ii - ghanascience.org.gh · 11.10 am - 11.15 am Chairman ¶s Opening Remarks ± VICE-CHANCELLOR ,...

v

31st BIENNIAL CONFERENCE

OF THE

GHANA SCIENCE ASSOCIATION (GSA)

THEME

“GSA @ 60: Promoting Science, Technology and Innovation for

Sustainable Growth and Development”

VENUE: UNIVERSITY OF CAPE COAST, CAPE COAST

(CENTRAL REGION OF GHANA)

DATE : MONDAY, 29TH JULY - FRIDAY, 1ST AUGUST 2019

PROGRAMME AND

BOOK OF ABSTRACTS

vi

GHANA SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

(Advancing Science, Technology and Innovation)

VISION

To Become a Dominant Voice in Science and Technology Advocacy by Promoting and Popularizing Science and Technology to meet National Developmental Needs.

MISSION

Advancing Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) through interaction and cross-fertilization of ideas of all interested people to: -

Popularize, promote and disseminate scientific information and technology transfer for national development.

Contribute to the development of national Science and Technology policy.

Collaborate with industry to set national research agenda. Establish linkages with industry to promote the transfer and

application of Science.

Seek affiliation and foster cooperative links with other national and international organizations.

ACTIVITIES 1. Organization and Participation in Scientific Conferences, Workshops,

Seminars, Symposia, Public Lectures, Quizzes and Science Fairs. 2. Promotion of Carrier Development of Scientists in Universities and

Research Institutes in Ghana and Elsewhere. 3. Publication of the Scientific Journal, Magazines and Books (e.g.

Journal of the Ghana Science Association and Everyday Science for Schools Magazine)

4. Training Programmes for Mathematics and Science Teachers to Improve the Teaching and Learning of These Subjects in Schools and Colleges of Education

vii

NOTES

1) Enquires For any information please consult the Conference Secretarial Desk for assistance.

2) Conference Registration Fees

GH¢ 1. Full Members ................. - 350.00 2. Non-Members ................ - 450.00 3. Students Members .......... - 100.00 4. Students Non-Members . - 150.00 *These fees cover Lunch, Snacks and Conference Materials Only

3) Accommodation Please note that Accommodation would not be arranged for participants. Members should call the Hotels

directly for enquiries (Check the list provided for Hotels in Cape Coast)

*For any special assistance, please call: Dr. Justice K. Addo - 0242516688

Dr. Robert Agbemafle - 0242851875

4) Meals All meals, except the Conference Dinner, will be served at the conference venue

5) Name Tags

All participants are kindly requested to wear their identification tags provided at Registration Desk.

6) Membership Dues

All Members who have not paid their membership dues should please do so at the Registration Desk. New members are welcome.

7) Publications Full Manuscripts will be received, reviewed and published in the Journal of the Ghana Science Association. Authors should strictly conform to guidelines contained in the Instructions to Authors. Participants who would like to have their full papers published in the journal should submit online to [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

viii

1. Mission, Vision and Activities of GSA -------------------------------------------------

2. Notes -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. Table of Contents ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. Detailed Programme -----------------------------------------------------------------------

5. List of Sponsors -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. Staff of Ghana Science Association Secretariat ----------------------------------------

7. List of Members of the National Executive Committee (NEC) 2017-19 -----------

8. List of Members of National Officers (NO) 2017-19 ---------------------------------

9. List of Branch Executive Officers (2017-19) -------------------------------------------

10. List of Topics for PLENARY SESSIONS ----------------------------------------------

11. List of Speakers for PLENARY SESSIONS -------------------------------------------

12. List of Local Organizing Committee (LOC) Members -------------------------------

13. List of Chairpersons for Scientific Sessions --------------------------------------------

14. List of Chairpersons for Plenary Sessions ----------------------------------------------

15. Abstract Categories -------------------------------------------------------------------------

16. List of Accommodation --------------------------------------------------------------------

17. Journal of the Ghana Science Association INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS ---

18. Full Abstracts Titles ------------------------------------------------------------------------

SCIENTIFIC SESSIONS

AGRICULTURAL & VETERINARY SCIENCES -------------------------------------

BIOLOGICAL, MEDICAL & INSECT SCIENCES -----------------------------------

PHYSICAL, GENERAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES -----------------------

POSTER SESSION --------------------------------------------------------------------------

FULL ABSTRACT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ix

DETAILED PROGRAMME

MONDAY 29TH

JULY 2019

4.00 pm – 6.00 pm Arrival and Registration of Participants at School of Physical Sciences Main Auditorium,

University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast

TUESDAY 30TH

JULY 2019

7.30 am – 8.00 am Transportation to Physical Sciences Main Auditorium, University of Cape Coast, Cape

Coast

8.00 am – 8.30 am Registration of Participants continues

PLENARY SESSION - I

8.30 am - 9.00 am TOPIC 1: Highlights of Ghana’s STI Policy

SPEAKER: MS. ADELAIDE A. ASANTE Ag. Director of STI MESTI

9.00 am - 9.30 am TOPIC 2: Science Education in Ghana through inclusivity, equity and equality

SPEAKER: PROF. JOPHUS ANAMUAH-MENSAH, FORMER VC, University

of Education Winneba

9.30 am - 10.00 am DISCUSSIONS

10.00 am -10.20 am Message from Sponsors

10.20 am -10.40 am COCOA BREAK

FORMAL OPENING

11.00 am - 11.05 am Opening Prayer

11.05 am - 11.10 am Introduction of Chairman and other Dignitaries –

11.10 am - 11.15 am Chairman’s Opening Remarks – VICE-CHANCELLOR, UNIVERSITY OF CAPE

COAST

11.15 am - 11.25 am Address by GSA’s Honorary National President - PROF. MOSES JOJO EGHAN

11.25 am - 11.30 am MUSICAL INTERLUDE

11.30 am –11.40 am Statement by Special Guest I- PROF. ALEX DODOO (DIRECTOR GENERAL,

GHANA STANDARDS AUTHORITY)

11.40 am -11.50 am Statement by Special Guest II: CENTRAL REGIONAL MINISTER

11.50 am - 12.00 pm Statement by Special Guest II: HON. MINISTER FOR EDUCATION

12.00 pm - 12.10 pm Statement by Special Guest of Honour: HON. YAW OSAFO-MAAFO, THE SENIOR

MINISTER

12.10pm – 12.25 pm Keynote Address: – HON. MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT, SCIENCE,

TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION

12.25 pm - 12.30 pm Chairman’s Closing Remarks: PROF. JOSEPH GHARTEY AMPIAH

12.30 pm - 12.35 pm Vote of Thanks

12.35 pm - 12.40 pm Closing Prayer

12.40 pm - 12.50 pm GROUP PHOTOGRAPH

12.50 pm - 1.00 pm Formal Opening of Exhibition

1.00 pm - 2.30 pm LUNCH FOR INVITED GUESTS AND REGISTERED PARTICIPANTS

x

PLENARY SESSION - II

2.30 pm – 3.00 pm TOPIC 3: Bio-resources and Nuclear Technology for Sustainable Development of

Industrial Feed-stock, Food, Agriculture and Energy

SPEAKER: PROF. S.T. SACKEY – Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Ghana,

Legon

3.00 pm - 3.30 pm. TOPIC 4: Urbanization and its Challenges - Human Nutrition and Health

SPEAKER: DR. RICHMOND ARYEETEY – Dept. of Public Health, University

of Ghana, Legon

3.30 pm – 4.00 pm TOPIC 5: Environmental Monitoring and Remediation for Sustainability of

Livelihoods

SPEAKER: DR. MIKE OSEI-ATWENEBOANA, Director, Water Research

Institute, CSIR

4.00 pm - 4.45 pm DISCUSSIONS

6.00 pm – 7.00 pm COCKTAIL

WEDNESDAY, 31ST

JULY 2019

7.30 am – 8.30 am Transportation to Conference Venue.

PLENARY SESSION - III

8:30 am- 9.00 am TOPIC 6: Food Fraud: A Global Challenge

SPEAKER: PROF. CHRISTOPHER ELLIOT, Institute for Global Food Security,

Queens University, Belfast

9.00 am - 10.00 am Panel Discussion: Dr. Selvarani Elahi, Prof. S.T. Sackey, Prof. Jophus Anamuah

Mensah, Prof. D. K. Essumang, Prof. Ato Armah and others

MODERATOR: PROF. K. A. MONNEY

10.00 am - 10.20 am COCOA BREAK/EXHIBITION

10.20 pm - 01.00 pm BIENNIAL GENERAL MEETING (BGM) I

01.00 pm - 02.30 pm LUNCH

02.30 pm - 05.30 pm SCIENTIFIC SESSION I

07.00 pm - 11.00 pm DINNER DANCE

THURSDAY, 1ST

AUGUST 2019

6.30 am - 8.30 am Transportation to Conference Venue

8.30 am - 11.00 am SCIENTIFIC SESSION II

11.00 am - 1.30 pm BIENNIAL GENERAL MEETING (BGM) II /RELEASE OF COMMUNIQUÉ

1.30 pm - 2.00 pm LUNCH

8.00 am - 5.00 pm Parallel Workshop by Institute of Global Food Security: Fingerprinting Rice – A

System to Monitor and Manage Food Fraud

NB: FRIDAY 2ND

AUGUST 2019 – DEPARTURE OF PARTICIPANTS

xi

LIST OF SPONSORS

1. Ghana Standards Authority (GSA) 2. Nuclear Regulatory Authority, Ghana (NRA) 3. Ghana Investment Promotion Centre (GIPC) 4. Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS) , Queens University, Belfast 5. Zoomlion Ghana limited 6. Energy Commission 7. Ghana Chamber of Mines 8. RMG Ghana Ltd. 9. Ministry Of Environment, Science, Technology and Innovation (MESTI) 10. Chemico Limited 11. University of Cape Coast (UCC)

STAFF OF GHANA SCIENCE ASSOCIATION SECRETARIAT

1. Mr. Wisdom S. Sebuava - Scientific Coordinator 2. Mr. Forson Dzotor - Principal Scientific Administrative Officer 3. Mr. Emmanuel Ofosu-Offei - Accountant 4. Mr. Bennet Ansong Boateng - IT/Publication Officer (SAO) 5. Ms. Henrietta A. Anang - Accounting Assistant 6. Mr. Ernest Megbenu - Security Guard 7. Mr. Kenneth Amuh Akrebeto - Security Guard 8. Mr. Salifu Fuseini - National Service Person 9. Ms. Eunice Bentil - National Service Person

GSA Secretariat Location - Ghana Airways Avenue, Airport Residential Area, Near Energy Commission, Accra

Telephone #: - 0302-732605 E-Mail: - [email protected]

Website - www.ghanascience.org.gh

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE (NEC) 2017-19

1. Prof. Moses Jojo Eghan - Hon. National President (UCC) - (Chairman)

2. Dr. Andreas Adutwum Kudom - Hon. National Secretary (UCC)

3. Prof. (Mrs.) Regina Appiah-Opong - Hon. National Treasurer (UG)

4. Dr. (Mrs.) Esther Gyedu-Akoto - Immed. Past Hon. National President (CRIG)

5. Dr. Michael Osae - Hon. President, Accra Branch (GAEC)

6. Mr. Lateef A. Oseni - Hon. President, Tamale Branch (UDS)

7. Prof. Nathaniel Owusu Boadi - Hon. President, Kumasi Branch (KNUST)

8. Dr. George Akumfi Ameyaw - Hon. President, Koforidua Branch (CRIG)

9. Prof. Victor Y. A. Barku - Hon. President, Cape Coast Branch (UCC)

10. Prof. Emmanuel Dartey - Hon. President, Asante-Mampong, Branch (UEW)

11. Dr. Selina Ama Saah - Hon. President, Sunyani Branch (UENR)

12. Prof. Kwaku Tano-Debrah - Editor-in-Chief, Journal of GSA (UG)

13. Dr. Jacob. K. Agbenorhevi - Editor: Everyday Science for Schools (ESS) Magazine

14. Rev. Thomas K.Arboh - Ghana Association of Science Teachers (GAST) Rep

15. Mr. Wisdom S. Sebuava - Scientific Coordinator (Head of National Secretariat)


http://www.ghanascience.org/

xii

LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL OFFICERS (NO) 2017-19

1. Prof. Moses Jojo Eghan - Hon. National President (UCC) - (Chairman)

2. Dr. Andreas Adutwum Kudom - Hon. National Secretary (UCC)

3. Prof. (Mrs.) Regina Appiah-Opong - Hon. National Treasurer (UG)

16. Mr. Wisdom S. Sebuava - Scientific Coordinator (Head of National Secretariat)

LIST OF BRANCH EXECUTIVE OFFICERS

(1) Cape Coast Branch

a) Dr. Victor Y.A. Barku – President

b) Dr. Jerry Opoku-Ansah – Secretary

c) Dr. (Mrs.) Cynthia Adinortey – Treasurer

(2) Asante Mampong Branch

a) Dr. Emmanuel Dartey – President

b) Rev. Kwame H. Nkrumah – Secretary

c) Dr. Evelyn D. Ahiale – Treasurer

(3) Accra Branch

a) Dr. Michael Osae – President

b) Dr. Thomas Tagoe – Secretary

c) Dr. (Mrs.) Jemima Yakah-Amoah – Treasurer.

(4) Kumasi Branch

a) Prof. Nathaniel O. Boadi – President

b) Dr. Patrick Addo-Fordjour – Secretary

c) Dr. (Mrs.) Linda Ofori – Treasurer

(5) Koforidua Branch

a) Dr. George A. Ameyaw – President

b) Mr. Richard Armah – Secretary

c) Ms. Winifred Kumi – Treasurer

(6) Tamale Branch

a) Mr. Lateef A. Oseni – President

b) Mr. Desmond Agurgo Balfour – Secretary

c) Mrs. Gloria Kafui Bob Milliar – Treasurer

(7) Sunyani Branch

a) Dr. Selina Ama Saah - President

b) Mr. Benjamin Darko Asamoah - Secretary

c) Miss Charity Odumale Roberts - Treasurer

LIST OF TOPICS FOR PLENARY SESSIONS

1. Highlights of Ghana’s STI Policy

2. Science Education in Ghana through inclusivity, equity and equality

xiii

3. Bio-resources and Nuclear Technology for Sustainable Development of Industrial Feed-stock, Food,

Agriculture and Energy

4. Urbanization and its Challenges - Human Nutrition and Health

5. Environmental Monitoring and Remediation for Sustainability of Livelihoods

6. Food Fraud: A Global Challenge

LIST OF SPEAKERS FOR PLENARY SESSIONS

1. MS. ADELAIDE A. ASANTE Ag. Director of STI, MESTI

2. PROF. JOPHUS ANAMUAH-MENSAH, FORMER VC, University of Education Winneba

3. PROF. S.T. SACKEY – Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Ghana, Legon

4. DR. RICHMOND ARYEETEY – Dept. of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon

5. DR. MIKE OSEI-ATWENEBOANA, Director, Water Research Institute, CSIR 6. PROF. CHRISTOPHER ELLIOT, Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University, Belfast

LIST OF LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

1. Prof. Justice Kwabena Sarfo – Chairman

2. Prof. Victor Y. A. Barku – Branch President 3. Dr. Jerry Opoku-Ansah – Branch Secretary 4. Dr. (Mrs.) Cynthia A. Adinortey – Branch Treasurer 5. Prof. Aaron T. Asare – Member 6. Mr. David C. Adukpo – Member 7. Dr. Robert Agbemafle – Member 8. Dr. Benjamin Anderson – Member 9. Dr. Sheila M. A. Tagoe – Member

SUB-COMMITTEE MEMBERS

1. Prof. Michael B. Adinortey 2. Dr. Samuel Bert Boadi-Kusi 3. Dr. Rofela Combey 4. Dr. Christian K. Adorkor 5. Dr. John Abraham 6. Dr. Isaac Buabeng 7. Dr. Ernest Teye 8. Mr. John K. Okyere 9. Dr. Samuel Kyei 10. Mr. Peter Osei-Wusu Adueming 11. Mr. Charles L. Y. Amuah 12. Dr. Justice K. Addo 13. Mrs. Martha Osei-Marfo 14. Dr. (Mrs.) Alimatu Saadia-Yussif 15. Mr. Emmanuel Birikorang

LIST OF CHAIRPERSONS FOR SCIENTIFIC SESSIONS

NO. NAME SESSION GROUP DATE TIME

1. Dr. Esther Gyedu Akoto (Mrs.) I A1 31/07/19 2:30pm – 05:15pm

2. Dr. Michael Osae II A1 01/08/19 8:30am – 11:30am

3. Dr. George Akumfi Ameyaw I A2 31/07/19 2:30pm – 05:30pm

4. Dr. Innocent D. Lawson II A2 01/08/19 8:30am – 11:20pm

xiv

5 Prof. Agnes Budu (Mrs.) I B1 31/07/19 2:30pm – 05:35pm

6.

7.

Prof. Michael B. Adinortey

Mr. Michael Clottey

II

I

B1

B2

01/08/19

31/7/19

8.30am- 11.20am

2:30am – 5.15pm

8. Dr. I. O. A. Hodgson II B2 01/08/19 8:30am – 11:30am

9. Prof. A. T. Asare I B3 31/07/19 2:30pm– 5:45pm

10. Mr. David Adukpo I P1 31/7/19 2:30pm– 05:15pm

11. Prof. V. Y. Atsu Baku II P1 01/08/19 8:30am – 1:20pm

12. Mr. Lateef A. Oseni I P2 31/07/19 2:30pm – 5:30pm

13 Prof. Nathaniel Owusu Boadi II P2 01/08/19 8:30am -11:20am

14 Dr. Selina Ama Saah 1 P3 31/07/19 2:30pm-5:15pm

15 Dr. Alfred Owusu II P3 01/08/19 8:30am – 11:55am

16 Rev. K. N. Hope I P4 31/07/19 2:30pm – 5:20pm

17 LOC All

Sessions

Poster

Floor

31/07/19 &

01/08/19

Throughout

Sessions

LIST OF CHAIRPERSONS FOR PLENARY

NO. CHAIRPERSONS PLENARY SESSION

1. Prof. L. K. Sam-Amoah I

2. Dr. Esther Gyedu-Akoto II

3. Prof. K. A. Monney

III

ABSTRACTS CATEGORIES

ABSTRACT

CATEGORIES

TITLE VENUE

A AGRICULTURAL & VETERINARY SCIENCES Room A1, A2 & A3

B BIOLOGICAL, MEDICAL & INSECT SCIENCES Room B1, B2 & B3

P PHYSICAL, GENERAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Room P1,P2 & P3

xv

ACCOMMODATION

Please find below a list of some hotels/Guest Houses in Cape Coast, their room rates and contacts.

N0. NAMES OF HOTEL/ GUEST HOUSE Telephone ROOM RATES Amount (GH¢)

1. CAPITAL HILL HOTEL

Rates Cover Breakfast, Wireless Internet,

Standby Generator, DSTV, Lounge,

Swimming Pool, Adom Pub

0501392165

No of Room Available – [30]

1. Single Rooms 2. Double Rooms 3. Deluxe Rooms 4. Executive Rooms

245.00

365.00

485.00

728.00

2. SASAKAWA GUEST CENTRE

Rates Cover Breakfast,

Wireless Internet, Standby Generator

0332136871


1. Guest Rooms (with A/C ) (One in a Room)

(Two in a Room)

2. Chalet (with A/C) (One in a Room)

(Two in a Room)

3. With Fan Rooms (One in a Room)

(Two in a Room)

120.00

150.00

120.00

150.00

70.00

90.00

3. SCHOOL OF BUSINESS GUEST HSE


Standby Generator

0332090180


Executive Suite

1. Single Occupancy 2. Double Occupancy- Superior Standard

1. Single Occupancy 2. Double Occupancy

160.00

200.00

120.00

150.00

4. ARAFYNN HOTEL

Rates Cover Breakfast For One, Wireless

Internet, Standby Generator, Water

Heater

0240709404


1. Large Rooms (with A/C) 2. Medium Rooms (with A/C)

200.00

180.00

5. SHAKY’S PALACE


Standby Generator

0546058746


1. Single Room (with A/C) 2. Standard Room (with A/C) 3. Executive Room (with A/C)

130.00

160.00

220.00

6. JANGELS HOTEL

Rates Covers Breakfast, Standby

Generator.

0549931720


1. Rooms (with A/C) 2. Rooms ( with A/C) 3. Rooms (with A/C)

1. Rooms (Fans) 2. Rooms (Fans) 3. Rooms (Fans) NB: Different prices come with bed

size and other facilities in the room.

100.00

90.00

80.00

60.00

55.00

50.00

7. FESTPA HOTEL


Standby Generator, Fridge

0208114950


1. Standard Rooms (with FAN) 2. Standard Rooms (with A/C) 3. Executive Rooms (with A/C) 4. Executive Rooms (with A/C)

130.00

150.00

200.00

250.00

8. CAPE COAST HOTEL


Standby Generator, DSTV, Fridge

0549930921


1. Standard Rooms (with A/C)

2. Chamber & Hall (with A/C)

250.00

300.00

9. PEMPAMSIE HOTEL


Standby Generator, DSTV

030-3960345


1. Single Occupancy 2. Double/Twin Occupancy 3. Standard Occupancy 4. Executive Suite –

240.00

360.00

280.00

650.00

10. RIDGE ROYAL


Standby Generator, DSTV, And Other

Leisure Facilities

031-2003222


1. Standard Single Rooms 2. Standard Double - 3. Chalet Rooms – 4. Executive Chalet Rooms 5. Presidential Suite -

$140.00

$160.00

$300.00

$340.00

$400.00

11. SUPERANNUATION HOSTEL

051-6302800


1. Guest Rooms – No of Room Available – [50]

2. Hostel Rooms (Four in a Room)

100.00

80.00

xvi

JOURNAL OF THE GHANA SCIENCE ASSOCIATION

Guidelines for Authors for Publication of Articles in the Journal of the Ghana Science

Association (JGSA) General The editorial office requires a soft copy of aMnuscript, preferably in a Microsoft Word format, previously unpublished, complete with title, name(s) and address(es) of author(s) and abstract of not more than 250 words in English. Manuscripts should be typed using Times New Roman font, size 12 and double-spaced. Pages must be numbered, beginning from the Title Page. Unless otherwise stated, the first named author of a joint publication will be taken as the corresponding author. Please provide phone numbers and e-mail, if available. Manuscripts should be sent to the email: [email protected] Text Preparation The structure of the main text should be in the following order: Abstract, 1. Introduction, 2. Method, 3. Results, 4. Discussion, and 5. Conclusion. These headings should be typed in lowercase but boldface (left aligned) and numbered 1, 2, 3, etc. Subsections of these (except conclusion) should be numbered, e.g., 1.1 (heading typed normal) and 1.1.1 (heading typed in italics), etc. for further subsections. The above order should be followed by Acknowledgements and References. Abstract The abstract should be typed in block, i.e., without paragraphs or subdivisions; and should give a comprehensive summary of the paper. It should be able to stand by itself and should incorporate objective, methodology results and conclusion. Keywords are not required. References References should be given in the text by indicating author(s) and year of publication. When a reference is part of a sentence it should be cited as: Menyeh and O’Reilly, (1991); Menyeh et al. (1997), but when it is inserted within a sentence it should be: (Menyeh and O’Reilly, 1991); (Menyeh et al., 1997), etc. Only references cited in the text should be listed in alphabetical order (with names of all contributors, not, for example, Menyeh et al…) at the end of the paper. In other words, references which are not cited in the text cannot be listed. The following are examples: Book Reference: [In the following order: Name of author(s), year of publication, title of book, publisher, place of publication and the numbers for the referenced pages, e.g., “O’Reilly, W. (1984). Rock and Mineral Magnetism, Blackie, Glasgow, pp. 120-125”]. Journal Reference: [e.g., Menyeh, A. and O’Reilly, W. (1991). The magnetization process in monoclinic pyrrhotite particles containing few domains, Geophysical Journal International, 104, 387-399]. Names of periodicals should be abbreviated according to the World List of Scientific Periodicals. However, if in doubt, the full name of the journal should be given. The above journal, for example, should be abbreviated as: Geophys. J. Int. Conference Proceedings: [e.g. Ofosu-Asiedu, A. (1997). “The Wood Industry and the Environment”. In: A. Menyeh, S. Osafo Acquaah and W. O. Ellis (Eds.), Proceedings of the 20th Biennial Conference, Kumasi, 4th August, 1997, pp.19-34]. Reference from a book edited by one or more persons [e.g., Kullerud, G. (1971). “Experimental techniques in dry sulfide research”. In: G. C. Ulmer (Ed.), Research techniques” for high pressure and high temperature, Springer-Verlag, New York, pp.288-315].

xvii

Tables The maximum size for a Table should be 150 mm x 200 mm and it should be without an outside border as well as lines for row and column entries. However, only headings for the columns should be enclosed between top and bottom borders: Tables should be numbered consecutively and referred to in the text [e.g., (Table 1)]. The titles should be typed on top in Boldface [e.g., Table 1. Variation of Temperature with…]. Indicate in pencil in the right-hand margin, the desired location of Tables. Dimensions S.I. units should be used throughout the text. Use negative indices instead of / and leave a space between numbers and symbols [e.g. 1.5 m s-1, not 1.5 ms-1

or 1.5 m/s] Equations Equations should be typed in Math. Mode [i.e. z = ax + by]. If there are more than one equations, they should be numbered consecutively [e.g. z = ax + by … (1)]. For clarity, indicate in words, in the right-hand margin, the name of any Greek symbol the first time it is used in the text. Referees Each manuscript will be refereed by at least two reviewers. Proofs Proofs will be sent to authors. They must be returned quickly to ensure a high speed of publication.

xviii

ABSTRACTS TITLES

PAGE

1. PERCEPTIONS OF COCOA FARMERS ABOUT INCIDENCE AND SEVERITY OF THREAD BLIGHT DISEASE ON COCOA (THEOBROMA CACAO L.)

2. IMPACT OF ZINC FERTILIZATION ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE IN THE SEMI-DECIDUOUS FOREST ZONE OF GHANA

3. LIVELIHOOD VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE: MALE AND FEMALE PERSPECTIVES ON FARMING AND FISHING IN LAKE BOSOMTWE CATCHMENT

4. THE AGRONOMIC EFFICACY OF APPLYING OIL PALM EMPTY FRESH FRUIT BUNCHES (EFFB) COMPOST AND INORGANIC FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF MAIZE IN THE SEMI-DECIDUOUUS FOREST ZONE OF GHANA

5. EFFECTS OF ALMOND LEAVES (TERMINALIA CATAPPA) ON WATER QUALITY, GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH STATUS OF NILE

6. THE INFLUENCE OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE AND FERTILIZER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON MAIZE PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN GHANA

7. EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT NITROGEN FERTILIZER LEVELS IN OIL PALM INTERCROPPED WITH MAIZE CULTIVARS

8. EFFECT OF VARIETY AND SPACING ON GROWTH AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF COWPEA IN THE GUINEA SAVANNAH ZONE OF GHANA

9. PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON LOWER LEAF DIE-BACK DISEASE ON OIL PALM TREES (ELAEIS GUINEESIS) IN EASTERN AND ASHANTI

10. FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND COMPLIANCE WITH RECOMMENDED WITHDRAWAL PERIODS ON ANTIBIOTICS ADMINISTERED TO POULTRY IN GREATER ACCRA METROPOLITAN AREA

11. ETIOLOGY OF LEAF SPOTS DISEASE CAUSED BY PESTALOTIOPSIS SP ON OIL PALM SEEDLINGS IN NURSERIES IN GHANA

12. DETERMINATION OF THE INITIAL STAGE OF RUST DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA

13. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN FOREST CONSERVATION: CASE STUDY OF TWO FRINGE COMMUNITIES IN THE TAIN II FOREST RESERVE, SUNYANI WEST DISTRICT

14. FACTORS INFLUENCING UPTAKE OF SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION PRACTICES OF MAIZE IN SMALLHOLDER FARMING SYSTEMS AT THE SEMI DECIDUOUS FOREST AND COASTAL SAVANNAH AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF GHANA.

15. IRRIGATION PRACTICES OF SMALLHOLDER CABBAGE FARMERS AND THEIR CROP YIELDS IN THE SHAI OSUDOKU DISTRICT OF GHANA

16. THE IMPACT ON PROFIT FROM CHANGES IN MAIZE VARIETIES AND SOIL AMENDMENTS IN SMALLHOLDER ENVIRONMENTS IN THE SEMI DECIDUOUS FOREST AND COASTAL SAVANNAH AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF GHANA

xix

17. CHANGES IN CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT DURING HEAT SHOCK TREATMENT IN MAIZE

18. RESPONSE OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) TO INOCULATIONS WITH FIVE STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM

19. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER PERCEPTION OF RICE SAFETY IN GHANA AND NIGERIA

20. LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION OF VEGETABLE FARMERS IN THE ACCRA METROPOLIS AND ITS EFFECT ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY

21. ASSESSMENT OF STRIGA GESNERIOIDES (WILLD.) RESISTANCE AND GENETIC PROFILE OF FORTY-SIX COWPEA [VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.] GENOTYPES IN GHANA

22. STRATEGIC POSITIONING OF COWPEA AS A CASH CROP IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN REGIONS OF GHANA

23. ASSESSMENT OF NITROGEN FIXING POTENTIALS AND PHOSPHORUS CONTENT IN DIFFERENT COWPEA GENOTYPES UNDER HIGHLY WEATHERED COASTAL SAVANNAH SOILS

24. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME RICE ACCESSIONS IN GHANA

25. EFFECTS OF STORAGE MATERIAL AND ENVIRONMENT ON SHEA (VITELLARIA

PARADOXA C.F. GAERTN) SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING EMERGENCE

26. MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF COWPEA GENOTYPES (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.) TO DROUGHT STRESS

27. EFFECTS OF PEARL MILLET (PENNISETUM GLAUCUM L.)–COWPEA (VIGNA

UNGUICULATA L. WALP.) INTERCROP ON STRIGA HERMONTHICA (DEL.) BENTH MANAGEMENT, YIELD COMPONENTS AND GRAIN YIELD IN THE SUDAN SAVANNAH ZONE OF GHANA

28. INVESTIGATION OF PENNISETUM PURPUREUM LEAF FOR INHIBITION OF SEED GERMINATION, AND WEEDICIDAL ACTIVITY

29. AGRONOMIC TRAITS ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF STRIGA GESNERIOIDES RESISTANT COWPEA [VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.] BREEDING LINES

30. TRENDS IN SEMI-INDUSTRIAL AND INDUSTRIAL TRAWL CATCH IN GHANAIAN FISHERIES

31. COW DUNG AND ITS NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS AND POTASSIUM (N.P.K) LEVELS: THEIR EFFECTS ON TOMATO SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING VIGOUR

32. SUBSTITUTION OF FISH OIL WITH PALM KERNEL OIL ON GROWTH, FEED UTILIZATION, LIVER HISTOLOGY IN OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS FRY

33. CONSUMER PERCEPTION OF RICE SAFETY IN WEST AFRICA

34. RECENT CATCH TRENDS OF ARTISANAL FISHERIES IN GHANA, WEST AFRICA

35. IN VIVO MODULATION OF RAT LIVER MICROSOMAL CYTOCHROME P450 ACTIVITY BY ANTI-MALARIAL, ANTI-HIV AND ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS PLANT MEDICINES

xx

36. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BIOACTIVE AND NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF CUCUMIS MELO LINN, CITRULLUS LANATUS VAR. CITROIDE AND CITRULLUS LANATUS THUNB

37. ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF FISH EGGS AND LARVAE IN THE GULF OF GUINEA

38. BIOACTIVE AND NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF FOUR (4) SELECTED INDIGENOUS LEAFY VEGETABLES

39. COLD CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN THE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

40. NUTRITIONAL AND BIOACTIVE COMPOSITION OF CHRYSOPHYLLUM ALBIDUM FRUIT (AFRICAN STAR APPLE FRUIT) AT DIFFERENT RIPENING STAGES

41. MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF CELL PHONES OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN THE MAMPONG MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL, GHANA

42. MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF THE GHANAIAN PAPER CURRENCY NOTES: A POTENTIAL HEALTH THREAT

43. SEASONAL AND INTER-ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN EGGS AND LARVAE OF ROUND SARDINELLA IN THE GULF OF GUINEA FROM 1986 TO 1995

44. HIGH HEPATITIS B SERO-PREVALENCE, LOW KNOWLEDGE AND POOR ATTITUDE TOWARDS HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AMONG MARKET WOMEN IN BOLGATANGA METROPOLIS IN THE UPPER EAST OF GHANA

45. BARRIERS IN MEETING INFORMATION NEEDS OF NURSES FOR HEALTHCARE DELIVERY AT GENERAL HOSPITALS IN NIGERIA

46. HANDS OF PATIENTS, VISITORS AND MEDICAL STAFF, A POSSIBLE ENDOGENOUS SOURCE OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIOUS AGENTS: THE CASE OF ASANTE MAMPONG GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL

47. EMULSIFYING PROPERTIES OF GREWIA GUM

48. POST IMPOUNDMENT CHANGES IN COMPOSITION AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF FISH SPECIES OF BUI RESERVOIR, GHANA

49. EFFECT OF NPK 15, 15, 15 FERTILIZER AND POULTRY MANURE ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUE (VITAMIN C, BETA - CAROTENE AND POTASSIUM CONTENT) OF CARROT

50. “AKPETESHIE”; CONSUMPTION AND CONTAMINATION IN HO MUNICIPALITY

51. FOOD PREFERENCES OF SOME MAJOR FISH SPECIES IN THE STRATUM III OF LAKE VOLTA, GHANA.

52. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PATIENT COMPLIANCE BEHAVIOUR IN A PERI-URBAN DIABETIC CLINIC USING A MIXED-METHODS APPROACH

53. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PATIENT COMPLIANCE BEHAVIOUR IN A PERI-URBAN DIABETIC CLINIC USING A MIXED-METHODS APPROACH

54. ROASTING EFFECTS ON PHENOLIC CONTENT, FLAVONOID CONTENT AND FREE-RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF MECHANICALLY DEPULPED AND FERMENTED COCOA (THEOBROMA CACAO) BEANS

xxi

55. SENSORY EVALUATION OF KENKEY FROM DRIED-STORED AFLATAS

56. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS AND OPEN DEFECATION: A CASE STUDY OF SCHOOL PUPILS IN THE NINGO – PRAMPRAM DISTRICT OF THE GREATER – ACCRA REGION, GHANA

57. NUTRITIONAL PROFILE OF SOME NOVEL COWPEA GENOTYPES IN GHANA

58. MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS AND DOCKING STUDIES OF SELECTED CONSTITUENTS OF CALOTROPIS PROCERA AGAINST SOME MOLECULAR TARGETS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

59. AN IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF ROOT EXTRACT OF

ANTHOCLEISTA NOBILIS ON α-GLUCOSIDASE ISOLATED FROM GUINEA PIG INTESTINE

60. MICROBIAL ANALYSIS OF FRESH AND PROCESSED FISH SOLD IN CAPE COAST, GHANA

61. THE CONSUMPTION OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS BY GHANAIANS IN THE ACCRA METROPOLIS

62. HYDRUS-2D SIMULATION OF NUTRIENT FLUXES FROM DEEP TRENCHED VIP FAECAL SLUDGE

63. IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF AMYLOLYTIC BACTERIA FROM TUBER AND CEREAL PROCESSING UNITS AND DUMPSITES IN KUMASI

64. CONSUMPTION OF STREET-VENDED READY-TO-EAT VEGETABLE SALADS IN THE ACCRA METROPOLIS- A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF PARASITIC ZOONOSIS

65. OCCURRENCE OF AFLATOXINS IN PEANUT BUTTER IN MAJOR MARKETS IN ACCRA

66. PARASITOLOGICAL QUALITY OF FRESH VEGETABLES AND READY-TO-EAT SALADS: THE CASE OF MAMPONG MUNICIPAL OF THE ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA

67. TRICHOSTRONGYLUS INFECTIONS IN SLAUGHTERED RUMINANTS: THE CASE OF SELECTED SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN KUMASI, GHANA

68. SPATIOTEMPORAL REGRESSION KRIGING AND SIMULATION OF MALARIA FREQUENCIES: APPLICATION TO MALARIA IN GHANA

69. TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS) IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CALF MUSCLE SPASTICITY IN CEREBRAL PALSY

70. IDENTIFICATION OF MULTI-RACE STRIGA GESNERIOIDES RESISTANT GENOTYPES OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.)

71. PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME (MetS) AMONG WORKERS AT AN INDIGENOUS AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN KUMASI, GHANA

72. FUNGAL PROFILE, PHENOLOGY AND TOXICOGENIC POTENTIAL ASSOCIATED WITH STORED GROUNDNUTS (ARACHIS HYPOGEA)

73. PLANT DESIGN FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PREKESE FRUIT DRINK

74. PLANT DESIGN FOR PRODUCTION OF INSTANT FULA, CEREAL BEVERAGE

75. PLANT DESIGN FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GA KENKEY FLOUR

xxii

76. QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF RAW EFFLUENT FROM A NON ALCOHOLIC AND ALCHOLIC BEVERAGE FACTORY IN GHANA

77. PLANT DESIGN FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CASHEW YOGHURT FROM CASHEW NUT MILK

78. HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT AND LEVELS OF TOXIC METALS IN FISHES (OREOCHROMIS

NOLITICUS AND CLARIAS

79. GROWTH STUDIES OF HETEROTIS NILOTICUS UNDER HAPA-IN-POND AND CAGE.

80. POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF TOXIC METALS CONTAMINATION IN CLAY EATEN AS PICA (GEOPHAGIA) AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN OF HO IN THE VOLTA REGION OF GHANA.

81. POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF TOXIC METALS CONTAMINATION IN CLAY EATEN AS PICA (GEOPHAGIA) AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN OF HO IN THE VOLTA REGION OF GHANA.

82. SUBSTITUTION OF FISH MEAL WITH SHEA MEAL IN DIETS OF OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS

FRY ON GROWTH, FEED

83. ASSESSING THE HEALTH STATUS OF WORKERS AT AN INDIGENOUS AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN KUMASI, GHANA: DETERMINATION OF LIVER ENZYMES.

84. TRIPLE QUADRUPOLE-LINEAR ION TRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY (QQLIT-MS) APPROACH FOR DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN AROMATIC AND BENZYLIC GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATES

85. SEX DIFFERENCES IN INTEGRATED SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENT AT BECE

86. AN INTERVENTION TO ADDRESS DETERIORATING WATER QUALITY: AN APPLICATION OF AJZEN’S THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR

87. CARCINOGENICITY AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC

HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) IN ‘WELLE’- A COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT COWHIDE FROM SELECTED MARKETS IN THE GREATER ACCRA REGION, GHANA.

88. ASSESSMENT OF KAKUM RIVER QUALITY WITHIN THE ESUEKYIR CATCHMENT AREA

89. GEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF BASEMENT ROCKS VARIABILITY TO WEATHERING AND ITS LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT IN ZUNGERU AREA NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA

90. ERYTHROPOIETIC, HEMANITIC AND LEUCOCYTIC ACTIVITIES OF THE AQUEOUS EXTRACTS OF THE FRUITS AND LEAVES OF TURKEY BERRY (SOLANUM TORVUM)

91. INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF SACHET WATER PRODUCED IN ACCRA

92. LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY COMBINED WITH PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES THE EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON ANTIMALARIAL HERBAL DRUGS

93. CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIMALARIAL HERBAL DRUGS USING LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE

xxiii

94. ROLE OF CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION IN COMMUNITY-BASED LIVELIHOOD ADAPTATION AROUND LAKE BOSOMTWE, GHANA

95. DENOISING HOLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF PRIMARY BEAMS I: A SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION APPROACH

96. IMPACT OF GEOLOGY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MINNA- ZUNGERU ROAD, CENTRAL NIGERIA

97. INNOVATIVE ARDUINO-BASED LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS VOLUME GAUGE SYSTEM WITH SMARTPHONE MONITORING FOR HOUSEHOLD APPLICATION

98. NEOGENE PLANKTIC FORAMINIFERAL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF SECTION OF KAM- 1 WELL, WESTERN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA

99. A MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND INTEGRATED APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT AND BUILDING RESILIENCE OF LAKE BOSUMTWI TO CLIMATE CHANGE: PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE RELAB PROJECT

100. SELF-CONSISTENT EMBEDDED ATOM POTENTIAL: APPLICATION TO BCC ALLOYS

101. ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS STANDARDS CERTIFICATION

102. INVESTIGATING THE GULF OF GUINEA SST PATTERN LINKAGES TO EL-NINO EVENTS

103. NUTRITIONAL CONTENT OF MALT DRINKS SOLD ON THE GHANAIAN MARKET

104. TREND ANALYSIS OF WIND SPEED AND TEMPERATURE DURING THE HARMATTAN IN GHANA AND ITS ENVIRONS

105. HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE TO HEAVY METALS IN SELECTED MINING COMMUNITIES IN GHANA

106. SPECTRAL AND CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF SELECTED MOLECULAR ABSORPTION BANDS OF THE SOLAR SPECTRUM AND COLLOCATED METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS

107. ASSESSMENT AND MODELING ELECTRICITY DEMAND RESPONSE POTENTIAL IN GHANA: A CASE STUDY OF SUNYANI MUNICIPALITY

108. RESTORATION OF DEGRADED LANDSCAPES AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN DIFFERENT PLANTATION SYSTEMS IN WESTERN GHANA

109. A FACILE GREEN SYNTHESIS OF ULTRATHIN PbS NANORODS

110. MEASUREMENT OF REFRACTIVE INDEX USING STEPWISE TRANSLATION OF THE REFERENCE ARM OF AN OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN SYSTEM USING MICROWAVE SIGNALS AS SOURCE.

111. FINGERPRINTING AND CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION – A CASE STUDY OF ASHANTI REGIONAL CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION DEPARTMENT

112. OPTICAL FOURIER DOMAIN IMAGING SYSTEM USING SINGLE FREQUENCY

113. SODIUM MOLYBDATE MODIFIED WITH ALUMINIUM OXIDE AS AN EFFICIENT HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST FOR BIODIESEL FROM ADANSONIA DIGITATA AS A NEW POTENTIAL NON EDIBLE RESOURCES

xxiv

114. WASTE MANAGEMENT FROM THE HOUSEHOLD AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE: AN

OVERVIEW

115. ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINANTS USING POLLUTION INDICES IN ANKOBRA RIVER AT PRESTEA HUNI-VALLEY DISTRICT, GHANA

116. KAEMPFEROL AND NIAZIRIN DERIVATIVES AS POTENTIAL INHIBITORS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI UREASE: AN IN SILICO APPROACH

117. APPLICATION OF AIRBORNE GEOPHYSICAL DATASETS TO DELINEATE LITHOLOGICAL UNITS, STRUCTURAL LINEAMENTS AND POTENTIAL GROUNDWATER ZONES WITHIN THE WEST GONJA DISTRICT OF GHANA

118. PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF STORED-DRIED FANTE AND GA KENKEY AFLATAS

119. FEMALE ACADEMIC FACULTY’S PERSONAL AGENCY FOR SUCCESS AND PERSISTENCE IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS PROFESSIONS

120. PERFORMANCE OF KOH AS HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION VIA TRANSESTERIFICATION OF WASTE ADANSONIA DIGITATA NON-EDIBLE OIL

121. APPLICATION OF ADVANCE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING TECHNOLOGY TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF BIOMASS ENERGY ON ENVIRONMENT

122. DRINKING WATER PURIFICATION WITH COST-EFFECTIVE MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY ASSISTED BY COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS SIMULATIONS

123. USING WATER QUALITY INDEX TO DESCRIBE THE STATUS OF WATER QUALITY IN THE RIVER SYSTEMS IN GHANA

124. EXTENT OF VEGETATION DYNAMICS OF URBAN SPRAWL IN FRINGE COMMUNITIES OF SUNYANI MUNICIPALITY, BONO REGION

125. THE 31-YEAR URBANIZATION STORY OF KUMASI FROM SPACE

126. ADVERTISING PLANNING OF A MAJOR TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY IN GHANA

127. ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF P-32 ACTIVATED CARBON

128. PEPTIDE EXTRACT FROM OLIVANCILLARIA HIATULA EXHIBITS BROAD SPECTRUM ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND DISRUPTS QUORUM SENSING – MEDIATED PROCESSES

129. CHARACTERIZATION OF P-32 AND CLINICAL ACTIVATED CARBONS

130. SURVEY OF THE EVOLUTION OF LIVELIHOOD AVENUES IN THE LOWER VOLTA AREA

131. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF 6-BENZYLAMINOPURINE AND LIGHT INTENSITY IN MICROPROPAGATION OF SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM)

132. THE ROLE OF TEMPERATURE IN VACCINE STORAGE

133. THE QUALITY OF SOME ENGINE OILS ON THE GHANAIN MARKET

xxv

134. A CASE STUDY OF MOISTURE MANAGEMENT IN FIBRE BLENDS AND ITS IMPACT IN SCHOOL CHILDREN

135. EFFECT OF EXTRUSION COOKING AND SIMULATED IN VITRO GASTROINTESTINAL DIGESTION ON PROANTHOCYANIDINS IN TYPE II AND TYPE III TANNIN SORGHUM

136. TREND OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG USE IN GHANA

137. UNDERSTANDING THE FUNCTIONS OF MEASUREMENT TRACEABILITY FOR COORDINATING METROLOGICAL CONFIRMATION (CASE STUDY OF GHANA)

138. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON: DISSRUPTING THE STATUS QUO

139. ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF LOCAL RESIDENTS AND TOURIST TOWARDS BOABENG-FIEMA MONKEY SANCTUARY, NKORANZA-GHANA

140. MYCOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOME SELECTED BRACKET MUSHROOMS FROM THE CENTRAL REGION OF GHANA

141. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF THE ETHANOL STEM BARK EXTRACT OF DRYPETES AUBREVILLEI (EUPHORBIACEAE)

142. IMPROVING THE SHELF-LIVES OF LOCALLY PRODUCED VEGETABLE OILS USING SYNTHESIZED ZEOLITE

143. LATTICE SYMMETRIES AND THE TOPOLOGICALLY PROTECTED TRANSPORT OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES

144. NUTRITIONAL PROFILE OF SOME NOVEL COWPEA GENOTYPES IN GHANA

145. EFFECT OF PH AND TEMPERATURE ON LIPOLYTIC MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM PALM AND KERNEL OILS PRODUCED AT SMALL-SCALE MILLS IN GHANA

146. THE EFFICIENCY OF P-32 ACTIVATED CARBON IN REMOVING SELECTED HEAVY METALS DOWNSTREAM OF RIVER OFFIN IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF GHANA

147. THE EFFICIENCY OF P-32 ACTIVATED CARBON IN TREATMENT OF OWERE STREAM IN THE ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA

148. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IMPORTED AND LOCALLY MANUFACTURED CEMENT- A CASE STUDY

149. THE POTENCY OF P-32 ACTIVATED CARBON IN REMOVING SELECTED HEAVY METALS IN RIVER BIRIM IN THE EASTERN REGION OF GHANA

150. INFLUENCE OF MILLING METHOD ON MINERAL AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF MAIZE PRODUCTS

151. ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF GREWIA GUM

152. EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS FROM TURKEY BERRY (SOLANUM TORVUM) AND OIL PALM (ELAEIS GUINEENSIS).

153. MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION OF COCOA BEANS BY HOT AIR OVEN DRYING METHOD AS A STANDARD TO CALIBRATE AQUA-BOY METERS

xxvi

154. EFFECT OF PH AND TEMPERATURE ON LIPOLYTIC MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED FROM PALM AND KERNEL OILS PRODUCED AT SMALL-SCALE MILLS IN GHANA

155. SYNTHESIS OF LEAD SULFIDE (PBS) NANOPARTICLES FROM LEAD HEXYL XANTHATE FOR SOLAR CELL APPLICATIONS

156. ASSESSING THE LEVELS OF CALCIUMCARBONATE AND MAGNESIUM OXIDE IN SNAIL SHELLS

157. PBSXSE1-X THIN FILMS FROM THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF LEAD(II) DODECYLXANTHATE AND BIS(N,N-DIETHYL-N′-NAPHTHOYLSELENOUREATO)LEAD(II) PRECURSORS

158. BASEMENT DEPTH ESTIMATION FROM MAGNETIC AND GRAVITY DATASETS USING SPECTRAL TECHNIQUES

159. BASEMENT DEPTH ESTIMATION FROM MAGNETIC AND GRAVITY DATASETS USING SPECTRAL TECHNIQUES

160. PREVALENCE OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASE PRODUCERS AMONG ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM FRESH VEGETABLES

161. BED BUG INFESTATION AND THE RISK OF MOSQUITO-BORNE INFECTIONS IN CAPE COAST, GHANA

162. OCCURRENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA IN LANDFILL SITES IN KUMASI

163. THE CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE OF INFORMALLY PROTECTED STATE-OWNED GREEN ZONES FOR WILDLIFE PROTECTION IN URBAN GHANA: THE CASE FOR AVIFAUNA IN THE LEGON CAMPUS-ACHIMOTA SCHOOL AREA

1

AGRICULTURAL

AND

VETERINARY SCIENCES

2

WEDNESDAY 31ST JULY 2019

AGRICULTURAL AND VETERINARY SCIENCES

SCIENTIFIC SESSION – I

CHAIRMAN: Dr. Esther Gyedu Akoto (Mrs.) TIME 2:30pm – 5.30 pm

VENUE: ROOM A1

NO TIME AUTHORS/PRESENTERS TITLE OF PAPER

1. 2:30pm – 2:45pm E. Lekete C. Kwoseh Perception’s of Cocoa Farmers about Incidence

and E. A.Osekre and Severity of Thread Pe Blight Disease on Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)

2. 2:45pm – 3:00pm F. A. Dampare, Impact of Zinc Fertilization on the Growth K.G. Ofosu-Budu, and Yield of Maize in the Semi-Deciduous K. Ofori and I. Danso Forest Zone of Ghana

3. 3:00pm – 2:15pm Sylvia Baidoo, Adelina Mensah, Livelihood Vulnerability and Adaptation to

Yaw Boakye Agyeman, Climate Change: Male and Female and Daniella D. Sedegah Perspectives on Farming and Fishing in Lake Bosomtwe Catchment

3:15pm – 3.25pm QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

4. 3:25pm – 3:40pm F. A. Dampare, The Agronomic Efficacy of Applying Oil K.G. Ofosu-Budu, K. Ofori Palm Empty Fresh Fruit Bunches (EFFB) and I. Danso Compost and Inorganic Fertilizer on the Growth and Productivity of Maize in the Semi-Deciduouus Forest Zone of Ghana

5. 3:40pm – 3:55pm Etornyo Agbeko Effects of Almond Leaves (Terminalia

Emmanuel Tetteh-Doku catappa) on Water Quality, Growth Mensah, Francis A. Anani, Performance and Health Status of Nile Tilapia Ken Atsakpo, and (Oreochromis niloticus) in Concrete Tanks – Patience Atsakpo Preliminary Studies

6. 3:55pm – 4:10pm C. K. Freeman The Influence of Smallholder Farmers’

and M. J. Alhassan Knowledge and Fertilizer Management Practices on Maize Production in Northern Ghana


7. 4:20pm – 4:35pm Isaac Danso, E. Larbi, Evaluation of Different Nitrogen Fertilizer

E. Andoh-Menash Levels in Oil Palm Intercropped with Maize and E. Adjarko Mintah Cultivars

8. 4:35pm – 4:50pm O. A. Amoako, Effect of Variety and Spacing on Growth and J. Adjebeng-Danquah, Yield Components of Cowpea in the Guinea J. Bidzakin, H. Abdulai, Savannah Zone of Ghana

B.Y. Kassim, E.Y. Owusu and R. Alhassan

9. 4:50pm – 5:05pm E. Lekete and S. A. Dery Preliminary Studies on Lower Leaf Die-Back Disease on Oil Palm Trees (Elaeis guineesis)

in Eastern and Ashanti Regions of Ghana

5:05pm – 5:15pm QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

3

THURSDAY 1ST AUGUST 2019


SCIENTIFIC SESSION - II

CHAIRMAN: Dr. Michael Osae TIME 8:30 am –12:00 pm

VENUE: ROOM A1


10. 08:30am – 8:45am C. K. Freeman Farmers’ Knowledge, Attitudes and

and O. A. Aziz Compliance with Recommended Withdrawal Periods on Antibiotics Administered to Poultry in Greater Accra Metropolitan Area

11. 8:45am – 9:00am E. Lekete and Etiology of Leaf Spots Disease Caused by E. Ando-Mensah Pestalotiopsis sp. on Oil Palm Seedlings in Nurseries in Ghana

12. 9:00am – 9:15am Theophilus Abonyi Mensah, Determination of the Initial Stage of Rust S. M. A. Tagoe, A. T. Asare, Disease Development in Cowpea (Vigna

D. S. Agyirifo unguiculata L. Walp) Genotypes

9:15am – 9:30am QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

13. 9:30am – 9:45am N. Y. Opuni-Frimpong, Community Participation in Forest E. Opuni-Frimpong Conservation: Case Study of two Fringe and P. K. Aniah Communities in the Tain Ii Forest Reserve, Sunyani West District

14. 9:45am – 10:00am E. Marfo-Ahenkora, Factors Influencing Uptake of Sustainable K. J. Taah, E. Asare–Bediako, Production Practices of Maize in Smallholder L. Munkaila, Y. G. Ameleke Farming Systems at the Semi Deciduous Forest and C.Y. F. Domozoro and Coastal Savannah Agro-Ecological Zones of Ghana.

15. 10:30am – 10:45am J. A. Y. Amoah Irrigation Practices of Smallholder Cabbage and C. Ashong-Codjoe Farmers and their Crop Yields in the Shai Osudoku District of Ghana

10:15am –10:30am QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

16. 10:00am –10:15am E. Marfo-Ahenkora, The Impact on Profit from Changes in Maize Y. G. Ameleke, J. K. Taah, Varieties and Soil Amendments in Smallholder E. Asare–Bediako Environments in the Semi Deciduous Forest and Coastal Savannah Agro-Ecological Zones of Ghana

17. 10:45am –11:00am A.Y. Tetteh, E.W-D. Appiagyei, Changes in Chlorophyll Content during Heat C.K.M. Asa-Atiemo, Shock Treatment in Maize

P. O. Acheaw, B.A. Ajifowowe, A. Aryee, H. P. K. Amoo, C. Manu, S. Archer, W. Odame

18. 11:00am – 11:15am F. Mintah, S. Lamptey Response of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and B. D. K. Ahiabor to Inoculations with Five Strains of Rhizobium

11:15am – 11:30am QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION

4



SCIENTIFIC SESSION – I

CHAIRMAN: Dr. George Akumfi Ameyaw TIME 2:30pm – 5.30pm

VENUE: ROOM A2


19. 2:30pm – 2:45pm Rebecca Owusu, Economic Analysis of the Determinants of

Ifeoma Jonathan Irohibe Consumer Perception of Rice Safety in Ghana and Ernest Teye and Nigeria

20. 2:45pm – 3:00pm Daniel Adu Ankrah Livelihood Diversification of Vegetable and Hulder Antwi Farmers in the Accra Metropolis and its Effect on Household Food Security

21. 3:00pm – 3:15pm Aaron T. Asare, Assessment of Striga gesnerioides (willd.) Peter Haruna Francis Kusi Resistance and Genetic Profile of Forty-Six Cowpea [Vigna Unguiculata (L.) WALP.] Genotypes in Ghana


22. 3.30pm – 3.45pm Aaron T. Asare, A. Y. Adom, Strategic Positioning of Cowpea as a Cash and Joshua Y. Asiamah Crop in Central and Eastern Regions of Ghana

23. 3.45pm – 4:00pm Kwame Agyei Frimpong Assessment of Nitrogen Fixing Potentials and and Aaron Tettey Asare Phosphorus Content in Different Cowpea Genotypes Under Highly Weathered Coastal Savannah Soils

24. 4:00pm – 4:15pm M. N. Bissah, D. A. Kotey, Agronomic Characterization of Some Rice

M. D. Asante and Accessions in Ghana

B. Agbenyegah


25. 4:30pm – 4:45pm S. Konlan, M. T. Barnor, Effects of Storage Material And Environment A. K. Quaye, P. Pobee, on Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn) J. A. Agbesi, and F. Dapila Seed Germination and Seedling Emergence

26. 4:45pm – 5:00pm Rosemond E. Puobi, Morpho-Physiological Responses of Cowpea

Aaron T. Asare, Genotypes (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) to and Plas E. Otwe Drought Stress

27. 5:00pm – 5:15pm Peter Akanfah Asodewine, Effects Of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum

Shirley Lamptey L.)–Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) and I. K. Dzomeku intercrop on Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth Management, Yield Components and Grain Yield in the Sudan Savannah Zone of Ghana


5




CHAIRMAN: Dr. Innocent D. Lawson TIME 08:30 am –11.20am

VENUE: ROOM A2


28. 8:30am – 8:45am Valentine Chi Mbatchou Investigation of Pennisetum purpureum Leaf and Fosu Anthony For Inhibition of Seed Germination, and Weedicidal Activity

29. 8:45am – 9:00am Aaron T. Asare, Agronomic Traits Analysis And Identification

Joshua Y. Asiamah, of Striga gesnerioides Resistant Cowpea Samuel Amoah, Frank Essem [Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp.] Breeding and Peter Haruna Lines

30. 9:00am – 9:15am Emmanuel K. Dovlo Trends in Semi-Industrial and Industrial Trawl Catch in Ghanaian Fisheries


31. 9:30am – 9:45am Valentine Chi Mbatchou Cow Dung and its Nitrogen, Phosphorous and

and Sadique Abdallah Potassium (N.P.K) Levels: Their Effects on Tomato Seed Germination and Seedling Vigour

32. 9:45am – 10:00am Christian Larbi Ayisi, Substitution of Fish Oil with Palm Kernel Oil Freda Sarfo, Getrude Mensah on Growth, Feed Utilization, Liver Histology Dzifa and Elliot Harrunah in Oreochromis niloticus Fry

Alhassan


33. 10:25am – 10:40am Rebecca Owusu, Consumer Perception of Rice Safety in West

Ifeoma Quinette Anugwa, Africa Jane Mbolle Chah

and Ernest Teye

34. 10:40am – 10:55am Emmanuel K. Dovlo Recent Catch Trends of Artisanal Fisheries in Ghana, West Africa


6

BIOLOGICAL, MEDICAL

AND

INSECT SCIENCES ENCES

7


BIOLOGICAL, MEDICAL AND INSECT SCIENCES ENCES

SCIENTIFIC SESSION - I

CHAIRMAN: Prof. Agnes Budu (Mrs.) TIME 2:30pm – 5.35pm

VENUE: ROOM B1


35. 2:30pm – 2:45pm R. Appiah-Opong, In Vivo Modulation of Rat Liver Microsomal

I. Tuffour, E. Ofori-Attah, Cytochrome P450 Activity by Anti-Malarial, A. Aning, P. Atchoglo, Anti-HIV and Anti-Tuberculosis Plant E. Ampem-Danso, B. Ahedor, Medicines

S. Adjei and A. K. Nyarko 36. 2:45pm – 3:00pm W. Azi, F. M. Kpodo, Comparative Analysis of the Bioactive and

C. O. Tettey, N. K. Kortei Nutritional Properties of Cucumis melo Linn, and P. Nuro-Ameyaw Citrullus lanatus Var. Citroide and Citrullus

lanatus Thunb

37. 3:00pm – 3:15pm Emmanuel K. Dovlo Abundance and Distribution Pattern of Fish Eggs and Larvae in the Gulf of Guinea

38. 3:15pm –3.25pm E. M. Obeng, F. M. Kpodo, Bioactive and Nutritional Properties of Four E. K Essuman and C. O. Tettey (4) Selected Indigenous Leafy Vegetables

3.25pm – 3.40pm QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

39. 3.40pm – 3.55pm Sylvia Agbesinyale Cold Chain Management In The Health Care Delivery System

40. 3.55pm – 4:10pm D. A. Darko, F. M. Kpodo, Nutritional and Bioactive Composition of E. K. Essuman, C. O. Tettey Chrysophyllum albidum Fruit (African Star and Nii Korley Kortei Apple Fruit) at Different Ripening Stages

41. 4:10pm – 4:20pm Gyapong Francis, Microbial Contamination of Cell Phones of

Denis Dekugmen Yar, Health Care Workers in the Mampong Kusi Roland and Municipal Government Hospital, Ghana

Opoku-Agyei Collins


42. 4:35pm – 4:50pm Simon Nyarko, Microbial Contamination of the Ghanaian Denis Dekugmen Yar, Paper Currency Notes: A Potential Health Augustine Awuviriba, Threat

and Harrison Dapaah

43. 4:50pm – 5:05pm Emmanuel K. Dovlo Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variations in Eggs and Larvae of Round Sardinella in the Gulf of Guinea from 1986 to 1995

44. 5:05pm – 5:20pm Gideon Helegbe, High Hepatitis B Sero-Prevalence, Low Faiza Tanko, Paul Aryee, Knowledge and Poor Attitude towards Setor Aku Lotsu, Hepatitis B Virus Infection among Market Mathias J. A. Asaarik Women in Bolgatanga Metropolis in the Upper and Frank Anaba East of Ghana


8




CHAIRMAN: Prof. Michael B. Adinortey TIME 8:30am – 11.20am

VENUE: ROOM B1


45. 8:50am – 8:45am Nasiru Sani, Barriers in Meeting Information Needs of

Adamu Abdullahi Muhammed Nurses for Healthcare Delivery at General and J. D. Amin Library Hospitals in Nigeria

46. 8:45am – 9:00am Emmanuel Kuffour Osei, Hands of Patients, Visitors and Medical Staff,

D. D.Yar, R. A. Kuffour, a Possible Endogenous Source of Nosocomial T. K. Boateng and Infectious Agents: The Case of Asante Papa Kofi Amissah Reynolds Mampong Government Hospital

47. 9:00am – 9:15am F. M. Kpodo, Emulsifying Properties of Grewia Gum

J. K. Agbenorhevi, K. Alba and V. Kontogiorgos


48. 9:25am – 9:40am T. Quarcoopome Post Impoundment Changes in Composition

and Relative Abundance of Fish Species of Bui Reservoir, Ghana

49. 9:40am – 9:55am Nanor Emmanuel, Effect of NPK 15, 15, 15 Fertilizer and Poultry

Denis Dekugmen Yar, Manure on the Nutritive Value (Vitamin C, Emmanuel Dartey, Beta - Carotene and Potassium Content) of Alex Otabil and Kofi Sarpong Carrot

50. 9:55am – 10:10am E. N. Agbley, F. M. Kpodo “Akpeteshie”; Consumption and

and N. K. Kortei Contamination in Ho Municipality


51. 10:20am – 10:35am Emmanuel T.D. Mensah Food Preferences of some Major Fish Species in the Stratum III of Lake Volta, Ghana

52. 10:35am – 10:50am D. A. Berkoh, Factors Associated with Patient Compliance

W. K. B. A. Owiredu, Behaviour in a Peri-Urban Diabetic Clinic S. F. Gyasi, E. T. Donkoh, Using a Mixed-Methods Approach

and R. A. Ngala

53. 10:50am – 11:05am E. Ameyaw Owusu, Effect of Thermal Treatment on the D. A. Berkoh and Characteristic Quality of Palm, Coconut and R. A. Ngala Groundnut Oils


9




CHAIRMAN: Mr. Michael Clotey TIME 2:30pm – 5.15pm

VENUE: ROOM B2


54. 2:30pm – 2:45pm A. S. Budu, Roasting Effects on Phenolic Content,

E. O. Afoakwa, Flavonoid Content and Free-Radical B. K. Asiedu and Scavenging Activities of Mechanically F. K. Saalia Depulped and Fermented Cocoa (Theobroma

cacao) Beans

55. 2:45pm – 3:00pm E. M. Okyere, P. Yeboah, Sensory Evaluation of Kenkey from Dried- B. Arthur and E. T Quayson Stored Aflatas

56. 3:00pm – 3:15pm Abraham Kabu Otu, Association between Intestinal Parasitic

Denis Dekugmen Yar, Infections and Open Defecation: A Case Study

Cornelius Afedo, of School Pupils in the Ningo – Prampram

Samuel Ofori- Mantey, District of the Greater – Accra Region, Ghana

Papa Kofi Amissah-Reynolds, Richard Amankwah Kuffour

3:15pm – 3:25pm QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS 57. 3:25pm – 3:40pm James K. Ampah, Nutritional Profile of Some Novel Cowpea

Genevieve E. Adukpo, Genotypes in Ghana

Aaron T. Asare and Martin K. Beyamfui

58. 3:40pm – 3:55pm S. K. Kwofie, Molecular Interactions and Docking Studies of I. Obuaba, Selected Constituents of Calotropis procera

R. Koranteng and against Some Molecular Targets of Diabetes M. B. Adinortey Mellitus

59. 3:55pm – 4:10pm D. Boison, An In Vitro Assessment of the Inhibitory

G. K. Babanyinah, Effects of Root Extract of Anthocleista nobilis

C. A. Adinortey, J. K. Sarfo on α-Glucosidase Isolated from Guinea Pig and M. B. Adinortey Intestine


60. 4:20pm – 4:35pm C. A Adinortey, D. W.Aheto, Microbial Analysis of Fresh and Processed L. E. Awotwe, and D. G. Bredu Fish Sold in Cape Coast, Ghana

61. 4:35pm – 4:50pm Agnes S. Budu and The Consumption of Functional Foods by

Lena E. Acolatse Ghanaians in the Accra Metropolis

62. 4:50pm – 5:05pm Patrick Adadzi, David Still, Hydrus-2d Simulation of Nutrient Fluxes from Mohammed Takase Deep Trenched Vip Faecal Sludge

and Simon Lorentz


POSTER SESSION

10




CHAIRMAN: Dr. I. O. A. Hodgson TIME 8:30am – 1130am

VENUE: ROOM B2


63. 8:30am – 8:45am Antonia Y. Tetteh, Identification and Characterisation of Francis M. Dadzie, and Amylolytic Bacteria from Tuber and Cereal Felix. C. Mills-Robertson Processing Units and Dumpsites in Kumasi

64. 8:45am – 9:00am Papa Kofi Amissah-Reynolds, Consumption of Street-Vended Ready-To-Eat

Vincent Aboagye, Isaac Vegetable Salads in the Accra Metropolis- A

Monney, Denis Dekugmen Yar, Potential Source of Parasitic Zoonosis

Francis Nuamah, and

Emmanuel Awimbe Ndego

65. 9:00am – 9:15am Araba Incoom, Derry Dontoh, Occurrence of Aflatoxins in Peanut Butter in

M. K. Eduafo, D. Amoah, Major Markets in Accra

C. Osei, C. Frimpong, C. Amoako

9:15am – 9:25am QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS 66. 9:25am – 9:40am Papa Kofi Amissah-Reynolds, Parasitological Quality of Fresh Vegetables

Denis Dekugmen Yar, and Ready-To-Eat Salads: The Case of Francis Nuamah, Emmanuel Mampong Municipal of the Ashanti Region of Awimbe Ndego, Apenteng Ghana

Yaw Ofosuhene, Sophia Sakyi

67. 9:40am –9:55am P. K. Amissah-Reynolds, Trichostrongylus Infections in Slaughtered F. R. K. Bonsu, D. D. Yar, Ruminants: The Case of Selected C. P. Osei, F. Nuamah Slaughterhouses in Kumasi, Ghana

and E. A. Ndego

68. 9:55am –10:10am Frank Badu Osei and Spatiotemporal Regression Kriging and Alfred Stein Simulation of Malaria Frequencies: Application to Malaria in Ghana


69. 10:20am – 10:35am Delali Ed-Bansah, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation

Thomas Tagoe, (Tens) in the Management of Calf Muscle and Patrick Adjei Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy

70. 10:35am – 10:50am Aaron T. Asare, Identification of Multi-Race Striga

Frank Essem, Erik W. Ohlson gesnerioides Resistant Genotypes of Cowpea and Michael P. Timko (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

71. 10:50am – 11.05am F.O. Mensah, C. Osei Owusu, Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) K. Nsiah, C.A. Appiah, Among Workers at an Indigenous Automobile and M.K. Sarpong Industry in Kumasi, Ghana

72. 11:05am –11:20am Nii Korley Kortei, R. A. Tetteh, Fungal Profile, Phenology and Toxicogenic

M. Wiafe-Kwagyan, T. Annan, Potential Associated with Stored Groundnuts M. Obodai, G. T. Odamtten (Arachis hypogea)


POSTER SESSION

11




CHAIRMAN: Prof. A. T. Asare TIME 2:30pm – 5.15pm

VENUE: ROOM B3


73. 2:30pm – 2:45pm R. A. Botchway, F. K. Saalia Plant Design for the Production of Prekese and I. O. A Hodgson Fruit Drink

74. 2:45pm – 3:00pm S. Sefa-Dedeh Plant Design for Production of Instant Fula, and D. Offei Cereal Beverage

75. 3:00pm – 3:15pm F. K. Saalia, F. Abaya Plant Design for the Production of Ga Kenkey and S. N. Affrifa Flour

3:15pm –3.25pm QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

76. 3:25pm – 3:40pm I. O. A. Hodgson, E. Adu-Ofori, Quality Characteristics of Raw Effluent from a J. Quansah, C. Mfodwo, Non-Alcoholic and Alcholic Beverage Factory L. J. Obeng, and S. Obiri in Ghana

77. 3:40pm – 3:55pm N. K. Addo, G. Kontoh, Plant Design for the Production of Cashew and F. K. Saalia Yoghurt from Cashew Nut Milk

78. 3:55pm – 4:10pm Nii Korley Kortei, Health Risk Assessment and Levels of Toxic M. E. Heymann, E. K. Essuman, Metals in Fishes (Oreochromis noliticus and F. Kpodo, S. Y. Lokpo, Clarias anguillaris) from Ankobrah and Pra M. Ayim-Akonor, Basins: Impact of Illegal Mining Activities on P. T. Akonor and C. Tettey Food Safety


79. 4:20pm – 4:30pm Christian Larbi Ayisi, Growth Studies of Heterotis niloticus Under Calvin Seaneye Selassie and Hapa-In-Pond and Cage Elliot Harrunah Alhassan

80. 4:30pm – 4:45pm Nii Korley Kortei, Potential Health Risk Assessment of Toxic

Paa Toah Akonor, Metals Contamination in Clay Eaten as Pica Matilda Ayim-Akonor (Geophagia) among Pregnant Women of Ho in and Nathaniel Owusu Boadi the Volta Region of Ghana

81. 4:45pm – 5:00pm E. N. Amekugee, Morphometrics of Wing Characters as a Tool

R. Combey, J. Essandoh for Identification of Anopheles gambiae and B. Anderson Complex 82. 5:00pm – 5:15pm Christian Larbi Ayisi, Substitution of Fish Meal with Shea Meal in

Getrude Mensah Dzifa, Diets of Oreochromis niloticus Fry on Growth, Freda Sarfo and Feed Utilization and Liver Histology

Elliot Harrunah Alhassan

83. 5:15pm – 5:30pm F. O. Mensah, K. A. Danso, Assessing The Health Status of Workers at an

F. O. Mensah, K. Nsiah, Indigenous Automobile Industry in Kumasi, M. K. Sarpong and E. A. Mante Ghana: Determination of Liver Enzymes.

5:30pm –5:45pm QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

POSTER SESSION

12

PHYSICAL GENERAL

AND

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

13


PHYSICAL, GENERAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES


CHAIRMAN: Mr. David Adukpo TIME 2:30pm – 5.15pm

VENUE: ROOM P1


84. 2:30pm – 2:45pm Isaac Asiamah Triple Quadrupole-Linear Ion Trap Mass

and Ed S. Krol Spectrometry (Qqlit-Ms) Approach for Distinguishing between Aromatic and Benzylic Glutathione Conjugates

85. 2:45pm – 3:00pm Isaac Buabeng Sex Differences in Integrated Science Achievement at BECE

86. 3:00pm – 3:15pm Albert Ebo Duncan An Intervention to Address Deteriorating

Water Quality: An Application of Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior


87. 3:25pm – 3:40pm Collins K. Tay, Carcinogenicity and Source Identification of Louis Korbla Doamekpor, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) in Saada Mohammed, ‘Wele’- A Commercially Important Cowhide Grace Dartey, Richard Kuddy, from Selected Markets in the Greater Accra Emmanuel Fianyaglo Region, Ghana

and Mavis Mawuena

88. 3:40pm – 3:55pm Albert Ebo Duncan Assessment of Kakum River Quality Within the Esuekyir Catchment Area

89. 3:55pm – 4:10pm Alabi Adekola Amos Geological Assessment of Basement Rocks and Jimoh Owolabi Muftau Variability to Weathering and its Landscape Assessment in Zungeru Area Northwestern Nigeria


90. 4:20pm – 4:35pm Ilyas Ibrahim Erythropoietic, Hemanitic and Leucocytic Activities of the Aqueous Extracts of the Fruits and Leaves of Turkey Berry (Solanum torvum)

91. 4:35pm – 4:50pm Regina A. Banu, M. O. Akrong, Independent Assessment of the Quality of

M. Bello, H. Ahmed, S. Borbor, Sachet Water Produced in Accra Lady B. Adomako and E. D.O. Ansa

92. 4:50pm – 5:05pm Jerry Opoku-Ansah, Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy M. J. Eghan, R. Boateng, Combined with Principal Component Analysis P. Osei-Wusu Adueming, Identifies the Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation B. Anderson, C. Lloyd on Antimalarial Herbal Drugs Y. Amuah, and J. K. ddo


POSTER SESSION

`

14




CHAIRMAN: Prof. Atsu Baku TIME 8:30am – 11.20am

VENUE: ROOM P1


93. 8:30am – 8:45am Jerry Opoku-Ansah, Characterization of Antimalarial Herbal Drugs

M. J. Eghan, R. Boateng, Using Laser-Induced Fluorescence Techni P. Osei-Wusu Adueming,

C. L. Y. Amuah, J. K. Addo,

and B. Anderson

94. 8:45am – 9:00am Elizabeth Kwakye, Role of Climate Change Communication in Yaw Boakye Agyeman Community-Based Livelihood Adaptation

and Adelina Mensah around Lake Bosomtwe, Ghana

95. 9:00am – 9:15am T. Ansah-Narh, Denoising Holographic Measurement of E. Proven-Adzri, Primary Beams I: A Singular Value A. Akoto-Danso and B. Takyi Decomposition Approach


96. 9:25am – 9:40am Salome H. Waziri, A. Fakaye, Impact of Geology on the Performance of

J. N. Chukwuma-Orji Minna- Zungeru Road, Central Nigeria

and A.O. Kudabo

97. 9:40am – 9:55am Jerry Opoku-Ansah, Innovative Arduino-Based Liquified Petroleum A. Arthur, P. Mensah-Amoah, Gas Volume Gauge System with Smartphone

and H. J. Manuel Barnor Monitoring for Household Application

98. 9:55am – 10:10am Y. Baba Alkali and Neogene Planktic Foraminiferal E. A. Okosun Biostratigraphy of Section of Kam- 1 Well, Western Niger Delta, Nigeria


/

99. 10:20am – 10:35am Peter Sanful, Y. Agyeman, A Multidisciplinary And Integrated D. Trolle, E. Opuni-Frimpong, Approach to Sustainable Management and M. Antwi, A. Mensah, F. Nunoo, Building Resilience of Lake Bosumtwi to T. Davidson, Hans Thodsen, Climate Change: Preliminary Results of T. Lauridsen, A. Nielsen, the Relab Project

A. Asare, A. Damoah, A. Asase, E. Kwakye, S. Baidoo, A. Yeboah and S. Amfoh

100. 10:35am – 10:50am Abajingin David Dele Self-Consistent Embedded Atom Potential: Application to BCC Alloys

101. 10:50am – 11:05am Theodora Agyenim-Boateng Economic Potential of Management Systems

and Emmanuel Kwasi Asare Standards Certification


POSTER SESSION

15




CHAIRMAN: Mr. Lateef A. Oseni TIME 2:30pm – 5.30pm

VENUE: ROOM P2


102. 2:30pm – 2:45pm David C. Adukpo, Investigating the Gulf of Guinea SST Pattern Augustine Arthur, F. Nkrumah Linkages to El-Nino Events

and Felix Nakotey Minta

103. 2:45pm – 3:00pm Victor Y. A. Barku Nutritional Content of Malt Drinks Sold on the

and Sumaila Akurugu Ghanaian Market

104. 3:00pm – 3:15pm Augustine Arthur, Trend Analysis of Wind Speed and D. Adukpo, F. Nkrumah Temperature during the Harmattan in Ghana and Germain K. Djameh and its Environs


105. 3:25pm – 3:40pm S. Obiri, S. Adu-kumi, Human Health Risk Assessment of Exposure

S. Osae and P. O. Yeboah to Heavy Metals in Selected Mining Communities in Ghana

106. 3:40pm – 3:55pm Augustine Arthur, Spectral and Correlation Analysis of Selected D. Adukpo, A. Huzortey, Molecular Absorption Bands of the Solar F. Nkrumah, E. Frimpong Spectrum and Collocated Meteorological and Anthony Twum Parameters

107. 3:55pm – 4:10pm John Ansu Gyabaah, Assessment and Modeling Electricity Demand

Samuel Gyamfi and Response Potential in Ghana: A Case Study of Eric Ofosu Antwi Sunyani Municipality


108. 4:20pm – 4:35pm Emmanuel Opuni-Frimpong, Restoration of Degraded Landscapes and

K. N. Baniako, E. J. D. Belford Carbon Sequestration in Different Plantation and Andrew Burton Systems in Western Ghana

109. 4:35pm – 4:50pm Selina Ama Saah, A Facile Green Synthesis of Ultrathin PbS

M. D. Khan, J. A. M. Awudza, Nanorods

Neerish Revaprasadu and Paul O’Brien

110. 4:50pm – 5:05pm R.N. Abugre, Measurement of Refractive Index using

M. Abade-Abugre, Stepwise Translation of the Reference Arm of A. Kuditcher and an Optical Time Domain System using J. K. A. Amuzu Microwave Signals as Source

111. 5:05pm – 5:20pm Caleb Kesse Firempong and Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification – A

Frank Osae Otchere Case Study of Ashanti Regional Criminal Investigation Department


POSTER SESSION

16




CHAIRMAN: Prof. Nathaniel Owusu Boadi TIME 8:30am – 11.20am

VENUE: ROOM P2


112. 8:30am – 8:45am R. N. Abugre, Optical Fourier Domain Imaging System Using

M. Abade-Abugre, Single Frequency Microwave Signals as J. K. A. Amuzu Source

and Amos Kuditcher

113. 8:45am – 9:00am Mohammed Takase Sodium Molybdate Modified with Aluminium

and Alexander Nii Moi Pappoe Oxide as an Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel from Adansonia Digitata as a New Potential Non Edible Resources

114. 9:00am – 9:15am Lotsu Setor Aku Yaro, Waste Management from the Household and and Joseph Awetori Local Governance: An Overview


115. 9:30am – 9:45am Austin Asare, Assessment of Heavy Metal Contaminants Benjamin D. Asamoah, using Pollution Indices in Ankobra River at and Peter O. Sanful Prestea Huni-Valley District, Ghana

116. 9:45am – 10:00am M. B. Adinortey, R. Dogbey, Kaempferol and Niazirin Derivatives as

I. Obuaba, R. Koranteng Potential Inhibitors of Helicobacter Pylori and S. K. Kwofie Urease: An In Silico Approach

117. 10:00am – 10:15am E. D. Forson, A. Menyeh, Application of Airborne Geophysical Datasets

S. K. Danuor and to Delineate Lithological Units, Structural D. D. Wemegah Lineaments and Potential Groundwater Zones Within the West Gonja District of Ghana


118. 10:25am – 10:40am N. Neizer, A. Adu, Physicochemical and Proximate Composition and E. T. Quayson of Stored-Dried Fante and Ga Kenkey Aflatas

119. 10:40am – 10:55am Phyllis B. Kwarteng Donkor Female Academic Faculty’s Personal Agency and Cynthia Tomovic for Success and Persistence in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Professions

120. 10:55am – 11:10am Mohammed Takase and Performance of Koh as Homogeneous and Alexander Nii Moi Pappoe Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production via Transesterification of Waste Adansonia digitata Non-Edible Oil


POSTER SESSION

17




CHAIRMAN: Dr. Selina Ama Saah TIME 2:30pm – 5.30pm

VENUE: ROOM P3


121. 2:30pm – 2:45pm Mohammed Takase and Application of Advance Environmental Alexander Nii Moi Pappoe Monitoring Technology to Assess the Impact of Production and Utilization of Biomass Energy on Environment

122. 2:45pm – 3:00pm Shemmira Yunus Drinking Water Purification with Cost- Effective Membrane Technology Assisted by Comsol Multiphysics Simulations

123. 3:00pm – 3:15pm F. Darko Humphrey, Using Water Quality Index to Describe the B. K. Owusu, N. A. Gloria Status of Water Quality in the River and A, Paintsil Systems in Ghana


124. 3:25pm – 3:40pm Ebenezer Boafo Kontoh Extent of Vegetation Dynamics of Urban Sprawl in Fringe Communities of Sunyani Municipality, Bono Region

125. 3:40pm – 3:55pm Kwame O. Hackman, The 31-Year Urbanization Story of Kumasi

I. D. Nelson, E, A. Asamoah, from Space

Daniel Asenso-Gyambibi, and Xuecao Li

126. 3:55pm – 4:10pm Stephen B. Twum Advertising Planning of a Major

Telecommunication Company in Ghana Modelled as a Mathematical Programming Problem


127. 4:20pm – 4:35pm Isaac K. Tetteh, J. A. Boadu, Environmental Remediation Potential of P-32 Omar G. Mohammad-Iklil, Activated Carbon

Evans Osei and John Olufuye

128. 4:35pm – 4:50pm L. Sheringham Borquaye, Peptide Extract From Olivancillaria Hiatula

Edward Ntim Gasu Exhibits Broad Spectrum Antibacterial and Hubert Senanu Ahor Activity and Disrupts Quorum Sensing – Mediated Processes

129. 4:50pm – 5:05pm Isaac K. Tetteh, B. K. Twum, Characterization of P-32 and Clinical

and Marina Tandoh Activated Carbons


POSTER SESSION

18




CHAIRMAN: Dr. Alfred Owusu TIME 8:30am – 11.55am

VENUE: ROOM P3


130. 8:30am – 8:45am Francis K. Y. Amevenku Survey of the Evolution of Livelihood and Silvia Amponsah Avenues in the Lower Volta Area

131. 8:45am – 9:00am Aaron T. Asare, Effects of Different Concentrations of 6- J. A. Yentumi, D. K.A. Asante, Benzylaminopurine and Light Intensity in J. Y. Asiamah, F. Essem Micropropagation of Sugarcane (Saccharum

and S. K. Mensah officinarum)

132. 9:00am – 9:15am Sylvia Agbesinyale The Role of Temperature in Vaccine Storage


133. 9:30am – 9:45am Darlington Abban The Quality of some Engine Oils on the Ghanaian Market

134. 9:45am – 10:00am Rachel Amanfu, A Case Study of Moisture Management in

P. Okyere, D. Pomaney Fibre Blends and its Impact in School Children

and Albert Yeboah

135. 10:00am –10:15am Martin Adarkwah-Yiadom Effect of Extrusion Cooking and Simulated In

and Kwaku G Duodu Vitro Gastrointestinal Digestion on Proanthocyanidins in Type Ii and Type Iii Tannin Sorghum


136. 10:30am – 10:45am Daniel Awuah, Trend of Psychoactive Drug use in Ghana

P. Quartey-Papafio, N. Mensah, and M. Adarkwah-Yiadom

137. 10:45am – 11:00am Richard Asiedu Ofori Understanding the Functions of Measurement Traceability for Coordinating Metrological Confirmation (Case Study of Ghana)

138. 11:00am – 11:15am Doris Agyemang Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon: Disrupting

and Jessica Nkansah the Status Quo

139. 11:15am – 11:30am K. N. Hope, Attitudes and Perceptions of Local Residents

A. Otabil and T. Nakoja and Tourist towards Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary, Nkoranza-Ghana

140. 11:30am – 11:45am Evans Klu, G. E. Adukpo, Mycochemical Screening and Antioxidant Daniel Achel, and Activity of Some Selected Bracket Mushrooms

John P. K. Adotey from the Central Region of Ghana 11:45am –11:55am QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

POSTER SESSION

19




CHAIRMAN: Rev. K. N. Hope TIME 2:30pm – 5.20pm

VENUE: ROOM P4


141. 2:30pm – 2:45pm Akwasi Acheampong, Antimicrobial Activities, Antioxidant Clement Osei Akoto, Activities and Phytochemical Screening of the and Ronald Amankwaa Ethanol Stem Bark Extract of Drypetes Aubrevillei (Euphorbiaceae)

142. 2:45pm – 3:00pm Daniel Dodoo, Improving the Shelf-Lives of Locally Produced

M. Akrofi Anang, G. E. Fynn, Vegetable Oils using Synthesized Zeolite

Baah-Sefa Ntri and Ruphino Zugle

143. 3:00pm – 3:15pm Jonas Bugase, J. Loehr, Lattice Symmetries and the Topologically D. de las Heras, M. Loenne, Protected Transport of Colloidal Particles

A. Jarosz, Maciej Urbaniak, F. Stobiecki, A. Tomita, R. Huhnstock, I. Koch, A. Ehresmann, D. Holzinger and Thomas M. Fischer


144. 3:30pm – 3:45pm James K. Ampah, Nutritional Profile of Some Novel Cowpea G. E. Adukpo, A. T. Asare Genotypes in Ghana and M. K. Beyamfui

145. 3:45pm – 4:00pm S. M. A. Tagoe, V. Kwarteng, Effect of Ph and Temperature on Lipolytic N.A. Kyeremeh, Microorganisms Isolated from Palm And E. A. A. Sarkodie Kernel Oils Produced at Small-Scale Mills in and E. P. Agyemang Ghana

146. 4:00pm – 4:15pm Isaac K. Tetteh, The Efficiency of P-32 Activated Carbon Robert Nti, F. Timitey, In Removing Selected Heavy Metals Anwar-Sadat Yussif, Downstream of River Offin in the Central J. J. Osei, K. D. Zulakpla, Region of Ghana

and Salamatu Adamu


147. 4:30pm – 4:45pm Isaac K. Tetteh, The Efficiency of P-32 Activated Carbon B. B. Nii-Doku, D. Adu, in Treatment of Owere Stream in the Abigail A. Donkor, Ashanti Region of Ghana Eunice T. Lartey, and Deborah A. Tetteh

148. 4:45pm – 5:00pm Emmanuel Obeng Comparative Study of Imported And Locally Manufactured Cement- A Case Study of 42.5 Strength Class

149. 5:00pm – 5:15pm Isaac K. Tetteh, The Potency of P-32 Activated Carbon in E. Bonney, J. O. Asare, Removing Selected Heavy Metals in River A. R. Ali, F. A. Boasiako Birim in the Eastern Region of Ghana

and Abednego Tetteh


POSTER SESSION

20

POSTER SESSION

PRESENTATION

21

POSTER SESSION PRESENTATION

SCIENTIFIC SESSION – I & II

CHAIRMAN: LOC TIME All Day

VENUE: Poster Ground


150. E.S.S. Asiedu, N. K. Owusu Influence of Milling Method on Mineral and

and F. M. Kpodo Proximate Composition of Maize Products

151. F. M. Kpodo. Isolation, Characterization and Functional

J. K. Agbenorhevi Properties of Grewia Gum

and V. Kontogiorgos

152. Benjamin Darko Asamoah Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of

Extracts from Turkey Berry (Solanum torvum)

and Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis).

153. Robert Agbemafle Moisture Content Determination of Cocoa

and Siddick Anuanette Beans by Hot Air Oven Drying Method as a Standard to Calibrate Aqua-Boy Meters

154. S. M. A. Tagoe, Effect of Ph and Temperature on Lipolytic

V. Kwarteng, N. A. Kyeremeh, Microorganisms Isolated from Palm and E. A. A. Sarkodie and Kernel Oils Produced at Small-Scale Mills in E. P. Agyemang Ghana

155. Selina A. Saah. Synthesis of Lead Sulfide (PBS) Nanoparticles Nathaniel O. Boadi and from Lead Hexyl Xanthate for Solar Cell Johannes A. M. Awudza Applications

156. Ivy A. Amoabeng, Assessing the levels of calcium Carbonate and

Selina A. Saah and magnesium Oxide in snail shells

David Adu-Poku

157. Selina A. Saah, Pbsxse1-X Thin Films from the Thermal

P. D. McNaughter, Decomposition of Lead (II) Dodecylxanthate M. A. Malik, J. A. M. Awudza, and Bis(N,N-Diethyl-N′- Neerish Revaprasadu Naphthoylselenoureato) Lead (II) Precursors

and Paul O’Brien

158. E. D. Forson, A. Menyeh, Basement Depth Estimation from Magnetic S. K. Danuor and and Gravity Datasets using Spectral D. D. Wemegah Techniques

22

POSTER SESSION PRESENTATION

SCIENTIFIC SESSION – I & II

CHAIRMAN: LOC TIME All Day

VENUE: Poster Ground


159. 1:00pm – 1:30pm E. D. Forson, A. Menyeh, Comparison of Basement Depth Values Using

S. K. Danour and 3d Euler Deconvolution from Aeromagnetic D. D. Wemegah and Satellite Gravity Datasets

160. 1:00pm – 1:30pm C. A. Adinortey, Prevalence of Extended Spectrum Beta

J. A. M Edekor, A. T. Bawuah Lactamase Producers among Escherichia Coli and M. B. Adinortey Isolated from Fresh Vegetables

161. 1:00pm – 1:30pm G. Deku, A. A Kudom, Bed Bug Infestation and the Risk of Mosquito-

R. Combey, S. L Doggett Borne Infections in Cape Coast, Ghana

and B. A. Mensah

162. 1:00pm – 1:30pm L. Sheringham Borquaye Occurrence of Antibiotics and Antibiotic-

E. Ekuadzi, G. Darko, Resistant Bacteria in Landfill Sites in Ku

H. S. Ahor, S. T. Nsiah, J. A. Lartey, M. Abdul-Hakim, V. E. Boamah, and E. Woode

163. 10:20am – 10:35am Lars H. Holbech The Conservation Importance of Informally

Protected State-Owned Green Zones For Wildlife Protection in Urban Ghana: The Case for Avifauna in the Legon Campus-Achimota School Area

23

FULL ABSTRACTS

24

1. PERCEPTIONS OF COCOA FARMERS ABOUT INCIDENCE AND

SEVERITY OF THREAD BLIGHT DISEASE ON COCOA (Theobroma

cacao L.),

E. Lekete¹, C. Kwoseh² and E. A.Osekre²

1. CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, Box 74, Kade 2. Crops and Soil Sciences Department, KNUST, Kumasi

Corresponding author: [email protected], +233-244816231

Abstract

Lack of adequate information about Thread blight disease (TBD) caused by two genera Marasmius and

Marasmiuellus on cocoa among cocoa farmers is putting a huge wedge in the way of efforts to achieve higher cocoa production in Ghana. A survey was conducted to assess the disease problem and to determine farmers’ knowledge about the disease. The disease occurred on most of the cocoa farms surveyed and the incidence was between (13-100%). The disease is believed to be associated with some food crops. Random sampling technique was used to select 270 cocoa farmers in 19 villages from 7 cocoa growing districts in both Ashanti and Eastern regions and a block of hundred trees were selected to assess the disease incident and severity. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the study data. Out of 270 farmers interviewed, 22% were female. 93% of farmers have no knowledge about the TBD; Seven percent of the farmers know about the disease but have no specific management strategy against it. Mapontenu village in Fanteakwa Districts recorded the highest incidence rate, followed by Atiwa and East Akim Districts. Asante Akim South and Asante Akim North scored the least of the percentage infection. It can be concluded that awareness of the TBD among farmers was low.

2. IMPACT OF ZINC FERTILIZATION ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE IN THE

SEMI-DECIDUOUS FOREST ZONE OF GHANA

F. A. Dampare1, K.G. Ofosu-Budu2, K. Ofori2 and I. Danso1 1. Agronomy Division, CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, P. O. Box 74, Kusi-Kade, Ghana 2. Department of Crop Science, College of Basic and Applied Science, P. O. Box LG44 University of

Ghana, Legon, Ghana

Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected] Tel. No. +233244982362 Abstract

Decline in crop yields has been a major concern to small holder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa including Ghana. Among others this is attributed to the mining of macronutrients due to continuous cropping without incorporation of adequate nutrients. Nutrient depletion especially nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn) are a major constraint to maize production in Ghana, and inputs of nutrients are required to overcome this constraint. A field experiment was conducted at the Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Center (FOHCREC) of the University of Ghana at Okumaning, Eastern region of Ghana to investigate the impact of zinc fertilization on growth and yield attributes of maize in the semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana. A factorial experiment was designed based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 2 levels of nitrogen and 3 Zinc rates as; no N fertilizer application (control), and urea application at 120 kg N as main plot and Zinc application rates at 0, 6 and 12 kg Zn-1 as subplots with three replicates. Phosphorus and Potassium were optimized on fertilized plots. Results showed that increasing the Zn application rate significantly (p<0.001) increased grain yield. Zn 12 kg increased by 59.3 % compared to Zn 0 kg and 24.8 % to Zn 6. Zn 6 kg was also significantly higher than Zn 0 kgha-1 by 27.6 %. Zinc conentration in maize grain decreased in order of Zn 12 kg> Zn 6 kg> Zn 0 kg. N applied at 120 kg ensured greater grain yield and was significantly (p<.001) higher than the control by 73.4 %. The interaction between N and Zn application rates on grain yield was significant. The implication of the results to the end user is zinc fertilization can increase maize grain yield as well as zinc concentration in maize grain

3. LIVELIHOOD VULNERABILITY AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE: MALE

AND FEMALE PERSPECTIVES ON FARMING AND FISHING IN LAKE BOSOMTWE

CATCHMENT

Sylvia Baidoo1, Adelina Mensah,2 Yaw Boakye Agyeman, 3 and Dr. Daniella D. Sedegah3



25

1. University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O. Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana. 2. Institute for Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 209, Legon,

Accra, Ghana. 3. Department of Ecotourism, Recreation and Hospitality, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P.

O. Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Mobile 0541230578, 0244481018, 0544243122, 0244636422 Abstract

Lake Bosomtwe, the only natural lake in Ghana, serves as a major source of livelihood for the shoreline communities. Historically, fishing has been the primary livelihood, with men predominantly involved in harvesting and women in processing and trade. However, in recent years, many are seeking alternative income generating livelihood options. The increasing risk of climatic factors coupled with non-climatic factors will affect the livelihoods and responses of men and women differently. The aim of this study is to assess male and female perspectives of vulnerabilities and adaptation strategies of farmers and fishermen to climate change in communities around Lake Bosomtwe. Data was collected through household questionnaires administered to two hundred and thirty nine (239) participants in the Abono, Adwarfo, Nkowie, and Obo communities around Lake Bosomtwe and in-depth expert interviews to six institutions. The results indicate that males perceived high rainfall as the highest stressor whilst females rated low soil fertility as the highest in farming. Fishermen were aware of mainly non- climatic stressors impacting on fish yield. Females were more affected to impacts of low income and loss of crops than males in farming. Fishermen were affected in terms of low income, loss of occupation, and low fish catch. Owning of multiple lands was a common adaptation strategy adopted by males and females adopted more of alternative livelihoods. Effectiveness of adaptation strategies was assessed as high, medium and low. Support given to the communities should be targeted towards specific groups of males and females affected and adapting to impacts.

4. THE AGRONOMIC EFFICACY OF APPLYING OIL PALM EMPTY FRESH FRUIT BUNCHES

(EFFB) COMPOST AND INORGANIC FERTILIZER ON THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF

MAIZE IN THE SEMI-DECIDUOUUS FOREST ZONE OF GHANA

F. A. Dampare1, K.G. Ofosu-Budu2, K. Ofori2 and I. Danso1 1. Agronomy Division, CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, P. O. Box 74, Kusi-Kade, Ghana 2. Department of Crop Science, College of Basic and Applied Science, P. O. Box LG44 University of

Ghana, Legon, Ghana

Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected] Tel. No. +233244982362 Abstract

Widespread low soil fertility among others poses a major challenge to maize production in Ghana. A sound and environmentally friendly strategy to overcome this constraint need to be employed. A field experiment was undertaken at the Forest and Horticultural Crops Research Centre at Okumaning, Eastern region of Ghana to study the agronomic efficacy of applying oil palm empty fresh fruit bunches (EFFB) compost and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of maize in the semi-deciduous forest zone of Ghana. A factorial experiment was designed based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 N levels and 3 Zn rates as; N0: no N fertilizer application (control), N1: compost 50% + urea 50%, N2: compost 25% + urea 75% and N3: urea 100% applied at 120 kg N as main plot and zinc application rates at 0, 6 and 12 kg Zn as subplots with three replicates. Phosphorus and potassium were optimized on fertilized plots. The results show that combined application of compost 50% + urea 50% (N1) and compost 25% + urea 75% (N2) gave significantly higher grain yield compared to the control and urea 100%. N1 was over 100% higher compared to N0 and 19% higher than N3. N x Zn interaction was also significant (p<0.05). Combined application of compost and urea at Zn 6 kg ha-1 and Zn 12 kg ha -1 was significantly greater compared to interaction n urea 100% at Zn 0 and N0 ant Zn 0. The greatest interaction was observed at N1 with Zn 12 kg ha-1. Implication of the results to the end user is that combined application of EFFB compost and zinc at a level of 50:50 at 12 kg Zn ha-1 can increase maize grain yield as well as zinc concentration in maize. 5. EFFECTS OF ALMOND LEAVES (TERMINALIA CATAPPA) ON WATER QUALITY, GROWTH

PERFORMANCE AND HEALTH STATUS OF NILE TILAPIA (OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS) IN

CONCRETE TANKS – PRELIMINARY STUDIES

Etornyo Agbeko1*, Emmanuel Tetteh-Doku Mensah, Francis A. Anani, Ken Atsakpo, and Patience Atsakpo CSIR-Water Research Institute, Accra, Ghana

*Corresponding author’s email and phone number: [email protected], +233 245857063



26

Abstract Sustainable aquaculture has become a vital benchmark for producing food fish. The use of unapproved synthetic drugs and other substances to either minimise fingerling mortality or improve fish health in most fish farms is increasing. The search for natural alternatives that could enhance fish growth, boost fish immunity and/or curative to fight off infections is pragmatic. This study investigated the effects of almond leaves (AL) on water quality, Nile tilapia growth and health. The preliminary stage of this study was conducted for 6 weeks. Infected tilapia fingerlings of average weight of 5g were randomly selected and stocked in experimental hapas with three replicates in each concrete tank. Water quality was monitored weekly and analysed according standard protocols and methodology. Results from water quality indicates that the control and treatment waters were within acceptable limits for aquaculture use. Fish growth slightly increased when treated with almond leaves, with a survival rate of 83.3% compared to 76.7% for the control. Preliminary results of this study indicate that fish treated with almond leaves had good recovery rate from infection (> 60%) compared with the control. Inconclusively, almond leaves could have some potentials to enhance growth and fight off infection in fish. However, further detailed studies are required to ascertain its efficacy in fish production.

6. THE INFLUENCE OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE AND FERTILIZER

MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON MAIZE PRODUCTION IN NORTHERN GHANA C. K. Freeman and M. J. Alhassan

Department of Agricultural Extension, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Legon. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 0247578334 Abstract Maize production in sub-Saharan Africa is limited by low soil quality and as a result fertilizer application is vital. However, farmers in Ghana rarely use the recommended application rates. Literature suggests that paucity in farmers’ knowledge may influence their practices and subsequently impact their crop yields. The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between smallholder maize farmers’ knowledge and practice levels on fertilizer management, and their influence on maize yields. Data was collected from 99 randomly sampled smallholder maize farmers in Moglaa, Nyolo and Duko in the Savelugu Municipality. The results indicated that 62.6% of the farmers had poor knowledge on fertilizer management in general. A majority of the farmers (82.8%) had knowledge on which fertilizers were recommended for use in Ghana but only 10% had knowledge about the application rate per plant. Moreover, although about 76% of the maize farmers applied compound fertilizers only about 9% used the recommended rates and just 32% applied at the recommended times. The results also revealed that average maize yields were 1.54 MT ha-1. There was a strong positive correlation (rs = 0.699, p<0.01) between farmers’ knowledge levels and fertilizer management practices while a positive but weak correlation (rs:= 0.273, p<0.01) was found between farmers’ fertilizer management practices and their maize yields. The results indicate that maize farmers in the municipality need training on fertilizer use and management. This will augment their knowledge and practices and improve their yields. 7. EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT NITROGEN FERTILIZER LEVELS IN OIL PALM

INTERCROPPED WITH MAIZE CULTIVARS

I. Danso1, E. Larbi1, E. Andoh-Menash1 and E. Adjarko Mintah2

1. CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, P.O Box 74, Kade, Ghana 2. Biotechnology and Nuclear Agriculture Research Institute-Ghana Atomic Energy Commission

P.O Box LG 80 Accra Abstract In an attempt to increase yield of maize in oil palm maize intercropping system, farmers resort to indiscriminate cutting of fronds of palms which leads to delay in fruiting of oil palm. In order to bridge low yield gap in the two crop association (maize + oil palm), the evaluation of high yielding maize cultivars spatially arranged from oil palm rows with appropriate N fertilizer levels was relevant. We evaluated four main treatments: T1-Sole oil palm, T2-Oil palm intercropped with early maturing maize (Omankwa), T3-Oil palm intercropped with medium maturing maize (Abeleehi) and T4-Oil palm intercropped with late maturing maize (Obatanpa). The crop associations were superimposed with three nitrogen fertilizer levels as sub-treatments as N0 - N0:P0:K0, N1-N60:P60:K60, and N2-N120:P60:K60 per ha. The experiment was arranged as randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications. Analysis of the results of maize grain yield (MGY) and total aboveground biomass


27

(TAGB) show a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between major and minor seasons and also between the levels of nitrogen applied. There was no significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the maize cultivars during the two seasons for both MGY and TAGB. The results did not show any interaction (p≤ 0.05) between nitrogen, maize cultivars and seasons. The major season recorded about 51%, 47% and 54% significantly higher (p≤ 0.05) MGY than the minor season for Abeleehi, Obatanpa and Omankwa respectively. Across the three maize cultivars, nitrogen N1 (N60:P60:K60) was significantly higher (p≤ 0.05) by 40% and 17% for MGY and TAGB respectively as compared to N0 (N0:P0:K0). Doubling N1 could not translate into significant difference. The outcome of cost benefit analysis revealed that, return per cash invested favored cropping system with N1 fertilizer levels. 8. EFFECT OF VARIETY AND SPACING ON GROWTH AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF COWPEA

IN THE GUINEA SAVANNAH ZONE OF GHANA.

O. A. Amoako, J. Adjebeng-Danquah, J. Bidzakin, H. Abdulai, B.Y. Kassim, E.Y. Owusu and R. Alhassan,

CSIR-Savanna Agricultural Research Institute, P. O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana

Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract Cowpea is an important leguminous crop utilized in most farming systems in Northern Ghana. Several agronomic practices, including adoption of optimum spacing are important to achieving optimum grain yield. This study was conducted to assess the effect of different intra row spacing of the growth and yield of two improved cowpea varieties (Kirkhouse benga and Padi-tuya). The two varieties with contrasting maturity dates were sown under three different row spacings (60cmx30cm, 60cmx20cm and 60cmx10cm) in a 2 x 3 factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance indicated non-significant (P>0.05) interaction effect for all traits measured except biomass yield. Apart from plant height at 30 days after planting (DAP), number of leaves at 30 DAP and 45 DAP, varietal effect was significant (P<0.05) for all traits measured. Spacing effect was also significant (P<0.05) for all the traits measured. Between the two varieties, Kirkhouse benga performed better than Padi-tuya in all the traits except biomass yield (kg/ha). In terms of spacing, 60cmx30cm gave the highest yield across varieties. Padi-tuya gave the highest biomass yield (8210.58 kg/ha) under spacing 60cmx10cm. It can be inferred from this study that for the varieties used, spacing by variety interaction and use of wider spacing (60cm x 30cm) did not have any effect on the yield components of cowpea. Therefore this experiment needs to be repeated with more varieties to assess their response. Spacing by variety interaction, variety, spacing, and intra row spacing. 9. PRELIMINARY STUDIES ON LOWER LEAF DIE-BACK DISEASE ON OIL PALM TREES (Elaeis

guineesis) IN EASTERN AND ASHANTI REGIONS OF GHANA

E. Lekete and S. A. Dery

CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, Box 74, Kade

Corresponding author email: [email protected], +233-244816231

Abstract Observed drying of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fronds beyond frond number 17 can significantly reduce its yield and decline in crop productivity as a result of increased rate of disease prevalence is one of the major constraints to sustainable agricultural productivity and food security in sub-Saharan Africa. A study comprising a survey and laboratory work was conducted to assess and determine the cause of excessive drying of fronds in oil palm plantations in the Ashanti and Eastern Regions of Ghana. The survey performed on 1,000 oil palm plants during dry and wet cropping seasons of 2017 assessed disease incidence and severity. Out of the oil palm plants examined, 72% showed “dieback” and disease incidence was significantly (P < 0.005) higher during the wet season with severity scale ranged between 2 to 4 on the infected plantations surveyed. Three closely related fungi belonging to class Sordariomycetes and order Xylariales but of different species, were isolated and their pathogenicity test confirmed. It is recommended that sensitization programmes should be carried out to create awareness about “dieback” disease in oil palm growing areas and efforts for effective management be intensified to avoid collapse of the industry.



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10. FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES AND COMPLIANCE WITH RECOMMENDED

WITHDRAWAL PERIODS ON ANTIBIOTICS ADMINISTERED TO POULTRY IN GREATER

ACCRA METROPOLITAN AREA C. K. Freeman and O. A. Aziz

Department of Agricultural Extension, School of Agriculture, University of Ghana, Legon. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 0247578334

Abstract Efficient poultry production requires the use of antibiotics to promote good animal health, however the misuse of antibiotics and failure to comply with recommended withdrawal periods by poultry farmers is contributing to the global health crisis known as Antibiotic resistance in humans. Recent studies in Ghana have shown that many farmers fail to adhere to the recommended withdrawal period on the antibiotics they administer to their

birds. The study sought to assess the knowledge and attitudes of small-scale poultry farmers in the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area towards the use of antibiotics, and determine the factors that influence farmers’ compliance with the recommended withdrawal period. Data was collected from 100 randomly sampled poultry farmers. Over 80% of poultry farmers had knowledge about the purpose and mode of administration of antibiotics but only 47% had knowledge about the need for withdrawal periods to ensure products are safe for consumption. Consequently 72% of poultry farmers did not comply with withdrawal periods and still sold their products before the recommended time. While 71% claimed to be concerned about the health implications of antibiotic residues in their products, 79% were of the opinion that they would lose customers if they failed to supply on demand. Chi square analysis showed significant relationships between knowledge and compliance with withdrawal periods. Educational level and membership of farmer-based organisations were significantly related to farmers’ compliance with withdrawal periods. This suggests that more education and training on the use of antibiotics is required to improve compliance and reduce Antibiotic resistance.

11. ETIOLOGY OF LEAF SPOTS DISEASE CAUSED BY Pestalotiopsis sp ON OIL PALM

SEEDLINGS IN NURSERIES IN GHANA

E. Lekete and E. Ando-Mensah CSIR-Oil Palm Research Institute, Box 74, Kade

Corresponding email: [email protected], +233-244816231

Abstract

In September 2017, an outbreak of leaf spot caused by Pestalotiopsis sp, on oil palm seedlings was reported for the first time in Ghana. The disease incidence reached 85%, assuming an epidemic situation and as a new emerging disease not much work has been done on it. The objective of this study was to develop appropriate management strategies by identifying phytopathogenic fungi that caused leaf spot on oil palm seedlings. The fungus was isolated from the leaf lesions and identified based on morphological characteristics, its pathogenicity was confirmed. The disease initially starts as small, water-soaked spots and gradually increases from 5 mm to 30 mm in diameter, changing from circular to irregular lesions and expanding along and across the leaf vein in spots. Conidia were fusiform, five-celled, straight or slightly curved with constrictions at the septa, and measured 12.8 to 25.6 × 6.1 to 9.4 μm. The cells comprised three coloured median cells that were light brown to dark brown, and two end hyaline (apical and basal) cells with appendages. Apical cells had 2 to 4 appendages ranging from 8.2 to 24.6 μm long. Basal cells had one appendage ranging from 3.4 to 6.2 μm long. Pathogenicity following Koch’s postulates showed that Pestalotiopsis sp. is responsible for causing leaf spot disease on oil palm in Ghana.

12. DETERMINATION OF THE INITIAL STAGE OF RUST DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN

COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA L. WALP) GENOTYPES

Theophilus Abonyi Mensah, Sheila Matilda Ayorkor Tagoe, Aaron Tettey Asare*, Daniel Sakyi Agyirifo

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana



29

*Corresponding author: Email address: [email protected] Mobile No. 0244954045

Abstract

The present study identified initial stage of rust infection in 19 cowpea genotypes on-field and explored for genetic diversity in rust pathogen in Ghana. Seeds of cowpea genotypes were sowed in three agro-ecological zones (Coastal, Sudan and semi-deciduous forest) and assessed for presence/absence of rust pustules on emergence of the trifoliate leaves. Samples were taken from the leaves every two days until pustules were visible. The leaves were surface-sterilised in 2% and 5% Sodium hypochlorite solutions before culturing. Cultures were maintained in potato dextrose Tween 20 broth and agar from which biomass of rust cultures were determined. The cultures were identified using morphological and molecular methods. DNAs were prepared from the cultures and sequenced using 5.8S for and Fits rev primers. Urediniospores were observed in 18 genotypes 3 days after seed germination (DAG). Results also showed presence of pustules at 5 and 7 DAG. The genotypes displayed linear and nonlinear relationships with rust infection and development. Three pathotypes of cowpea rust were identified in the three agro-ecological zones and were distinct from presently available rust species in the GenBank database. The pathotypes were accessioned as MK144834, MK144835 and MK144836 and shared close evolutionary relatedness to Melampsora sp. and Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in the GenBank database. This suggests emergence of new races of the rust pathogen in Ghana. This is the first study to document the initial stage of rust development in cowpeas in Ghana and identify pathogenic variability within cowpea rust isolates in different agro-ecological zones of Ghana. Biomass, Cultures, Genotypes, Diversity and Pathotypes

13. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN FOREST CONSERVATION: CASE STUDY OF TWO

FRINGE COMMUNITIES IN THE TAIN II FOREST RESERVE, SUNYANI WEST DISTRICT

N.Y. Opuni-Frimpong1, E. Opuni-Frimpong1 and P.K. Aniah2

1. Department of Forest Science, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana 2. College for community and Organisational Development, 2nd floor Asaase Aban Complex, Hospital

Road, Sunyani

Correspondence: Email: [email protected]. Tel: 0201340048 Abstract

Fringe communities play significant roles in sustainable management of forests reserves in Ghana. Kwatire and Adantia are two fringe communities near the Tain II Forest Reserve in the Sunyani West District of the Brong-Ahafo Region of Ghana. This study examined the level of participation of fringe communities in forest management programmes, the impact of forest degradation their livelihoods and strategies they adapt to sustain their livelihoods after the loss of access to the reserves. A hundred (100) respondents from the communities and selected Forest service officers were interviewed for this study. The results showed that although the District Forest Service Division has a community based forest management plan for the Tain II reserve, fringe communities do not play any significant role in its management. Indigenous knowledge of fringe communities which has proven useful elsewhere in Ghana in sustainable forest management is ignored. Fringe communities largely depend on the forest for their livelihood but have lost access to collect even non-timber forest products and have limited alternative livelihood sources after losing access to the reserve. The Forest Service Division could liaise with the municipal authority to assist fringe communities in acquiring alternative livelihood skills. Fringe communities could be trained to assist in the management of the forest reserve. In addition, regular interactions between Forest Services Division and the communities could reduce unnecessary tension and sabotage and also foster closer collaboration. Forest, fringe communities, participation, sustainable management.

14. FACTORS INFLUENCING UPTAKE OF SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION PRACTICES OF

MAIZE IN SMALLHOLDER FARMING SYSTEMS AT THE SEMI DECIDUOUS FOREST AND

COASTAL SAVANNAH AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF GHANA.

E. Marfo-Ahenkora1, K. J. Taah2. E. Asare–Bediako2 L. Munkaila1 Y. G. Ameleke1 and C.Y. F. Domozoro1



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1. Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 20,Achimota, Accra 2. Department of Crop Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast

Abstract

Maize is one of the most important cereal crops in Ghana cultivated mostly by smallholders who often record low yields. It is relevant to ascertain and address the problem of low maize yields in order to improve maize production in smallholder farms. A study was undertaken to identify factors that cause the low yields and influence the adoption of sustainable practices including use of improved maize varieties, soil amendments and good agronomic practices in maize production in the semi deciduous forest (SDFZ) and coastal savannah (CSZ) agro-ecological zones of Ghana. Understanding the relative importance of these factors was deemed a necessary step in contributing to the design of any future technical interventions to increase maize yields. Focus Group Discussions (FGD) for smallholder maize farmers were held in 12 communities in four districts (two districts per agro-ecological zone and three communities per district). A formal survey (using questionnaires) was conducted in the same areas. A transect walk through some farmers' fields in the study areas were also made and observations recorded. The results of FGD were analysed using the content analysis method and the survey results were analysed with SPSS version 20. The outcome revealed that adoption of sustainable production practices for maize was influenced by socio-cultural, socioeconomic, technical and biophysical factors in the study areas. The current constraints to maize yields included: lack of access to credit for farming, low plant population, extensive use of local varieties and farmer saved seeds, unsuitable land tenure arrangements, the practice of continues cropping, inappropriate land preparation methods, high level of illiteracy among farmers in the study area and unstable prices for produce. In addition, low adoption of soil fertility replenishment technologies such as crop rotation, use of manure and fertilizer application was observed. Influx of herbicides of questionable origin used by maize farmers in the study areas was a matter of great concern. The use of newer improved maize varieties especially those with drought tolerant qualities have to be made popular among maize farmers through participatory approaches (on-farm demonstrations) by extension and research. The importance of grain quality in storage, cooking qualities and market preference was recognized as essential factors for acceptance of new maize varieties. The extension agents in these farming communities will have to intensify education among farmers with respect to soil fertility management options. It is suggested that subsidized fertilizers be distributed to the major farming communities instead of the district capitals as is being done currently to increase fertilizer accessibility and use in order to increase maize production and thereby farmers’ income.

15. IRRIGATION PRACTICES OF SMALLHOLDER CABBAGE FARMERS AND THEIR CROP

YIELDS IN THE SHAI OSUDOKU DISTRICT OF GHANA

J. A. Y. Amoah* and C. Ashong-Codjoe

Agricultural Extension Department, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 68, Legon, Accra, GHANA.

(Corresponding author email: [email protected]; [email protected]; Tel: +233271998540)

Abstract

About 54% of Ghana’s population is engaged in the agricultural sector as a source of their livelihoods and general well-being. However, the sector is threatened by climate change and erratic weather patterns including changes in rainfall and temperature that are impacting food security and availability of natural resources. Irrigation is an adaptation strategy for managing agriculture, forestry and other land use and preventing climate change induced environmental degradation. Irrigation provides adequate water all year round for growing crops, which increases yields while inadequate knowledge of irrigation practices also affects yields. However, the relationship between irrigation practices and yields was unclear in the study area. This study therefore sought to 1) investigate how irrigation practices employed by cabbage farmers in the Shai Osudoku district affect their crop yields; and 2) establish how access to extension services affects the knowledge and irrigation practices of cabbage farmers. The study employed a multi-stage sampling technique in a mixed methods research design to randomly collect data from eligible farmers using structured questionnaires. Regression analyses were used to analyze relationships. Findings reveal that demographic characteristics, access to extension services and specific irrigation scheduling techniques, such as timing, frequency, and amount of water used by cabbage farmers influenced yields. The study concluded that access to extension services about irrigation scheduling techniques influence irrigation practices and ultimately, the yields of cabbage farmers in the study area. This implies that investments in enhancing irrigation scheduling practices could improve yields and socio-economic well-being of farmers as climate change impacts worsen.



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16. THE IMPACT ON PROFIT FROM CHANGES IN MAIZE VARIETIES AND SOIL

AMENDMENTS IN SMALLHOLDER ENVIRONMENTS IN THE SEMI DECIDUOUS FOREST AND

COASTAL SAVANNAH AGRO-ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF GHANA.

E.Marfo-Ahenkora1, Y. G. Ameleke1 J.K.Taah2, E. Asare–Bediako2 1. Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH 20, Achimota, Accra 2. Department of Crop Science, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted in the semi deciduous forest (SDFZ) and coastal savannah agro-ecological zones (CSZ) of Ghana to evaluate grain yields of three maize varieties (local variety (landrace), Obatanpa, Omankwa) under different soil amendments (inorganic fertilizer, goat manure, 50% inorganic fertilizer + 50% goat manure, control-no amendments) and also assess the economic effect of introducing each treatment combination. The experiments were conducted on-farm in a smallholder environment in the major and minor seasons of 2017. The residual effects of the soil amendments were also evaluated in the minor season. Partial budgeting was used to calculate the net benefit for introducing each treatment combination. The net benefit was calculated as the gross benefit (GB) minus the total variable cost (TVC). Grain yield increased as a result of applying either inorganic fertilizer and/ or goat manure over the control (farmer practice). In the major season, inorganic fertilizer + manure treatments recorded the highest net benefit of GH¢ 5,045.91 per hectare for Obatanpa in the SDFZ and GH¢ 4,728.14 for the Omankwa variety in the CSZ. In the minor season also, the fertilizer + manure treatment recorded the highest net benefit of GH¢ 5,267.96 for Omankwa in the SDFZ whereas the Obatanpa recorded the highest net benefit of GH¢ 4,983.79 for the CSZ. The lowest net benefits were recorded by the local variety in the control plots for both seasons and agro-ecological zones. Generally, all the treatment combinations in the minor season recorded higher net benefits than their residual counterparts in both agro-ecological zones. Net benefits were higher in the SDFZ than the CSZ. The application of 50% manure + 50% inorganic fertilizer recorded the highest net benefit (impact on profit) for all three varieties in all the seasons and in all the study areas of the two agro-ecological zones whiles the control plots (farmer practice) recorded the lowest net benefit implying that, producing maize on continuously cropped lands in the study areas requires some kind of soil amendments if high net benefit is to be achieved. The study again showed that, use of improved varieties and integrated application of organic and inorganic nutrients gave highest net benefits.

17. CHANGES IN CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT DURING HEAT SHOCK TREATMENT IN MAIZE

A.Y. Tetteh*, E.W-D. Appiagyei, C.K.M. Asa-Atiemo, , P. O. Acheaw, B.A. Ajifowowe, A. Aryee, H. P. K.

Amoo, C. Manu, S. Archer, W. Odame.

Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]; TEL.: (020)113-4416

Abstract

Rising global temperatures induce heat stress in crops which leads to excess production of reactive oxygen species, then chlorophyll breakdown and increase in phaeophytin above threshold levels of resistance. Maize is an important crop supplying food and livelihood to about 70% of the people of Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Above 32 oC, heat stress occurs in maize. Effect of heat stress on the chlorophyll content of Ghana maize varieties has not been studied. This study reports the effect of heat stress on chlorophyll content in ten elite Ghana maize varieties. The genotypes, planted in a randomized complete block design in three replications, were subjected to heat shock between 33oC to 36oC for four days. Same genotypes were planted in a non stressed environment with temperatures of 29.5 oC to 32.5oC. Chlorophyll content was determined by a modification of the acetone incubation method. Strong significant environmental and genotypic effects were observed for total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a. The chlorophyll content in all genotypes dropped under the heat-stressed environment. The drop in chlorophyll was more pronounced (P<0.05) in chlorophyll a than in chlorophyll b. The most susceptible variety recorded 200 % drop in total chlorophyll content. Our study reflects the importance of chlorophyll content as a measure of heat stress.


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18. RESPONSE OF GROUNDNUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA L.) TO INOCULATIONS WITH FIVE

STRAINS OF RHIZOBIUM

F. Mintah1, S. Lamptey1 and B. D. K. Ahiabor1 2 1. Department of Agronomy, University for Development Studies P. O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana 2. CSIR - Savanna Agricultural Research Institute P. O. Box 52, Tamale, Ghana.

Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0244649270

Abstract

Inoculating groundnut with highly effective and competitive rhizobium strain improves nodulation. A field experiment was carried out at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies, Nyankpala to evaluate the effects of groundnut-nodulating rhizobium strains on the yield and yield component of groundnut. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight (8) treatments at four (4) replications. The treatments were five (5) rhizobium strains (NC92, 53e, 9d, BR 3267 and 8e),N fertilizer at 20 kg N/ha, 40 kg N/ha, and a control. The results showed that rhizobium inoculation and N fertilizer application increased nodulation, biomass yield, pod number, pod weight, hundred seed weight, nodule dry weight, haulm yield and pod yield of groundnut compared to the control. Rhizobium inoculation averagely increased nodulation and yield by 63.7% and 67.5%, respectively compared to the control. Mineral N fertilizer on average increased nodulation and yield by 24.7% and 25.8%, respectively. It can be recommended from this study that in the absence of highly competitive rhizobium strains 8e and NC92 as bio-fertilizer for increased nodulation and yield of groundnut, 20 kg N/ha can be used for the purpose. This research recommends further research using these effective rhizobium strains in combination with lower rates of fertilizer N (< 20 kg ha-1). Groundnut, rhizobium, nodulation, N fertilizer, yield

19. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF THE DETERMINANTS OF CONSUMER PERCEPTION OF RICE

SAFETY IN GHANA AND NIGERIA

Rebecca Owusu1, Ifeoma Jonathan Irohibe2 and Ernest Teye3

1. Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast.

2. Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Nigeria 3. Department of Agricultural Engineering, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Consumers are increasingly becoming concerned about food safety issues, which tend to affect their risk perceptions. This paper aims at investigating perceptions of rice safety among sampled consumers in Ghana and Nigeria, and to identify the determinants of rice safety perceptions. Using a total of 442 sample from Ghana and Nigeria, our analyses show that consumers are somewhat confident about the safety of the rice products on the market. However, they are very much concerned about potential rice safety issues such as food poisoning and toxin (carcinogenic) substances. Regression results show that taste, brand, type of rice product (organic), food safety information and purchase price significantly and positively affect consumers rice safety perceptions and therefore determine consumer perception of rice safety in Ghana and Nigeria. The findings highlight the importance of considering factors such as rice safety information in policy formulation in the rice industry. Consumers, perceptions, food safety information, regression

20. LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION OF VEGETABLE FARMERS IN THE ACCRA

METROPOLIS AND ITS EFFECT ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY Daniel Adu Ankrah and Hulder Antwi University of Ghana, Department of Agricultural Extension, P.O. Box LG 68, Legon-Accra

Abstract

Intra and inter-household food security remains a pertinent issue in developing countries especially in urban areas. Urban agriculture provides an avenue to bridging this gap, a key questions that arises however is whether urban agricultural farmers who are diversified in their livelihood portfolios have improved livelihood and food security outcomes. This study sought to examine the relationship between livelihood diversification and household food security outcomes of vegetable farmers in the Accra Metropolis. A questionnaire was



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administered to sixty farmers making use of purposive sampling in selecting three towns (Dzorwulu, Korle-Bu and Roman Ridge) where vegetable production predominantly takes place. A simple random sampling was further used to select twenty (20) farmers from each the towns. The findings of the study showed that there is an evidence of a strong relationship between farmers that are engaged in livelihood diversification and important livelihood and food security outcomes such as income, food availability, food accessibility and food utility. The study also showed that, age and skill set were the major factors that facilitated livelihood diversification whiles lack of credit and physical assets were the major factors that constrained livelihood diversification. It is therefore recommended that farmers be encouraged to engage in livelihood diversification due to its positive effect on their income and food security status. Additionally, farmer groups can well harness the synergies in collective action to build strong financial capital through subscription of members to shares to raise adequate funds required by farmers to trigger diversification.

21. ASSESSMENT OF STRIGA GESNERIOIDES (WILLD.) RESISTANCE AND GENETIC PROFILE

OF FORTY-SIX COWPEA [VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.] GENOTYPES IN GHANA

Aaron T. Asare1, Peter Haruna1, Francis Kusi 2 1. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana; 2. Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), P. O. Box 46, Manga station, Bawku, Ghana.

Corresponding Author: [email protected] Tel: +233 2449540+45

Abstract

The parasitic weed, Striga gesnerioides has the potential to impose physiological stress on cowpea to cause significant yield loss under dry Savannah poor soils of the regions of Northern Ghana. Sustainable cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] production in Striga gesnerioides invaded farms warrant cultivation of resistant cowpeas by the affected resource-poor farmers. The current work was to detect Striga-resistant genotypes and assess genetic relatedness in cowpea germplasm. Forty-six (46) cowpea genotypes were screened in pots for their reaction to Striga infestation in Upper East, Upper West and Northern regions of Ghana. The resistance status was validated with C42-2B and 61R-M2 markers in PCR-DNA amplification assay. Sixteen (16) polymorphic SSR primer pairs assessed genetic relatedness among 46 cowpea genotypes. Data were analyzed with PowerMaker7 and dendrogram generated with MEGA 4. On the whole, 65.2 % of the cowpea genotypes were resistant to S. gesnerioides in Upper East, Upper West and Northern regions of Ghana and 34.8 % were susceptible. The C42-2B marker was expressed across the genome of the cowpea genotypes as single DNA band of 280 bp associated with only resistant cowpea genotypes but 61R-M2 marker appeared as double DNA bands of 320 bp and 380 bp associated with resistant cowpea genotypes. The segregation efficiency of 80 % for C42-2B was higher than 60 % for 61R-M2. In all, 16 polymorphic primers distinguished all the 46 cowpea genotypes into three clusters at dissimilarity coefficient of 15 %. Gene diversity ranged from 0.04 to 0.49 with an average of 0.29. Polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.08 to 1.00 with an average of 0.55. The observed genetic variation will enhance selection of distinct cowpea genotypes for farmers to cultivate. Key Words: Amplification, Germplasm, Genome, Genotype and Polymorphic.

22. STRATEGIC POSITIONING OF COWPEA AS A CASH CROP IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN

REGIONS OF GHANA

Aaron T. Asare1, Alex Yaw Adom2, Joshua Yeboah asiamah1

1. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Cape Coast 2. Department of Management Studies, University of Cape Coast

Corresponding author: Email address: [email protected] Mobile No. 0244954045

Abstract Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L,) Walp.) is a grain legume crop which serves as a major source of food for human beings and livestock, income for farmers and traders and forms a major component of tropical farming systems for its ability to improve marginal lands through nitrogen fixation and as cover crop. The grain is also a good source of human protein, while the haulm is an important source of livestock protein. The crop is usually cultivated in the Savannah and Transition zones. In Ghana, however, about 80% of cowpea production is found largely in the savannah zone of the country of which about 70% of cultivation is carried out in the regions of northern Ghana. The productive systems of the Central and Eastern regions of Ghana are under exploited and underutilized for cowpea production but used on very marginal scales. However, research by the University of Cape Coast has shown that the Central and Eastern regions of Ghana have the prospects for three times cowpea cropping per annum and higher yields those of Northern regions of the country. This evidence, if harnessed, in



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these non-traditional cowpea growing areas, could help solve the growing levels of malnutrition and also help alleviate poverty in these regions. Cowpea production, poverty, savannah zones, transitional zones

23. ASSESSMENT OF NITROGEN FIXING POTENTIALS AND PHOSPHORUS CONTENT IN

DIFFERENT COWPEA GENOTYPES UNDER HIGHLY WEATHERED COASTAL SAVANNAH

SOILS Kwame Agyei Frimpong*1 and Aaron Tettey Asare, 2

1. Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast.

2. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast. *corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Regardless of the development and widespread use of improved varieties, average cowpea yields in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa are very low. Most cowpea breeding programs focus mainly on the agronomic performances of the crop with little emphasis on their capacity to improve soil fertility. The current research was aimed to examine the fertilizer equivalencies of different cowpea genotypes and the potential of their biomass to improve N and P content of a highly weathered Savannah acrisol. Sixteen (16) cowpea genotypes were planted in a completely randomised model during the major season of 2017 under no fertilization regime to mimic low input smallholder farmers’ practice in Ghana. The nitrogen fixing potential of each cowpea genotype was determined by counting the number and activity of noodles formed at the onset of flowering. The N and P fertilizer equivalencies of the different cowpea genotypes were determined from N and P contents of the aboveground biomass and soil samples collected from under each cowpea genotype at the same time and analysed with standard laboratory procedure. The results showed that N and P contents were high in the aboveground biomass and varied among the cowpea genotypes. Soil N concentrations and N fixing potentials were moderate in all the cowpea genotypes. We conclude that returning cowpea biomass to soil offers the potential to improve soil fertility and yields of subsequent crops.

24. AGRONOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME RICE ACCESSIONS IN GHANA

M. N. Bissah1, D. A. Kotey1, M. D.Asante2 and B. Agbenyegah1. 1. CSIR - Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute 2. CSIR - Crops Research Institute

Abstract

One important reason for conserving genetic resources of various crops is their use in crop improvement programmes. In ex situ conservation programs germplasm characterization is done to identify useful traits important in the agricultural value system of crops. To exploit the rich diversity in conserved rice for crop improvement agro-morphological characters and grain yield of seventy rice accessions were characterized at in Bunso. The experiment was conducted using single row plots consisting of 16 stands, planted at 20cm interval, with 50cm between accession spacing. Twelve plants from each accession were evaluated for characters including number of tillers, day to 50% glowering, number of productive tillers, number of spikelets per panicle, panicle fertility, grain dimensions, 100 seed weight and plot yield. Popular rice varieties Jasmine 85 and AGRA were used as reference. Mean tiller production ranged from 7.42 to 65.3 in GH1535 which was higher than the 33.8 and 23.62 observed in AGRA rice and Jasmine 85 respectively. Days to flowering ranged from 100 days in GH 1535, GH1589, GH1590, GH1598, GH 2985, GH2148 and GH4005 to 130 days in GH1584. The percentage of productive tillers ranged from 57.29 to 100 with a mean of 74.16. Productive tillers AGRA and Jasmine 85 were 88.52 and 86.83 respectively. Panicle fertility ranged from 27.47% in GH1587 to 89-42% in GH1571 with a mean of 68.84. Percentage panicle fertility in AGRA rice and Jasmine 85 were 82.16 and 81.65 respectively. The weight of hundred grains was highest (4.749g) in GH1522 compared with 2.768g and 2.237g in AGRA and Jasmine 85 rice. However, plot yield was highest in AGRA rice (817. g). The grain length to width ratio ranged from 1,152 in GH1585 to 5.18 in GH1533 with a mean of 4.53. This parameter classify the 54 accession to 36 indica, nine Japonica and nine javanica accessions.


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25. EFFECTS OF STORAGE MATERIAL AND ENVIRONMENT ON SHEA (VITELLARIA

PARADOXA C.F. GAERTN) SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING EMERGENCE

S. Konlan, M. T. Barnor, A. K. Quaye, P. Pobee, J. A. Agbesi, and F. Dapila

Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, P. O. Box 8, New Tafo-Akim. [email protected]

Abstract

Delayed sowing of shea seeds lead to low germination and seedling emergence as a result of rapid decline in viability. Storage of shea seeds is however, necessary when the nursery is not ready for immediate seeding. A nursery experiment was therefore, carried out at Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, Bole Substation, to determine the effect of storage on shea seed viability. Treatments were: (i) two storage environments (fridge at 9 °C or ambient conditions at 27±2.5 °C and 85 % RH) and (ii) three storage materials (paper envelope, calico and black polythene bag). The experiment was laid out in completely randomized design with four replicates. Data collected included percentage radicle and plumule emergence. The data was arcsine transformed and analysed with SAS statistical software. The results showed no significant interaction between storage environment and material with regard to radicle and plumule emergence. Storage at ambient conditions however, significantly prolonged shea seed viability regardless of the storage material. Comparison of storage materials show that the black polythene bag significantly prolonged the viability of shea seeds at ambient conditions. Based on the results, it was concluded that shea seeds can be temporary stored in black polythene bags under ambient conditions and remain viable for up to 70 days. Shea, seed, viability, storage, conditions, emergence

26. MORPHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF COWPEA GENOTYPES (VIGNA UNGUICULATA

(L.) WALP.) TO DROUGHT STRESS

Rosemond. Ewurama Puobi, Aaron. Tettey Asare, 1 Isaac. K. A. Galyuon and 1Emmanuel.Plas Otwe,

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana, West Africa

Email address and telephone number of corresponding author: [email protected] 0246736435

Abstract

Despite the socio-economic and agricultural importance of cowpea, drought remains a major challenge to production of the crop in the dry savannah agro-ecological zones in Ghana. The study assessed the responses of 126 cowpea genotypes to drought using the wooden box screening method. One group (experimental) of 10 days old seedlings was subjected to drought stress by withholding water for 23 days based on completely randomized design in two replications, while the other group (control) was watered regularly at 4 days interval. Morpho-physiological data was subjected to analysis of variance. Plant height, stem girth, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf size and yield of photosynthesis differed significantly (p < 0.05) at 17 days after exposure to drought. In all, 64.3 % (81 cowpea genotypes) were identified to be drought tolerant and the remaining 45 representing 35.7 % were drought susceptible.

27. EFFECTS OF PEARL MILLET (Pennisetum glaucum L.)–COWPEA (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.)

INTERCROP ON STRIGA HERMONTHICA (DEL.) BENTH MANAGEMENT, YIELD

COMPONENTS AND GRAIN YIELD IN THE SUDAN SAVANNAH ZONE OF GHANA

Peter Akanfah Asodewine, Shirley Lamptey and I. K. Dzomeku Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University for Development Studies,

P.O. Box TL 1882, Nyankpala, Tamale, Ghana E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Field experiment was conducted on naturally Striga infested field in the Kassena-Nankana East District of the Upper East Region during the 2018 cropping season to investigate effects of Striga tolerance pearl millet varieties intercropped with cowpea on Striga hermonthica and crop yield and yield components. The study was



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a 4 x 3 factorial experiment consisting of four pearl millet varieties (Akad-kom, Kaanati, Naad kohblug and Waapp naara) and three cropping patterns (Sole millet, Millet-cowpea (1:1) and millet-cowpea (2:1)) laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Results showed highest millet grain yield was obtained with Akad-kom (1892 kg/ha), but millet-cowpea (1:1) gave similar yield. Striga emergence and shoot biomass was highest with Waapp naara variety, which led to low grain yields (1778.00 kg/ha) and 1000 grain weight (8.29 g). Millet-cowpea (1:1) cropping pattern had the lowest Striga numbers and shoot biomass. Longest panicle length was obtained by Naad kohblug (31.07cm). Shortest days to 50% heading were found in Kaanati (41) and Akad-kom (42). Naad kohblug variety and MC (1:1) cropping pattern gave best LER of 1.42 and 1.39 respectively. Grain yield negatively correlated with Striga count (r = -0.42). Kaanati and Akad-kom millet varieties and the millet-cowpea (1:1) cropping pattern reduced Striga seed bank between 42 to 46%. Millet-cowpea (1:1) cropping pattern exhibited suicidal germination of Striga seeds, enhanced soil fertility and promoted Striga seed bank depletion. Resource poor farmers in Striga endemic areas plant Akad-kom and Naad kohblug varieties as sole crops or intercropped with cowpea (1:1) to manage Striga hermonthica and maximize grain yields. Millet, cowpea. intercrop, Striga hermonthica, grain yield, seed bank

28. INVESTIGATION OF PENNISETUM PURPUREUM LEAF FOR INHIBITION OF SEED

GERMINATION, AND WEEDICIDAL ACTIVITY Valentine Chi Mbatchou and Fosu Anthony Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, University for Development Studies, P. O. Box 24, Navrongo, Ghana Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] Phone number: +233502885820 Abstract

Pennisetum purpureum is a weed that grows in many parts of the world and inhibits growth of other weeds (E.

Indica and B. diffusa) that reduce yields of food crops. The present study investigates P. purpureum leaf extracts for inhibition of germination and vigour of E. Indica and B. diffusa seeds and seedlings respectively. Qualitative screening of EtOH and MeOH extracts revealed the presence of tannins and other phytochemicals in Pennisetum purpureum leaf, just as earlier literature reports have documented that tannins possess weedicide traits. In a seed germination/ seedling vigour assay, EtOH and MeOH extracts of Pennisetum purpureum leaf were applied on E. Indica and B. diffusa seeds and seedlings as inhibitors of seed germination and weedicides, alongside distilled water and paraquat as controls. The EtOH and MeOH extracts concentration dependently reduced seed germination, seedling vigour, survivals, fresh and dry weights of E. indica and B. diffusa respectively when compared to seeds and seedlings treated with distilled water only (negative control, p≤ 0.05). Thus, the EtOH and MeOH extracts of P. purpureum leaf inhibited germination and vigour of E. indica and B.

diffusa seeds and seedlings, and have chemicals of the class of tannins that might have exhibited weedicidal activity on E. indica and B. diffusa seedlings. The study also suggests, the EtOH and MeOH extracts of P.

Purpureum leaf could serve as natural weedicides for management of E. indica and B. diffusa weeds that negatively affect food crop growth and yield.

29. AGRONOMIC TRAITS ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION OF STRIGA GESNERIOIDES

RESISTANT COWPEA [VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.] BREEDING LINES

Aaron T. Asare, Joshua Y. Asiamah, Samuel Amoah, Frank Essem and Peter Haruna

Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast. Corresponding author: [email protected] Mobile No. +233 244954045 Abstract

Marker assisted selection (MAS) together with statistical analysis of agronomic traits have high precision to improve cowpea breeding. The current study was to assess variations in agronomic traits in cowpea breeding lines and determine SSR-1 marker association with cowpea progenies to predict Striga gesnerioids resistant status. The F3 cowpea breeding lines derived from GH3684 x UCSO1 were cultivated on field at 0.8 m x 0.7 m comprising single plant per stand to raise F4 plants. The CTAB protocol was used to isolate DNA from young leaves and amplified the SSR-1 marker across the genome in a PCR and the product was resolved in 2 % agarose gel. Minitab v 17.3 and SPSS v 20 were used to analyze the quantitative data. There were variations in both qualitative and quantitative traits associated with presence or absence of SSR-1 marker among the cowpeas. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in mean plant height, canopy diameter, number of



37

branches, pods, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight (22 g - 27 g) and yield among the cowpeas. The breeding lines N50, N54, N56, 59, N70, N115, N179 and N305 were identified to be associated with SSR-I marker across a section of the cowpea genome and may constitute potential Striga-resistant genetic resources for evaluation and further improvement of the crop.

30. TRENDS IN SEMI-INDUSTRIAL AND INDUSTRIAL TRAWL CATCH IN GHANAIAN

FISHERIES

Emmanuel K. Dovlo

Fisheries Scientific Survey Division, Fisheries Commission, P. O. Box BT-62, Tema. Ghana. Phone: +233 24 3368091; Email: [email protected]

Abstract Available scientific data indicates a stress on fishery resources of Ghana with consequent implications to livelihood security. Data on both semi-industrial and industrial trawl catch, number of fishing days, number of vessels and upwelling index from 1990 to 2016 were examined to assess trends in these two sectors. Pearson Correlation investigated the relationship between catch and the number of vessels, number of fishing days, catch per unit effort (CPUE) and upwelling index for both sectors. The semi-industrial purse seine fishing unit showed an increase in catch, with round sardinella and chub mackerel as the major species and the former contributed 58% to average catch from 1990 to 2016. The semi-industrial trawl fishing unit showed a decline in catch, with burrito as the major species and constituted 27% of average catch. There was an increase in total semi-industrial catch (purse seine and trawl combined) and a decline in upwelling index. The number of semi-industrial vessels decreased by 35%. A trendline indicated an increase in semi-industrial CPUE. Pearson correlation showed a relatively stronger relationship between semi-industrial catch and CPUE (0.51). There was an increase in industrial trawl catch, with cuttlefish and seabreams as the major species, and each constituted 13% of average catch from 1990 to 2016. T-test revealed no significant differences in catch trends of cuttlefish and seabreams. The number of industrial trawlers increased by 145%. A trendline indicated a decline in industrial trawl CPUE. Pearson correlation showed a relatively weaker relationship between industrial trawl catch and CPUE (0.10). The relationship between catch and CPUE was comparatively lower for industrial fleet than semi-industrial trawl fleet. It is suggested that fisheries managers take pragmatic measures to ensure sustainability of the industrial trawl fishery to secure livelihoods.

31. COW DUNG AND ITS NITROGEN, PHOSPHOROUS AND POTASSIUM (N.P.K) LEVELS:

THEIR EFFECTS ON TOMATO SEED GERMINATION AND SEEDLING VIGOUR Valentine Chi Mbatchou and Sadique Abdallah Department of Applied Chemistry and Biochemistry, University for Development Studies, Ghana Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] Phone number: +233502885820

Abstract

Cow dung is often used in the Northern sector of Ghana on farmlands to enhance growth of crops and could contain nutrients that increase seed germination and seedling vigour. The present study therefore investigates the effects of cow dung and its nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium (N.P.K)) on tomato seed germination and seedling vigour. Analysis of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium levels in cow dungs obtained from Navrongo and Tamale respectively revealed contents to be the same (Table 1, p ≤. 0.05). In a seed germination/ seedling vigour assay, as amounts of cow dung applied to the soil were increased, there was a corresponding increase in tomato seed germination and seedling vigour (Tables 2, 3, 4 and 5). Hence, the cow dungs obtained from Navrongo and Tamale enhanced tomato seed germination and seedling vigour to the same extent, and higher than the control (tomato seed germination without cow dung application in the soil) (Table 5, p < 0.05). Also, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of cow dung increased as amounts of cow dung applied to the soil were increased. Thus, the use of cow dungs from Navrongo and Tamale to enhance germination of tomato seeds and vigour of seedling should be encouraged since % germination of seeds and seedling vigour are determinants of crop growth and yield.

32. SUBSTITUTION OF FISH OIL WITH PALM KERNEL OIL ON GROWTH, FEED

UTILIZATION, LIVER HISTOLOGY IN OREOCHROMIS NILOTICUS FRY. Christian Larbi Ayisi, Freda Sarfo, Getrude Mensah Dzifa and Elliot Harruna Alhassan,


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Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana

Abstract

This study assessed the impact of replacing fish oil with palm kernel oil in diet of Oreochromis niloticus fry. The effects of the diets on growth, feed efficiency and proximate composition of the whole body and liver histology were evaluated. Three isonitrogenous (30% CP) and isolipidic (10% crude lipid) were formulated using palm kernel oil as a substitute for fish oil at 0% (PKO 0), 50% (PKO 50) and 1000% (PKO 100). Two hundred fry of O. niloticus with initial weight of 0.80g) were purchased from Water Research Institute of Ghana in WA and transported to the Spanish Laboratory of University for Development Studies where they were kept and fed two times a day on commercial diet from Ranaan feed for two weeks. The fry were then stocked in triplicate groups in 60 litre bowls (50 cm X 40 cm X 40 cm) at 20 fry per bowl. At the end of the 8 weeks feeding trial, there was a significant difference amongst the three treatments with respect to final weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and specific growth rate. It was observed that the least mean values for feed intake, protein productive value, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention and protein intake occurred in fish fed PKO 0. There was no significant difference in hepatosomatic index of the three groups (p> 0.05). There was a trend of increasing whole body moisture content and palm kernel oil increased. Fish fed PKO 0 recorded the lowest lipid content (7.48±1.13) in the whole body. Compared to fish fed PKO 0 which had no observed pancreatic acini, fish fed PKO 50 had pancreatic acini which were quite smaller than fish fed PKO 100. Except fish fed PKO 100 which had congested vessels, fish fed PKO 0 and PKO 50 had no congested vessels. There were no malformed or degraded hepatocytes in all groups. From the economic analysis, it is evident that palm kernel oil is cheaper source of lipid for tilapia. This study therefore recommends palm kernel oil as a substitute for tilapia diet. Hepatocytes, liver histology, tilapia, palm kernel oil, fish oil, economic analysis

33. CONSUMER PERCEPTION OF RICE SAFETY IN WEST AFRICA

Rebecca Owusu1, Ifeoma Quinette Anugwa2, Jane Mbolle Chah2 and Ernest Teye3

1. Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast.

2. Department of Agricultural Extension, University of Nigeria 3. Department of Agricultural Engineering, School of Agriculture, University of Cape Coast

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Recent food borne diseases and food fraud scandals have raised consumers concerns over food safety issues and

such concerns tend to affect their risk perceptions. This paper aims at investigating perceptions of rice safety

among sampled consumers in Ghana and Nigeria, and to identify the determinants of rice safety perceptions.

Using a total of 442 sample from Ghana and Nigeria, our analyses showed that consumers (about 38%) are

somewhat confident about rice products safety. However, the majority of the consumers (57%) are very much

concerned about potential rice safety issues such as plastic rice incidence and food poisoning. Generally, our

regression estimates showed that intrinsic attributes (β = 0.54, P < 0.000) such as taste, and extrinsic attributes

((β = 0.35, P < 0.011) including price and safety information significantly and positively affect consumers rice

safety perceptions. The findings reveal that consumers value taste and price as good indicators of rice safety,

and in formulating policy for rice industry, we should consider safety information. Consumer perceptions, rice

safety, regression, food fraud

34. RECENT CATCH TRENDS OF ARTISANAL FISHERIES IN GHANA, WEST AFRICA

Emmanuel K. Dovlo Fisheries Scientific Survey Division, Fisheries Commission, P. O. Box BT-62, Tema. Ghana.


39

Email: [email protected] Phone: 024 3368091

Abstract

In recent times, artisanal pelagic fishery which constitute the mainstay of Ghanaian fisheries have shown a decline leading to low economic output in coastal fishing communities. Trend analyses were performed on artisanal fish catch, catch per unit effort (CPUE), number of canoes (or artisanal vessels) and upwelling index from 1990 to 2016. Pearson Correlation investigated the relationship between catch and number of fishing days, number of canoes and upwelling index. Round sardinella and anchovy constituted major artisanal pelagic fish species contributing 24% and 25% to artisanal fish production respectively. Catches of round sardinella declined sharply after 2006 with an average catch over last three year constituting 17% of maximum historical recorded catch in 1992. T-test however revealed no significant differences in catches of round sardinella and anchovy. There was a decline in catch, CPUE, upwelling index and an increase in number of canoes. A relatively stronger and negative relationship between catch and number of canoes indicated the major cause of dwindling catch was the higher number of canoes. Catch however had a positive relationship with number of fishing days and upwelling index. The number of canoes increased by 44% and the average CPUE was 322kg/day. It is recommended that number of canoes are reduced to promote sustainable exploitation of the resource. This can lead to high economic output in coastal fishing communities to improve livelihood.

35. IN VIVO MODULATION OF RAT LIVER MICROSOMAL CYTOCHROME P450 ACTIVITY BY

ANTI-MALARIAL, ANTI-HIV AND ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS PLANT MEDICINES

Regina Appiah-Opong, PhD

1,2*, Isaac Tuffour, MPhil1, Ebenezer Ofori-Attah, BSc1, Abigail Aning, BSc1, Philip Atchoglo, BSc1, Eunice Ampem-Danso, MPhil1, Believe Ahedor, MPhil3, Samuel Adjei, PhD3 and Alexander K Nyarko, PhD1,4

1Department of Clinical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 54, Legon, Accra, Ghana 3Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 581, Legon, Ghana. [email protected], [email protected] 4School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box KB 52, Legon, Ghana

Abstract

Drug interactions are key reasons for adverse drug reactions and attrition from market. Major infectious diseases causing morbidity/mortality in Ghana are malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS. In this study, plant medicines commonly used to treat/manage these diseases in Ghana were investigated for their potential to modulate rat cytochrome P450 enzyme activities. Fluorescence and HPLC-based assays were used to assess effects of antimalarial plant medicines, Fever (FEV), Malaria-TS (MAL) and Kantinka terric (KT), anti-TB medicines Chestico (CHES), CA+ST Pains+HWNT (TF) and Kantinka herbatic (KHB) and anti-HIV/AIDS medicines Wabco (WAB), AD+T/AD (LIV) and Kantinka BA (KBA) on rat liver microsomal cytochrome P450 enzyme activities. Effects of medicines on rat biochemical and haematological parameters were also assessed. Generally, the medicines altered microsomal CYP1A1/1A2, CYP2B1/2B2, CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 activities. Only KBA elicited an increase (80%) in CYP1A1/1A2 activity. FEV, MAL, CHES, WAB and LIV strongly inhibited the enzyme activity. All the medicines significantly inhibited CYP2C9 (24-80%) activity. CYP2D6 activity increased after treatment with MAL, KBA, LIV and TF. Also, MAL, WAB, LIV, KHB and CHES increased CYP2B1/2B2 activity, while KT decrease the activity. Generally, the medicines altered liver function in the rats. Cholesterol levels declined after KBA treatment only. White and red blood cell counts, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels were significantly reduced in KT and KBA-treated rats. Our results suggest that use of the medicines could have implications for drug interactions and safety, particularly if the medicines are administered over prolonged periods. Further investigations are imperative to establish clinical relevance of these results.






mailto:ampemsco@


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36. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE BIOACTIVE AND NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF

CUCUMIS MELO LINN, CITRULLUS LANATUS VAR. CITROIDE AND CITRULLUS LANATUS

THUNB

W. Azi1, F. M. Kpodo1, C.O. Tettey2, N. K. Kortei 1 and P. Nuro-Ameyaw1

1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana 2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana,

Abstract Cucumis melo Linn (musk melon), Citrullus lanatus var. citroides (citron melon) and Citrullus lanatus Thumb (water melon) belong to the family Cucurbitaceae. Citrullus lanatus var. Citroides (citron melon) and Cucumis

melo Linn (musk melon) are cultivated for their seeds, although the pulp of these fruits contain useful health-protective and nutritive ingredients. The objective of this study was to compare the bioactive and nutritional properties of the pulp of citron melon, musk melon and water melon. Proximate analysis was done according to methods described by AOAC. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by the Folin Ciocalteau method whereas total flavonoid content was determined by Aluminim Chloride technique. The antioxidant activities of the Cucurbitaceae fruits were determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2-azinobis,3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay and the Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. Proximate analysis revealed that muskmelon had the highest protein (7.12 %), ash (15.7 %) and fiber (13.9 %) content. Watermelon had the highest carbohydrate (64.4 %) and fat (6.8 %), whereas moisture (15.2%) was high in citron melon. The total phenolic content of musk melon was significantly high (15.52 GAE/g), and water melon had the highest flavonoid content of 942.66mg CE/g. All three Cucurbitaceae fruits exhibited good antioxidant activities for all three antioxidant assays used (DPPH, ABTS and FRAP). The pulp of these three fruits contain good amounts of nutritional and bioactive components which can be utilized in food formulations to improve food security.

37. ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF FISH EGGS AND LARVAE IN THE GULF

OF GUINEA

Emmanuel K. Dovlo Fisheries Scientific Survey Division, Fisheries Commission, P. O. Box BT-62, Tema. Ghana.

Phone: +233 24 3368091; Email:[email protected]

Abstract

Studies on fish eggs and larvae provides an important insight into population dynamics of fish species. This study assessed species composition, abundance and distribution pattern of fish eggs and larvae in four hydrographic seasons in the Gulf of Guinea (GOG) in 1992. The relationship between fish larvae and environmental variables were investigated using multiple linear regression model. The proportion of variance in response variable was determined from the multiple correlation coefficient (R2). The multiple linear regression model was carried out using R software. Eggs of sardinella and anchovy constituted 20 and 15 percent of fish eggs respectively. Larvae of sardinella and anchovy constituted nine and eight percent of fish larvae respectively. Sardinella eggs dominated in upwelling seasons whilst anchovy eggs dominated in thermocline seasons. The preferred depth of spawning for both species was found within the 30metre depth. In minor upwelling season, larvae of Gobiidae, Carrangidae and Anchovy showed high numerical strength in sampling stations. Larvae of Sardinella, Anchovy, Gobiidae and Carrangidae were in higher abundance during the major upwelling season. In the long thermocline season, larvae of Sardinella, Anchovy, Gobiidae, Carrangidae, Sparidae, Bothidae and Sphyraenidae were relatively in higher abundance than larvae of Myctophidae, Argentinidae, Bregmacerotidae and Serranidae. Larvae of Sardinella, Anchovy, Carrangidae and Sparidae were in higher abundance in the short thermocline season. Abundance of eggs were higher in the upwelling seasons indicating that spawning peaks in the upwelling seasons. However, larvae diversity and abundance were higher in the thermocline seasons. Approximately 88 percent of observed variation in fish larvae abundance was explained by the model signifying that zooplankton displacement volume, sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity and surface dissolved oxygen are important environmental parameters that can be used to characterize abundance of fish larvae in the GOG.

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38. BIOACTIVE AND NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF FOUR (4) SELECTED INDIGENOUS

LEAFY VEGETABLES

E. M. Obeng1, F. M. Kpodo1, E. K Essuman1 and C. O. Tettey2 1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana 2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana,

Abstract

Vegetables are the cheapest and readily available sources of vitamins and mineral for most tropical African diets. The aim of this study was to determine the bioactive and proximate characteristics of four (4) indigenous Ghanaian leafy vegetables namely Solanum macrocarpon (Gboma), Talinum fruticosum (Ademe), Corchorus

olitorius (Yevogboma) and Atormaa. Proximate analysis was done according to methods described by AOAC. Total phenolic content (TPC) was determined by the Folin Ciocalteau method whereas total flavonoid content was determined by Aluminim Chloride technique. The antioxidant activities of the vegetables were determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2-azinobis,3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay and the Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. The carbohydrate content of the vegetables studied was the highest (59.22% to 73.56%) and the least was fat (0.08% to 2.65%). The total phenolic and the total flavonoids content ranged from 0.10 µg GA/g to 9.81 µg GA/g and 363.5 mg QE/g to 1296 mg QE/g respectively. Antioxidant activities of the different vegetables ranged from 1.4% to 70.3% for DPPH activity, ABTS (83% to 93%) and FRAP (0.356 to 0.242). The studied leafy vegetables are good sources of proteins, carbohydrates, fibres and had appreciable ash content and antioxidant activities. Consumption of these leafy vegetables, would help fight degenerative diseases and also improve food security.

39. COLD CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN THE HEALTH CARE DELIVERY SYSTEM

Sylvia Agbesinyale Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Immunization is unquestionably one of the essential tools in enhancing quality health delivery of a nation. Vaccines are used for immunization. The vaccine we fail to protect will also fail to protect us! This study was conducted to assess the status of the vaccine cold chain management in the health care delivery system. Data collection through observations and analysis at the National Central Medical Stores and ten (10) selected health facilities; 2 from Government and quasi-Government hospitals, 2 Polyclinics, 2 Districts Health Centers and 4 Private Clinics; all in the Greater Accra Region. 40 vaccine storage units were inspected for; type of refrigerator, temperature monitoring system, condition of the refrigerator unit; that is whether it had ever been mapped (calibrated) and the availability of buck-up power system. Findings indicated 81.8% of the Vaccine storage units are Domestic Refrigerators, 68 % had no up to date record of temperature monitoring, 78.8% confirmed that the units had never been ‘mapped’ (calibrated), 90.9 % had no buck-up power system. The study documented failure of the cold chain management and question the efficacy and safety of vaccines in the system during the period.

40. NUTRITIONAL AND BIOACTIVE COMPOSITION OF CHRYSOPHYLLUM ALBIDUM FRUIT

(AFRICAN STAR APPLE FRUIT) AT DIFFERENT RIPENING STAGES

D. A. Darko1, F. M. Kpodo1, E. K. Essuman1, C. O. Tettey2 and Nii Korley Kortei1

1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana 2. Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0544154634

Abstract

Chrysophyllum albidum fruit (African Star Apple fruit) is one of the indigenous fruits in Ghana. The African Star Apple plant popularly referred to as the “alasa” tree grows widely in tropical Africa. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of ripening on the nutritional and bioactive constituents of Chrysophyllum

albidum fruit (African star apple fruit). Proximate composition was determined using methods of the AOAC. Total phenol was determined using Folin-Ciocalteu method. Spectrophotometric methods were used to


42

determine the total antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2-azinobis,3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and Ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay. Proximate analysis of the three fruit categories showed that, the unripe fruits had higher carbohydrate (65.05%), protein (8.17%), and fat (18.93%) content relative to fruits which were ripe and over-ripe. Total phenolic content for unripe fruit (20μg GAE/mg) was also higher than fruits of the other ripening stages. The antioxidant activity for all the methods used, had the unripe stage of the fruit recording the highest antioxidant activity. The unripe fruits of Chrysophyllum albidum demonstrated higher proximate and bioactive composition than the ripe and over-ripe fruits. Extracts from the unripe Chrysophyllum albidum fruit can serve as useful functional ingredients for the pharmaceutical and functional food industries.

41. MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF CELL PHONES OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS IN THE

MAMPONG MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL, GHANA

Gyapong Francis, Denis Dekugmen Yar, Kusi Roland and Opoku-Agyei Collins

Department of Science Education, Faculty of Science and Environment Education, College of Agriculture

Education, Asante-Mampong, University of Education Winneba, Ghana

Correspondent Author: [email protected] : Phone Number: 0243236810 Abstract

This study assessed microbial contamination of cell phones of health care workers (HCWs) at the Mampong Municipal Government Hospital (MMGH), Ghana. A cross-sectional designed was used to characterize bacterial microflora on cell phones of HCWs at the MMGH. A total of thirty-five (35) swab samples of cell phones of HCWs at the Laboratory, Dental Unit, Children’s ward, Theater and Male ward were randomly collected for laboratory examinations. A suspension of the swab samples were each streaked on blood and MacConkey agar and incubated at 37 for 48 hours. Bacterial isolates were identified using appropriate laboratory and biochemical tests. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. All mobile phones sampled were contaminated with one or more bacterial isolates. Cell phones from Male ward, Dental Unit, Laboratory, Theatre and Children’s ward had at least three different bacterial isolates; 85.7%, 71.4%, 57.1% and 28.6% for both Theater and Children’s ward respectively. Bacterial contaminants identified were Staphylococcus epidermidis (37%), Staphylococcus aureus (26%), E. coli (20%), Bacillus spp. (11%) and Klebsiella spp. (6 %.). Except for Children ward, E. coli was isolated at all study sites and predominant (42.9%) at the Dental Unit while Klebsiella spp. (28.6%) was only isolated at the Children’s ward. Some of these bacteria isolated are potential pathogens and their presence on cell phones of HCWs could be transmitted to patients and their families. Hence strict hand washing before and after every contact with patient and phone be enforced to reduce the risk of nosocomial infections.

42. MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION OF THE GHANAIAN PAPER CURRENCY NOTES: A

POTENTIAL HEALTH THREAT

Simon Nyarko1, Denis Dekugmen Yar1, Augustine Awuviriba1, and Harrison Dapaah2

1. Department of Science Education, Faculty of Science and Environment Education, College of Agriculture Education, Asante-Mampong, University of Education Winneba, Ghana

2. University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana

Correspondent Author: [email protected] : Phone Number: +233 (0)243236810 Abstract

Currency notes can act as a vehicle for the transmission of microflora from one user to another. This study examined the microflora on the Ghanaian paper currency notes in the Asante-Mampong Municipality of Ghana. A cross-sectional study was used to assess the microflora profile on the Ghanaian paper currency notes in the Mampong Municipality. A total of 70 Ghanaian currency notes consisting of 15 each of GH₵1, GH₵2, and GH₵5; 10 each of GH₵10 and GH₵20 and 5 of GH₵50 were collected from persons at different shops, canteens and drivers. The surfaces of each currency notes were gently swabbed and a ten-fold serial dilutions were made and inoculated on Plate count Agar, MacConkey Agar, Mannitol Salt Agar and Desoxycholate Citrate Agar. Bacterial isolates were identified using appropriate laboratory and biochemical tests. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Out of the 70 currency notes studied, 97.14% were contaminated with one or more bacterial isolates. A total of 124 bacteria were isolated from GH¢1 (26.61%), GH¢2 (25%), GH¢10 (17.74%), GH¢5 (13.71%), GH¢20 (10.48%) and GH¢50 (6.45%) [p<0.05]. Bacteria isolated included: Escherichia coli (28.23%), Staphylococcus auerus (16.94%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (16.13%), Klebsiella species (11.29%), Salmonella species (9.68%), Shigella species (8.87%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa



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(5.65%), and Proteus species (3.23%). Currency notes from meat shops were highly colonized (25.81%), drivers (20.16%), canteens (19.35%), grocery shops (17.74%) and the least, vegetable shops (16.94%). The Ghanaian currency notes were heavily colonized with potential pathogens that pose a health threat to users during commercial transactions.

43. SEASONAL AND INTER-ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN EGGS AND LARVAE OF ROUND

SARDINELLA IN THE GULF OF GUINEA FROM 1986 TO 1995

Emmanuel K. Dovlo Fisheries Scientific Survey Division, Fisheries Commission, P. O. Box BT-62, Tema. Ghana. Phone: +233 24

3368091; Email:[email protected] Abstract

The Round sardinella, a small pelagic species that inhabits warm waters, forms an important fishery in many parts of the world including the Gulf of Guinea (GOG). The species can give rise to a high population if the environmental conditions are good for the larvae produced. A highly variable environment can induce strong mortality as well. This study examines seasonal and inter-annual variations in Round sardinella eggs and larvae with some environmental parameters in the GOG from 1986 to 1995. Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between round sardinella landings and round sardinella eggs and larvae, zooplankton displacement volume, sea surface temperature and upwelling index. Round sardinella is a mutiple spawner and spawned throughout the year. There were two spawning peaks, a major peak in August and a minor peak in December. Two larvae peaks were observed, a major one in September and a minor one in December, indicating a month-lag between spawning and maximum larvae abundance. The major and minor peaks coincided with the major upwelling and minor upwelling seasons respectively. Lower temperature and higher displacement volume were conducive for spawning and the larvae. The optimum temperature for spawning was 22°C. Displacement volume and upwelling index declined whilst sea surface temperature increased. There was however an increase in spawning activity and larvae abundance. Round sardinella landings increased, with the highest landings in 1992. The highest spawning activity and larvae abundance occurred in 1993 suggesting a sizeable spawning stock biomass was available in 1992. Pearson correlation showed a higher positive relationship between landings and larvae (0.4518) than landings and eggs (0.2746) indicating that larvae abundance can be used as an index to recruitment.

44. HIGH HEPATITIS B SERO-PREVALENCE, LOW KNOWLEDGE AND POOR ATTITUDE TOWARDS

HEPATITIS B VIRUS INFECTION AMONG MARKET WOMEN IN BOLGATANGA METROPOLIS IN THE

UPPER EAST OF GHANA

Gideon Helegbe1*, Faiza Tanko2, Paul Aryee3, Setor Aku Lotsu4, Mathias J.A Asaarik5 and Frank Anaba1 1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences,

University for Development Sciences, Tamale 2. Department of Public Health, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development Sciences,

Tamale 3. Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University for Development

Sciences, Tamale 4. University Library, Nyankpala, University for Development Studies, Tamale 5. Department of Public Health, Tamale Teaching Hospital, Tamale

*Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; +233-242-875-911

Abstract

Viral hepatitis B is a global public health problem affecting over 500 million people in the world. Of these nearly 1 million die every year of the consequences of hepatitis like cirrhosis or liver cancer. Meanwhile the prevalence of hepatitis B, knowledge and attitude of market women on hepatitis prevalence in the Upper East Region of Ghana is not well documented. This study sought to determine the sero-prevalence of Hepatitis B, as well as knowledge and attitude of the market women towards the disease. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 404 market women using pre-tested administered questionnaire to ascertain the knowledge and attitudes of market women towards hepatitis B viral infection, while Hepatitis B surface Antigen Rapid Diagnostic test strips was used to screen women for the Hepatitis B. The study indicated that prevalence of hepatitis B among the market women was 15.6%, while their knowledge and attitude towards hepatitis B infection was low and poor respectively. Furthermore significantly high number of the market women will not want infected individuals be isolated (p=0.043). The study also revealed that there was no significant association between the socio-demographic characteristics and the study participants’ hepatitis B status. High Hepatitis B sero-prevalence observed among market women with low knowledge and poor attitude


44

towards the disease. It is recommended that health education be encouraged so as to increase the knowledge level and improve the poor attitudes of the market women towards the hepatitis B viral infection.

45. BARRIERS IN MEETING INFORMATION NEEDS OF NURSES FOR HEALTHCARE

DELIVERY AT GENERAL HOSPITALS IN NIGERIA

Nasiru Sani1, Adamu Abdullahi Muhammed2 and J. D. Amin Library2

1. University Health Service Centre, Federal University Dutse, Jigawa State- Nigeria 2. Federal University Dutse Jigawa State-Nigeria

Email: [email protected] and [email protected], +2348069487121,

Abstract

This paper investigates the information needs and factors affecting the information needs of nurses for healthcare delivery at general hospitals in Jigawa State- Nigeria. The study was based on survey research design using cross- sectional survey. The population of the study comprised of three hundred and eighty-four (384) nurses drawn from the nine (9) general hospitals in the state. There was no sample size used because the entire population was used. A questionnaire was the only instrument used to collect data. A total of three hundred and eighty-four (384) copies were administered, and three hundred and fifty-two 352 (92%) copies were returned and found useful for the analysis. The data collected was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that the nurses encountered many factors in meeting their information needs among which are number of patients managed par ward, time spent with their patients, availability of the information resources and cost of information resources. The study further revealed that about 139 (39%) of the nurses need information on palliative care, 83 (24%) on patients’ referral and 76 (22%) on clinical decision making. The study concluded that the factors influencing the information needs of nurses under study are numerous and they need information on few medical aspects for healthcare delivery. Information Needs, Healthcare Delivery, General Hospitals, Jigawa State, Nigeria

46. HANDS OF PATIENTS, VISITORS AND MEDICAL STAFF, A POSSIBLE ENDOGENOUS

SOURCE OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIOUS AGENTS: THE CASE OF ASANTE MAMPONG

GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL

Emmanuel Kuffour Osei1, Denis Dekugmen Yar1, Richard Amankwah Kuffour2,

Thomas Kwabena Boateng1 and Papa Kofi Amissah Reynolds2 1. Department of Science Education, Faculty of Science and Environment Education, College of

Agriculture Education, Asante-Mampong, University of Education Winneba, Ghana

2. Department of Environmental Health and Sanitation Education, Faculty of Science and Environment Education, College of Agriculture Education, Asante-Mampong, University of Education Winneba, Ghana

Correspondent Author: [email protected] : Phone Number: +233 (0)243236810 Abstract

The spread of nosocomial infections is a major public health concern globally. We examined microbial contamination on the hands of patients, visitors and medical staff and further assessed their knowledge on nosocomial infections at the Mampong Municipal Government Hospital (MMGH), Ghana. A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the hands of patients, visitors and medical staff, a possible endogenous source of nosocomial infectious agents at MMGH. Hand hygiene practices and knowledge on nosocomial infections were assessed using structured questionnaire. Hand swab samples were taken using sterile cotton-tipped swabs for microbiological analysis. A ten-fold serial dilution was made and inoculated on Plate Count Agar (PCA), MacConkey Agar, Mannitol Salt Agar and Desoxycholate Citrate Agar. Bacterial isolates were identified using appropriate laboratory and biochemical tests. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16. Mean microbial load of 1.25x106 cfu/ml and 1.54x106 cfu/ml on PCA were recorded among medical staff and visitors respectively. A total of 91 bacterial isolates were identified; 45.1%, 31.8% and 23.1% among patients, medical staff and visitors respectively. Bacterial isolates identified were Staphylococcus aureus (35.2%), E. coli

(16.5%), P. aeruginosa (16.5%), Klebsiella (15.4%), Salmonella spp (8.8%) and Shigella spp (7.7%). 70% of patients and visitors did not perform any form of hand hygiene while a compliance rate of 75.3% was reported by medical staff. There was high colonization of participants’ hands with microbes that are a possible




45

endogenous source of nosocomial infectious agents; an indication of poor hand hygiene practices especially among patients and visitors.

47. EMULSIFYING PROPERTIES OF GREWIA GUM

F. M. Kpodo1, J. K. Agbenorhevi2, K. Alba3 and V. Kontogiorgos3*

1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana 2. Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and

Technology, Kumasi, Ghana 3. Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate,

Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0207366861

Abstract

Different grewia gums were extracted with phosphate buffer and sodium metabisulphite solvents. The emulsification behaviour of the different grewia gum extracts in acidic oil-in-water emulsions during fifteen days of storage was studied by means of droplet size distribution, ζ-potential measurements, interfacial composition analysis and viscometry. The different extraction techniques influenced the emulsifying capacity and storage stability of samples. The phosphate buffer extracts showed better emulsifying properties than sodium metabisulphite gums. Fresh emulsions differed in terms of droplet size distribution, interfacial composition and viscometry. Droplet size distribution also varied among the samples throughout the storage period indicating a relationship between interfacial composition and emulsion stability. Viscosity curves of solutions emulsified with grewia gums showed pseudoplastic fluid behaviour. The phosphate buffer grewia gum crude extract demonstrated the best emulsification capacity and stability. The present work shows that different emulsifying properties of grewia extracts are obtained depending on extraction technique employed.

48. POST IMPOUNDMENT CHANGES IN COMPOSITION AND RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF FISH

SPECIES OF BUI RESERVOIR, GHANA

T. Quarcoopome CSIR-Water Research Institute, P. O. Box AH 38, Achimota, Ghana Author Email: [email protected]; 233-267708546

Abstract

The objective of this study was to identify changes in composition and relative abundance of fish species and families of Bui Reservoir after five years of impoundment for sustainable fisheries management purposes. Two-stage stratified fish sampling was undertaken for one (1) year at three (3) sampling stations over four (4) hydrological seasons. Twelve families, 23 genera and 40 species based on 1319 individual fish sampled indicate retention of 62.5 % of pre-impoundment fish species. Chrysichthys maurus was not recorded before impoundment but was sampled at all three sampling stations while 24 species were not sampled at all indicating fish assemblage restructuring involving fish species appearance and disappearance. Seasonal and spatial variations in fish species composition and relative abundance were observed due to changes in water flow conditions, food availability and preference, and habitat characteristics. Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (12.28 %), Hemichromis fasciatus (12.13 %), Astatotilapa guntheri (9.33 %), and Hemichromis bimaculatus (9. 17 %) were dominant based on number while Sarotherodon galileus (18.05 %), Hydrocynus forskalii (7.17 %), Brycinus

nurse (6.93 %). Labeo senegalensis (6.83 %), Hemichromis fasciatus (6.37 %) and Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus (5.63 %) were dominant based on weight indicating complete change in dominant species with the only exception being H. forskalii. Fish families dominance based on weight was Cichlidae (33.96 %)>Alestidae (23.17 %)>Claroteidae (15.29 %)>Cyprinidae (10.86 %) indicating a shift in fish dominance pattern. Regular monitoring of the composition and relative abundance of fish species and families is recommended for sustainable fisheries management. Bui Reservoir, fish species composition, relative abundance, post impoundment

49. EFFECT OF NPK 15, 15, 15 FERTILIZER AND POULTRY MANURE ON THE NUTRITIVE

VALUE (VITAMIN C, BETA - CAROTENE AND POTASSIUM CONTENT) OF CARROT


46

Nanor Emmanuel1, Denis Dekugmen Yar1, Emmanuel Dartey2, Alex Otabil3 and Kofi Sarpong1 1. Department of Science Education, Faculty of Science and Environment Education, College of

Agriculture Education, Asante-Mampong, University of Education Winneba, Ghana 2. Department of Environmental Health and Sanitation Education, Faculty of Science and Environment

Education, College of Agriculture Education, Asante-Mampong, University of Education Winneba, Ghana

3. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences Education, Faculty of Agriculture Science and Environment Education, College of Agriculture Education, Asante-Mampong, University of Education Winneba, Ghana

Correspondent Author: [email protected] : Phone Number: +233 0243236810

Abstract This study examined the effects of chemical fertilizer NPK 15-15-15 and poultry manure on the nutritive value (vitamin C, beta - carotene and potassium content) in carrots. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was adopted; experimental area was ploughed and nine beds raised on the plot and each treatment assigned at random per block with three replications. Poultry manure was incorporated into the soil during the preparation of bed whilst the NPK fertilizer granules were applied by side dressing thirty days after germination of the carrot seeds. The carrots were harvested after 90 days following some cultural practices on seedlings. Whole carrot of each treatment were blended separately into pulps and each study variable determined using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean yields of the study variables for the control were 12.17mg/100g, 0.0016mg/g and 21.6 mg/kg for vitamin C, beta-carotene and potassium respectively. Application of poultry manure at 20 t/ha yielded 17.45mg/100g, 0.020mg/g and 16.70mg/kg for vitamin C, beta-carotene and potassium respectively. The application of 300 kg/ha NPK 15-15-15, yielded 14.77mg/100g, 0.018mg/g and 17.00mg/kg for vitamin C, beta-carotene and potassium content respectively. The study variables of carrots treated with manure were significantly higher than the controls (P < 0.005) and a little higher than those treated with NPK (15-15-15) except for potassium. There was little impact of NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer over the control in vitamin C and beta-carotene nutritive content while poultry manure has a significant increment in vitamin C and beta-carotene content over the control.

50. “AKPETESHIE”; CONSUMPTION AND CONTAMINATION IN HO MUNICIPALITY

E. N. Agbley, F. M. Kpodo and N. K. Kortei Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

Email; [email protected] Contacts: 0244175441 / 0501309748

Abstract

“Akpeteshie” is a locally distilled indigenous Ghanaian alcoholic beverage which isproduced by the fermentation and distillation of palm wine and other substrates. Due to the relatively crude methods of “akpeteshie” production, there are legitimate concerns about the physical and chemical safety of “akpeteshie”. This study determined “akpeteshie” consumption patterns in Ho Municipality and assessed the content of ethanol and contaminants (methanol, lead, copper and iron) in the “akpeteshie” produced by various distillers. The alcohol consumption pattern of 140 participants was determined using the Daily Drinking Questionnaire. The levels of ethanol and methanol in 11 separate samples of “akpeteshie” was determined using methods described by the AOAC whiles the level of heavy metals was measured using the atomic mass spectrometer. It was observed that more males (93.6%) consumed “akpeteshie” than females (6.4%) however a greater proportion of the females (66.67%) consumed alcohol more than the recommendation for them. “Akpeteshie” was also reported as the most preferred alcoholic beverage (67.86%) among therespondents. The ethanol concentration of all the “akpeteshie” samples was within the normal range (40-50% v/v) for spirits and methanol was not detected in any of the “akpeteshie” samples. Copper and iron were present in majority of the samples with copper greatly exceeding the set standards. Lead was not detected in any of the samples. Even though iron and copper were present in the “akpeteshie” samples, consumption of “akpeteshie” within the recommended number of drinks will not predispose the consumer to significant health risk associated with akpeteshie, however indiscriminate consumption could lead to toxicity of these heavy metals especially copper.

51. THE CONSERVATION IMPORTANCE OF INFORMALLY PROTECTED STATE-OWNED

GREEN ZONES FOR WILDLIFE PROTECTION IN URBAN GHANA: THE CASE FOR AVIFAUNA

IN THE LEGON CAMPUS-ACHIMOTA SCHOOL AREA



47

Lars H. Holbech Department of Animal Biology & Conservation Science, P.O. Box LG 67, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana. Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Phone: 0242231531

Abstract The ongoing, heavy urbanisation across the entire West African coastal zone threatens ecosystems and biodiversity, and the Accra metropolitan area with ~4 million citizens and an annual population growth rate of ~3%, is no exception. The Accra Plains, almost congruent with the Greater Accra administrative region is covering 3,840 km² and has since 1970 lost ~75% of its original vegetation, in which gallery forests, woodlands, grasslands, thickets, rocky outcrops and wetlands, have been converted to housing estates, industrial areas and infrastructure. Within this relatively small area a remarkably ~480 bird species have been recorded since 1788, and available data indicate that ~22% of these are lost. However, a few state-owned areas, by virtue of their informal protection against built-ups and intensive resource exploitation, have experienced only moderate disturbances and therefore largely retained substantial portions of diverse natural habitats. Such remnant ‘green oases’ continue to support many rare wildlife species; avifaunal data gathered since 1960, comprising published articles, annotated species lists, and other reliable reports, together with personal observations, indicate that ~170 bird species persist in the Legon Campus-Achimota School areas, including several rare species, otherwise restricted to the formally protected Shai Hills Resource Reserve with ~175 species. This astonishing avian diversity clearly demonstrates how important informally protected refuge areas are for the remaining wildlife of the Accra Plains, and that such green zones within the burgeoning metropolises of West Africa, ought to receive improved and statutory protection, thus securing their existence and future conservation within this heavily

urbanised coastal zone.

52. FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH PATIENT COMPLIANCE BEHAVIOUR IN A PERI-URBAN

DIABETIC CLINIC USING A MIXED-METHODS APPROACH

D. A. Berkoh1,2, W. K. B. A. Owiredu2, S. F. Gyasi1, E. T. Donkoh1, & R. A. Ngala2

1. Department of Basic & Applied Biology, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O. Box 2i14,

Sunyani. 2. Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of

Science and Technology, Kumasi.

Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most prevalent form of diabetes which requires both dietary and pharmaceutical therapy for its management. Evidence from research suggests that adherence to lifestyle and medication modifications have a significant impact on its management. The objective of this study was to examine the factors associated with patient compliance behaviour in a peri-urban diabetic clinic using a mixed-methods approach. A cross-sectional survey was conducted at the diabetes clinic (Clinic 5) of the Brong-Ahafo Regional Hospital, Sunyani where 160 diabetics were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire and guide. Patient adherence to treatment was evaluated with an adapted (MMAS). Of the 160 participants, 150 (93.8%) were type 2 diabetics and 10 (6.3%) were type 1. Average age of patients and duration of disease recorded was 58.3±10.7 and 8.8±5.7 years respectively. Gender related differences were observed for marital status (p = 0.001), educational level ((p < 0.001) and occupational status (p = 0.008). Males reported higher levels of smoking (p < 0.001) under clinical history. In terms of medication behaviour, females were more knowledgeable (p = 0.007) and less forgetful (p = 0.029). In general, level of adherence to diabetes medication was poor (24.38%) to medium (75.62%) according to the Morisky Scale. Qualitative responses received during patient interviews suggest that poor compliance may be attributable to religious beliefs (eg: fasting), psychosocial factors relating to stress, fate and compliance fatigue as well as socioeconomic factors. Type 2 diabetes, medication, adherence, compliance

53. EFFECT OF THERMAL TREATMENT ON THE CHARACTERISTIC QUALITY OF PALM,

COCONUT AND GROUNDNUT OILS


48

E. Ameyaw Owusu1, D. A. Berkoh2, 3 & R. A. Ngala2

1. Department of Food Science & Technology Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi.

2. Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi.

3. Department of Basic & Applied Biology, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O. Box 214, Sunyani.

Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract

Vegetable oils, mostly used for cooking, contain natural antioxidants reported to have various health benefits such as anti-diabetic properties when consumed. However, these oils are subjected to high temperatures during cooking before consumption. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of thermal treatment on vegetable oils. Three portions of 200g each of fresh unrefined palm oil, coconut oil and groundnut oil (T1, T2 and T3) were exposed to different temperatures: 28oC (T1), 100o C in boiling water (T2) and at 200o C in an electric oven (T3) for 10 minutes. The acid, iodine, peroxide, saponification and unsaponification values of the oils were then determined after cooling to room temperature. Coconut oil at 200˚C had the least acid value of 2.89±0.135 whiles palm oil heated to 100 ˚C had the highest value of 19.57±0.165. There were no peroxides formed in coconut and palm oils at 28 ˚C as well as palm oil at 100 ˚C. However, peroxides were highest in coconut oil at 200 ˚C with value of 15.28±2.315. Saponification value of groundnut oil at 28 ˚C was the least at 89.52 ± 2.18 and highest in coconut oil (296.57±1.045) at 200 ˚C. Heating however increased the unsaponifiable matter in all the vegetable oils used. Overall, the qualities of the vegetable oils were not significantly destroyed during thermal treatment. Owing to the high degree of unsaturation, groundnut oil was more prone to oxidation even at room temperature hence the high peroxide value. Thermal treatment, vegetable oils, acid value, iodine value, peroxide value, saponification value, unsaponification value.

54. ROASTING EFFECTS ON PHENOLIC CONTENT, FLAVONOID CONTENT AND FREE-

RADICAL SCAVENGING ACTIVITIES OF MECHANICALLY DEPULPED AND FERMENTED

COCOA (THEOBROMA CACAO) BEANS

A. S. Budu,* E. O. Afoakwa, B. K. Asiedu and. F. K. Saalia Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 134, Legon-Accra, Ghana. Email address:[email protected]

Abstract This study investigated the effect of mechanical depulping and roasting intensities on the total polyphenolic content, total flavonoid content and the antioxidant capacities of Ghanaian cocoa liquor. This study used a 3 × 3 full factorial design with proportion of depulped beans (0: 100, 50:50, 100:0) and roasting intensity (110°C for 60 minutes, 120°C for 30 minutes and 135°C for 10 minutes) as the principal factors. Fresh cocoa beans were depulped with a mesh and mixed with undepulped beans in a predetermined ratio, fermented for 6 days and dried at 55°C to a moisture content of 7%. The beans were roasted with respect to predetermined roasting conditions, deshelled and milled to produce the cocoa liquor. The liquors were analysed for total polyphenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacities. The findings of this work indicated that mechanical depulping and roasting intensity had significant effects (p< 0.05) on the total polyphenolic contents, total flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity (DPPH scavenging capacity) of the cocoa liquor samples. Increasing depulping levels decreased the total flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacity (DPPH scavenging capacity) of the samples but increased the total polyphenolic contents. Roasting intensity had a significant effect on the total polyphenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity (DPPH scavenging capacity) of the samples. Temperature time combinations of 120°C for 30 minutes and 110°C for 60 minutes roasting had significantly the highest means of total flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity as well as total polyphenolic residuals in the samples.

55. SENSORY EVALUATION OF KENKEY FROM DRIED-STORED AFLATAS

E. M. Okyere, P. Yeboah, B. Arthur, and E. T Quayson, Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences,

University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.


49

Abstract

The traditional method of cooking kenkey is labour intensive and takes a lot of time. Several studies have investigated the possibility of decreasing the time and energy involved in its production. Aflata is a key ingredient in kenkey production. The objective of this study was to investigate sensory characteristics of kenkey from dried-stored aflatas by difference test. Three aflatas each of Fante and Ga kenkeys were obtained from three kenkey producers (P1, P2 and P3). Aflatas were dried at 65±5 ˚C, milled into flour, packaged in ziplock polyethylene bags and stored for three months under ambient conditions. Aflata flours were reconstituted to the initial moisture content, packaged and cooked to kenkey. The kenkeys were compared with freshy prepared kenkey by triangle test for the attributes colour, flavour, taste and texture. Results showed that the panellists (33) could not distinguish between the two kenkeys (from reconstituted aflata and straight aflata) in the attributes flavour, texture and taste. However, there was distinguishable difference between the two in terms of colour. It is possible to produce kenkey from reconstituted aflata, however, further work should focus on improving the colour so that the difference is decreased to the barest minimum. 56. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN INTESTINAL PARASITIC INFECTIONS AND OPEN

DEFECATION: A CASE STUDY OF SCHOOL PUPILS IN THE NINGO – PRAMPRAM DISTRICT

OF THE GREATER – ACCRA REGION, GHANA

Abraham Kabu Otu1, Denis Dekugmen Yar1, Cornelius Afedo1, Samuel Ofori- Mantey1,

Papa Kofi Amissah-Reynolds1, Richard Amankwah Kuffour2

1. Department of Science Education, Faculty of Science and Environment Education, College of Agriculture Education, Asante-Mampong, University of Education Winneba, Ghana

2. Department of Environmental Health and Sanitation Education, Faculty of Science and Environment Education, College of Agriculture Education, Asante-Mampong, University of Education Winneba, Ghana

Correspondent Author: [email protected] : Phone Number: 0243236810 Abstract

This study assessed the association between intestinal parasitic infections and open defecation among school pupils in the Ningo – Prampram District of the Greater Accra Region. Pupils’ knowledge on sanitation and hygienic practices in association with intestinal parasite infections were assessed using structured questionnaires. Early morning stool and urine samples of 200 pupils were collected and microscopically examined for the presence of ova of helminthes and intestinal protozoa. Data were entered into Microsoft excel and analyzed with SPSS 16. Out of 200 stool samples examined, 44 (22.0 %) were infected with at least one parasite, with parasitism varying significantly with level of education (p<0.05). Two parasites, Giardia lamblia and S. haematobium were recovered from the pupils, with the former predominating (22.0%). There was a significant association between open defecation, hand washing after defecation and prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections (p<0.05). In this study, level of education, open defecation practice and lack of washing hands after using the toilets were significantly associated with of intestinal parasitic infections. Overall, there was low prevalence of helminthic infections due to a recent deworming exercise in the study schools. Open defecation, hand washing, parasitic infections 57. NUTRITIONAL PROFILE OF SOME NOVEL COWPEA GENOTYPES IN GHANA

James K. Ampah1, Genevieve E. Adukpo1, Aaron T. Asare2 and Martin K. Beyamfui1

1. Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana 2. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of

Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana E-Mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract Most Ghanaians depend on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) as source of protein food in the daily meals especially among school children, rural and poor urban communities because it is nutritious, tasty, filling, cheaper and easily affordable compared to animal protein. Despite its wide consumption, production levels are low to meet consumer demand mainly due to parasitic and drought stress as well as lack of improved resistant varieties. Novel cowpea genotypes (local and the exotic) were cultivated and this study investigated the nutritional prolife for some of the new genotypes of the cowpea using standard AOAC methods. The results of the improved cowpea varieties




50

showed relatively higher protein content ranging from 23.6% - 32.2% with fibre, 0.9% - 4.2%. The rest of the results were 44.7-58.0% of carbohydrates; 1371.3kJ/100g - 1417kJ/100g amount of energy; 10.8% - 19.0% of moisture; 2.4% - 4.0% ash and 0.4% - 3.1% fat. The study revealed that the novel genotypes exhibited good nutritional properties which can be utilized in food formulations and hence may serve as alternative source of protein-rich food that could aid reduce protein energy malnutrition in Ghana.

58. MOLECULAR INTERACTIONS AND DOCKING STUDIES OF SELECTED CONSTITUENTS OF

CALOTROPIS PROCERA AGAINST SOME MOLECULAR TARGETS OF DIABETES MELLITUS

S. K., Kwofie1, 2, 3, I. Obuaba4, R. Koranteng5 and M. B. Adinortey2, 4

1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana

2. West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 54, Accra, Ghana

3. Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA 4. Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural

Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. 5. Equipment Unit, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana.

Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected] Tel: +233203797922

Abstract

Alpha-glucosidase, aldose reductase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) are among the enzymes implicated in diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. These enzymes have been studied extensively as drug targets for diabetes mellitus. Calotropis procera is used in herbal medicinal practice in Ghana to treat diabetes mellitus. It’s bioactivity is purported to be due to some isolated compounds from the plant. In the present study, the binding mechanisms between three selected molecules from Calotropis procera (calotropagenin, isorhamnetin 3-rutinoside, and isorhamnetin 3-robinobioside) with receptors alpha-glucosidase, aldose reductase, and DPP-4 were characterized. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations were used to investigate the conformational dynamics and binding mechanisms of the receptor-ligand complexes. The biomolecular interactions between were also characterized. Additionally, the pharmacodynamics profiles of these compounds were evaluated using SwissADME and AdmetSAR. Molecular docking studies predicted binding affinity of -8.2, -8, -9 kcal/mol for isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside; -7.8, -7.5, and -8.3 kcal/mol for isorhamnetin-3-robinobioside; and -7.4, -7.8, and -7.8 kcal/mol for calotropagenin against aldose reductase, alpha-glucosidase, and DPP-4, respectively. Amongst the compounds investigated, isorhamnetin-3-rutinoside showed the highest binding affinity towards all three receptors studied. The pharmacological profiling carried out also suggested that all the selected ligands possessed desirable pharmacological properties and thus hold promising potentials to be explored for their anti-diabetic activity. Docking; molecular dynamics, calotropagenin; DPP-4; alpha-glucosidase; aldose reductase

59. AN IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF ROOT EXTRACT OF

ANTHOCLEISTA NOBILIS ON α-GLUCOSIDASE ISOLATED FROM GUINEA PIG INTESTINE

D. Boison, G. K. Babanyinah, C. A. Adinortey, J. K. Sarfo and M. B. Adinortey Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.

Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected] Tel: +233554357684

Abstract

High morbidity and mortality rate recorded in people with diabetes mellitus is linked with persistent postprandial hyperglycemia. Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α- amylase enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of starch is a novel pathway to reduce this postprandial hyperglycemia. Anthocleista nobilis (A. nobilis) is a medicinal plant reported to possess many ethnomedicinal uses including diabetes mellitus. This research sought to determine the inhibitory effects of methanolic root bark extract of A. nobilis on the activity of α-glucosidase. This was achieved by determining the percentage inhibition of the plant extract on α-glucosidase isolated from the small intestine of guinea pig. It was observed that A. nobilis inhibited α-glucosidase in a concentration dependent manner. The percentage inhibition of A. nobilis at a concentration of 390 μg/ml was 53.92 % with IC50 value of 49.85 μg/ml, which was lower than that of acarbose (81.19 μg/ml). The mode of inhibition by A.



51

nobilis on the activity of α-glucosidase based on Km and Vmax values was found to be a mixed type of inhibition. The data obtained has provided evidence that A. nobilis possesses inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and thus deserves further investigation as a promising antihyperglycemic agent. A. nobilis; α-glucosidase; inhibition; diabetes mellitus 60. MICROBIAL ANALYSIS OF FRESH AND PROCESSED FISH SOLD IN CAPE COAST, GHANA

C. A Adinortey1, D. W.Aheto2,3, L. E. Awotwe, and D. G. Bredu

1. Department of Molecular biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast

2. Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast

3. Centre for Coastal Management (Africa Centre of Excellence in Coastal Resilience), University of Cape Coast

Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] Tel: +233 (0) 244728606

Abstract

Fish is a very important component of the diet of most people in Ghana. Due to its high nutritional value and perishable nature, fish is usually preserved by freezing or processed through drying, salting, frying and smoking. Despite these measures, fish sold on the market in Ghana are sometimes found carrying various loads of pathogenic microorganisms. This study was undertaken to assess the bacterial and fungal loads of fresh, fried, smoked and salted-dried fish obtained from 3 markets in Cape Coast. Three species of fish: Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), African red snapper (Lutjanus agennes) were sampled between November 2018 and March 2019. Total aerobic plate and total coliform counts of the fish were determined while yeasts and moulds such as Aspergillus niger, Penicillium spp, Neurospora crassa, and Mucor spp. were identified with their corresponding loads. Generally, fresh fish recorded bacterial and fungal loads as high as 295 x 1010 and 271 x 1010 cfu/g respectively followed by smoked and fried fish while the salted-dried recorded the least microbial load; except for smoked red African snapper recording higher bacterial and fungal loads than their fresh counterpart. There were however no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the microbial loads of fish from all 3 markets. The detection of potentially pathogenic micro-organisms on fresh and processed fish emphasizes the need to educate the consumers, fish processors and fishermen on the crucial need to adopt and adhere to best hygiene practices along the fisheries value chain at all times. Microbial analysis, processed fish, Cape Coast 61. THE CONSUMPTION OF FUNCTIONAL FOODS BY GHANAIANS IN THE ACCRA

METROPOLIS

Agnes S. Budu* and Lena E. Acolatse Nutrition and Food Science Dept. University of Ghana, Box LG134, Legon, Ghana Email address:[email protected]

Abstract

Functional foods may be defined as foods which contain a component that beneficially affects one or more target functions in the body beyond its normal nutritional effects. They serve as ingredients to either an improved stage of health and/or reduction in risk of disease. Many food types, regarded as functional or with medicinal properties are available in Ghana. The rate of their consumption by Ghanaian is not well documented. This study was conducted to determine the knowledge, perceptions and consumption of functional foods by Ghanaian consumers in the Accra metropolis. A semi-structured questionnaire was used with 350 respondents in selected areas in Accra to ascertain their knowledge, perceptions and consumption of functional foods. Eighty-eight percent (88%) of respondents had knowledge of functional foods. About 85% of the respondents have used some type of functional food. However, usage was not regular as most respondents perceived functional foods as ‘medicinal’ with curative effect for particular ailments. 36.4% stated health as the main reason for using such foods. Age and formal education level did not necessarily influence knowledge and use of functional foods. More females (46.7%) than males (31.4%) using functional foods. Respondents were willing to use a functional food if informed of the benefits. Though most consumers knew about functional foods, patronage was poor so consumers should be educated on the importance of such foods and the need to consume them for their protection against illness most importantly in addition to their curative properties.


52

62. HYDRUS-2D SIMULATION OF NUTRIENT FLUXES FROM DEEP TRENCHED VIP FAECAL

SLUDGE

Patrick Adadzi1*, David Still2, Mohammed Takase3, and Simon Lorentz1

1. Centre for Water Resources Research, School of Agricultural Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

2. Partners in Development, Consulting Engineers and Project Managers, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa. 3. Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape

Coast, Ghana.

*Corresponding author: E-mail address: [email protected] Tel: +233-244909134

Abstract

The deep row trenching of ventilated improved pit-latrine (VIP) faecal sludge is an alternative cost effective land application method when used as nutrients in forest plantations. The Umlazi experimental VIP sludge trenching site was instrumented with wetting front detectors, piezometers and boreholes for collection and analysis of leachate which were determined at subsurface loss of nitrate and phosphorus. The modelling and simulation of the process of water, nitrate and phosphorus transport processes could aid the development of sustainable management of land application and trenching of VIP sludge in terms of leaching. The study focuses on the entrenched VIP sludge to determine the concentration of pollutants, monitor changes in concentration over time and to monitor the movement of solutes and any change taking place in the surrounding soil water and groundwater. Simulation of the process of water, nitrate and phosphorus transport was performed using HYDRUS-2D model. The study demonstrated that the nutrient migration processes can be approximated with the conceptual simplifications of the inputs to the model based on field evidence, soil survey data and applicable literature. The study revealed the presence of sandy alluvial formation at the site. The presence of unsaturated zone below the entrenched VIP faecal sludge retarded nutrient transport. Faecal Sludge, Nutrients, Water, Hydrus-2D, Simulation 63. IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF AMYLOLYTIC BACTERIA FROM TUBER

AND CEREAL PROCESSING UNITS AND DUMPSITES IN KUMASI

Antonia Y. Tetteh*, Francis M. Dadzie, Felix. C. Mills-Robertson, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology,

Kumasi *Corresponding Author: [email protected]; Tel.: 020113-4416

Abstract

Amylases are industrial enzymes for which Ghana spends over US$200 million annually on their importation. Although amylolytic organisms are common on farms, food waste dumpsites, and fermentation systems in Ghana, the identification, characterization, and enzyme activities of amylolytic bacteria have not been studied. This study aimed at identification and characterization amylolytic bacteria in cereal and tuber processing units and dumpsites in Kumasi using morphological and biochemical methods. Using a 3 × 3 factorial experiment with three replications laid out in a completely randomized design, eighteen samples from three starchy wastes, namely, cassava, maize, and rice, were aseptically collected from three processing and waste dumpsites. Bacteria were morphologically and biochemically evaluated and their rates of growth were determined. Bacterial amylase activities were determined using the Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method. Three amylolytic bacteria, Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were identified. Optimum growth on cassava starch agar was observed at 37 oC, pH of 7.0, and 1.0% substrate concentration where Bacillus spp showed the highest optical density of 0.14 ± 0.01, Pseudomonas spp. 0.12 ± 0.04 and Staphylococcus aureus, 0.06 ± 0.01. Optimum amylase activity of 88.50 ± 5.00 U/mL was obtained for Bacillus spp, 72.00 ± 5.00 U/mL for Pseudomonas spp, and 43.50 ± 4.00 U/mL for Staphylococcus spp at 75 oC, pH 7.0, 1.0% substrate concentration, and 96 h of incubation. These findings suggest that bacteria are good sources of amylase and further studies on these would benefit the Ghana enzyme industry. 64. CONSUMPTION OF STREET-VENDED READY-TO-EAT VEGETABLE SALADS IN THE

ACCRA METROPOLIS- A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF PARASITIC ZOONOSIS


53

Papa Kofi Amissah-Reynolds

1, Vincent Aboagye

1, Isaac Monney

2, Denis Dekugmen Yar

1, Francis

Nuamah1, and Emmanuel Awimbe Ndego

1

1. Department of Science Education, University of Education, Winneba, P. O. Box 40, Mampong Ashanti, Ghana.

2. Department of Environmental Health and Sanitation Education, University of Education, Winneba, P. O. Box 40, Mampong Ashanti, Ghana.

Corresponding Author- Email: [email protected] Tel: +233-553378024 Abstract

This study assessed parasitological quality of ready-to-eat vegetable salads from street food vendors in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the level of parasitic contamination in ready-to-eat vegetable salads in selected sub-Metros of the Accra Metropolis. A total of 313 ready-to-eat vegetable salads were randomly sampled, washed with physiological saline and microscopically examined using iodine and Ziehl Neelsen stains. Of the 313 samples examined, 99 (32%) were infested with at least one parasite. Overall, fourteen genera of parasites were recovered with Giardia lamblia (6.7%), Entamoeba histolytica (6.4%), and Moniezia spp (4.2%) predominating. Two other parasites detected were Trichuris trichuira (3.8%) and Entamoeba coli (3.5%), with the rest recording low prevalence (<2%). The presence of intestinal parasites points to a risk of food borne-illnesses from consumption of street-vended vegetable salads. Patronage of street-vended vegetable salads could be a potential source of zoonotic infections. Street vendors, vegetable salad, parasites, Accra Metropolis, zoonosis 65. OCCURRENCE OF AFLATOXINS IN PEANUT BUTTER IN MAJOR MARKETS IN ACCRA

Derry Dontoh, Araba Incoom*, Meinster Kodjo Eduafo, David Amoah, Celestine Osei, Clifford Frimpong, C.

Amoako.

Ghana Standards Authority, P. O. Box MB 245, Accra *Corresponding Author: [email protected], +233 (0)269219725

Abstract

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of Aspergillus spp (mainly A. flavus, A. parasitcus, and A. nomius).

Among the different types of aflatoxins (AF), only the aflatoxins B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) are associated with acute liver damage and cirrhosis. The objective of the study was to determine the concentrations of total aflatoxins (AFB1 + AFB2 + AFG1 + AFG2) in peanut butter sold on the Ghanaian market relative to existing aflatoxins specification in the Ghanaian standard. Twenty-five (25) locally sold peanut butter purchased from open markets (Kaneshie, Mallam, Madina, Makola and Agbogbloshie) in the Accra metropolis were analysed for total aflatoxins by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the concentration of total aflatoxins varied from 12.8µg/kg to 519.9µg/kg were higher than the total aflatoxins specification (4 µg/kg) in the Ghana standard. The high levels of aflatoxins in the samples may be attributed to poor farming and postharvest practices. Therefore, there should be a continuous survey and monitoring programmes for aflatoxins in susceptible food commodities in order to protect the consumer from the risks associated with aflatoxin exposure. 66. PARASITOLOGICAL QUALITY OF FRESH VEGETABLES AND READY-TO-EAT SALADS:

THE CASE OF MAMPONG MUNICIPAL OF THE ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA

Papa Kofi Amissah-Reynolds, Denis Dekugmen Yar, Francis Nuamah, Emmanuel Awimbe Ndego, Apenteng Yaw Ofosuhene, Sophia Sakyi

Department of Science Education, Faculty of Science and Environment Education, College of Agriculture Education, Asante-Mampong, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana Corresponding Author: [email protected] : Phone 0553378024 Abstract

This study assessed parasitic contamination of fresh vegetables and ready-to-eat salads from Mampong Municipality in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Water and soil samples from various farms were further assessed to find possible source of infestations. Fresh vegetables and ready-to-eat salads were examined for parasites




54

using saline as floatation medium, stained with Lugol’s iodine and Ziehl Neelsen and observed under at 40x objective lens. Data gathered were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. Of the 259 fresh vegetables examined, Ascaris lumbricoides recorded the highest prevalence (61.0%), followed by Giardia lamblia (16.6%). However, in 120 salad samples, Giardia lamblia was most prevalent (24.17%), followed by Ascaris lumbricoides

(19.17%). Fasciola spp., Moneizia, Toxocara spp., Trichuris trichiura and Entamoeba histolytica, were other parasites recovered from both fresh vegetables and salads as well soil and water. Fresh vegetables and ready-to-eat salads were contaminated with parasites of animal origin, similar to those recovered from soil and water on the farms. Consumption of fresh vegetables and ready-to-eat salads is a potential source of parasitic zoonosis.

67. TRICHOSTRONGYLUS INFECTIONS IN SLAUGHTERED RUMINANTS: THE CASE OF

SELECTED SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN KUMASI, GHANA

P. K. Amissah-Reynolds1, F. R. K.Bonsu2, D. D. Yar 1, C. P. Osei, F. Nuamah1 and E. A. Ndego1

1. Department of Science Education, Faculty of Science and Environment Education, College of Agriculture

Education, Asante-Mampong, University of Education Winneba, Ghana 2. Department of Animal Science Education, Faculty of Agriculture Education, College of Agriculture

Education, Asante-Mampong, University of Education Winneba, Ghana

Corresponding Author: [email protected] : Phone Number: 0553378024

Abstract The study aimed at determining the prevalence of Trichostrongylus spp in slaughtered ruminants. The presence of other zoonotic parasites were also assessed to ascertain the quality of meat sold to the public. Faecal samples of 200 ruminants were collected per rectum and examined for intestinal parasites by floatation technique using saturated sodium chloride solution as the floatation medium. Of the 200 samples examined, Trichostrongylus

spp. was the most prevalent parasite (19.5%). The study also recovered Haemonchus spp (14.5%) and Fasciola

(4%). A greater diversity of parasites were seen in cattle, compared to the small ruminants, possibly a result of their greater propensity to roam about in search of food. Trichostrongylus infections in humans is possible through consumption of meat. Consumers and workers at slaughterhouses are at risk of being infected with multiple zoonotic agents. Effective control of these helminths will boost government’s efforts at increasing meat production. Slaughtered ruminants, parasites, zoonotic transmission 68. SPATIOTEMPORAL REGRESSION KRIGING AND SIMULATION OF MALARIA

FREQUENCIES: APPLICATION TO MALARIA IN GHANA

Frank Badu Osei* and Alfred Stein

Faculty of Geo-information Science and Earth Observation; University of Twente-Netherlands

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]; Tel: +31685370136

Abstract

Malaria remains a public health menace in tropical regions, especially in developing countries in Africa. In

Ghana, malaria ranks as the top morbidity. Several non-spatial studies have associated malarial occurrence and

risk to spatial and temporally varying environmental and weather variables such as vegetation cover and

temperature changes. These suggest a possible spatiotemporal association of malaria risk. Malaria data,

however, are often discretized, aggregated over a set of large geographic units. Our objective is to predict and

simulate a continuous spatiotemporal distribution of malaria risk using district-level monthly aggregated

frequencies. We rely on the deterministic and stochastic spatiotemporal association to develop variogram

functions to describe and predict the spatiotemporal distributions. The deterministic component included

vegetation index, precipitation, and land surface temperature. The space-time patterns of the residuals captured

the stochastic component. The exponential covariance function was found suitable for both the purely spatial

and temporal patterns while the sum-metric was found suitable for the space-time covariance of the residuals.

The functions are further used for spatiotemporal prediction and associated variances. These maps showed

unusual concentrations of malaria risk mostly within the central belt, persisting over time. The kriged estimates

are only a single realization of the process; hence, we undertook conditional Gaussian simulations to generate



55

several spatiotemporal realizations of malaria frequencies. These maps are useful for public health evaluation

and monitoring of malaria infection in Ghana. The demonstrated approach of spatiotemporal prediction proved

to be efficient, although computationally expensive. The developed approach is extendable to other infectious

diseases.

69. TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION (TENS) IN THE MANAGEMENT

OF CALF MUSCLE SPASTICITY IN CEREBRAL PALSY Delali Ed-Bansah1, Thomas Tagoe1, Patrick Adjei2,3

1. University of Ghana Medical School, Department of Physiology 2. University of Ghana Medical School, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics 3. Korle-Bu Teaching Hospital, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics

Abstract To evaluate the effectiveness of TENS in the management of calf muscle spasticity among children with cerebral palsy. This study is a One group Pre-test – Post-test design. Fifteen children with spastic cerebral palsy with calf muscle spasticity were recruited for this study. Spasticity assessment was done using the H reflex responses of calf muscles and Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS). A biomechanical assessment was also conducted using the Goniometer to assess Range of Motion (ROM) at the ankle joint for ankle dorsiflexion. Results from this study showed that there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between left and right H reflex responses, MAS and ROM scores. Correlation analysis showed no correlation (p>0.05) between left and right pre-test H reflex Amplitude (HA) scores and MAS. However, there was statistically significant difference (p<0.05) between pre-test and post-test scores of Left HA, left and right MAS scores and left and right ROM scores. Predictor analysis showed that application of TENS had no statistically significant effect (p>0.05) on MAS scores. Application of TENS is effective in reducing spasticity as measured by MAS and effective in increasing ROM. TENS may lead to a reduced neuron excitability as measured my H reflex Amplitude. 70. IDENTIFICATION OF MULTI-RACE STRIGA GESNERIOIDES RESISTANT GENOTYPES OF

COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA (L.) WALP.)

Aaron T. Asare1*, Frank Essem1, Erik W. Ohlson2 and Michael P. Timko2 1. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana 2. Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904

Corresponding author: Email address: [email protected] Mobile 0244954045

Abstract

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an economically important crop that could contribute to achieving food security in Ghana due to its adaptability and rich protein content. However, cowpea production is challenged by the infestation of variable races of the parasitic weed, Striga gesnerioides in West Africa resulting in significant yield loss. Host plant resistance is the only cost effective way of controlling the parasitic weed in secured environment. The objective of the current study was to establish Striga-resistant genotypes and determine variation among cowpea recombinant inbred lines (RILs). The cowpeas were separately exposed to seven distinct races of Striga gesnerioides in pot experiments and their responses were recorded. DNA was isolated from young leaves of each cowpea genotype using cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) protocol. The RILs were also genotyped with SSR-1 marker specific for tracking Striga resistant gene and 15 non-specific SSR primers to assay genetic variation in the germplasm. Ten of the RILs; UCC-11, UCC-24, UCC-32, UCC-122, UCC-153, UCC-221, UCC-241, UCC-328, UCC-478 and UCC-513 were resistant to the known multi-races of Striga gesnerioides as the donor parent, IT97K-499-35, except the Zakpota race (SG4z) of Benin. GH3684, a local land race was also identified to have natural resistance to all the races of the parasitic weed known in West Africa except SG4z. Howwever, all the cowpeas were genetically different from each other with variable genetic distances among them. The new Striga gesnerioides resistant cowpeas identified


56

could be cultivated by farmers and also used as sources of new genotypes to pyramiding Striga-resistant genes into locally preferred cowpeas to combat the multi-races of the parasitic weed. Cowpea, Germplasm, Infestation, Markers, Recombinant and Resistance. 71. PREVALENCE OF METABOLIC SYNDROME (MetS) AMONG WORKERS AT AN

INDIGENOUS AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY IN KUMASI, GHANA

C. Osei Owusu, F.O. Mensah, K. Nsiah, C.A. Appiah, M.K. Sarpong

Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana.

Keywords: Automobile industry, Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), Blood Glucose, HDL, LDL, Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride.

Abstract

The burden of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancers has increased globally, although they can be managed if detected early by regular health screening. Lipid abnormalities, high blood pressure, and hyperglycemia are components of metabolic syndrome which is a risk factor of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among workers at an indigenous automobile industry in Suame, Kumasi. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 107 male workers within the age group of 18 to 80 years were recruited. Data on socio-demographic variables such as age, educational status and job description were obtained, using a questionnaire. Blood pressure, anthropometric measurements (weight, height, waist circumference) and dietary intake were also taken. About 5 ml of fasting venous blood was obtained from the participants for the determination of lipid profile and fasting blood glucose. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The mean age of the participants was 43±14.640 years. Thirty of the workers (28%) were spare parts dealers and 25 (23.4%) were auto electricians and auto mechanics. About 36% were overweight and 12% were obese, while 5.6% were hyperglycemic. The mean values for total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL were 4.75±0.810, 4.75±0.810, 1.59±0.203, 2.67±0.894 (mmol/l) respectively. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the participants was 2%, 7% and 9%, using NCETP ATP III, IDF and WHO criteria respectively. High blood pressure was the highest risk factor of metabolic syndrome. Only 16% reported of having regular voluntary check-ups. Conclusion: Even though the prevalence of MetS in the study population is under 10%, there is the need to educate them on the importance of regular health screening so as to prevent a rise in prevalence of the condition among the workers. 72. FUNGAL PROFILE, PHENOLOGY AND TOXICOGENIC POTENTIAL ASSOCIATED WITH

STORED GROUNDNUTS (ARACHIS HYPOGEA)

Nii Korley Kortei1*, Rachel Adinorkie Tetteh1, Michael Wiafe- Kwagyan2, Theophilus Annan3, Mary Obodai3, George Tawia Odamtten2 1. University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and

Dietetics, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana. 2. University of Ghana, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Plant and Environmental

Biology, P. O. Box LG 55, Legon, Ghana. 3. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research- Food Research Institute, Food Microbiology Division, P. O.

Box M20, Accra. Abstract Groundnut (Arachis hypogea) is technically considered as pea and belongs to the family (fabaceae) of bean/legume. Although a legume; it is generally counted amongst the oilseeds due to its high oil content. Apart from oil, groundnuts are widely used for production of groundnut butter, groundnut paste, confections, roasted groundnuts, snack products, extenders in meat product formulation, soups and desserts. Protein, fats, and fiber are the major components that make up groundnuts. It also contains vitamins, minerals and bioactive chemicals, all these components are present in their most beneficial forms. However, groundnut grain is vulnerable to

57

contamination by mycotoxigenic fungi which include Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium species. The aim of this study was to assess mycoflora, fungal phenology and toxicogenic potential of groundnut stored over a period of 6 months. Fungi were cultured on SDA, OGYEA and PDA media plates using the decimal reduction technique and incubated at 25oC for 7 days. Fungal counts were initially high and ranged between 2.01- 2.16 log10CFU/g and decreased marginally during the storage period up to a final range of 1.67- 2.60 log10 CFU/g at the end of month 6 and exhibited generally comparable (p>0.05) counts. From our study, the groundnuts harbored Aspergillus species. (A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. ustus) Fumarium species (F. oxysporum, F.

verticilliodes), Penicillium species (P. verucosum), Trichoderma viride, and Rhodotorula species. Rhizopus

species (R. stolonifer), Paecilomyces species. (P. variotii), Cladosporum species (C. herbarum), Sporendorem

species. (S. casei) and Cavularia species. (C. lunata). It can be concluded from this study that, fungi that colonized the groundnut during storage include toxigenic fungi so effective cooking processes have been proposed as an efficient process to eliminate toxigenic fungi before the initiation of mycotoxins production and has been applied to several foods for extension of shelf life. Thus, a more holistic ecological view is also needed when considering management approaches to long-term-safe storage of legumes after harvest. 73. PLANT DESIGN FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PREKESE FRUIT DRINK R. A. Botchway, F. K., Saalia and I. O. A Hodgson

Food Process Engineering Department, School of Engineering, University of Ghana Corresponding author: Hodgson I. O. A. Email address: [email protected], Mobile number: 0243172374 Abstract The use of Tetrapleura tetraptera has been in existence for a very long time in Ghana. Tetrapleura tetraptera trees and their fruits have been underutilized and thus not added to the socio-economic growth of the country. Currently, prekese fruit is mostly used as a spice and flavouring for various delicacies. The objective of the study was to design a plant for the production of Prekese fruit Drink. Laboratory analyses carried out on the quality and quantity of fruit drink produced assisted in establishing the effect of concentration, time, disintegration, stirring and heating. Also, the laboratory analyses helped to determine how the fruit quality can be improved and produced hygienically. The selected processes for the production of the fruit drink included washing, cutting, disintegrating, cold extraction and sieving. The results of the material balance and energy balances obtained, in addition to the process selection were used to select the equipment required for the process. The detailed design carried out for the project design was a washing unit which consisted of a hopper, base, propeller, outlet, ball valve, stands and fruit rest. The production rate of the plant is 300 kg of prekese fruit drink per year. The service life of the plant is fifteen years. The total initial capital investment is GH¢ 2,669,115.78 and the net present value and the internal rate of return were GH¢ 3,710,369.29 and 41% respectively. The economic analysis carried out showed that the project is viable. The sensory test results showed that the fruit drink is very much liked.

74. PLANT DESIGN FOR PRODUCTION OF INSTANT FULA, CEREAL BEVERAGE

S. Sefa-Dedeh and D. Offei Food Process Engineering Department, School of Engineering Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon. Corresponding Author: Email [email protected] Mobile 0244727231

Abstract

Fula is an indigenous cereal beverage mainly produced from millet flour blended with spices (ginger, cloves, mint and black pepper), compressed into balls and boiled for thirty minutes. The market of instant fula has a high potential currently as Ghanaian people’s life style requires speed and convenience, as well as complete nutritional value. The consumption and acceptability of fula has suffered some drawbacks because of the processing methods adopted traditionally which is characterized by inconsistent product quality, poor hygiene, very short shelf life and low production rate which does not meet the demand of the Ghanaian populace. The



58

process and equipment selected for fula production in this study ensure improvement over the traditional methods in terms of consistency of the product, safety, quality and demand. The plant is designed for producing 3990 kilograms of fula per day. It would be packed in a zip lock airtight plastic bag. Each pack would weigh 400g. The plant service life is estimated to be 15 years with an initial capital investment and working capital of GHȻ 1,424,858 and GHȻ 213,729 respectively. The instant fula will sell at GH¢ 10.00 for 400g. The net present value and the payback period of the project are GH¢32,839,157 and 1.18 years respectively. Also the discounted payback period is 1.78years, whereas the return on investment (ROI) is 70.92%. The hurdle rate used for the economic analysis is 16%. Based on the economic analysis the project is viable.

75. PLANT DESIGN FOR THE PRODUCTION OF GA KENKEY FLOUR F. K. Saalia, F. Abaya and S. N. Affrifa Food Process Engineering Department, School of Engineering Science, University of Ghana, Legon. Corresponding Author: Email Address: [email protected], Mobile Number: 0547802413

Abstract

Ga kenkey is a sour fermented maize dumpling wrapped in leaves and boiled. Ga kenkey is a popular Ghanaian staple food especially among the people of southern Ghana. The production of Ga kenkey is usually on a small scale. Also, though many people would prefer to cook their own home-made Ga kenkey they are usually discouraged due to the time and tedium associated with Ga kenkey processing. For these reasons, there was the need to look at offering consumers or households an intermediate Ga kenkey product that would help address the issue of small scale production and reduce the time it takes to prepare the Ga kenkey from scratch. The objective of the study is to design a plant for the production of Ga kenkey flour. A laboratory work was conducted to find optimum processes for the production of Ga kenkey flour. The selected processes chosen were winnowing of maize grains, washing, steeping, doughing and fermentation, aflatalization, mixing, drying, and milling to obtain Ga kenkey flour. The most tedious process local Ga kenkey processors complained about was the aflatalization process. An agitated kettle was therefore designed to address this concern. The production capacity of the proposed plant is 17,056 kg/day of Ga kenkey flour. The total Capital Investment is GH¢ 13,083,293.60 One kilogram of packaged Ga kenkey flour with maize husk would be sold at GH¢ 5 per unit. The net present value is GH¢ 22,142,468.40. Thus, the project is financially viable and provides a better investment option.

76. QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF RAW EFFLUENT FROM A NON ALCOHOLIC AND

ALCHOLIC BEVERAGE FACTORY IN GHANA I. O. A. Hodgson, E. Adu-Ofori, J. Quansah, C. Mfodwo, L. J. Obeng, S. Obiri CSIR Water Research Institute, P. O. BOX M32 Accra Corresponding Author: E-mail address: [email protected], mobile number 0243172374 Abstract

Effluents with high levels of pollutants have the potential of causing health problems to the people who may come in direct contact with the receiving water body or could negatively impact the receiving water body. Some of the negative impacts of effluent on receiving water body include loss of fish life, high levels of sludge deposits, stenches released from anaerobic reactions arising from the bottom of the receiving water body and eutrophication. This study was conducted to assess the quality characteristics of raw effluent from an alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverage factory in Ghana. The effluent quality selected for the assessment included conductivity, ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids, and oil and grease. The international standard methods for the analyses of water and wastewater were followed. The flow measurements were also carried out. Sampling was done monthly for a period of three years. Thus, a total of thirty-six samples were collected. The mean values for conductivity (2200 uS/cm), BOD (2014 mg/l), COD (2734 mg/l), ammonia (7.65 mg/l), and oil and grease (22.0 mg/l) obtained were high compared to the Ghana Environmental Protection Authority guideline values for the discharge of effluent into receiving



59

water bodies, thus the need to treat the raw effluent to prevent the pollution of the aquatic environment. The results obtained could be used for the design of a wastewater treatment plant for the factory.

77. PLANT DESIGN FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CASHEW YOGHURT FROM CASHEW NUT

MILK N. K. Addo, G. Kontoh, and F. K. Saalia Food Process Engineering Department, School of Engineering Science, University of Ghana, Legon. Corresponding Author: Email [email protected], Mobile Number: 0547802413

Abstract

Yoghurt has been part of the human diet for several years and even though its consumption rate is increasing, some individuals are still not able to consume it because of its animal-milk substrate. These individuals include Vegans, lactose intolerant persons and persons that get more and more lactose intolerant as they grow. The need to develop yoghurt from plant-milk has become a subject matter. Cashew nut has been thought as the plant-milk substitute for this project. The objective of this study was to design a plant for the production of yoghurt from cashew nut milk. Laboratory experiments were carried out to obtain information of some critical parameters required to ensure optimum design of yoghurt from cashew nut milk under strict hygienic rules and conditions. The plant is expected to be located in the Wenchi Municipality and would cover a land area of 3,252 m2. About 1,281.35 kg of cashew nuts would be required to produce 125000 L of cashew yogurt. The total energy to be used in the plant is 566.20 kW. A cashew decorticator was designed. The total capital investment of the plant is GH¢ 1,483,170.25, the working capital is GH¢ 222,475.54 and the initial capital investment of GH¢ 1,260,694.71. The service life of the plant is ten years. The net present value of the plant is estimated to be GH¢ 217,830.89. The return on investment (ROI) was estimated to be 17.8 %. The project is financially viable based on the economic analysis carried out.

78. HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT AND LEVELS OF TOXIC METALS IN FISHES (OREOCHROMIS

NOLITICUS AND CLARIAS ANGUILLARIS) FROM ANKOBRAH AND PRA BASINS: IMPACT OF

ILLEGAL MINING ACTIVITIES ON FOOD SAFETY

Nii Korley Kortei1,*, Marcus Ekow Heymann1, Edward Ken Essuman1, Fidelis Kpodo1, Sylvester Yao Lokpo4, Matilda Ayim-Akonor6, Paa Toah Akonor2,3, Clement Tettey5 1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied

Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana. 2. Department of Food Processing and Engineering, CSIR- Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra,

Ghana. 3. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied

Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Accra, Ghana 4. Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and

Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana. 5. Animal Health and Food Safety Division, CSIR- Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH20, Achimota,

Ghana 6. Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and

Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana. *Corresponding author, phone numbers (+233)244989635, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are toxic heavy metals that occur naturally in the environment. Their levels are on the rise due to anthropogenic activities posing threat to aquatic wildlife and humans. In Ghana, pollution of some water bodies has led to unsafe consumption of riverine fishes as well as shortage of treated potable water principally because the cost of treating polluted water has become expensive across the country. The aim of this study was to assess the As, Hg, Pb and Cd concentrations in water and fishes from rivers Pra and Ankobrah and also health risk assessments conducted where activities of artisanal gold mining were carried out resulting in gross pollution of the water bodies. An experimental study was conducted to determine the concentration of As, Hg, Pb and Cd in fish species of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis noliticus) and mudfish (Clarias anguillaris) and aquatic media (water) from the Pra and River Ankobrah basins using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) (Varian AA2240FS). Both river water samples recorded ranges of



60

0- 0.0040, 0.0060- 0.0387, 0 - 0.0020, 0.006-0.0093 mg/L for Cadmium, Lead, Arsenics and Mercury respectively. For Cadmium and Arsenics, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) observed in their concentrations. However, there were statistical differences (p<0.05) observed for Lead and Mercury. Toxic metals concentrations in the rivers decreased in the order of Hg> Pb> Cd> As. For the fish samples, values ranged 0-0.08, 0.04-0.42, 0-0.04, and 0.40- 0.60 mg/kg for Cadmium, Lead, Arsenics and Mercury respectively. Generally, appreciably high values were obtained for Mercury. Toxic metals concentrations in the rivers decreased in the order of Hg> Pb> Cd> As. Human health risk assessment from heavy metal exposure through fish consumption from the Rivers for both children and adults showed no significant non-carcinogenic adverse health risk to humans since all calculated values for Hazard Quotient (HQ) were <1. Nonetheless, Target Harzard Quotient (THQ) values calculated for children and adult exposure to Cadmium and Mercury were >1 which implied a likely cause of adverse effects during a person’s life time 79. GROWTH STUDIES OF HETEROTIS NILOTICUS UNDER HAPA-IN-POND AND CAGE. Christian Larbi Ayisi, Calvin Seaneye Selassie and Elliot Harruna Alhassan, Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana Abstract Three studies were conducted on the African bony-tongue (Heterotis niloticus) a non-traditional farmed species in Ghana. Two of these studies were conducted to assess the indigenous and culture knowledge of fish farmers on this fish species in Ghana and the other was conducted on the nutrition of the fish species. However, this is the first study conducted on the growth performance this fish species. A 56 days trial was conducted to study the growth of the specie under two different culture environments (hapa-in-pond and cage). This experiment consisted of two treatments (culture in hapa-in-pond and culture in cage). Each treatment was triplicated in a 1m x 1m hapa. Each replicate was stocked with a total of 10 fishes of the experimental fish (Heterotis niloticus) with the pond having an average weight of 85.13±0.40g and the cage recorded an average weight of 85.88±1.92g. The species under study was fed with a commercial fish feed. A comparison of growth performance of fish under the two culture regimes in terms of weight gain was in the following order; H.niloticus (cage)>H.niloticus (pond). There was no significant difference in the final weight gain, mean daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency ratio and specific growth rate in the two-culture environment. Culture of H.niloticus in cage recorded a high survival and high net yield as compared to that of the pond. Water quality and nutrient levels in the water was assessed and there was significance difference in the ammonia content, nitrate, average temperature, total dissolved solids and turbidity. There was no significance difference in the level of phosphate, nitrite and pH in the water in both culture environments. At the end of the experiment, the results revealed that the best environment to culture Heterotis niloticus is the cage system. Heterotis niloticus, growth, water quality, feed conversion ratio, culture system

80. POTENTIAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF TOXIC METALS CONTAMINATION IN CLAY

EATEN AS PICA (GEOPHAGIA) AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN OF HO IN THE VOLTA REGION OF GHANA.

Nii Korley Kortei1,*, Paa Toah Akonor 2,3, Matilda Ayim-Akonor 4, Nathaniel Owusu Boadi 5

1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, PMB 31, Ho, Ghana.

2. Department of Food Processing and Engineering, CSIR- Food Research Institute, P.O. Box M20, Accra, Ghana.

3. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, School of Biological Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG 25, Accra, Ghana.

4. Animal Health and Food Safety Division, CSIR- Animal Research Institute, P.O. Box AH20, Achimota, Ghana.

5. Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Abstract

Geophagia although pleasurable and somewhat a necessity among pregnant women, also comes along with its own attendant problems such as exposure to potentially hazardous substances like bacteria, fungi, helminthes and ova, radioactive materials, and toxic elemental minerals in the soil depending on the geographical location.

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Study was conducted to assess levels of elemental minerals including heavy metals and health risk assessment of clay eaten as pica in Ho by pregnant women. This study evaluated the potential health risk involved during the exposure of pregnant women to toxic elemental minerals via the consumption of clay as pica (geophagia). Elemental mineral analysis was carried out using Buck Scientific 210VGP Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Buck Scientific, Inc. East Norwalk, USA). Risk assessment methods were also used to ascertain the various risks factors and the overall risk level. Concentrations of the macro elements investigated were 1.38 ± 1.5, 2.40± 1.5, 7.74± 1.5, 4.01± 1.0, 13.24± 2.2 and 13.76± 2.1 mg/Kg for Fe, Cu, Zn, K, Mg and Na respectively. While that for the micro elements were 1.63± 0.03 µg/Kg, 4.72±0.8, 0.53±0.02 and 1.85±0.3 mg/kg respectively for Arsenic, Manganese, Lead and Nickel. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) values ranged 0.611- 5.44 (mg/kg Bw/day), 6.26x10-4 – 106.5, 0.067-10.34 and 15 respectively. Clay samples from Anfoega in the Volta region of Ghana is likely to pose adverse health problems when consumed due to the fact that the HQ’s of these elemental minerals were >1 which points to high content of Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni). It is also likely to cause adverse health problems in an individual’s life time since THQ for Arsenic, Lead and Nickel were above 1. Ultimately, the cumulative effect of these toxicants were exceedingly great ≤15 which implied a high level of unsafety associated with this clay. Per the results from this study, it is not safe for pregnant women to consume clay as pica since these toxic elements may cause detrimental effects on the foetus of the unborn child. 81. MORPHOMETRICS OF WING CHARACTERS AS A TOOL FOR IDENTIFICATION OF

ANOPHELES GAMBIAE COMPLEX.

E. N. Amekugee, R. Combey, J. Essandoh and B. Anderson,

Department of Conservation Biology & Entomology School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape

Coast, Ghana, West Africa

Email: [email protected] Tel: 0241775857

Abstract

Anopheles mosquitoes are responsible for a plethora of fatal diseases in the world and especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Accurate identification of species and possible complexes are key in characterizing disease transmission strategies. This present study sought to capture possible Anopheles gambiae complex in 170 mosquitoes using geometric morphometrics of 17 wing characters. Principal Component Analysis, Discriminate Function Analysis (DFA), ANOVA revealed highly significant variations within the population, showing two possible complex. Principal Component Analysis showed that the first nine eigenvalues contributed 86.6% to the variation within the group, while among the sexes, nine eigenvalues contributed 91.7% to the variation. DFA scores and cross-validation reclassification resulted at least 100% classifications for each possible complex with a P value (parametric): <.0001 and a P value (parametric): <.0001 for the female and male group. Procrustes ANOVA of the two possible complexes gave P value (parametric):<.0001 indicating highly significant variation in the groups. Geometric morphometric can be used as a cheaper tool for capturing possible segregating subgroups among Anopheles gambiae complex.

82. SUBSTITUTION OF FISH MEAL WITH SHEA MEAL IN DIETS OF OREOCHROMIS

NILOTICUS FRY ON GROWTH, FEED UTILIZATION AND LIVER HISTOLOGY Christian Larbi Ayisi, Getrude Mensah Dzifa, Freda Sarfo and Elliot Harruna Alhassan Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University for Development Studies, Tamale, Ghana

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of substituting fish meal with shea meal in diet of Oreochromis niloticus fry on growth, feed efficiency as well as proximate composition of the whole body. In addition, the effects of the diets on liver histology were studied. Three experimental diets were formulated to contain shea meal as a substitute for fish meal at 0%, 25% and 50%. The diets were designated as SNM0, SNM 25 and SNM 50 to reflect the inclusion level of shea meal. Two hundred fry of O. niloticus (initial weight of 0.82g) were obtained from Water Research Institute of Ghana (WA center) and transported to the Spanish


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Laboratory of University for Development Studies where they were acclimatized for two weeks. The fry were then stocked in 60 litre bowls (50 cm X 40 cm X 40 cm) at a density of 20 fry per bowl. The results show that substituting fish meal with shea meal affects final weight, weight gain, final length and specific growth rate significantly. The highest final mean weight (8.09±0.37g) was recorded in fish fed SNM 25 whilst the least (5.71±0.54g) was recorded in fish fed SNM 50. SGR (%) was significantly different amongst the three experimental diets (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio was significantly different amongst treatment (p<0.05) and ranged between 1.33 (SNM25) and 1.90 (SNM 50). Whole body lipid content of fish fed SNM 0 was significantly higher than fish fed SNM 25. All other groups were not significantly different. The mean lipid content for fish fed SNM 0, SNM 25 and SNM 50 were 9.54, 8.44 and 9.31 respectively. Feeding O. niloticus

with different levels of shea meal affected pancreatic acini and hepatocytes. The economic conversion ratio (ECR) recorded for this ratio was significantly different amongst treatments and ranged between 4.42±0.04 to 6.19±0.14. Overall, the findings indicate that shea nut meal can be used as a substitute for fish meal up to 25% without negative effects on growth and feed utilization in O. niloticus. Shea meal, fish meal, tissue histology, growth performance, economic analysis

83. ASSESSING THE HEALTH STATUS OF WORKERS AT AN INDIGENOUS AUTOMOBILE

INDUSTRY IN KUMASI, GHANA: DETERMINATION OF LIVER ENZYMES.

K. A. Danso, F. O. Mensah, K. Nsiah, M. K. Sarpong, E. A. Mante.

Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, KNUST, Kumasi, Ghana.

Abstract

The liver plays an important role in metabolic processes, immunity and detoxification. Its dysfunction is characterized by elevated blood levels of liver enzymes like Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) and Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT). Objective: The study sought to determine the health status of workers at Suame Magazine, an indigenous automobile industry in Kumasi, specifically, the liver function of participants. Methods: This cross-sectional study recruited 107 male workers within the ages of 18-80 years. Data on socio-demographic variables like educational level, job description and adherence to safety precautions were collected using a well-structured questionnaire. About 5ml venous blood samples were taken from the participants after an overnight fast and levels of liver enzymes were determined using a semi-automated spectrophotometer. Results: The study showed that 28% were into sale of spare parts and 23.4% were auto-mechanics and auto-electricians. Serum ALT and ALP levels of all the participants were within the normal range with a mean of 17.42±7.796U/L and 120.26±30.66U/L respectively. About 9.3% had elevated serum AST while 3.7% had low GGT levels. Over 60% of the participants adhered to safety precautions. Majority of the participants (84%) had poor attitude towards regular medical check-ups. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that majority of the workers at Suame Magazine have normal liver function.

Keywords: Detoxification, Liver dysfunction, Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT).

84. TRIPLE QUADRUPOLE-LINEAR ION TRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY (QqLIT-MS)

APPROACH FOR DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN AROMATIC AND BENZYLIC GLUTATHIONE

CONJUGATES

Isaac Asiamah1, 2* and †Ed S. Krol2

1. Drug Discovery and Development Research Group, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada

2. Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]; +233 558 386 789

Abstract New chemical entities are routinely evaluated for cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation to reactive metabolites (RMs) in order to help reduce attrition rate at later stages of the drug development process. The

mailto:iasiamah1@

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natural polyphenol, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) has numerous pharmacological properties but its usefulness is limited by toxicity concerns, particularly hepatotoxicity. Oxidation of NDGA is known to forms ortho-quinone but no evidence of para-quinone methide has been reported. In our efforts to investigate how the structural features of NDGA impact its toxicological properties, we prepared model compounds for use as catechol-and phenol-type NDGA mimics. NDGA and the model compounds were oxidized chemically and enzymatically and the resulting quinoid species stably trapped as GSH conjugates for MS analysis. We hypothesized that Triple Quadrupole-Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (QqLIT-MS) can distinguish glutathione (GSH) conjugates of ortho-quinone and para-quinone methide. The fragmentation pattern of GSH adducts were studied by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Glutathione conjugates were further examined by constant neutral loss scan (CNLS) for 129 or 307 Da in positive ion mode and precursor ion scan (PIS) for 272 Da in negative ion mode. Aromatic and benzylic GSH conjugates were detected by NL 129 and 307 Da respectively consistent with LC-MS/MS experiments. Significantly, aromatic and benzylic conjugates were distinguishable by MS experiments suggesting that this approach could potentially be useful in early drug optimization for providing insights into the nature of reactive metabolites.

85. SEX DIFFERENCES IN INTEGRATED SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENT AT BECE

Isaac Buabeng Department of Basic Education, University of Cape Coast

Email: ibuabeng.ucc.edu.gh Tel: +233501042479

Abstract Science allows students to explore their world and discover new things, hence, it is an important part of the foundation for education for all children. The purpose of the study was to determine differences in performance of boys and girls in Integrated Science at Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE). The study intended to find out if significant differences exist in the performance of boys and girls in Integrated Science and further investigated if gender has any effect on students’ achievement in the subject. Comparative and relational designs were employed for the study. the study was conducted in some selected Junior High Schools (JHS) in Cape Coast Metropolis. The accessible population was a set of mixed public JHS in the OLA circuit. In all, five JHS were selected from the schools in the circuit using the simple random sampling technique. The BECE results in Integrated Science for the past five years (2013-2017) were used. Independent samples t-test and chi square were used to analyze the data. The trend in performance seemed to favour the boys more than the girls. The study discovered statistically significant difference in the performance of boys and girls, with boys performing better than girls. Moreover, it was found out that gender has no significant effect on students’ performance. The findings suggest that the level of achievement in science is not gender-dependent. It is therefore proposed that, assessment techniques and pedagogical practices that improve girls’ knowledge, attitude and participation in science should be employed by teachers. Integrated science; achievement in science; gender differences; BECE; pedagogical practices 86. AN INTERVENTION TO ADDRESS DETERIORATING WATER QUALITY: AN APPLICATION

OF AJZEN’S THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR

Albert Ebo Duncan University of Cape Coast, School of Physical Science, Chemistry Department.

Corresponding author: Tel: 0243102530

Abstract

This study investigates the factors which influence illegal miners’ intention to choose an alternative job using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Three hundred and thirty-eight respondents from illegal mining communities in the Pra Basin completed a questionnaire on behavioral, social and demographic factors which might motivate an illegal miner to choose an alternative job. The attitude was found to be the only dominant significant antecedent of the behavioral intention. The findings from the study reveal that Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) which has been the focus of the job intervention in the basin is not a predictor of their intention. 87. 87. CARCINOGENICITY AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC

HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) IN ‘WELLE’- A COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT COWHIDE FROM

SELECTED MARKETS IN THE GREATER ACCRA REGION, GHANA.

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Collins K. Tay1*, Louis Korbla Doamekpor2, Saada Mohammed1, Grace Dartey1, Richard Kuddy1, Emmanuel Fianyaglo2, Mavis Mawuena2. 1CSIR -Water Research Institute, P. O. Box AH 38 Achimota, Accra. 2Department of Chemistry, University of Ghana, Legon. 1*Author for correspondence: E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Tel: +233-243-161914 (mobile) 233-302-779514/5 (office) 233-302-926135 (Home)

Abstract

The effect of smoking on the formation of 16 individual and groups of PAHs considered as superior indicators of carcinogenicity in relation to occurrence and toxicity of PAH compounds in commercially available cowhide (‘Welle’) were investigated. A total of fifty-four (54) ‘Welle’ samples from seven (7) selected major markets within the Tema-Ashaiman and Accra Metropolis were analysed. The samples were collected between November 2018 and February 2019 and analysed using Agilent GC 6890N, MS5975B Series gas chromatography in a splitless mode. The objective was to subject the PAH content in ‘Welle’ from selected markets in the Greater Accra to the internationally adopted superior indicators for the occurrence and toxicity of PAHs in food as well as ascertain the main sources of PAHs. The study shows that, the total PAHs in ‘Welle’ ranged 0.134 – 2.377 μg/kg. The USEPA (1993) probable human carcinogenic PAHs (∑ 7c PAHs) in ‘Welle’ ranged 0.10 – 0.85 μg/kg, the US National Academy of Science (1972) strongly carcinogens (PAH3) ranged 0.068 – 0.379 μg/kg, the EFSA group of 4 PAHs (PAH4) as superior indicators of carcinogenicity ranged 0.068 – 0.478 μg/kg, while the EFSA group of 8 PAHs (PAH8) as superior indicators of carcinogenicity ranged 0.136 – 0.727 μg/kg. The dominance pattern of PAH in ‘Welle’ from the Greater Accra Region is in the order of : In(1,2,3-cd)P > Flu > Ant > PA> Pyr > Chr > B(a)A > B (b)F > B(a)P > AcPy > Fl > B(ghi)P > B(k)F > Nap > Acp > DB(ah)A. According to the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer, PAH in ‘Welle’ from the Greater Accra Metropolis is dominated by positive genotoxicity PAHs classified as possibly carcinogenic (2B) as well as positive and questionable PAHs that are not classifiable (3). Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) levels in ‘Welle’ was found to range 0.12 – 0.129 μg kg-1 which was significantly below the maximum level set by the EU in smoked meat products (5.0 μg kg-1). Source analyses using molecular weight of specific hydrocarbons show that, the PAHs ‘Welle’ from the selected markets within the Greater Accra Metropolis originate primarily from pyrolytic sources.

Key Words: PAH, carcinogenicity, source identification, singed cowhide, ‘Welle’, Greater Accra Metropolis, Ghana

88. ASSESSMENT OF KAKUM RIVER QUALITY WITHIN THE ESUEKYIR CATCHMENT AREA

Albert Ebo Duncan University of Cape Coast, School of Physical Science, Chemistry Department

Corresponding author: Tel: 0243102530

Abstract Pollution of water bodies in Africa is on the increase, as such unsafe drinking water is one of the main concerns in the African continent especially in sub-Saharan. The inhabitants of Essuekyir community, a suburb within the Cape Coast north metropolis-Ghana are faced with water-stressed issues thus, some members of the community resort to the Kakum River for domestic activities. However, the quality of the river for domestic use is doubtful due to crude dumping of waste, open defecation and sand winning activities within the catchment of the river. To ascertain the quality of the river for domestic use, samples were analyzed for their physical-chemical and microbiological quality. In all, four samples each were collected from three sampling point within the catchment of the river. The Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index was used to assess the general quality of the Kakum River by employing some physical-chemical parameters. The microbial results of the analysis showed that the river is heavily contaminated with fecal and total coliform bacteria arising from the open defecation and crude dumping of waste within the catchment of the river. Some physicochemical parameters which are of health concern also failed to meet the desired threshold recommended by WHO in all the sampling points. These parameters are pH, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solids, Dissolved Oxygen, Oxidation Reduction Potential, and Iron. The water quality index results from the three sampling points also confirmed the deteriorating quality of the river, making it unsuitable for recreational and domestic use. 89. GEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF BASEMENT ROCKS VARIABILITY TO WEATHERING AND

ITS LANDSCAPE ASSESSMENT IN ZUNGERU AREA NORTHWESTERN NIGERIA



65

Alabi Adekola Amos*and Jimoh Owolabi Muftau

Geology Department, Federal University of Technology Minna, Nigeria *Corresponding Author E- mail: [email protected]

Abstract

In the north-eastern area of Zungeru, it is common to find extensive areas with few, if any fresh rock outcrops. Among potentials impact of geology and deep weathered rock land features includes pollution of surface and underground water, farm land degradation by which fertile land becomes unproductive for agriculture practice, loss of vegetation cover that may promote surface run-off and erosion and destruction of geologic column. There are three basic types of weathering profile, type “A” which is characterised by thorough disaggregation and with a gradual downward increase in coherence to hard rock, these profiles are typically associated with coarse-grained granites and other homogeneous or closely fractured rock types, type “B” is characterized by upper zone of thorough disaggregation and a lower zone of core stone development and common with mostly widely jointed acid and basic igneous rocks, type “C” characteristic of weathered metamorphic rocks in particular meta-sedimentary rocks that developed break up angular blocks base profile an separated by thin seams of decomposed rock. This paper is aimed at combining geology and geochemistry of rocks to evaluate the influence and extent of weathering and land degradation in parts of Zungeru. The basement rocks in the study are falls within the Ushama and BirninGwari formations and make a gradational contact with the sedimentary rock of Bida sandstone formation. Geological mapping by traverse method using topographic base map on a scale of 1:50,000 was carried out. Depth of the gullies where measured from the surface using measuring tape. Geochemical analytical method employed is ICPMS. Geochemical plots and weathering indices suggest extreme weathering for phyllite and muscovite schist, intermediate weathering for biotite schist and low weathering for granite gneiss and amphibole schist. Identification of localized and regional weathering zones with deep weathered profile in north-west of Zungeru suggested that weathering is most distributed in areas of low grade meta-sedimentary rocks of mica schist and phyllite. Landscape pattern and frequency varies with rock types and ranges from between of 5 to 50 meters surface extend of about 120 meters in areas with phyllite and muscovite schist, rock weathering intensity in the area is highly influenced by climate, topography and intensive land over cultivation in the area. Crop rotation and bush fallowing system of farming is suggested while cultivation of deep root crops should be minimized.

90. ERYTHROPOIETIC, HEMANITIC AND LEUCOCYTIC ACTIVITIES OF THE AQUEOUS

EXTRACTS OF THE FRUITS AND LEAVES OF TURKEY BERRY (SOLANUM TORVUM)

Ilyas Ibrahim

University of Education, Winneba, P. O. Box TA 108 Old-Tafo/ Ashanti. Email: [email protected] Tel: +233 553 424 504

Abstract

The Solanum torvum plant is globally exploited for its medicinal and pharmacological benefits. This study was conducted to investigate the erythropoietic, hemanitic and leucocytic activities of the aqueous extracts of the fruits and leaves of Solanum torvum. Three groups of rabbits (aged 6-8 weeks) where either given the aqueous extracts of fresh turkey berry fruits, fresh turkey berry leafs, or distilled water at a dose of 0.5ml per day over a six-week period. The rabbits were fed ad libitum with concentrate and water throughout the experimental period. A full blood count (FBC) was done on the blood samples of the experimental animals at the end of the six-week period of the extract administration. The blood samples of the rabbits given the aqueous fruit and leaf extracts of turkey berry at the end of the six weeks of treatment administration showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in red blood cell count, hemoglobin level, white blood cell count and hematocrit. The results indicated that Solanum torvum had a positive erythropoietic, hemanitic and leucocytic properties.

91. INDEPENDENT ASSESSMENT OF QUALITY OF SACHET WATER SOLD IN SOME SUBURBS

OF ACCRA.

Regina Ama Banu, Mark Osa Akrong, Mohammed Bello, Hawa Ahmed, Selorm Borbor, Lady Boamah Adomako and Ebenezer D.O. Ansa. CSIR - Water Research Institute P. O. Box 38, Achimota, Ghana Abstract


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Sachet water (bagged drinking water), has become the dominant and readily available drinking water currently used in Ghana and in most parts of sub-Saharan Africa. The main aim of this study was to examine the bacteriological quality of sachet water sold in 21suburbs of Accra. 60 sachet water - 5 street vendored and 55 shop sold – were randomly purchased to the CSIR Water Research Institute’s Microbiology laboratory for analysis in the year 2017; Kasoa(4), Newtown(4), Fadama(3), Mallam(1), Lapaz(2), Tantra Hill(1), Lomnava(1), Kasoa(4), Sowutuom(3), Agbogba(1), East Legon(1), ,Freetown(1), Abossey-Okai(3), Ablekuma(2), Darkuman(7), Mpoase(10), Opetekwe(1), Glefe(6), Agbobloshi(4), Pig Farm(1) and Ashaiman(4). Samples were analyzed for Total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas sp. using the membrane filtration technique and total heterotrophic bacteria using pour plate method. In all 28% of samples tested positive for total coliforms, 2 % for Escherichia coli, 35% Pseudomonas spp, 75% and 58% for total heterotrophic bacteria counts when incubation was carried out at 220C and 370C respectively. Residual chlorine levels of all samples tested was zero (0) ppm while pH of samples ranged from 6.5-7.8. Though Total coliforms were absent in majority of samples analyzed (72%), quality of water cannot be adjudged as potable in the absence of Total coliform alone; levels of total heterotrophic bacteria must also be taken into account. Further test carried out on isolates from total heterotrophic bacteria using the MALDI-TOF Bruker also revealed the presence of Enterobactor cloacae and Klebseilla pneumoniae (typical opportunistic pathogens). It is very important that in the absence of the conventional coliforms, it is critical that total heterotrophic bacteria should be very low in sachet drinking water to keep these opportunistic pathogens below infective doses. We recommended that sachet water producers must do frequent monitoring of the water they produce to ensure a consistent quality product.

92. LASER-INDUCED FLUORESCENCE SPECTROSCOPY COMBINED WITH PRINCIPAL

COMPONENT ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES THE EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON

ANTIMALARIAL HERBAL DRUGS

Jerry Opoku-Ansah1,2,* Moses Jojo Eghan1,2 Rabbi Boateng1 Peter Osei-Wusu Adueming1,2 Benjamin Anderson1,2 Charles Lloyd Yeboah Amuah1,2 and Justice Kwaku Addo3

1. Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.

2. Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.

3. Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.

*Correspondence E-mail: [email protected]; Mobile: +233 243333845

Abstract

Exposure of antimalarial herbal drugs (AMHDs) to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) contributes to degrading and loss of efficacy of AMHDs especially in regions with high sunshine. Currently, it is almost difficult to discriminate between AMHDs exposed to UVR (UVR-AMHDs) and those that are not exposed (Non-UVR-AMHDs). We report on using laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) as an effective non-destructive technique in the identification of UVR-AMHDs and Non-UVR-AMHDs. This was done by monitoring the UVR-AMHDs and the Non-UVR-AMHDs for seven (7) continuous days, where high fluorescence quenching in the spectra of UVR-AMHDs was observed. Using three (3) principal components from principal component analysis of the spectral data, it has been possible to characterize and classify UVR-AMHDs and Non-UVR-AMHDs. We, therefore, propose this simple, safe, non-destructive and viable technique as a alternative tool for UVR-AMHDs identification in the interest of the AMHDs industry and the general public. 93. CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIMALARIAL HERBAL DRUGS USING LASER-INDUCED

FLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUE

Jerry Opoku-Ansah1,2,* Moses Jojo Eghan,1,2 Rabbi Boateng,1 Peter Osei-Wusu Adueming,1,2 Charles Lloyd Yeboah Amuah,1,2 Justice Kwaku Addo,3 and Benjamin Anderson1,2



67

3. Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.


Abstract

In spite of recommendations to use artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) for treatment of malaria, one-eighth of inhabitants in most rural communities in Ghana rely on antimalarial herbal drugs (AMHDs) as their primary source of medication. Traditional methods for characterizing AMHDs are time consuming, tedious and require well-trained personnel. There is the need for a rapid, easy to use and inexpensive method to characterize AMHDs. Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) has gained acceptance as a rapid and reliable technique. In this work, the LIF technique was employed to record fluorescence spectra of eight Ghanaian AMHDs for 3 minutes. Results showed unique spectral signatures for each AMHDs. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the principal components were potent for characterizing the AMHDs. We propose this simple, safe, non-destructive and viable technique as a potential tool for detecting fraudulent AMHDs in the interest of the AMHDs industry, food and drugs authority and the general public.

94. ROLE OF CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION IN COMMUNITY-BASED LIVELIHOOD

ADAPTATION AROUND LAKE BOSOMTWE, GHANA

Elizabeth Kwakye, Yaw Boakye Agyeman and Adelina Mensah

University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract

Climate change communication has become an essential intervention for managing the threats of global climate change to development. Not only is climate change triggering new development challenges, but it is also aggravating existing ones. As a result, it has been identified under the United Nation’s 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a priority area for urgent intervention. Globally, it has been widely accepted that establishing adaptation measures is necessary to protect global economies and ecological systems from the impacts of climate change. As a human behavior, adaptation depends on information acquired, and knowledge gained. Communication of climate change information plays a crucial role in facilitating community-based livelihood adaptation. It is a community-led process for reducing vulnerability to the impacts of climate change. Studies on climate change communication have focused on public understanding of climate change, factors affecting public opinion, framing, media effects and risk perception. However, little attention has been given to how rural communities use climate information in making decisions about their livelihoods in response to changing environmental conditions. On this background, the study aimed at investigating how rural communities use climate information and the factors influencing livelihood adaptation to climate change. The study used a household survey in which 239 respondents were sampled based on convenience sampling. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square test for independence. The results show that climate information facilitates community-based livelihood adaptation. However, the nature and mode of communication undermine the communities’ abilities to adapt. Repackaging, timely and accurate information is recommended for effective community-based adaptation. 95. DENOISING HOLOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF PRIMARY BEAMS I: A SINGULAR

VALUE DECOMPOSITION APPROACH

T. Ansah-Narh1*, E. Proven- Adzri1, A. Akoto-Danso1 and B. Takyi2

1. Ghana Space Science and Technology Institute (GSSTI-GAEC), Box LG 80, Legon 2. Department of Physics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

*Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract Astronomical data recorded from a radio telescope are mostly corrupted by Radio Frequency Interference (RFI), making it difficult to detect weak sources. The interference may be caused by the antenna, astrophysical sources, our cell phones or any other artificial electronics. In this paper, we introduce the singular value decomposition (SVD) scheme to reconstruct the holographic measurement of the Seven Karoo Telescopes (KAT-7). Since we




68

are interested in measuring the intensity of the observing signal in radio astronomy, having an accurate model of the primary beam is very crucial. The results indicated that using 3 strongest coefficients of singular values, we can denoise and reproduce the image close to the original beam with the gain terms (XX, YY) having an expected error of and that of the off-diagonal terms (XY, YX) to be .

96. IMPACT OF GEOLOGY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF MINNA- ZUNGERU ROAD, CENTRAL

NIGERIA S. H. Waziri, A. Fakaye, J. N. Chukwuma—Orji and A. O. Kudabo Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, Minna. Email: [email protected] +2347035983684 Abstract

Minna- Zungeru road is in constant deplorable condition despite frequent maintenance by the Nigerian government. Geological, geotechnical, groundwater inventory and geophysical studies were therefore employed with the view of understanding the geologic basis for the performance of Minna-Zungeru road. Rocks underlying the road include granites, migmatite-gneiss and metesediment (mica schist). These rocks are fractured and weathered into secondary minerals especially within the mica schist. Natural moisture content ranges between 5.1% and 10.2%, Liquid Limits (26.78% and 49.20%), plastic limits (9.40% and 25%), plasticity index (11.54% and 39.80%), maximum dry density (1.89 and 2.07g/cm3), optimal moisture content (9.0 and 14.9%). The soaked CBR of the soil from the stable portion of the road has a CBR of 13.21%, while the two soil samples from the unstable portion recorded CBR of 4.4% and 5.8% respectively. The soils from the stable portion of road have un-soaked CBR value of 19.2% while, the two soil samples from unstable portions have un-soaked CBR of 6.1% and 7.9% respectively. Vertical Electrical Sounding VES ranges from 34.9 Ω-m and 81.6 Ω-m in the unstable portions mostly underlain by schist, and 149 Ω-m to 429 Ω-m in the stable portions underlain by granite and gneiss. These low resistivity recorded within the schist are associated with soils characterized by medium to high plasticity such as sandy clays and clayey soils of poor engineering properties. Lower percentages of groundwater variation were recorded within the portion of the road underlain by schist. The clayey nature of the soils underlain by the schist makes the soils behave like aquitards that are associated with poor engineering properties. The capillarity property of the aquitard aids in the upward movement of groundwater to the sub base materials that leads to the reduction of the strength of the soils. Treatment of the soils to improve their engineering properties, replacement of the soils with soils having better engineering properties as well as the provision of proper drainage for the road will improve the performance of the road. Geology, aquitard, groundwater, resistivity

97. INNOVATIVE ARDUINO-BASED LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS VOLUME GAUGE SYSTEM

WITH SMARTPHONE MONITORING FOR HOUSEHOLD APPLICATION

Jerry Opoku-Ansah,1,2,* Augustine Arthur,2 Patrick Mensah-Amoah,1,2 and Henry James Manuel Barnor,2




Abstract

The need to adopt rapidly developing technologies to enhance the lifestyles of humans cannot be overemphasised. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is one of the most essential and commonly used domestic fuels in developing countries. Due to the invisible nature of the gas, often housed contained in opaque cylinders, there is the need for a monitoring system to inform users of the instantaneous quantity of LPG left. We report on a designed and simulated Arduino-based LPG volume gauge system coupled to a smart phone. The system comprises a 100 PSI pressure transducer sensor which was used to read the pressure of the LPG exiting the cylinder. The output signal from the pressure sensor was used to (quantitatively/mathematically) determine the volume of the LPG in the cylinder. Codes in C-language were written and deployed on Arduino mega 2560, where data was stored. The results for the pressure and volume were shown on a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). Measurements obtained using the designed sensor showed decreasing volume levels as the gas was being expended. The designed and simulated Arduino-based LPG volume gauge system can be improved and applied for domestic and industrial purposes.

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98. NEOGENE PLANKTIC FORAMINIFERAL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF SECTION OF KAM- 1

WELL, WESTERN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA

Y. Baba Alkali and E. A. Okosun Department of Geology, Federal University of Technology, P. M. B. 65, Minna, Nigeria

Correspondence to: Alkali, Y. Baba, Email : [email protected], Mobile: +234706180388 Abstract

Neogene planktic foraminiferal Biostratigraphy of 6,960 ft – 10,140 ft intervals of Kam -1 well, Western Niger Delta, Nigeria was studied to delineate the intervals into planktic zones. 10g each of 53 ditch cutting samples were processed for foraminiferal extraction using kerosene and all treated samples were wet sieved with 63 microns mesh screen. Recovered foraminifera were examined with the aid of Olympus binocular microscope. Specific occurrences at intervals and first and last appearances were employed in the delineation of boundaries. Recovery ranges from poor to rich. Recovered planktic foraminifera were identified, evaluated and appraised for their Biostratigraphic relevance. One planktic Biozonation was established based on last downhole occurrence of Orbulina universa which was placed at 9300 ft, the interval was also characterised by the abundance of Orbulina universa, Globigerinoides sacculifera and Biorbulina biobata at 7980 ft Below 9300 ft. was assigned early Miocene though diagnostic species was not recorded. The entire section was assigned early Miocene / middle Miocene in age. 99. A MULTIDISCIPLINARY AND INTEGRATED APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE

MANAGEMENT AND BUILDING RESILIENCE OF LAKE BOSUMTWI TO CLIMATE CHANGE:

PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE RELAB PROJECT

Peter Sanful1*, Yaw Agyeman 2, Dennis Trolle 3, Emmanuel Opuni-Frimpong 4, Mary Antwi 4 Adelina Mensah 5, Francis Nunoo 6, Thomas Davidson 3, Hans Thodsen 3, Torben Lauridsen 3, Anders Nielsen 3, Austin Asare 4, Asha Damoah 1, Amos Asase 1, Elizabeth Kwakye 2, Sylvia Baidoo 2, Augustine Yeboah 2, Solomon Amfoh 1

1. Department of Fisheries and Water Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O. Box 214 Sunyani

2. Department of Ecotourism, Hospitality and Recreation, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O. Box 214 Sunyani

3. Department of Biosciences, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark 4. Department of Environmental Management, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O. Box

214 Sunyani 5. Institute of Environment and Sanitation Studies, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 25 Legon, Accra 6. Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Ghana, P. O. Box LG 25, Legon, Accra Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] Phone: 020 975 5818 / 024 495 5821

Abstract

Gradual decline in fish productivity of Lake Bosumtwi has been strongly linked with increasing atmospheric warming over the last 40 years. Climate-driven changes to the lake’s ecosystem is hypothesized to be primarily responsible for the low fish catches and increasing vulnerability of fishermen. Emerging livelihoods from adaptations to poor fish harvest are driving harmful land use activities with consequences for the lake’s water quality. The resilience of the lake is therefore threatened by unknown effects of climatic and anthropogenic stressors. The “Building Resilience of Lake Bosumtwi to Climate Change” – RELAB Project, is using a multidisciplinary state-of-the-art approaches and models to resolve the complex interactions of ecosystem changes, watershed processes and livelihood systems affected by climate change. Data from monitoring climate, lake physics, biogeochemistry and primary productivity indicates persistent stratification and incomplete mixing of the water column evident of climate warming driving reductions in fish stocks. The hydrodynamic ecosystem model (GOTM-FABM-PC lake) has been setup and calibrated based on historical data from the NSERC/LBRP Project. Validated classified land use and land cover maps for the watershed over the period 1986-2018 shows shrinking of lake volume by 3.7 % while 22.6 % of closed and open forests have been lost to farmlands, built-up areas and bare lands due to livelihood diversification in response to ecosystem changes and fisheries decline. Fish stocks are low, overexploited and poorly managed. Livelihood assessment indicate a gradual shift from fishing to farming. However, fishermen without options have intensified fishing efforts to further exploit the limited fish stocks.


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100. SELF-CONSISTENT EMBEDDED ATOM POTENTIAL: APPLICATION TO BCC ALLOYS

Abajingin David Dele

Physics and Electronics Department, Adekunle Ajasin University, Akungba-Akoko. Ondo State. Nigeria. E-mail: [email protected] -Tel.: +2348133989412

Abstract

The separable potential and the embedded atom methods (SPM and EAM) are two semi-empirical models whose equations have same structural background related to the pure metal parameters. In this study, the missing gaps between these two models were obtained through a set of generalized forms of EAM equations

using adjustable parameters 1 2 3, t t and t . The set of EAM equations now obtained were used to predict the

dilute heat limit of solution alloys of some selected transition bcc metals. The parameters of the self-consistent potential equations were obtained by fitting into the experimental values of the pure bcc metals. The values of the dilute limit heat of solution for the alloys of the selected transition bcc metals are in good agreement with available values found in literature. 101. ECONOMIC POTENTIAL OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS STANDARDS CERTIFICATION

Theodora Agyenim-Boateng and Emmanuel Kwasi Asare

Ghana Standards Authority, P.O. BOX MB 245, Accra. Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Tel: 0208285506

Abstract

Management System Standards (MSS) prescribes for organizations, the methodology for effective and efficient utilization of resources in business activities to achieve their intended output. Unfortunately, in Ghana, application of MSS is still a grey area yet to be totally explored by many organizations. This paper presents / explores the influence of performance of some applied Management Systems Standards on specific sectors. The research explored extensively desktop literature search and study. Data source for the study was ISO Survey of Management System Standard Certifications – 2014, which included interviews, workshops, company annual report and publications. Results of analysis showed a correlation between increased company revenue/ profit and an effective implementation of MSSs, reduction in cost associated with procurement and production, reduced waste and number of product defects/re-work; reduction in time in undertaking key business activities, thus, ensuring efficiency which intends impacts company revenue and profits. The results review showed that the effective implementation of a MSS certification have a positive effect on revenue and profitability of any organization irrespective of size or industry. ISO, Management System Standards, Certification, Economic, Potential

102. INVESTIGATING THE GULF OF GUINEA SST PATTERN LINKAGES TO EL-NINO EVENTS

David C. Adukpo*, Augustine Arthur, Francis Nkrumah and Felix Nakotey Minta

Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. *Correspondence E-mail: [email protected]; Mobile: +233 206027892 Abstract

Sea surface temperature (SST) can tremendously affect high impact weather and produce extreme weather events but not much research has been done on Gulf of Guinea (GOG) SST’s behavioral influence on the climate of Western Africa. Therefore to qualitatively quantify this influence there is a need to understand the patterns and behavior of SST’s in the GOG especially during EL-Nino events for a section of the period: 1976-2019. The analysis involves the finding of relationships between negative and positive sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) to EL Nino events. The data employed in this work was the SSTs from January 1982 to December 2018 and this data was produced by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)




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High-resolution Blended Analysis - which used daily values from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) only. This data was sourced from National Climate and Environmental Protection (NCEP). Technically, Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis (which is a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) related technique) was used to extract information from the large NCEP datasets by analysing for the variability of space-time distributions. Trend analysis comprising of times series analysis, correlational analysis and application of running averages were also used. Some analysis of El Nino and La Nina indices were carried out. It was ascertained that SSTs over the GOG remained neutral to El-Niño events and that SSTs variability and anomalous warming in the Gulf of Guinea has weak relationship with El-Niño years.

103. NUTRITIONAL CONTENT OF MALT DRINKS SOLD ON THE GHANAIAN MARKET

Victor Y. A. Barku* and Sumaila Akurugu Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] (0244895213). Abstract

Five different brands of malt drink sold on the Ghanaian market (Malta Guinness, Rasta malt, Vicco malt, Beta malt and Super malt) were analyzed for pH, conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, protein, carbohydrate and minerals. All the malt drinks were quite acidic with pH ranging from 4.2 to 4.9. Malta Guinness recorded the highest conductivity of 1526.50 + 2.2 mS/cm and a TDS of 11.52 + 0.01 mg while Super malt recorded the lowest conductivity of 671.50 + 2.2 and 0.55 + 0.05. The protein content ranged between 0.175 g/L for Rasta Malt and 1.250 g/L for Malta Guinness. Comparing the carbohydrate content obtained in the malt drinks that ranged from 26.26 -36.29 g/L with the recommended daily intake of carbohydrate is 130 g/day, the carbohydrate content was found to be low. The order of concentration is Malta Guinness > Vicco malt > Super malt > Rasta Malt > Beta malt. Similarly, the levels of calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium in the malt drinks were found to be generally low.

104. TREND ANALYSIS OF WIND SPEED AND TEMPERATURE DURING THE HARMATTAN IN

GHANA AND ITS ENVIRONS

Augustine Arthur*, David Adukpo, Francis Nkrumah and Germain K. Djameh

Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.


Abstract

The regression trend analysis of wind speed and temperature was investigated in Northern Ghana during the harmattan from 1980 to 2018. The input data was monthly field reanalysis data from climateexplorer.com. The wind speed was the speed at 2 to 10 metres above sea level. The analysis were done using correlation and a linear regression trend analysis. The results from the correlation analysis showed that during the harmattan season represented by December-January-February (DJF), wind speed and temperature has a weak correlation of coefficient -0.3. These results were also projected into the individual months (December, January, and February) in which the correlations also gave similar results (-0.2, -0.3, -0.4 respectively). The linear trend analysis showed an increasing trend from 1980 to 2018 but wind speed showed a slight decrease in trends a slope of -0.002. The linear trend analysis showed that temperature has been increasing with a slope of 0.02. Further analysis using the anomaly score: Z-score proved that there was very little relationship between wind speed and temperature statistically speaking. Further studies with wavelet transform analysis will be helpful in releasing the salient relationship amongst the time series of wind speed and temperature. 105. HUMAN HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE TO HEAVY METALS IN SELECTED

MINING COMMUNITIES IN GHANA

S. Obiri 1, 2 S. Adu-kumi3., S Osae1 and P. O. Yeboah4


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1. Department of Nuclear Science and Applications, School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon, Accra.

2. CSIR-Building and Road Research Institute, Kumasi 3. Environmental Protection Agency, Accra 4. Christ Apostolic Church University College, Kumasi

Correspondence should be addressed to [email protected]

Abstract

Gold mining is an important economic activity in Ghana. However, processing and extraction of gold from its ore generate a lot of waste containing toxic chemical. Exposure to toxic chemicals in the mine waste by human beings in other countries are known to cause cancer and non-cancerous diseases. It is within this context that this study assess cancer and non-cancer health effects associated with exposure to As, Cd, Hg and Pb in several environmental media and biota (human whole blood and serum) in selected mining areas in Ghana using random sampling techniques in line USEPA risk assessment guidelines. An ethical clearance was obtained from Ghana Health Service Ethics Committee. As, Cd and Hg levels in the environmental media as well as the whole blood and serum were analysed using neutron activation analysis at Ghana Reactor 3, while the Pb levels in the samples were analysed using Graphite Furnace AAS at CSIR-Water Research Institute. The mean concentrations of As, Cd, Hg and Pb in water samples from Tarkwa mining area ranged from 15 ± 2.01µg/L to 325 ± 14µg/L (As), 0.17 ± 0.03µg/L to 340 ± 12µg/L (Cd), 132 ± 13.4µg/L to 866 ± 32.2µg/L (Hg) and 0.17 ± 0.03µg/L to 122 ± 2.56µg/L (Pb) respectively; while As, Cd, Hg and Pb concentrations in whole blood from resident adults are as follows; 38 ± 3.20µg/L (As), 303 ± 117µg/L (Cd), 63 ± 0.23µg/L (Hg) and 28 ± 14µg/L (Pb) respectively. The results obtained for As, Cd, Hg and Pb in the environmental media were used as input parameters for the calculation of cancer and non-cancer health risk based on occupational and residential exposure scenario for small-scale miners workers and resident adults/children using central tendency exposure (CTE) and reasonable maximum exposure (RME) parameters. The results from the cancer and non-cancer health risk assessment in most cases exceeded the USEPA acceptable guidelines values. The findings from case-control epidemiological studies established a strong relationship between exposure to As in drinking water and incidence of cardiovascular disease among residents in the study areas. The results from this study calls for strong policy interventions to address the issue of health and safety of small-scale mine workers as well as residents of mining communities in Ghana. Health risk assessment, environmental biota, whole blood, serum, cardiovascular diseases, case-control epidemiological studies.

106. SPECTRAL AND CORRELATION ANALYSIS OF SELECTED MOLECULAR ABSORPTION

BANDS OF THE SOLAR SPECTRUM AND COLLOCATED METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS

Augustine Arthur1,*, David Adukpo1, Andrew Huzortey1,2, Francis Nkrumah1, Evans Frimpong1 and Anthony Twum1




Abstract

Satellite data and computer simulations show that changes in clouds could provide a small positive feedback on the climate system. In order to quantify the effect/response of the earth system to climate change, we need to measure and record atmospheric radiation, its budget and other affected meteorological parameters using a host of equipment and techniques. The measurements, recording and results from the subsequent analysis amounts to the gathering of technical baseline data for further analysis in order to have a better understanding of the earth’s climate system. This research work was mainly carried out to test the physical principles involved in the treatment of solar radiation interaction with the atmosphere. The experimental setup was made up of a USB 400 UV-VIS spectrometer coupled to an optical fibre; an Arduino with an attached temperature and humidity sensors; a charged coupled device (CCD) and a computer. The atmospheric solar radiation data was recorded for sunny or cloudy skies with its collocated humidity and temperature values for an integration time of 200milliseconds. A spectral derivative analysis method was used in the estimation of the features of a spectral intensity absorption curves peaks/dips. The derivatives of the peaks with peak centres: 950nm, 720nm, 760nm and 820nm are spectrally fitted to obtain the depth, Full width at half maximum (FWHM) and position of the band peaks/dips. A correlation analysis was performed for the estimated spectral fitted features and the measured collocated humidity and temperature values for both sunny and cloudy sky.


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107. ASSESSMENT AND MODELING ELECTRICITY DEMAND RESPONSE POTENTIAL IN

GHANA: A CASE STUDY OF SUNYANI MUNICIPALITY

John Ansu Gyabaah*, Samuel Gyamfi, Eric Ofosu Antwi

School of Engineering, University of Energy and Natural Resources (UENR), P. O. Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana.

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Tel: 0558065431

Abstract

Demand response (DR), a key demand side management strategy for maintaining security of supply has not fully been exploited in developing countries largely because DR programs as being applied currently in developed countries are not readily applicable in developing countries. Load shedding, which leaves sections of consumers without power has often been applied to maintain supply security. This study explores an alternative short-to-medium term measure to reducing electricity demand voluntarily during periods when supply is constrained by providing timely information on supply condition to consumers. Using consumer preference survey, information about residential customers’ energy use activities during morning, afternoon and evening hours were collected. Data about how customers would modify their usage behavior in a hypothetical supply constraint situation was collected. The study further explores households’ customer demand response motivation with respect to three factors: cost (price), environment and security (risk of black-outs). The findings of the study suggest that residential consumers would be willing to reduce their energy consumption when information on security of electricity supply is communicated to them in order to avoid a black out though, price is the foremost motivation for reducing energy consumption followed by security and environment respectively.

108. RESTORATION OF DEGRADED LANDSCAPES AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN

DIFFERENT PLANTATION SYSTEMS IN WESTERN GHANA

Emmanuel Opuni-Frimpong1,2, Kwadwo Nti Baniako3, Ebenezer J.D. Belford3 and Andrew Burton4

1. School of Natural Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana 2. Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, University P.O. Box 63, Kumasi-Ghana Kwame 3. Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi-Ghana 4. Ecosystem Science Center, School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan

Technological University, USA

Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

Most recent reforestation programs aimed at restoring biodiversity on degraded landscapes, are also in response to global climate change mitigation efforts. Reforestation CDM/REDD+ is abundantly promoted by governments and development agencies as a potential option for rural socio-economic development. Establishment of mixed species in plantations is being encouraged for restoration of biodiversity, enhancing resilience of ecosystem sustainability and improving productivity of planted forests. However, uncertainty remains regarding the quantitative contribution of plantations to the global carbon cycle and carbon sequestration. This research aims to provide information on carbon contents of thirteen high-valued indigenous and one exotic tree species in pure, mixed and agroforestry plantations in the wet evergreen vegetation zone of Ghana. Overall, results revealed that individual tree carbon accumulation within species increased from trees in pure to mixed and to agroforestry plantations. Again the results indicated variations among the three allometric models used for estimating carbon. This research therefore supports the concept that mixed species tropical plantations can serve diverse economic, social, and ecological functions while ultimately reducing the rate of atmospheric CO2 accumulation. Agroforestry, Carbon stocks, Indigenous species, Mixed-plantation, Pure-Plantations









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109. A FACILE GREEN SYNTHESIS OF ULTRATHIN PbS NANORODS Selina Ama Saah1* Malik Dilshad Khan2 Johannes A. M. Awudza3, Neerish Revaprasadu4 and Paul O’Brien5

1. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana. 2. Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand Private bag X1001 KwaDlangezwa 3880 South

Africa. 3. Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. 4. Schools of Chemistry and Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13

9PL UK.

Email: [email protected], [email protected], Tel: 0247753612 Abstract

Lead alkyl xanthate (alkyl = octyl, nonyl and dodecyl) complexes have been synthesized and characterized using micro-elemental analyses, infra-red and thermogravimetric analyses. The synthesized complexes were used as molecular precursors (SSP) for preparation of PbS nanowires using the hot injection technique in olive oil. The influence of the alkyl chain length on the structural and electronic properties on the PbS nanowires are reported. Powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD) analyses of the as-synthesized nanowires show a face centred cubic rocksalt structure (halite). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the as-synthesized PbS nanomaterials reveal 1-dimensional growth of nanowires. The estimated optical band gaps from the Tauc plots were 1.34, 1.41 and 1.45 eV for PbS nanowires obtained from the octyl, nonyl and dodecyl chain lengths respectively at 125 °C. The composition and purity of the as-synthesized PbS nanowires was observed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) which showed an approximately 1:1 Pb to S ratios in all the as-synthesized nanowires. Lead xanthate complexes have been demonstrated as suitable stating materials for the syntheses of PbS nanowires in olive oil.

110. MEASUREMENT OF REFRACTIVE INDEX USING STEPWISE TRANSLATION OF THE

REFERENCE ARM OF AN OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN SYSTEM USING MICROWAVE SIGNALS

AS SOURCE.

R.N. Abugre1, Miriam Abade-Abugre2, Amos Kuditcher1 and J. K. A. Amuzu1

1. Department of Physics, University of Ghana, Legon 2. Ashesi University College.

Abstract:

An Optical Time Domain (OTD) system using microwave signals as source was implemented. Using stepwise translation of the reference arm of the OTD system with and without sample present in the sample arm, discrete sets of data are collected respectively. The difference in the discrete sets of data collected with no sample and sample present, is plotted to obtain the actual signal due to the sample and from the actual signal the refractive index of the sample is determined. With paper as sample the refractive index was found to be(1.6 ± 0.1). This demonstration indicates the OTD system implemented can be used to determine the refractive index of biological samples. 111. FINGERPRINTING AND CRIMINAL IDENTIFICATION – A CASE STUDY OF ASHANTI

REGIONAL CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION DEPARTMENT

Caleb Kesse Firempong* and Frank Osae Otchere,

Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. *E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract

The fingerprint technology has been used by various security agencies including the Ghana Police Service in order to link suspects to crimes. However, records on fingerprinting have not been the best for successful criminal identification. The present study was therefore to evaluate the extent of fingerprint application by the





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Ghana Police Service. A cross sectional design was adopted and a sample size of 210 criminal investigators within the Ashanti Region selected via simple randomization. The investigators were taken through structured questionnaires and the 2018 criminal records at the different stations of the Ashanti Regional Command also analysed. The results showed that more investigators (> 75%) had technical knowledge on the application but with few successful cases (at most 0.71%) being linked to the technique. The investigators also had a lukewarm attitude (~ 3.00 ± 1.20, meaning neutral) towards the use of the technique although they acknowledged the positive impact (~ 4.00 ± 1.20, highly agreed). Some of the significant impact of the application included enhancement of productivity, speeding of criminal proceedings and reduction in ambiguity during investigations. The major challenge of the fingerprinting was inadequate availability of resources (~ 4.00 ± 1.52). The other issues were improper fingerprinting equipment, poor infrastructure for the technique and less training for personnel. All these findings clearly revealed the need to significantly improve the fingerprint application at the Ashanti Regional Police Command to facilitate criminal identification and prosecution in the region. Fingerprint, Ashanti Region, Crimes, Prosecution, Investigators, Security Service.

112. OPTICAL FOURIER DOMAIN IMAGING SYSTEM USING SINGLE FREQUENCY

MICROWAVE SIGNALS AS SOURCE

R. N. Abugre1, M. Abade-Abugre2, J. K. A. Amuzu1 and Amos Kuditcher1

1. Department of Physics, University Of Ghana.

2. Ashesi University College (Ghana)

Abstract Imaging of biological tissues is found in a wide range of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) publications. Most OCT systems employ the use of light sources within the visible, infrared and ultraviolet regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this research letter, we demonstrate how an Optical Fourier Domain Imaging (OFDI) system using microwave signals with single frequency of 9.8 GHz and spectral frequency bandwidth of 5 GHz at full width half maximum intensity was implemented. The OFDI system implemented has an axial resolution of 0.06 m (6 cm) in free space. 113. SODIUM MOLYBDATE MODIFIED WITH ALUMINIUM OXIDE AS AN EFFICIENT

HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST FOR BIODIESEL FROM ADANSONIA DIGITATA AS A NEW

POTENTIAL NON EDIBLE RESOURCES

Mohammed Takase*, Alexander Nii Moi Pappoe

Department of Environmental Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.

*Corresponding author：E-mail [email protected] Tel.:+233-244909134

Abstract

Sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4) has been synthesized and investigated as a heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel from Adansonia digitata. Transesterification reactions occurred under atmospheric conditions, with relatively, low temperatures, short times and normal pressure. Prepared catalyst were characterised by means of FTIR, XRD, SEM, TGA and UV. The properties of the biodiesel were determined and compared with international standards. The transesterification reaction was very efficient with the optimum yield higher than 95%. The molybdenum (VI)-complex has a high Lewis acidity and most certainly act on alcohol O–H bond leading to a transient species which has high nucleophilic character. The catalyst was easily recovered and after being washed showed capacity of recyclability for another catalytic reaction with similar activity. Transesterification, Methanolysis, Heterogeneous catalysis, Sodium molybdate, Biodiese 114. WASTE MANAGEMENT FROM THE HOUSEHOLD AND LOCAL GOVERNANCE: AN

OVERVIEW

Lotsu Setor Aku1, Yaro, Joseph Awetori2

1. University for Development Studies, Main Library (Nyankpala Campus), P.O. Box 1652, Tamale, Northern Region

2. University of Ghana, Department of Geography & Resource Development, Legon

Corresponding Author: [email protected] ; [email protected] Telephone 0247720671




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Abstract Waste management (WM) challenges are of great concern to society. The Household (HH), being the basic social institution is critical to environmental management. Generally, problems created by the improper management of waste are basically at the door step of households. To address WM problems effectively the research sought to better understand the WM practices of the households, the systems put in place by the Local Government (LG) to manage waste and their challenges. The research was designed in three stages. The first stage was a survey of 200 households. The second stage of the design involved informal/unstructured interviews with the LG and private waste contractors. The third stage was an unstructured observation of the practical state of the waste problem in pictures. The findings showed that the LG lack resources and motivation for efficient policy implementation. It confirmed women and children deal largely with HH waste. They should be prioritized in implementation strategies to ensure greater success of policies. Major compositions of HH is Plastic and waste from processing food; these can be harnessed resources. Storage of solid waste and disposal of liquid waste is a major challenge. The process of WM need be well coordinated by Local Government and other agencies through the HH with the commensurate resources. The WM processes needs thorough research for a waste classification/ management guide to ensure proper WM practices. This research presents a direction for future studies in the HH waste, private sector participation and the process of decentralization. 115. ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINANTS USING POLLUTION INDICES IN

ANKOBRA RIVER AT PRESTEA HUNI-VALLEY DISTRICT, GHANA

Austin Asare1*, Benjamin D. Asamoah2, and Peter O. Sanful3

1. Department of Environmental Management, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana.

2. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana.

3. Department of Fisheries and Water Resources, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O Box 214, Sunyani, Ghana.

* Corresponding author: [email protected] , +233248009166/ +233203725770.

Abstract

The reliance of communities on River Ankobra as the source of drinking water makes the assessment of its quality very imperative to human health and environmental management. The objective of this work was to investigate the concentration of heavy metal in the Ankobra river sediments at the Prestea Hunni-valley District using pollution indices. Sediments were randomly collected from the bottom of the Ankobra River by an expert swimmer from four different communities; Awodua, Heman, Ankobra and Tarkwa Breman. The presence of a set of heavy metals Fe, Mn, Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Hg was established using AAS. The results showed that the concentration of Fe, As, and Hg were not significantly different (p>0.05) amongst the four different communities whilst the level of Cu, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Zn differed significantly (p<0.05) amongst the sampling areas. The geo-accumulation index revealed that the sampling locations were not polluted with Cu, Mn, Fe, Pb and Zn. However, all sampling areas except Tarkwa Breman were contaminated with Cd. The contamination factor results were consistent with the I-geo results. The pollution load index (PLI) showed that the four communities were not polluted with heavy metals. Strong positive relationship existed between Mn and Cu; Cd and Cu; Pb and Mn; Hg and Mn; Zn and Cu; Zn and Mn; Zn and Pb; Zn and Hg whilst As and Fe showed strong negative correlation. From the study, three areas; Awodua, Heman, and Ankobra are heavily affected by anthropogenic pollution whereas Tarkwa Breman’s water catchment is safe. 116. KAEMPFEROL AND NIAZIRIN DERIVATIVES AS POTENTIAL INHIBITORS OF

HELICOBACTER PYLORI UREASE: AN IN SILICO APPROACH

M. B. Adinortey1, 4, R. Dogbey1, I. Obuaba1, R. Koranteng2 and S. K. Kwofie3, 4, 5 1. Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural

Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. 2. Equipment Unit, Cape Coast Teaching Hospital, Cape Coast, Ghana 3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Sciences, College of Basic and Applied

Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana


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4. West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Ghana, Legon P.O. Box LG 54, Accra, Ghana

5. Department of Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA Corresponding Author: Email: [email protected] Tel: 0277804592, 0277804592 Abstract Urease is one of the molecular targets for eradicating urease related pathogens that mediate many diseases including peptic ulcers and gastric cancer. The adverse effects associated with the use of acetohydroxamic acid, the only approved anti-urease drug is a major setback in the treatment of peptic ulcers caused by H. pylori. This downside necessitates the need to explore compounds isolated from plants which have been reported to possess urease inhibitory potentials or anti-peptic ulcer activity. Kaempferol and niazirin derivatives were virtually screened against urease with the aim of identifying lead compounds with inhibitory potentials. The binding mechanism was elucidated and consolidated with molecular dynamics simulations of the urease-lead complexes using GROMACS and LigPlot+, respectively. In addition, the pharmacological profiles and toxicity of these compounds were assessed using SwissADME and AdmetSAR, respectively. Potential inhibitory compounds comprising niazirinin, niazirin and kaempferol-3-glucoside and kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside exhibited reasonably good binding affinities with binding energies between -5−-8 kcal/mol. The leads interacted with critical residues predicted to be essential for anti-urease activity. Also, the leads showed plausible pharmacological profiles and were negligibly toxic via Ames test. The identified kaempferol and niazirin derivatives are potential inhibitory molecules warranting further investigation into their anti-urease activity. Kaempferol, Niazirin, Molecular docking, urease, Acetohydroxamic acid

117. APPLICATION OF AIRBORNE GEOPHYSICAL DATASETS TO DELINEATE

LITHOLOGICAL UNITS, STRUCTURAL LINEAMENTS AND POTENTIAL GROUNDWATER

ZONES WITHIN THE WEST GONJA DISTRICT OF GHANA

E. D. Forson, A. Menyeh, S. K. Danuor and D. D. Wemegah College of Science, Department of Physics, Geophysics Section,

Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Airborne geophysical datasets comprising magnetic, radiometric and electromagnetic were used to delineate various lithological units and structural lineaments, which serve as host for minerals and possible groundwater producible zones within the West Gonja District in the Northern Region of Ghana. The tilt derivative filter, first vertical derivative coupled with CET (Centre for Exploration Targeting) analysis applied on the airborne magnetic data proved vital in delineating the structural lineaments within the study area, approximately 71% of them were observed to be trending in the NE-SW using the rose diagram. The reduction to pole at low latitudes filter, analytic signal filter, individual radiometric maps as well as the ternary map also facilitated in delineating the quartzitic sandstones and coarse-grained sandstones within the Anyaboni Formation and Undifferentiated Obosum Group respectively. Results obtained from the conductivity depth inversion (CDI) images generated from the airborne electromagnetic data and the borehole data employed showed an increased likelihood of reaching an aquifer from the top surface up to an average depth of about 100 m in the moderate and highly fractured sandstone formations (with conductivity values ranging between 0.023 S m-1 and 0.122 S m-1). Low yields within the sandstone regions depicted areas of basal mudstone and shale inference as well as consolidated sandstones which was validated by the borehole data. It is envisaged that the above findings will be of great importance to groundwater exploration by public and private water companies. Geophysics, airborne, magnetic, radiometric, lineaments

118. PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF STORED-DRIED FANTE AND

GA KENKEY AFLATAS

N. Neizer, A. Adu, and E. T. Quayson Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences,

University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana. Abstract

Aflata is the main ingredient used in making kenkey (Fante and Ga). Its quality affects the quality characteristics of the final product. In this study, the physicochemical properties and proximate composition of dried aflata stored under ambient conditions for three months were investigated. Three aflatas each of Fante and Ga kenkey


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were obtained from three different producers (P1, P2 and P3). Aflatas were dried at 65±5 ˚C and milled into flour. The physicochemical properties (pH, titratable acidity and soluble solid) were determined for five storage times (0, 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks) and proximate composition after 12 weeks of storage using standard methods. Fante kenkey aflata showed a decrease in pH and a corresponding increase in titratable acidity as storage time increased from week 4. Titratable acidity in Ga kenkey aflata was stable as pH showed a decrease after 4 weeks of storage to stability at week 8. Soluble solids were essentially stable for all the samples after two weeks, for Fante kenkey aflata while Ga kenkey aflata showed slight increase. Carbohydrate, ash, and fibre were stable while crude fat and protein decreased for P2 and P3 respectively for the Fante kenkey aflata. Protein and fibre decreased for P1 and P3 and fat decreased for P3 for the Ga kenkey aflata, with all the other parameters showing stability. Dried Fante and Ga kenkey aflatas can be stored for three months without much changes in the physicochemical properties and proximate composition.

119. FEMALE ACADEMIC FACULTY’S PERSONAL AGENCY FOR SUCCESS AND PERSISTENCE

IN SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS PROFESSIONS

Phyllis Bernice Kwarteng Donkor1 and Cynthia Tomovic2 1. University of Energy and Natural Resources, Department of Languages and General Studies, P. O. Box

214, Sunyani, BA, Ghana. 2. Old Dominion University, Department of STEM Education and Professional Studies Norfolk, VA,

USA. Corresponding author: [email protected], (+233)206127802, 558067821, 263378384

Abstract

The study set out to find out from female faculty in science, technology, mathematics and engineering (STEM), who have attained at least associate professor status, what factors within themselves and in society has enabled them to succeed and persist in their chosen STEM careers. This inquiry was against the background that most of their contemporaries never studied STEM courses, and those who did went only as far as the Bachelor or at most Masters level. A modified Delphi was used to gather data from a panel of 43 female faculty in STEM, selected from USA public institutions labelled as DocSTEM. Participants listed, refined, and validated factors they believed to be influential to their success and persistence. This presentation will address the personal and social factors participants cited as important to their success. From the perspective of these female faculty, they each possess several personal attributes which along with enabling environmental factors gave them agency to succeed and persist in their STEM careers. Personality traits, self-efficacy in STEM, positive self-esteem, positive mental attitude and intrinsic motivation are some of the personal traits that gave faculty members agency. Among the social factors given included affirmation & encouragement given by close family and role models. Responses from participants were in line with Cognitive Career Theories which postulates that career choices are influenced by domain specific self-efficacy which can be derived from factors that can collectively be classified as personal and social. STEM, female success and persistence factors, social cognitive theories, personal agency. 120. PERFORMANCE OF KOH AS HOMOGENEOUS AND HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST FOR

BIODIESEL PRODUCTION VIA TRANSESTERIFICATION OF WASTE ADANSONIA DIGITATA

NON-EDIBLE OIL

Mohammed Takase* and Alexander Nii Moi Pappoe


*Corresponding author： E-mail: [email protected] Tel.: 0244909134

Abstract

In this study biodiesel production from cheap raw material with optimum reaction conditions for KOH as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst for transesterification of Adansonia digitata oil. A comparison was made between the yields and properties obtained using homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst. An optimum


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yield of 94.6% was obtained with 34%KOH/ZrO2-6 as heterogeneous catalyst at reaction temperature of 600C, reaction time of 90 min, catalyst amount of 6%, methanol to oil molar ratio of 14:1 and 30 wt% catalyst loading amount while an optimum yield of 96.3% was obtained with the homogeneous (KOH) catalyst at the optimum conditions of 600C reaction temperature, 60 min reaction time, 1% catalyst concentration and 8:1 methanol to oil molar ratio. The heterogeneous catalyst was characterized by means of XRD, FTIR, SEM, TGA, N2 adsorption desorption measurements and the Hammett indicator method. SEM images indicated that the catalyst had granular and porous structures with particle sizes of 10–40 nm. The reusability of the catalyst indicates that the catalyst is realistic for biodiesel production at low cost. The properties of the obtained biodiesels were also close to commercial diesel and hence rated as alternative fuel to diesel. Biodiesel, Transesterification, Fatty acid methyl ester, Homogeneous catalyst, Heterogeneous catalyst

121. APPLICATION OF ADVANCE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING TECHNOLOGY TO

ASSESS THE IMPACT OF PRODUCTION AND UTILIZATION OF BIOMASS ENERGY ON

ENVIRONMENT

Mohammed Takase* and Alexander Nii Moi Pappoe


*Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] Tel.:+233-244909134

Abstract

Biomass is the first-ever fuel used by humankind and is also the fuel which was the mainstay of the global fuel economy till the middle of the 18th century. Then fossil fuels took over because fossil fuels were not only more abundant and denser in their energy content, but also generated less pollution when burnt, in comparison to biomass. In recent years there is a resurgence of interest in biomass energy because biomass is perceived as a carbon-neutral source of energy unlike net carbon-emitting fossil fuels of which copious use has led to global warming and ocean acidification. This review takes stock of the various sources of biomass and the possible ways in which it can be utilized for generating energy. It then examines the environmental impacts, including impact vis a vis greenhouse gas emissions, of different biomass energy generation–utilization option. Biomass; Global Warming; Environmental Impact; Polution 122. DRINKING WATER PURIFICATION WITH COST-EFFECTIVE MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY

ASSISTED BY COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS SIMULATIONS

Shemmira Yunus Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of

Cape Coast, Ghana Abstract Poor water quality is one of the major drawbacks that affect the economies of developing countries. The main reason is not just the lack of water, but the lack of adequate and easily accessible infrastructure and technology to determine and control water pollution contaminants. The efficient and cost-effective methods to treat contaminated water in most developing countries (Amin et al., 2014) is also lacking. There is therefore the need to win the battle for safe drinking water, sanitation, and basic health care (WHO, 2004) to defeat AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, or any of the diseases that plague the developing world. Comsol Multiphysics 5.2 simulation of a two-dimensional axisymmetry model on Richard’s equation and the Van Genuchten model was employed to determine the lifetime of fabricated membrane filters, using transport of diluted species in porous media. The relationship between the amount of water retained in the porous membrane to suction or pressure head was also simulated. The materials used in the fabrication of the filtration membranes, Polyurethane foam (PUF) substrates and adsorbents (HDMA zeolite, rice husk (RH), rice husk ash (RHA), and kaolin clay) were Ag-coated by soaking them in colloidal solution of Ag-zeolite. SEM, XRD and FTIR studies were conducted to characterise the substrates and absorbents. The treated PUFs were used to sandwich each adsorbent to form a filter membrane. A funnel shaped section of a 30.00 mm long formed the filtration column, and water samples from two (2) hand-dug wells and a river were filtered through each membrane for five consecutive days. The untreated and treated water samples in replicates were laboratory analysed for physicochemical, dissolved organic matter (DOM) and microbiological contaminations. UV-Vis-NIR absorbance of each water sample was

80

determined at room temperature (26 0C); a 445nm diode laser (100nW) for Laser Induced Fluorescence determined the DOM levels in each sample. Total Heterotrophic Bacteria, Faecal Coliforms, and Escherichia Coli for each water sample were based on the pour plate count method. The study showed the effective removal efficiency of RHA membrane water filter. Each fabricated filter membrane exhibited 100% E. coli decontamination. Thus, the use of RHA as absorbent in combination with silver coated PUFs is a new research effort for sustainable development to simultaneously remove more than one drinking water contaminant. The fabricated filter is simple, cost-effective, portable, bio-fouling resistant, and requires less skilled labour to operate. 123. USING WATER QUALITY INDEX TO DESCRIBE THE STATUS OF WATER QUALITY IN

THE RIVER SYSTEMS IN GHANA

F. Darko Humphrey1, Benson Kwabena Owusu1, N. Addico Gloria1 and Adwoa Paintsil2.

1. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – Water Research Institute, P.O. Box AH38, Achimota, Accra, Ghana.

2. Water Resources Commission, Cantonments, Accra, Ghana.

Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Tel: 0243282705

Abstract

A water quality index (WQI) is a number (from 0 to 100) that is used to express the overall water quality status of a water body. It is calculated from the aggregation of key water quality variables selected from complex water quality data. The WQI classifies water quality into one of four categories: good (Class I), fairly good (Class II), poor (Class III), and grossly polluted (Class IV). Each category describes the state of water quality compared to objectives that usually represent the natural state. A water quality monitoring and assessment of the major rivers in Ghana was undertaken by the CSIR Water Research Institute and the Water Resources Commission of Ghana from 2010 to 2015 at 41 sampling stations. The objective was to collect and analyze water quality data to determine the state of water quality in the country. Data generated from the monitoring activities were compiled as WQI, which shows the extent of pollution, or otherwise of the quality of the rivers. Results showed most of the waters were in the Class II state in 2010 and 2011, but thereafter, majority of the waters degraded further to Class III state in the subsequent years. A general decrease in quality of the waters from 2010 to 2015 in all the river basins was observed. The water quality of the 3 main River Systems were in the order Volta Systems > Coastal Systems > Southwestern Systems. High suspended solids mainly due to illegal mining contributed to the high pollution of the waters.

124. EXTENT OF VEGETATION DYNAMICS OF URBAN SPRAWL IN FRINGE COMMUNITIES

OF SUNYANI MUNICIPALITY, BONO REGION

Ebenezer Boafo Kontoh University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana

E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 0209723899 Abstract

Land use and land cover change have become an important consideration for sustainable urban-rural management. The change is transforming vegetated landscape of rural communities into built urban environment, with dire consequences for rural farming livelihoods, food security and environmental integrity. Using satellite imageries between 1990 and 2019, this paper investigated the extent of land use and land cover (LULC) changes in the fringe communities of Sunyani Municipality driven by urban sprawl. The study was conducted using a combination of Remote Sensing and GIS technique in ArcMap 10.4 and IDRISI Selva version 17. It also applied supervised classification using maximum-likelihood classification of the Landsat TM of 1990, Landsat ETM+ of 2000, ALOS-Palsar 2 of 2010 and Landsat OLI image of 2019. The results indicated that, over the period of 29 years (1990-2019), vegetated areas have gone through series of land use transitions with a reflective vegetative loss alongside dwindling of the livelihoods of the fringe rural communities. It was apparent that Sunyani is sprawling rapidly and consuming rural landscapes with an average decadal growth rate

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of 25% over the past 29 years especially between the years of 2010 and 2019, diverting interest from farming livelihoods to other non-agrarian livelihoods in rural communities.

125. THE 31-YEAR URBANIZATION STORY OF KUMASI FROM SPACE

Kwame O. Hackman*1,2, Isaac. D. Nelson2, Emmanuella A. Asamoah2, Daniel Asenso-Gyambibi2, and Xuecao

Li3. 1. Department of Environmental Management, University of Energy and Natural Resources, P. O. Box

214, Sunyani, Ghana. 2. Geo-Informatics Division, Building and Road Research Institute, Council for Scientific and Industrial

Research (CSIR), Ghana. 3. Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.

* Corresponding author (Email: [email protected]; Phone: 0548289724)

Abstract

Manually monitoring the temporal dynamics of fast-growing cities is a daunting task but it is critical for city management and planning as well as biodiversity conservation. However, remote sensing technology can be used for automatically delineating built up areas even over large spatial and temporal scales. Here, we present systematic analyses of the temporal dynamics of the growth of Kumasi using the 18 year Landsat time series data from 2000 to 2017 (and the 1986 Landsat image of the city as a baseline) that are available on Google Earth Engine platform. Two classification algorithms – random forest (RF) and support vector machines (SVM) – were used to produce binary (built up / non-built up) maps for all available years within the temporal span. We further implemented an anomaly detection and temporal consistency algorithm followed by a changing logic to correct the classification anomalies due to image contamination from the cloud and other sources. The mean overall accuracies obtained for RF and SVM were 94.9% (kappa = 0.90) and 95.5% (kappa = 0.91), respectively. Our results reveal that the mean built-up area percentages of the metropolis are approximately 73, 65, 49, and 28 for the years 2017, 2010, 2000, and 1986, respectively, representing a mean annual change of 3.7% over the 31-year period. We also note that, at present, except for the reserved non-built-up areas, new areas for development within the metropolis are almost nonexistent. We present the implications of this growth trend on human and environmental well-being. remote sensing, temporal dynamics, Kumasi, Landsat, Google Earth Engine. 126. ADVERTISING PLANNING OF A MAJOR TELECOMMUNICATION COMPANY IN GHANA

MODELLED AS A MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING PROBLEM

Stephen B. Twum Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University for Development Studies

Email: [email protected] Tel: 0201321484

Abstract

The effective and efficient marketing of the products or services of any business is crucial for its success in today’s highly competitive environment. A business must not only be interested in attaining the highest market exposure for its products, but must be able to do so cost effectively and cost efficiently. Consequently, instead of merely adhering to traditional means of advertising its products, a scientific approach that handles the complexity of the interactions of the various factors that come into play becomes necessary. Mathematical programming techniques, especially Linear Programming (LP), are very effective under such circumstances. Therefore, in this work, LP is used as planning and modelling tool to analyse and aid decision making of a telecommunication Firm in Ghana in its advertising campaign across the country towards its flag-ship programme. The intention was to determine an optimal mix of media to use for advertising in order to attain the highest expected audience exposure at the least cost possible under budgetary and other operational constraints. LP modelling techniques were employed and computational results using the LP Solve software. The optimal media mix which generated the desired results for the advertising campaign included: Three (3) television, seven (7) print, and twenty (20) FM radio media establishments. The sensitivity of the model to variations in its parameters was also assessed. The overall results show that the company could cut back on cost with the optimal media mix plans proposed. Advertising, Marketing, Least cost, Optimal media mix, Linear programming. 127. ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION POTENTIAL OF P-32 ACTIVATED CARBON



82

Isaac K. Tetteh*, Janet A. Boadu, Omar G. Mohammad-Iklil, Evans Osei and John Olufuye Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana * Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Cell: 0501348797, 026-526-8481 Abstract

P-32 Pulverized Activated Carbon (PAC) is a locally-manufactured carbon produced by Climate Environmental Research and Technology (CLERET) Laboratory. Impelled by the growing concerns to restore the quality of our deteriorated water bodies due to anthropogenic activities, such as illegal surface mining, an environmentally-friendly purifier, P-32 PAC, should be explored. The objective of the study was, therefore, to evaluate the environmental remediation potential of the PAC by applying it to surface water sampled from Owere Stream at Konongo, in the catchment area of intense surface mining activities in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The ultimate intent was to evaluate its potency in terms of its reusability in purification based on selected heavy metals (arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and cadmium (Cd)). Using randomized completely block design (RCBD), water was sampled into three 500 ml clean plastic bottles, constituting three replications. The baseline conditions were determined using standard methods, which involved metal analysis and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Hundred (100) mls of each water sample was treated with 5 g of the PAC per replicate, using simple gravimetric filtration. The filtrate was analyzed for the metals using the standard methods routine. The experimental setup was repeated for two other sampling days using the same PAC in the initial experiment. Efficiency was calculated using mass balance equation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the significance in PAC potency with time. The following percent efficiencies were obtained: (i) Hg: 33.21 %, 74.79 % and 62.69 % for day 1, day 2 and day 3, respectively, the pattern insignificant (p>0.05); (ii) Cd: 76.49 %, 61.36% and 24.29% for days 1, 2 and 3, respectively, though the decline was not significant (p>0.05), and (iii) As: 48.31%, 70.97 % and 84.79 % for days 1, 2, and 3, respectively, showing a significant increase in remediation with time (p<0.05). In conclusion, the study has demonstrated that P-32 PAC was not exhausted and has prospects in water and wastewater reclamation.

128. PEPTIDE EXTRACT FROM OLIVANCILLARIA HIATULA EXHIBITS BROAD SPECTRUM

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND DISRUPTS QUORUM SENSING – MEDIATED PROCESSES

L. Sheringham Borquaye1,2*, Edward Ntim Gasu1,2 and Hubert Senanu Ahor1

1. Central Laboratory, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana 2. Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Depleted antibiotic pipelines, rapid and complex cases of antimicrobial resistance and emergence and re-emergence of infectious disease has necessitated an urgent need for the development of new antimicrobial therapeutics, preferably with novel modes of action. In this study, the antimicrobial potential of the peptide extract from the marine mollusc, Olivancillaria hiatula, was evaluated in vitro. The peptide extract was also studied for its anti-biofilm activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Effect of peptide extract on quorum sensing-mediated processes were also evaluated. Agar diffusion and broth dilution techniques were used to evaluate microbial susceptibility to the peptide extract. Microscopy and microtiter plate based assays were used to evaluate biofilm inhibitory activities. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of peptide against test microorganisms were between 0.039 to 2.5 mg/mL. When administered together, peptide extract enhanced the activities of ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime, antagonistic towards erythromycin but indifferent towards metronidazole. Peptide mix proved to be a good anti-biofilm agent, requiring less than 39 µg/mL to inhibit 50 % biofilm formation. Micrographs obtained confirmed biofilm inhibition at ½ MIC whereas 2.5 mg/mL was required to degrade pre-formed biofilm. There was a marked attenuation in quorum sensing mediated phenotypes such as pyocyanin, pyoverdine and protease expression with inhibitions of 60%, 72% and 54% respectively observed at half-MIC. Additionally, swarming motility was repressed by peptide extract in a dose-dependent manner. Taken together, these results show the broad spectrum antibacterial activity of peptide extract from Olivancillaria hiatula and demonstrate that antimicrobial peptides can be employed in combination with some conventional antibiotics for improved effects. In addition, peptide extract inhibits biofilm formation probably by interfering with cell-to-cell communication in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biofilm, co-modulation, antimicrobial peptide, marine natural products, pyocyanin, pyoverdine, swarming motility

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129. CHARACTERIZATION OF P-32 AND CLINICAL ACTIVATED CARBONS

Isaac K. Tetteh* Beatrice K. Twum, and Marina Tandoh Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology (KNUST),

Kumasi, Ghana

* Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Cell: +233-50-134-8797/ +233-26-526-8481

Abstract

Characterization of activated carbons is significant in revealing their underlying properties, thus their utilization for environmental remediation. Locally manufactured activated carbons are rarely found on the Ghanaian market. Recently, some products have emerged. There is the need to characterize them to reveal their properties which are directly responsible for their environmental remediation. The aim of the study was to characterize some of the activated carbons. The samples were chosen based on their availability; P-32 Activated Carbon from Climate-Environmental Research and Technology (CLERET) Laboratory and Clinical Activated Carbon (herein referred to as ClinAC). The P-32 Activated Carbon occurred in two forms (P-32 Granular Activated Carbon (P-32 GAC) and P-32 Pulverized Activated Carbon (P-32 PAC) while the ClinAC comes only in the pulverized form. Porosity, bulk density, and iodine number were determined in three replicates using standard methods. The mean bulk densities for P-32 GAC, P-32 PAC and ClinAC were (0.59 ± 0.01sd) g/cm3, (0.71 ±0.00 sd) g/cm3, and (0.31± 0.01sd) g/cm3, respectively. Using Analysis of Variance (AOVA), the variation among the samples was significant for bulk density at 95 % confidence level. Further, a post-hoc analysis showed that P-32 GAC and the P-32 PAC had a higher bulk densities than the ClinAC (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed for the porosities and iodine numbers among the samples (p>0.05), though porosities and iodine numbers ranged from (40.83 ± 3.82) % to (46.67 ± 2.89) % and (758.28 ± 21.81) mg/g to (767.59 ± 19.81) mg/g, respectively. The study showed that the locally manufactured activated carbons may have useful pollution control properties, more especially the CLERET Laboratory samples with respect to bulk density.

130. SURVEY OF THE EVOLUTION OF LIVELIHOOD AVENUES IN THE LOWER VOLTA AREA

Francis K. Y. Amevenku and Silvia Amponsah CSIR Water Research Institute, Accra

Abstract The study constitutes a documentation of livelihood sources as presented by 10 selected communities within the Lower Volta area. Focused group discussion through a participatory approach was used to identify livelihood sources that prevailed prior to the commissioning of the two dams. It also explored what avenues evolved following the operational phase of the dams to date and finally assessed the possibilities of introducing new livelihood avenues from the perspectives of the communities. Remedial measured were also proposed. The discussions left no doubts that the construction of dams across the Volta River had influenced a number of livelihood avenues anchored on fishing and floodplains farming in the Lower Volta Basin area. It was not however clear, whether there had been a shift from fishing-anchored to farming-anchored livelihoods. One of the thriving livelihood activities reported extensively existing during the pre-dam construction phase but completely lost in many locations post-dam phase was shellfish fishery. This comprised of clam/oyster, shrimp, prawn and crab trapping. On finfish fishery, dwindling catches in terms of quantity and diversity as well as the inability of fishers to use specified gears and practices were their major concerns. On the farming front, the cessation of the annual floods that left behind alluvial deposits rich in nutrients used for drawdown cropping of varieties of staples and vegetables, were the misfortunes of inhabitants. Proliferation of weeds, alteration of the flow rate of the river and the build-up of sandbar at the estuary of the river were mentioned among others as culpable for these shortcomings. Consequently, the removal of aquatic weeds from the main course of the river and creeks, improvement upon the flow rate of the river, removal of the sandbar formed at the estuary and controlling pollution of the river were mentioned as the solutions to their difficulties. Post-dam intermediations notably, hospitality and water based tourism, fish culture in cages, irrigation agriculture and textile industry have not trickled down to the ordinary folks confirming assertions of recent studies that none of the recent interventions in the Lower Volta have led to improvements in livelihoods. Cottage based agroindustry modelled on small-scale basis for shell and finfish culture, irrigated farming, composting, livestock rearing and agroforestry practices supported by transfers of available technologies and appropriate resource allocations could improve the livelihood avenues of the inhabitants of the communities on a sustainable basis.

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131. EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF 6-BENZYLAMINOPURINE AND LIGHT

INTENSITY IN MICROPROPAGATION OF SUGARCANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM)

Aaron T. Asare, Joshua A. Yentumi, Dr. Daniel K.A. Asante, Joshua Y. Asiamah, Frank Essem and Solomon K. Mensah Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana

Corresponding author: Email address: [email protected] Mobile No. +233 244954045

Abstract

Saccharum officinarum L. (Sugarcane) is an economically important agro-industrial crop that is propagated conventionally by setts. Low propagation rates, time demanding, land requirement and potential transmission of pathogens through seed cane are major limitations of conventional propagation. Micropropagation technique for rapid clonal multiplication of sugarcane towards large scale production of the crop is critical to sustain large scale production. In vitro propagation of the sugarcane variety B41227 was carried out on 30 g/L agar solidified Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium to assess the effects of different concentrations of BAP (0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 mgL-1) under varied light intensities (3840, 1593.3 and 33.3 Lux) on shoot cultures at 25˚C ± 2˚C and photoperiod of 16 h light and 8 h darkness. MS medium (10 ml) was dispensed into each test tube (25 mm x 150 mm), autoclaved at 121 oC for 15 minutes. In vitro derived shoot explant (1.2 cm length) was transferred onto sterile MS medium. The set-up was repeated with each comprising 10 culture tubes based on a randomized complete Block design. The mean shoot length, number of shoots and leaves per shoot differed significantly (P < 0.05) in response to the different concentrations of BAP and light intensities. On the whole, the control MS medium; BAP (0 mg/L) sustained the highest average shoot length of 5.37 ± 0.46 cm under the light intensity of 1593.3 Lux whereas 1 mg/L BAP was optimum for shoot multiplication (24.7 ± 1.65 shoots per explant and 7.5 ± 0.81 leaves per shoot) under the light intensity of 3840 Lux at 7 weeks incubation. Concentrations, incubation, micropropagation, multiplication 132. THE ROLE OF TEMPERATURE IN VACCINE STORAGE

Sylvia Agbesinyale

Ghana Standards Authority, P. O. Box MB 245, Accra Corresponding Author: [email protected]/[email protected]

Abstract

Immunization is unquestionably one of the essential tools in enhancing quality health delivery of a nation. Vaccines are used for immunization. The vaccine we fail to protect will also fail to protect us. This study was conducted to assess the status of the vaccine cold chain management in the health care delivery system. Data collection through observations and analysis at the National Central Medical Stores and ten (10) selected health facilities; 2 from Government and quasi-Government hospitals, 2 Polyclinics, 2 Districts Health Centers and 4 Private Clinics; all in the Greater Accra Region. 40 vaccine storage units were inspected for; type of refrigerator, temperature monitoring system, condition of the refrigerator unit; that is whether it had ever been mapped (calibrated) and the availability of buck-up power system. Findings indicated 81.8% of the Vaccine storage units are Domestic Refrigerators, 68 % had no up to date record of temperature monitoring, 78.8% confirmed that the units had never been ‘mapped’ (calibrated), 90.9 % had no buck-up power system. The study documented failure of the cold chain management and question the efficacy and safety of vaccines in the system during the period. 133. THE QUALITY OF SOME ENGINE OILS ON THE GHANAIN MARKET

Darlington Abban

Ghana Standards Authority, P. O. Box MB 245, Accra Corresponding Author: [email protected],

Abstract Lubricants are substances which are more often used to reduce friction and wear between contact bodies in relative motion. The lubricants nature and form, can help transmit power, eliminate heat, protect and clean. Engine oils are liquid lubricants made for motor engines. Engine oils are said to be synthetic or mineral based on the base oils used. Kinematic viscosity is the main quality parameter that is used to classify lubricants according to their viscosity grades. Other test parameters to determine the quality of lubricants include viscosity index, total base number and flash point. The aim of this work was to determine whether the selected engine oils




85

fulfil the viscosity grades specified on them and compare the viscosity indices of some mineral and synthetic engine oil. To determine the kinematic viscosity, the samples were shaken vigorously and charged into appropriate viscometers, then placed into a viscosity bath at preset temperatures of 40 and 100. After an hour the time readings were taken and the kinematic viscosity calculated using the constant per viscometer. All the samples fulfilled their viscosity grade and indices requirements except for one sample which did not fulfil its requirement for viscosity index. The results also indicated that viscosity indices of the mineral engine oils were lower than that of the synthetic oils. The conclusion is that engine oils on the Ghanaian market largely fulfil the viscosity and viscosity index requirements. 134. A CASE STUDY OF MOISTURE MANAGEMENT IN FIBRE BLENDS AND ITS IMPACT IN

SCHOOL CHILDREN

Rachel Amanfu*, Patience Okyere, Dorcas Pomaney and Albert Yeboah Ghana Standards Authority, P. O. Box MB 245, Accra

*Corresponding Author: [email protected]/[email protected]

Abstract Management of a good body heat is of importance in any textile fabric. The human body releases around 60ml of water vapour at ambient conditions even when it is at rest. Aerobic activities like walking, running warms up the body and develop sweat which is absorbed by the textile clothing. This humidity needs to be transferred to the surface of the fabric for evaporation thereby producing a cooling effect. This work represents a case study of the fibre blends and its impact in school children. The tests were conducted on some of the most popular uniform brands in the country. The investigation bothered on the fibre identication and the breaking strength of the samples. The tests methods were done in accordance to ISO 1833 and ISO 13934. From the research it was observed that the samples that were submitted to the Textiles Laboratory had less than 25% of the cotton content. The breaking strength was also high indicating the strong polyester content. This reduces the rate of absorption of sweat increasing moisture among the school children in the country. Moisture adds weight to the garment and makes the skin cold. It can also cause irritation, increase in flora and skin diseases in children. There is the need for a wakeup call for the Ghana Education Service and the Ghana Standards Authority to step up their monitoring activities to make sure that the school uniforms that are produced fulfill the acceptable requirement in the country. 135. EFFECT OF EXTRUSION COOKING AND SIMULATED IN VITRO GASTROINTESTINAL

DIGESTION ON PROANTHOCYANIDINS IN TYPE II AND TYPE III TANNIN SORGHUM

Martin Adarkwah-Yiadom1*, and Kwaku G Duodu2

1. Ghana Standards Authority, Box MB 245, Accra Ghana 2. Department of Food Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa.

*Corresponding author: [email protected]. Abstract

High molecular weight oligomeric and polymeric sorghum proanthocyanidins are poorly absorbed and show relatively weaker bioactivity compared to the smaller molecular weight monomeric and dimeric species. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on proanthocyanidins in porridges made from type II and type III tannin sorghum extrudates in comparison with conventionally cooked porridges as a means of estimating bioaccessibility of proanthocyanidins. Condensed tannins content was determined using vanillin HCL method while normal phase High performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the condensed tannins in the two types of tannin sorghum. UPLC-QToF-MS was used to determine bioaccessibility of proanthocyanidins. Total phenolic content (TPC) (Folin-Ciocalteu assay) and tannin content of the duodenal digests of the sorghum extrudates at different feed moisture levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than their corresponding gastric digests and undigested porridge. Extrusion cooking of the two types of sorghum appears to decrease dimeric units and increase the proportion of monomeric units in the duodenal digest when compared to their corresponding gastric digest and undigested porridge. Undigested extrudate porridges of the two types of tannin sorghum contain proanthocyanidin units with DP up to the hexamers with DP 4 to 6 being more bioaccessible in extrudate porridge digests of type III than type II extrudate porridge digests. The presence of monomers, dimers and oligomeric species in the duodenal digest is an indication that extrusion cooking can make proanthocyanidins more bioaccessible by breaking them down into smaller molecular weight species. 136. TREND OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG USE IN GHANA


86

Daniel Awuah*, Peter Quartey-Papafio, Nicolina Mensah, and Martin Adarkwah-Yiadom

Ghana Standards Authority, Box MB 245, Accra Ghana *Corresponding author: [email protected], +233 245006115

Abstract

Psychoactive substances are chemical substances that act primarily upon the central nervous system (CNS) where it alters brain function, resulting in temporary changes in perception, mood, consciousness and behavior. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changing trend of psychoactive drug abuse in Ghana. The study incorporated results obtained using the gas chromatography by the forensic laboratory of the Ghana Standards Authority between 2017 and 2018. Speedball accounted for 25.0% and cannabis (24.2%) of all suspected raw narcotic substances analyzed by the laboratory in 2017 and 2018 respectively while cocaine 20.0% (2017) and speedball 12.1% (2018) were the least recorded. For biological fluids, cannabis was 62.0% and 56.5% for 2017 and 2018 respectively with cocaine and methamphetamine in 2017 (3.1%) and tramadol 2018 (4.1%) being the least on the list of psychoactive substances determined. Prescription pharmaceutical drug like tramadol which is legal was found during the evaluation. This is an indication that abusers are shifting from the known illegal psychoactive drugs in Ghana to those substances that are legal and less regulated. With the changing trends in the substances of abuse, it is recommended that State institutions, security services as well as the pharmaceutical society stay on the lookout for any new additions to the ever changing list in order to combat the menace. 137. UNDERSTANDING THE FUNCTIONS OF MEASUREMENT TRACEABILITY FOR

COORDINATING METROLOGICAL CONFIRMATION (CASE STUDY OF GHANA)

Richard Asiedu Ofori Ghana Standards Authority, Box MB 245 Accra, Ghana

Corresponding author: [email protected] , Tel: +233244894590 Abstract

Measurement which forms the essence of Metrology is fundamental to Science and Technology, vital to safety and health and essential to trade. Measurement traceability has the capability and application to trace and verify by means of documented calibration. This work seek to ensure the validity and accuracy of all measurement devices which are used for calibration and are traceable to international system of unit (SI), identify where metrological traceability is relevant in laboratories and describe the assessment of metrological traceability in calibration processes. The method by ISO 17025: 2017 and ISO 9001:2015 were employed. This methods ensures metrological traceability which allows laboratories to confirm the comparability of results, which enables the establishment of common reference intervals. This is necessary in order to demonstrate the international comparability and accuracy of the national standards they maintain. Most industries in Ghana do calibrate their instruments (equipments) but some are not traceable to standard. Equipment and reference standards must be calibrated by a National Metrology Institute (NMI) or an accredited calibration laboratory whose services are covered by the International Committee for Weights and Measures and Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA). There is a need for the NMI of each country to provide measurement and calibration services for all industries, given the importance of measurement traceability for coordinating metrological confirmation around the globe.

138. POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON: DISSRUPTING THE STATUS QUO

Doris Agyemang*, Jessica Nkansah

Ghana Standards Authority, P. O. Box 245 Accra *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) are carcinogenic substances found in smoke. Exposure to PAH is mainly through the consumption of smoked fish. PAH exposure is about ten times higher in human populations living in some developing countries, such as Ghana and Vietnam than in developed countries. In Ghana, fish is traditionally smoked using kilns over open fires causing the fish to receive the full impact of smoke exposure. The aim of the study is to embrace innovations for reducing exposure levels of PAH for processors and products from direct wood smoked fishes. Fifteen tuna samples were smoked using the FAO Thiaroye Fish Smoking Technology (FTT) which is an improved smoking technology and the PAH levels compared with the conventionally smoked method. All the fish samples smoked with the improved technology had PAH levels up to 7.6 μg kg–1 which were below European Union regulatory limits while conventionally smoked fish were outside the range with a minimum value of 395 μg kg–1. This is a indication that the use of FTT may possibly reduce the risk of carcinogenicity on PAH when smoked fishes are consumed.



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139. ATTITUDES AND PERCEPTIONS OF LOCAL RESIDENTS AND TOURIST TOWARDS

BOABENG-FIEMA MONKEY SANCTUARY, NKORANZA-GHANA

K. N. Hope, A. Otabil and T. Nakoja College of Agriculture Education, University of Education, Winneba, P. O. Box 40, Asante Manpong

Abstract

The study was carried out at Boabeng-Fiema in the Nkoranza district to assess the attitude and perceptions of local residents and tourists toward the Boabeng Fiema Monkeys Santuary. Convenience and random sampling were used in selecting 80 tourists and 40 local residents arriving at 130 sample size. Structured questionnaire used collected data on demographic characteristics, knowledge and awareness as well as attitude and perceptions and were analyzed for frequencies, cross tabulations, correlation and T test. The study indicated nature conservation as the main purpose of the Sanctuary, a respond which was higher for tourists (27.9%) and local residents (32.6%). While more of the tourists (17.1%) were highly aware of the importance of the Sanctuary as nature conservation, much of the residents did not know (9.3%). However, there was no significant difference between the mean awareness (p=0.81). Most tourists (26.4%) prefer allowing people into the Sanctuary to learn whiles residents see it as threat. There was a negative correlation between awareness and purpose of the reserve (p=-0.03). Even though the percentage of tourists was more than the residents, both tourists and residents were very satisfied with overall view of the Sanctuary. Higher percentage of tourists and residents accepted price charged as fair. No relationship (p=0.77) was shown between the overall views of the reserve to the price charged to pay. The study recommends more education to residents on the importance of the sanctuary as nature conservation. Protected area, tourists

140. MYCOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF SOME SELECTED

BRACKET MUSHROOMS FROM THE CENTRAL REGION OF GHANA

Evans Klu1*, Genevieve E. Adukpo2, Daniel Achel1, John P. K. Adotey2

1. Radiological and Medical Sciences Research Institute, Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, Legon Accra

2. Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, • E-Mail: [email protected] , [email protected]

Abstract

This study investigates mycochemical properties and antioxidant activities of some selected bracket mushrooms from the central region of Ghana. These include Ganoderma, Trametes and Auricularia speices. Methanol extracts of these samples were screened for the presence of mycochemicals and the following were found to be present: saponins, flavonoids, steroids and triterpenes. DPPH radical scavenging of the extracts and total antioxidant capacity using Phosphomolybdenum were tested using standard procedures. From the results, the Ganoderma species showed the highest scavenging activity of 77.81% with an IC50 value of 29.4. The lowest scavenging activity of 13.67% was registered by a Trametes specie. A similar trend was observed for the antioxidant capacity where the Ganoderma speices showed the highest concentration of 0.78mg/mL with the least being a Trametes sp having a concentration of 0.027mg/mL. From the results, the sampled bracket mushroom extracts showed appreciable antioxidant activities with the Ganoderma speices giving the highest. Bracket mushrooms may be regarded as a promising natural additive for health beneficial functional foods and nutraceuticals. 141. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL

SCREENING OF THE ETHANOL STEM BARK EXTRACT OF DRYPETES AUBREVILLEI

(EUPHORBIACEAE)

Akwasi Acheampong, Clement Osei Akoto, Ronald Amankwaa

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical and Computational Sciences, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology

Abstract

The bark of Drypetes Aubrevillei is used in traditional medicine as an expectorant, bronchial decongestant, liniment for application in the treatment of fevers, rheumatism, and general fatigue. The purpose of this study was to screen for the phytochemical constituents and evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanol extracts of the stem bark. The phytochemical screening was done using standard methods. The antimicrobial activity was determined by broth dilution method using standardized bacteria suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus Feacalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the fungus,

Candida albicans. Antioxidant activity was determined using Hydrogen Peroxide Scavenging Assay, DPPH



88

scavenging assay, and Total Anti-Oxidant Capacity. The phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of plant secondary metabolites Tannins, Saponins, Alkaloids, Phenols, Steroids and Terpenoids. The extract showed antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration of 6.25 mg/mL, 12.5 mg/mL, 12.5 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL and 25 mg/mL were recorded for Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Escherichia

coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus feacalis respectively, with Ciprofloxacin and fluconazole used as standard drugs. The extract showed hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity with IC50 values of 5.344 ppm compared to 204.4 ppm for methanol extract and Gallic acid reference drug. The Total antioxidant capacity was found to be 14.3 gAAE/100g. IC50 values of 79.79 ppm and 55.34 ppm were determined for the extract and ascorbic acid respectively. These findings provide scientific justification for the use of the stem bark of Drypetes Aubrevillei in traditional medicines, for the treatment and management of diseases associated with oxidative stress and infectious conditions. Drypetes Aubrevillei, Antimicrobial activity, Anti-Oxidant activity, Phytochemical screening 142. IMPROVING THE SHELF-LIVES OF LOCALLY PRODUCED VEGETABLE OILS USING

SYNTHESIZED ZEOLITE

Daniel Dodoo*1, Michael Akrofi Anang1, Gertrude Ellen Fynn1, Baah-Sefa Ntri2 and Ruphino Zugle3

1. University of Cape Coast, School of Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Industrial Chemistry Unit

2. University of Cape Coast, School of Physical Sciences, Department of Physics 3. University of Cape Coast, School of Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry

*Corresponding author: Daniel Dodoo, [email protected].

Abstract

The local vegetable oils (Coconut and Palm Kernel Oils) are usually faced with shelf-lives problems due to the presence of some unwanted materials. This brings into focus the idea of refining these products to improve the qualities. In this research, Zeolite was synthesized from locally available raw materials such as bauxite and kaolin and characterised to remove these unwanted materials from the crude vegetable oils. X-ray diffraction studies showed the synthesized Zeolite to be part of the ZSM-11 Zeolite type group. FTIR analysis of the sample showed a weak vibrational peak at 1642cm-1 and a strong band at 987cm-1. Initial amounts of moisture content, peroxide value, free fatty acid and impurities for Coconut Oil were 0.3%, 1.59meq/kg, 2.82% and 0.35% and the final amounts after Zeolite application were 0.2%, 0.68meq/kg, 1.54% and 0.02 respectively. Similarly, the initial amounts of the aforementioned parameters for Palm Kernel Oil were 2.32%, 11.2meq/kg, 5.64% and 0.24% with the final values after application gave 0.22%, 5.90meq/kg, 5.04% and 0.03% respectively. Percentage removal of around 94% was recorded and kinetic studies also showed the process favoured the Pseudo-second order with R2 of 0.999 and 0.998 for both oils.Therefore, the use of synthesized Zeolite from local raw materials in improving the shelf-lives of vegetable oils is cost-effective, fast, reliable, sustainable and easy to use technique. 143. LATTICE SYMMETRIES AND THE TOPOLOGICALLY PROTECTED TRANSPORT OF

COLLOIDAL PARTICLES Jonas Bugase*, Johannes Loehr, Daniel de las Heras, Michael Loenne, Adam Jarosz, Maciej Urbaniak, Feliks Stobiecki, Andreea Tomita, Rico Huhnstock, Iris Koch, Arno Ehresmann, Dennis Holzinger, and Thomas M. Fischer University for Development Studies, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Applied Physics, Box 24, Navrongo *Corresponding Author email: [email protected] , [email protected] Tel: 0249 588 269, 020 825 5919

Abstract

protected transport of colloidal particles on top of periodic magnetic patterns is studied experimentally, theoretically, and with computer simulations. To uncover the interplay between topology and symmetry we use patterns of all possible two dimensional magnetic point group symmetries with equal lengths lattice vectors. Transport of colloids is achieved by modulating the potential with external, homogeneous but time dependent magnetic fields. The modulation loops can be classified into topologically distinct classes. All loops falling into the same class cause motion in the same direction, making the transport robust against internal and external perturbations. We show that the lattice symmetry has a profound influence on the transport modes, the accessibility of transport networks, and the individual transport directions of paramagnetic and diamagnetic colloidal particles. We show how the transport of colloidal particles above a two fold symmetric stripe pattern




89

changes from universal adiabatic transport at large elevations via a topologically protected ratchet motion at intermediate elevations toward a non-transport regime at low elevations. Transport above four-fold symmetric patterns is closely related to the two-fold symmetric case. The three-fold symmetric case however consists of a whole family of patterns that continuously vary with a phase variable. We show how this family can be divided into two topologically distinct classes supporting different transport modes and being protected by proper and improper six fold symmetries. We discuss and experimentally demonstrate the topological transition between both classes. All three-fold symmetric patterns support independent transport directions of paramagnetic and diamagnetic particles. The similarities and the differences in the lattice symmetry protected transport of classical over-damped colloidal particles versus the topologically protected transport in quantum mechanical systems are emphasized. 144. NUTRITIONAL PROFILE OF SOME NOVEL COWPEA GENOTYPES IN GHANA

James K. Ampah1, Genevieve E. Adukpo1, Aaron T. Asare2 and Martin K. Beyamfui1

1. Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana 2. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of

Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana E-Mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract Most Ghanaians depend on cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] as source of protein food in the daily meals especially among school children, rural and poor urban communities because it is nutritious, tasty, filling, cheaper and easily affordable compared to animal protein. Despite its wide consumption, production levels are low to meet consumer demand mainly due to parasitic and drought stress as well as lack of improved resistant varieties. Currently novel cowpea genotypes with useful agronomic traits have been developed in the University of Cape Coast and this study investigated the nutritional prolife for some of the new genotypes of the cowpea using standard AOAC methods. The results of the improved cowpea varieties showed relatively higher protein content ranging from 23.6% - 32.2% with fibre, 0.9% - 4.2%. The rest of the results were carbohydrate 44.7-58.0%; amount of energy1371.3kJ/100g - 1417kJ/100g; moisture 10.8% - 19.0%; ash content 2.4% - 4.0% and fat 0.4% - 3.1%. The study revealed that the novel genotypes exhibited good nutritional properties which can be utilized in food formulations and hence may serve as alternative source of protein-rich food that could aid reduce protein energy malnutrition in Ghana. Genotypes, Malnutrition, Nutritional, Production and Profile.

145. EFFECT OF PH AND TEMPERATURE ON LIPOLYTIC MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED

FROM PALM AND KERNEL OILS PRODUCED AT SMALL-SCALE MILLS IN GHANA

S. M. A. Tagoe, V. Kwarteng, N. A. Kyeremeh, E. A. A. Sarkodie and E. P. Agyemang Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences,


Tel: 233- 265541442. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Lipolytic microorganisms have been identified as major cause of deterioration in edible oils because they produce lipases that hydrolyze the triacylglycerol in lipids causing spoilage. This investigation therefore seeks to determine the effect of pH and temperature on lipolytic microorganisms contaminating palm and kernel oils produced at the small-scale level inorder to device appropriate storage conditions to minimize contamination. Palm and kernel oils processed at small-scale mills in Ghana were used for the study. Contaminating bacterial species were isolated and maintained on Nutrient Agar (NA). The organisms were sub-cultured on lipase selective media to identify potential lipase producers. Microbes that formed clear zones around their colonies were considered as lipolytic and were identified by morphology and biochemical characteristics and by the MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Lipolytic microbes were cultured in extracellular lipase media at various pHs (2, 4, 7 and 10) and temperatures (10, 20, 40 and 80°C). Cultures were sampled at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours incubation periods to determine growth and lipase activity of the organisms. Results obtained show that palm and kernel oils produced at the small-scale level contain varying microbial loads (4.3 x 101 - 2.2 x 106 CFU). Predominant bacterial species were, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus species. The results also showed that lipase activity of the organisms increased with increasing temperature but decreased with increasing pH implying that the organisms are acidophiles. Maximum lipase activity was recorded at pH 2 and



mailto:stagoe@

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80°C. Minimum lipase activity was recorded at pH 7 and 20°C. Lipase activity was inversely related to culture growth (mean r (pH) = -0.432; r (temperature) = -0.442). 146. THE EFFICIENCY OF P-32 ACTIVATED CARBON IN REMOVING SELECTED HEAVY

METALS DOWNSTREAM OF RIVER OFFIN IN THE CENTRAL REGION OF GHANA

Isaac K. Tetteh*, Robert Nti, Fati Timitey, Anwar-Sadat Yussif, Joshua J. Osei, King D. Zulakpla, and Salamatu Adamu

Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana

* Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Cell: +233-50-134-8797/ +233-26-526-8481

Abstract

The objective of the study was to evaluate the removal efficiency of P-32 Powdered Activated Carbon (P-32 PAC) with respect to selected heavy metals (iron (Fe), arsenic (As) and lead (Pb)) in downstream of River Offin in the Central region of Ghana. Surface water samples were randomly collected from three different points into three 1.5 L clean plastic bottles. Three test runs with three replicates per run were conducted to determine the levels of the metals in the water samples with and without the activated carbon application. Total metallic concentrations in 100 mls pre-treated water sample per replicate were determined using standard methods. For each corresponding replicate in the baseline investigation, 5 % of a mixture of the carbon and water sample was constituted, manually stirred for 20 minutes and then filtered. The residual carbon obtained after filtration was air-dried and reused for the other replicates per test run. Performance evaluation of batch adsorption by the carbon on the basis of removal efficiency and reusability was computed using a mass balance model. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to assess the statistical significance for the test runs for each metal. The mean percentage removal efficiency for Fe, As, and Pb, ranged from 76.34- 90.89 %, 85.01- 90.03 % and 81.77- 92.89%, respectively. For Fe, the removal efficiency was not significant for the three test runs (p>0.05). In contrast, it was significant for As and Pb (p<0.05). While the differences were located for test runs one (1) and three (3) and two (2) and three (3) for As, they were located between one (1) and two (2) and one (1) and three (3) for Pb. It was concluded that the high percentage removal efficiencies exhibited by P-32 GAC, after three test runs, were indicative of its potency and reusability and could be relied upon for wastewater reclamation. 147. THE EFFICIENCY OF P-32 ACTIVATED CARBON IN TREATMENT OF OWERE STREAM IN

THE ASHANTI REGION OF GHANA Isaac K. Tetteh *, Benedicta B. Nii-Doku, Dominic Adu, Abigail Asante Donkor, Eunice T. Lartey, and Deborah A. Tetteh Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana * Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] / [email protected] Cell: 0501348797, 026-526-8481 Abstract The intent of the study was to investigate the remediation efficiency of P-32 Powdered Activated Carbon (P-32 PAC) produced by CLERET Laboratory, in detoxifying selected heavy metals and physico-chemical parameters in the Owere Stream, which is conterminous to intense surface mining activity at Konongo, in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Heavy metals of interest were iron (Fe), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and physico-chemical parameters were turbidity, color, temperature and pH. A simple random sampling was employed to select the sampling site along the stream basin. Three test runs with three replicates per run were conducted. Surface water samples were collected into three 1.5 L clean plastic bottles. Hundred (100) mls of the water sample per replicate was analyzed for the parameters to establish their initial levels, using standard methods. Initial heavy metal analysis showed that the three metals were below detection limit. To circumvent this, the water samples were spiked in the laboratory with 10 ppm cadmium chloride, iron (II) sulphate heptahydrate and lead acetate and re-analyzed. Then, the water samples were treated with 5 % P-32 PAC and the parameters analyzed as usual. Results showed that percent removal efficiencies of color and turbidity by the carbon were 99.47 and





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99.65, respectively. The carbon was able to improve the pH by 6.68 %, though it was still in the acidic range. Temperature was reduced slightly by 0.34 %. P-32 PAC removed Fe, Pb, and Cd by 99.79 %, 92.85 %, and 24.73 %, respectively. Using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), this was significant only for Pb (p<0.05) and the difference was located between test runs one (1) and three (3), based on Tukey HSD post hoc analysis. It was concluded that P-32 PAC performed very well in removing the pollutants, excerpt for Cd. It should be used as pollution control agent for wastewater.

148. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF IMPORTED AND LOCALLY MANUFACTURED CEMENT- A

CASE STUDY OF 42.5 STRENGTH CLASS.

Emmanuel Obeng, P. O. Box MB 245 Ghana Standards Authority, Accra. Email: [email protected]; [email protected], Tel. 0244516224. Abstract

Cement is either hydraulic or non-hydraulic binder, meaning it is a substance that sets, hardens and can bind materials together. Cements in Ghana are mostly hydraulic, which is finely ground inorganic material; and retains its strength and stability after hardening even in water. The raw materials for the manufacture of cement are 2/3 calcareous materials (limestone) and 1/3 argillaceous materials (clay, silica, aluminum, iron). These materials are milled, blended and heated in a kiln at a temperature of 1450 to form clinker after which it is cooled and ground to form the fine powder of cement. Portland cement is rated as the second most used material in the construction industry and is second after water. For the purpose of this work, the test result data for the Strength Class of 42.5 was analyzed in terms of the standard requirements of GS 1118:2016 to find their compliance. Methodology employed for the work is desk study and laboratory analysis of samples from sources as destination inspection points, certification scheme and quality evaluation requests from clients. Laboratory testing was done according to standard test methods and the results of the test were analyzed for their suitability and accuracy. The data presented indicated 81% being imported and 19% locally manufactured. It emerged that all the cements met the requirements of the standard specification. The analysis of data showed that in terms of 2 days strength, the local cement did better than the imported cement; and the locally manufactured cement did better than the imported in terms of the standard strength. The setting time showed that the imported cement sets and develops early strength faster (hardens) than the locally manufactured cement. Concluding, the local cement is better in terms of early strength by margins of 7% and 4% for OPC and PLC respectively, and its 1% better than imported cement for both OPC and PLC for standard strength. 149. THE POTENCY OF P-32 ACTIVATED CARBON IN REMOVING SELECTED HEAVY

METALS IN RIVER BIRIM IN THE EASTERN REGION OF GHANA Isaac K. Tetteh,* Emmanuel Bonney, Joseph O. Asare, Alhassan R. Ali, Fredericka Antwi Boasiako and Abednego Tetteh Department of Environmental Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science & Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; [email protected] Cell: 0501348797; 0265268481

Abstract

The objective of this study was to investigate the potency of P-32 Granular Activated Carbon (P-32 GAC) manufactured by Climate-Environmental Research and Technology (CLERET) Laboratory, in removing selected heavy metals (cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni)) present in River Birim. A simple random sampling was used to select the sampling station in the river’s catchment area. The entire experiment, which consisted of three test runs, was conducted to evaluate the potency and potential reusability of the carbon. Each test run, in turn, consisted of three replicates. Surface water was sampled into three 1.5 L plastic bottles and the experiment was conducted with and without the carbon application. For each test run, total concentrations of the metals in 100 mls of untreated sample per replicate were determined using standards methods involving atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Following this, 100 mls of untreated water sample per replicate was filtered through 5 g of the carbon, in a ratio of 20:1. The filtrate was analyzed for the metals using the standard methods. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to analyze the significance in variations of removal efficiency of the carbon for each of the metals. ANOVA was followed with Tukey HSD tests where necessary. Results showed that P-32 GAC preferentially adsorbed the metals in the following order: Ni > Cd > Fe>, with respective mean removal efficiencies of 95.98 %, 93.11 % and 50.57 %. Specifically, the efficiencies were





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statistically significant for Fe and Cd (p<0.05), whereas it was not for Ni (p>0.05). The removal efficiency of the carbon with respect to Fe increased across the test runs, but the differences were located between test runs one (1) and two (2), and one (1) and three (3). In contrast, that of Cd staggered, but differences were observed between test runs one (1) and two (2), and two (2) and three (3). The carbon showed very high but stable removal efficiency for Ni. In conclusion, P-32 GAC is a powerful remediation agent but exhibits differential affinities for different metals. 150. INFLUENCE OF MILLING METHOD ON MINERAL AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF

MAIZE PRODUCTS

E. S. S. Asiedu, N. K. Owusu and F. M. Kpodo Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana

Abstract

Maize (Zea mays) products are staple foods for millions of people in Africa. Maize is processed using different unit operations to obtain varied food products. This study was designed to determine the effect of milling on the levels of minerals (phosphorus, magnesium, zinc and iron) and proximate constituents of different maize products. Four (4) different experimental maize samples were obtained by wet milling and dry milling using a locally manufactured corn milling machine and a Russell Hobbs blender. Mineral analysis was done using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and proximate composition was determined using methods of the AOAC. Results showed that iron and phosphorus levels were significantly higher in the wet milled maize relative to the wet blended maize product, whereas magnesium content was higher in the dry milled maize product. The dry milled maize products had higher ash, protein, carbohydrate and fat composition. This study demonstrates that milling method significantly influences the mineral and proximate composition of maize products. 151. ISOLATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF GREWIA GUM

F. M. Kpodo1, J. K. Agbenorhevi2 and V. Kontogiorgos3

1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana 2. Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and

Technology, Kumasi, Ghana 3. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Huddersfield, UK

Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0207366861

Abstract Gums were isolated using sodium metabisulphite and phosphate buffers from a Grewia mollis plant. Physical and chemical evaluation of the gum was performed by means of FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy, sugar composition analysis (GC-MS), size exclusion chromatography coupled to multi-angle laser light scattering (SEC-MALLS) and dilute solution viscometry. Emulsion formation and stabilization was studied by means of droplet size distribution, ζ-potential measurements, viscometry, interfacial composition analysis and fluorescence microscopy. Chemical composition analysis ranged between 11.1 and 16.5% for protein, 53.4 and 66.9% for total carbohydrate, 18.5 and 35.1% for total uronic acid and 23.5 and 28.6% for rhamnose, whereas spectroscopic analysis revealed structural similarities. All samples were of high weight-average molar mass (Mw) ranging between 754-2778 x 103 gmol-1 with intrinsic viscosity between 6.5 to 9.1 dLg-1. Emulsification capacity and stability during storage of acidic o/w emulsions (pH 2.0, φ = 0.1) emulsified with the isolated samples was also studied. Fresh emulsions differed in terms of droplet size distribution, interfacial protein and pectin concentrations (Γ). Droplet size distribution also varied among the samples after 15 days of storage indicating a relationship between interfacial composition and emulsion stability. The present work shows that different physicochemical and functional properties of grewia extracts are obtained depending on extraction techniques employed.

152. EVALUATION OF THE ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF EXTRACTS FROM TURKEY BERRY

(Solanum torvum) AND OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis).

Benjamin D. Asamoah1, Thomas K. Fosu

1, Ismaila Emahi

1, and Lawrence S. Borquaye

2.

1Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani-Ghana.

2Department of Chemistry; Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technolgy, Kumasi-Ghana.

93

Corresponding Author: [email protected], +233246017536. Abstract

Antioxidants play a major role in protecting the biological systems against oxidative stress, which is associated with development of many chronic diseases and disorders. Plants are the main sources of natural antioxidants in the form of phenolic compounds, which help human beings to deal with oxidative stress, caused by free radical damage. This research work aimed at the evaluation of antioxidant activity of extracts of two medicinal plants, turkey berry (Solanum torvum) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and their correlation with the total phenolic contents (TPCs). The selected plant materials were sequentially extracted with solvents with increasing polarity and analysed for their antioxidant activities. The antioxidant activity of methanol and ethyl acetate solvent extracts was assessed by phosphomolybdenum assay and TPCs by Folin-Ciocalteu method. Among the four samples of two plants selected for the study, the methanol extracts showed highest antioxidant activity than the ethyl acetate extracts. The antioxidant activity of extracts in increasing order was PR<PF<TBF<TBL and the TPCs in increasing order was TBL<PF<PR<TBL. A direct correlation was not observed between antioxidant activity and TPCs. The results suggested that the phenolic compounds in extracts are not the only phytochemicals responsible for the observed antioxidant activity, hence further study is recommended to identify the other phytochemicals.

153. MOISTURE CONTENT DETERMINATION OF COCOA BEANS BY HOT AIR OVEN DRYING

METHOD AS A STANDARD TO CALIBRATE AQUA-BOY METERS

Robert Agbemfle1* and Siddick Anuanette2

1. Department Laboratory Technology, School Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural

Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana 2. Quality Control Company Limited of Ghana , Tema , Ghana

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract Calibration of measuring instruments are very crucial in the determining the accuracy of measurements using these instruments. The aim of the study is to use the oven drying method of moisture content determination of dry cocoa beans as a standard to calibrate Aqua boy meters. The oven drying method being the most reliable method was set as the standard to which the aqua-boy meters were compared. The processing included stacking ten bags of cocoa beans each weighing 64 kg in a warehouse for a period of one month and periodically recording their moisture contents three times per week using all three methods. Moisture content using the aqua-boy was taken instantly with the probe and cap while that of the oven was taken after it has been in the oven for 16 hours at a temperature of 103 ± 2ºC. The results showed average moisture content of 6.8 % using oven method, 6.4% using cap electrode and 5.6% using probe electrode with a standard error of 0.03 for all methods. The differences among the moisture contents of the cocoa beans from all the three methods were significant (p<0.05). The results indicated that readings from both methods of the Aqua-boy were not comparable to that obtained by the hot air oven drying method. In view of this, a corrective factor was generated to adjust moisture readings using the Aqua-boy meters. The probe electrode had a corrective factor of 1.2 while the cap electrode had 0.4. Aqua boy meters, moisture content, cocoa beans, oven drying method.

154. EFFECT OF PH AND TEMPERATURE ON LIPOLYTIC MICROORGANISMS ISOLATED

FROM PALM AND KERNEL OILS PRODUCED AT SMALL-SCALE MILLS IN GHANA

S. M. A. Tagoe, V. Kwarteng, N. A. Kyeremeh, E. A. A. Sarkodie and E. P. Agyemang Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences,


Tel: 233- 265541442. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract Lipolytic microorganisms have been identified as major cause of deterioration in edible oils because they produce lipases that hydrolyze the triacylglycerol in lipids causing spoilage. This investigation therefore seeks to determine the effect of pH and temperature on lipolytic microorganisms contaminating palm and kernel oils


mailto:stagoe@

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produced at the small-scale level inorder to device appropriate storage conditions to minimize contamination. Palm and kernel oils processed at small-scale mills in Ghana were used for the study. Contaminating bacterial species were isolated and maintained on Nutrient Agar (NA). The organisms were sub-cultured on lipase selective media to identify potential lipase producers. Microbes that formed clear zones around their colonies were considered as lipolytic and were identified by morphology and biochemical characteristics and by the MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. Lipolytic microbes were cultured in extracellular lipase media at various pHs (2, 4, 7 and 10) and temperatures (10, 20, 40 and 80°C). Cultures were sampled at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours incubation periods to determine growth and lipase activity of the organisms. Results obtained show that palm and kernel oils produced at the small-scale level contain varying microbial loads (4.3 x 101 - 2.2 x 106 CFU). Predominant bacterial species were, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus species. The results also showed that lipase activity of the organisms increased with increasing temperature but decreased with increasing pH implying that the organisms are acidophiles. Maximum lipase activity was recorded at pH 2 and 80°C. Minimum lipase activity was recorded at pH 7 and 20°C. Lipase activity was inversely related to culture growth (mean r (pH) = -0.432; r (temperature) = -0.442).

155. SYNTHESIS OF LEAD SULFIDE (PbS) NANOPARTICLES FROM LEAD HEXYL

XANTHATE FOR SOLAR CELL APPLICATIONS.

Selina Ama Saah1* Nathaniel Owusu Boadi2, and Johannes A. M. Awudza2

1. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana. 2. Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.

Email: [email protected], [email protected], Tel: 0247753612

Abstract

Lead hexyl xanthate complex has been synthesized and characterized. Its crystal structure has been determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography and the geometry reported as a distorted square pyramid. The complex has been used for preparation of PbS nanocubes using the melt method at 150 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD) analyses of the as-synthesized PbS nanocubes show a face centred cubic rocksalt structure (halite) with the (200) as the most preferred orientation. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of the as-synthesized PbS nanomaterials reveal the formation of well-defined cubes with dimensions of about 80 nm. The composition and purity of the as-synthesized PbS nanowires was observed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX)

156. ASSESSING THE LEVELS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE AND MAGNESIUM OXIDE IN SNAIL

SHELLS

David Adu-Poku, Selina A. Saah and Ivy A. Amoabeng

Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana. Email: [email protected], Tel: 0545704154

Abstract

Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Oxide according to research have been proved to be of relevance in the construction sector, medicinal field, paper and plastic industries, and the steel and refractory industry. The aim of this study was to assess the levels of calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide in the different species of snail shells (giant African land snails, giant African tiger snails, and the white jade African giant land snail). Snail shell samples were collected, washed and oven dried and grounded into powder. The powder was treated with HCl and titrated against EDTA to determine the calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide percentages. The results indicated that generally the white jade giant African land snail shells averagely had the highest proportions calcium carbonate (97%), presided by the giant African land snail shells (94%), and finally the giant African tiger snails (94%). Indicating that the different species of snails could have an effect on the levels of calcium of carbonate present in the shells: owing to environmental factors, mode of feeding etc. The study also revealed no detectable amount of magnesium oxide in all the snail shells analyzed. In conclusion, it maybe suggested that snail shells be explored as an alternative and cheaper source of calcium carbonate for industrial use.




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157. PbSXSe1-X THIN FILMS FROM THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF LEAD (II)

DODECYLXANTHATE AND BIS (N,N-DIETHYL-N′-NAPHTHOYLSELENOUREATO) LEAD (II)

PRECURSORS

Selina Ama Saah1* Paul McNaughter2, Mohammed Azad Malik2, Johannes. A. M. Awudza3 N. Revaprasadu4 and P. O’Brien2

1. Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Energy and Natural Resources, Sunyani, Ghana. 2. The School of Chemistry and The School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford

Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. Email: [email protected] 3. Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi,

Ghana. 4. Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa, 3886,

South Africa. Email: [email protected], [email protected], Tel: 0247753612

Abstract Thin films of PbSxSe(1-x) (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) have been deposited by spin coating of bis(dodecylxanthato)lead(II) (1) and/or bis(N,N-diethyl-N′-naphthoylselenoureato)lead(II) (2) complexes onto glass substrates followed by heating. The mole fraction of the selenium precursor in the coating mixture was varied from 0 to 1 by mixing the S and Se precursors. The as-prepared thin films were then heated at temperatures ranging from 250 to 400 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD) showed all films were of the halite structure with preferred orientation along (200) plane. The PbS films showed a closely packed network of fibrous structures, each covered with cubic particles. The needle-like features were about 500 nm in length and 25 nm in width; the adhered cubes had ca. 30 nm sides. The PbSe nanoparticles were also cubic. The alloys showed an intermediate morphology between the fibrous structures and cubes depending on the precursor ratio. The band gaps estimated from Tauc plots for the films heated at 250 °C for 30 minutes were 1.03 and 0.79 eV for PbS and PbSe respectively. The alloyed PbSxSe(1-x) thin films exhibited band gaps between those of PbS and PbSe. The band gaps and lattice parameters of the alloys varied in a Vegardian manner and could be closely correlated to the composition of the precursor mixture.

158. BASEMENT DEPTH ESTIMATION FROM MAGNETIC AND GRAVITY DATASETS USING

SPECTRAL TECHNIQUES

E. D. Forson, A. Menyeh, S. K. Danuor and D. D. Wemegah,

College of Science, Department of Physics, Geophysics Section, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi

Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

Geophysical and satellite datasets comprising respectively magnetic and gravity has been analyzed using spectral analysis with the intent of estimating the basement depth constraints of geological and structural features within the south-southeast (SSE) part of Ghana. The geological units within the study area comprise mainly Birimian metasediments and metavolcanics as well as basin type granitoids. The spectral technique also known as the radially averaged power spectrum usually requires the subdivision of the residual values into spectral blocks and radial energy spectrum obtained from the calculation of depths from slopes of linear plots. The radially averaged power spectrum was applied on the reduction to pole magnetic grid and residual gravity grid to delineate the basement depths of the study area. Results obtained from power spectrum images of magnetic and gravity datasets showed that the average depths within the southern W-K belt were respectively 1.2 km and 1.5 km for shallow sources. Deep-seated sources obtained from these potential field datasets were estimated to be up to about 6.5 km and 9.15 km for the magnetic and gravity respectively. Basement depth estimated from the gravity power spectrum thus compares reasonably with the already existing average depth, estimated for the Birimian formation. Airborne magnetic data, satellite gravity data, Spectral Analysis, Basement depth 159. COMPARISON OF BASEMENT DEPTH VALUES USING 3D EULER DECONVOLUTION

FROM AEROMAGNETIC AND SATELLITE GRAVITY DATASETS

E. D. Forson, A. Menyeh, S. K. Danour and D. D. Wemegah






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College of Science, Department of Physics, Geophysics Section, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi

Email: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

The area for this research falls within the southern part of the Winneba-Kibi (W-K) belt. This present study focuses on deriving quantitative information on basement depth estimation of major structural features encompassing dykes and sills within the study area using the 3D Euler deconvolution. 3D Euler deconvolution however, also delineated the structural indices as well as average depths of sources emanating from gravity and magnetic solutions generated. The 3D Euler deconvolution was applied on the residual magnetic intensity map as well as the residual gravity map, which were filtered to generate residual components from these potential field datasets caused by local structures and anomalous bodies. The minimum depth estimated for near surface structural features delineated from the aeromagnetic and gravity data were respectively 62.50 m and 79.53 m. The maximum depth estimated for deep sources associated with magnetic and gravity Euler solutions were 5336.1 m and 9193.7 m respectively. Results obtained from the Euler solutions showed that the aeromagnetic data offers more depth solutions than that of the gravity data. The magnetic data also delineated more short wavelength (near surface) sources than deep sources. Results from the 3D Euler deconvolution also revealed that the gravity data has the capacity to delineate long wavelength (deep seated) sources than the magnetic data. The depth estimation from the gravity data compares closely to that of the existing estimating basement depth of the Birimian formation which is about 10000 m. Aeromagnetic data, satellite gravity, 3D Euler deconvolution,

160. PREVALENCE OF EXTENDED SPECTRUM BETA LACTAMASE PRODUCERS AMONG

ESCHERICHIA COLI ISOLATED FROM FRESH VEGETABLES

C. A. Adinortey1, J. A. M Edekor, A. T. Bawuah1 and M. B.Adinortey2

1. Department of Molecular biology and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast

2. Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast

Corresponding author: Email: [email protected] Tel: +233 (0) 244728606

Abstract

Many infectious diseases that were a few decades ago treated using antimicrobial drugs such as antibiotics are nowadays increasing becoming more difficult to cure. Infections due to multidrug resistant micro-organisms such as Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing bacteria are well documented in clinical samples but not much is known about environmental samples in Ghana. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of ESBL producers among E..coli isolated from fresh vegetables. Five types of vegetables comprising tomatoes, green pepper, green beans, spring onions and carrots were obtained from the science market of the University of Cape Coast and the Abura market. Bacteria isolation and identification were made followed by the determination of the antibiogram of the bacterial isolates. E. coli isolates that were found to be potential ESBL producers were subjected to a phenotypic confirmatory test for ESBL production. In all, 120 bacterial isolates were isolated with Citrobacter freundii recording the highest frequency of 33 followed by E.

coli recording 27 while the remaining belonged to other genera of enteric bacteria. Out of the 27 E. coli isolates, 10 were found potential ESBL producers of which only 3 (i.e. 11.11 %) were phenotypically confirmed as ESBL producers. This study has confirmed the evident existence of multidrug resistance in non-clinical samples such as fresh vegetables and suggests that more education is given on the risk associated with the misapplication of antibiotics in agriculture. The need for best practices in waste management systems is also recommended. E.

coli, beta-lactamase, ESBL

161. BED BUG INFESTATION AND THE RISK OF MOSQUITO-BORNE INFECTIONS IN CAPE

COAST, GHANA

G. Deku1⁕, A. A Kudom1, R. Combey1, S. L Doggett2, B. A. Mensah1

1. Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences,

School of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Ghana

2. Department of Medical Entomology, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, Australia




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Email: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Contact: 0553335839

Abstract

To assess bed bug infestation impact on anti-mosquito practices in Cape Coast, Ghana and the effectiveness of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLIN) in preventing local bed bug infestations. A descriptive case study on 205 bed bug-affected households in 20 communities was conducted through room-to-room inspections following assessment of bed bug infestation levels. A structured and interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to assess the health impacts of infestation and household anti-mosquito practices. LLINs were also assayed for their effectiveness for controlling the locally collected bed bugs using the WHO tube bioassay protocol. The collected bed bugs were identified using the pronotum ratio key. Averagely, heavy bed bug infestation levels were associated with most households (54%) visited. A total of 66.7% of households had live bed bugs in their sleeping rooms at the time of visit. Of the residents with active bed bug infestations, 86.5% reported noticing new bed bug bites every day, 79.1% have sleepless nights and 24% sleep outside due to bed bugs. LLIN usage among households was low (22.7%), and assays demonstrated that LLINs were ineffective for controlling field strains of the bed bug. The use of mosquito sprays and coils among households were relatively high and correlated positively with heavy infestation rates per community, however, contributed to the negation of the LLINs by households. Affected households were much concerned about the biting nuisance posed by bed bugs (79.1%) than that of mosquitoes (13.8%). The bed bug species identified was the tropical-bed bug Cimex

hemipterus (F.). The excessive biting nuisance from bed bugs has probably negated mosquito control practices (notably, the use of LLIN) which has, therefore, increased the risk of mosquito-borne infections in bed bug infested homes. The LLIN were found to be ineffective at controlling bed bug field strains. Thus in infested households, a reduce compliance in the use of LLIN will occur if the bed nets fail to protect them against bed bug biting.

162. OCCURRENCE OF ANTIBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT BACTERIA IN LANDFILL

SITES IN KUMASI L. Sheringham Borquaye1,2, Edmund Ekuadzi1,3, Godfred Darko2, Hubert Senanu Ahor1 Sarah Twumwah Nsiah1, Jemima Asi Lartey1, Abdul-Hakim Mutala1, Vivian Etsiapa Boamah4, and Eric Woode1,5

1. Central Laboratory, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. 2. Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. 3. Department of Pharmacognosy, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi,

Ghana. 4. Department of Pharmaceutics (Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section), Kwame Nkrumah University of

Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. 5. Department of Pharmacology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi,

Ghana Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Landfills, which are reservoirs for many pharmaceuticals, provide a conducive habitat for antimicrobial-resistant microbes and resistant genes transfer and are therefore a major contributor to the phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance. Hence this study determined the levels of three widely used antibiotics; metronidazole, penicillin and amoxicillin, and the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance amongst microbes in soil and leachate samples from active and abandoned landfill sites in Kumasi, Ghana. Soil samples were collected from four abandoned and one active landfills while leachate specimen was collected only from the active landfill. Sonication and solid phase extraction (SPE) were used for sample preparation, followed by analysis via an HPLC-PDA method. Isolation and characterization of bacteria were done using standard bacteriological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was determined following the EUCAST guidelines. Antibiotics were detected at very high concentrations in specimen collected from both active and abandoned landfill sites. For leachate samples obtained from Dompoase, penicillin was present at the highest concentration (67.42±5.35 µg/mL, p<0.05) followed by metronidazole (18.25 ± 7.92 µg/mL) and amoxicillin (10.96 ± 6.93 µg/mL). In general, the levels of antibiotics in soil samples were similar at both active and abandoned landfill sites. Nonetheless, as with leachates, penicillin levels were much higher (p<0.05) than levels of amoxicillin and metronidazole within any particular site. When screened against some antibiotics, Enterobacteriaceae and some Bacillus and Listeria species isolated from the soil and leachate samples proved to be resistant. The high levels of antibiotics coupled with the presence of resistant microbes at these landfills sites calls for immediate measures to halt the disposal of pharmaceuticals in the environment so as to avert any possible public health setback. Pharmaceutical residues; antimicrobial resistance, β-lactam antibiotics; solid phase extraction, municipal waste disposal





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163. FOOD PREFERENCES OF SOME MAJOR FISH SPECIES IN THE STRATUM III OF LAKE

VOLTA, GHANA.

Emmanuel T.D. Mensah¹*, Hederick R. Dankwa¹, Torben L. Lauridsen², Ruby Asmah¹

¹Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Water Research Institute, Ghana; ²Department of Bioscience,

Aarhus University, Denmark

*Corresponding author: email: [email protected] , Tel: +233-208287957 Abstract

Food supply in the aquatic environment is very important for growth and survival of fish. Fish species of Lake Volta exhibit large feeding flexibility and may modify their habits during their growth. This study aimed at analyzing the diet of major fish species (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Tilapia zillii, Bagrus bajad, Alestes

baremoze, Synodontis velifer) in Lake Volta. Samples were taken monthly, from June 2015 to May 2016, in stratum III of the Lake at Kpando Torkor. The stomach contents were analyzed using the frequency of occurrence and the point’s method. A total of 42 prey categories were identified and grouped into 8 major categories: prey fish, zooplankton, green algae, blue-green algae, insects/invertebrates, detritus, diatoms and others. Insects/invertebrate and algae dominate food items that are preferred by all the fish species studied. Most of the fish species showed a wide variety of food items which changes depending on the availability of food. Based on the stomach contents, the fish species of the Lake were categorized into 4 food habits: opportunistic omnivore (C. nigrodigitatus), herbivore (T. zillii), benthic omnivore (B. bajad, S. velifer) and insectivorous (A.

baremoze). There were diet similarity among fish species which was influenced by the fundamental niche and food supply or availability in the fish community. Keywords: stomach content, frequency of occurrence, points method, prey, food habit

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