toronto _ •

.... Presented by R. Laak, P. Eng. |

BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT OF WASTE WATER IN uPPER Imm

LAYERS OF SOIL

INTRODUCTION: l

- , Today, the most popular individual method of disposalis the septictank •and tilebed.. However, the applicationoftilebeds is limitedby the type of soil.Ifthe soilis unsuitable,developments can not depend on septictanks and tilebeds.

Our research was concentrated on the differentsoi!behaviour. We Icompared the septictank effluentto a totaloxidationtank effluentin the laboratory.In addition;we builtand are testingtwo fullscale pilotplants serving individual

households andwe are proposing to add more pilot plants for comparison purposes. I

In the laboratory, the raw sewage was mixed from n_tural ingrediencessimilar to those atthe author's household. We believethatthe naturaldomestic •sewage ingredienceswere absolutelynecessary for our research and thatsyntheticmixes would not simulate the conditionnecessary for the totalSoilbehaviour

comparison.The raw sewage was mixed fresh every 3½ days and was kept at 3°C.

The septictank and totaloxidationtank (50 litrecapacity each) were fed leVery 9 minutes on a continous basis to produce an effluentwithoutdailyfluctuations

J

and in order to proportion the gravel space or storage space in the soilcolumns.

' I•The soils were tested.in, the fieId in theirnatural state and were testedafter having been disturbed and Compacted in the coIumns. It was found that areasonably good agreement between the fieldand laboratory percolationscould be •achieved (see table ii and iii). |

The soilcolumns were dosed every 80 minutes with 3 times the cal-culatedpermissable loadingas shown in the Ontario Department of Health booklet, I"SepticTank Systems" (1965). Itwas desired thatthe ponding ofthe soilcolumns

should Occur aftera 3 or 4 month Operation. The pond!ng ofthe Columns for eachset of soil occurred as predicted.. ' •

The different soils were studied At room temperature, at 0°C :and at -17°C.

The treatment was measured4n terms of the standard pollutionindices Isuch as the 5 day B.O.D. , suspended solids,totalcoliforrnsand total!inorganicphosphates. We also infected,atnumerous occasions, the aerobic,reactor withSabin type iiI virus under the supervision ofDr. D..M. -McLean, Associate •Professor, School of Hygiene. Dr. McLean carried out the virus analysis.

l

!

Robert E. Rose,

Bacteriologist ,in-Charge,

Biological Research and Development,

Millipore Filter Corporation,Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, U.S.A.

SANITARY MICROBIOLOGY

This is only an outline, as I have never prepared a formal paper

for this type of lecture. Since there are usually so many questions and breaks

in the presentation and a certain amount of the material presented is in

demonstration form, it is difficult, to give anything but a broad outline. It

may be more reasonable to have interested parties contact me at Millipore

and I will send them information regarding specific subjects.

i. LABORATORY PROCEDURES

A. Characteristics of Millipore filters

I. Pore size, quality control, etc.

2. Advantages and limitations

B. Equipment for laboratory use

i. Review of equipment function2. Care and sterilization

C. Coliform detection

i. MPN vs MF

2. Coliform medium preparation3. Medium limitations

4. Interpretation of results

D. Fecal coliform detection

i. Significance of test

2. Medium3. Interpretation of results

F

I E. Fecal streptococci

i. Relative merits of Fecal streptococci as an

indicator of pollution2. Medium

3. Interpretation of results

ii. FIELD PROCEDURES

A,. Use of field monitors

i. Materials and equipment2. Discussion of procedures

I ..

i -61-

B. Use of portable'water laboratory 1

• ' I.. Materials •and equipment

" . 2. DiscusSion: Of procedures 1

111. NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN WATER BACTERIOLOGY

|/

IV. DISCUSSION OF OTHER MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES

SUCH AS:• .. . : .

" " " ' " 1i. Swimming pools .-

2..Milk and dairy products

3..Food and beverages - " 14. Airborne microorganisms• ., . .

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!-62- I

I Professor A.M. Pearson,Department of Dairy Science,Ontario Agricultural College,

I University of Guelph

i PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECTS OF ICE CREAM

I Not a large percentage of Canada's milk supply is used in the manufactureof ice cream, however, the amount is increasing every year as the demand forice cream mounts. For the first time in history production of frozen dairy

i products passed the 50 million gallon mark in 1965 and this was not all due to in-creased population. Ice Cream is becoming a more popular food and "FOOD" itmust be called since it contains all of the constituents of a good food.

I As such it must come under the watchful eye of the Public Health Inspectorand be subject to the same careful scrutiny as any other food. Actually, the• chances of food poisoning resulting from the consumption of ice cream are very

I remote, although there have been cases published in the press within the lasthouple of years. All such cases occurred in Europe and resulted from the care-less handling and infecting of ice cream in small establishments such as hotels

i and street vending outlets. The ice eream became infected with pathogenicorganisms and was held under conditions conducive to growth of these organismswith resulting harmful effects.

i None of the ingredients in ice cream, if properly selected, should givecause for concern from the public health standpoint. Ice cream whether "hard"or "soft" must contain a::minimum of i0 percent butterfat and 36 percent food

I solids. , These solids including fat may be derived from cream, milk or butterin combination with sugar, a small amount of stabilizer (gelatin, sodium alginate,Irish moss, etc.) and emulsifier (egg, monoglyceride, etc.). Stabilizer cannot

• be added in amounts greater than 0.5 percent and the usual amount is much less

I than this. It is added to bind the free water in the mix. Emulsifier is added toassist in whipping air into the mix during freezing.

I All of the ingredients used in the mix are combined and pasteurized at therequired temperatures of either 155°F for 20 minutes or 175°F for 16 seconds.These conditions of pasteurization are sufficiently stringent to destroy all path-

I ogenic organisms and only through subsequent contamination could the mix be-come potentially dangerous to the: consumer.

To avoid contamination of the ice cream after pasteurization it is necessary

I to have all coolers, tanks and freezersequipment including homogenizers, aging

properly cleaned and sterilized. This condition also applied to all novelty manu-facturing and packaging equipment.

i Short-cut procedures of cleaning must be avoided unless they have beenproven practically acceptable. In-place-cleaning has been a great boon to the

l dairy industry, but itmust be realized that all equipment cannot be cleaned inplace.

Here is where the Public Health Inspector must step in and exercise his

l authority or embarressing circumstances are sure to result.

E -63-

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