IGC1slides

Introduction – What is Health and Safety?

Health physical and social well being

Safety freedom from unacceptable risk of harm

Welfare looking after peoples’ basic needs

Environment the surroundings in which an organisation

operates

Definitions

Accident An unplanned, unwanted event which

results in a loss of some kind

ILO Definitions

Occupational accident - an occurrence arising out of or in the course of work which results in Fatal or non-fatal occupational injury

Occupational injury death, personal injury or disease resulting from an occupational accident

Commuting accident

ILO Definitions

Near miss An unplanned, unwanted event that had

the potential to result in a loss

Dangerous occurrence Event as defined under national laws and

regulations, with potential to cause an injury or disease to persons at work or the public

Occupational disease A disease contracted as a result of an

exposure to risk factors arising from work activity

Definitions – Hazard and Risk

Hazard something with the potential to cause

harm

Risk the likelihood that harm will occur, and the severity of harm

Why Manage Health and Safety?

Financial reasons

Moral reasons

Legal reasons

1. Moral

Estimated world labour force 2,400 million 334,000 fatalities

Estimated work-related disease mortality 992,000

Estimate for all work-related deaths is 1.3 million 3500 + per day

2. Legal

A body of rules that aim to regulate the behaviour of society

Civil law compensation payments

Criminal law punishment

Civil Law

Compensation payments Action by an individual against another

individual or body Civil courts Insurance schemes to pay damages

Punitive damages where a Defendant has broken the law

such as … an abuse of power by a government

employee … or conduct motivated by a focus on profit

Liability

Fault liability - the Claimant must show that they were owed a duty of care the duty of care was breached the breach of the duty of care led to the injury or

loss

No fault liability Employer liable for actions of employees

Criminal Law

Punishment Offence against society

Minimum standards Prescriptive Goal setting

Punishments Fines Imprisonment Etc

3 - Financial Reasons

Economic losses are equivalent to 3% of world's gross national product

Shattered families and communities

Cost of absenteeism, medical treatment, disability and survivor benefits

Loss Sales @ 1% Sales @ 2% Sales @ 4%

25,000 2,500,000 1,250,000 625,000

The Hidden Cost to Employers

Insured costs Injury, ill-health, damage

Uninsured costs Product/material damage Plant/building damage Legal costs Emergency supplies Site clearance Production delays Overtime Investigation time Clerical effort Loss of expertise

Employers Liability Compulsory Insurance (UK)

Insurance is increasingly expensive claims have increased about twice the rate of premium increases

Limited liability which may be linked to performance “implied” or “expressed” terms breach of legislation makes policy void or

avoidable

Compulsory in most cases

Frameworks for Regulating Health and Safety

The European Model goal setting

The American Model prescriptive

The International Labour Organisation common

The European Model

Directives introduced which contain the principles and objectives to be attained by national legislation in each Member State Chemical Agents Directive Physical Agents Directive Carcinogens Directive

UK HASAWA 1974 Management Regulations

The American Model

OSHA establishes a prescriptive standard and local State Law

Process Safety Management Standard Process safety information Process hazards analysis Operating procedures Training

International Labour Organisation

UN body establishes and maintain international standards on labour and social issues in the form of Conventions (mandatory) Recommendations (not mandatory) Codes of practice and reference manuals (not

mandatory)

Standards are often adopted by countries with limited existing law

Enforcement

Informal verbal in writing

Formal improvement notice prohibition notice prosecution

Implementation of Legislation

Factors that will influence enforcement include an adequate number of trained and

competent regulators development of information resources in

hazard controls to employers uniformity of approach setting targets for future improvement fostering co-operation between the

parties involved

International and National Standards

Labour and product standards

ILO-OSH 2001 Guidelines on Occupational Safety and

Health Management Systems

European standards CEN CENELEC

Sources of Information

Employers should provide employees with relevant and comprehensible information on Risks arising from the work Risk control measures Emergency procedures Names of competent persons Risks from third parties


Internal Risk assessments Policies Inspection reports Medical records Accident records Safety committee minutes Plant registers Health and Safety Practitioner (Advisor/Officer etc) Health and Safety Representative Company safety library


External Government sources National Safety Organisations Suppliers and manufactures International, European & British

Standards Consultants and specialists Worker insurance companies and unions The internet

Health and Safety Management

ILO-OSH 2001 OHSAS 18000 HSG65 Management systems

align health and safety objectives with business objectives

establish a framework for health and safety management

establish a set of effectively communicated policies, procedures and objectives

establish a continuous improvement framework provide an auditable baseline for performance

Main elements of ILO-OSH 2001 management system

1.Policy

2.Organising

3.Planning and implementation

4.Evaluation

5.Action for improvement Emphasis on continual improvement


1. Policy

A business plan for safety

In three parts Statement of intent Organisation and responsibilities Arrangements for health and safety


2. Organizing Competence - in recruitment, transfer and

training Control - commitment to the management

of health and safety Co-operation – internally and externally Communication - flow in all directions


3. Planning and Implementation Setting objectives Identifying hazards Assessing risks Implementing controls


4. Evaluation Active monitoring Reactive monitoring

Audit

Review


5. Action for Improvement Preventive and corrective action Continual improvement

Health and Safety Management Systems

OHSAS 18001: 2007 Occupational Health and Safety

Assessment Series

What is a Health and Safety Policy?

Objectives protect people from injury and ill health comply with legal requirements manage health and safety

Policy Layout

1. Statement of Intent

Communicates the importance of and commitment to health and safety

2. Organisation Who is responsible for what

3. ArrangementsHow the policy is to be implemented

Policy – Statement of Intent

The importance of health and safety Management intentions

provide safe and healthy working conditions

Commitment to effective leadership continuous improvement complying with the law allocating resources communication and consultation

Recognition of personnel

Policy – Organisation

Identify key roles Clearly define roles and responsibilities

of management and workers

Identify competent persons Person(s) appointed to provide assistance Safety Representatives Representatives of Employee Safety

Health and Safety Committee Specify training requirements Identify external sources of advice Identify the role of emergency services

Arrangements

Detail of how responsibilities will be carried out Planning

annual plan

Organising consultation training

Controlling risk assessment common hazards contractors

Monitoring inspections noise, hazardous

substances, etc accident statistics

Reviewing regular review

The Role of Health and Safety Policy in Decision Making

Targets Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time bound

Rates of injury Incidence rates Frequency rates

Benchmarking

Measurement tool to compare performance internally or externally identify key performance indicators ensure monitoring procedures are effective feed in to the continuous improvement cycle provide the ability to identify normal practice

among peer businesses and to compare performance

avoid making mistakes by learning lessons from others

generate management focus, interest and, therefore action

gain the confidence of stakeholders

Review

Dynamic, living document

Review if change to organisational structure working arrangements premises legislation as a result of monitoring or enforcement periodically

Ineffective Policies

Policy not driven by management No objectives set Health and safety not given priority Lack of resources Content not understood Emphasises employee responsibilities Lack of monitoring Lack of awareness No management training

Organisation

Infrastructure required to achieve organisational goals internal parties external parties

Inputs

Processes

Outputs

Roles and Responsibilities

Internally Employer Directors and Senior Managers Middle Managers and Supervisors Health and Safety Advisor

Externally Persons in control of premises Self employed Supply chain Clients and contractors

Duties of Employers

Provide a safe workplace

Provide safe work equipment and

substances

Provide information, instructions,

training, supervision

Provide adequate

welfare facilities

Provide emergency procedures

Provide consultation

Do not levy charges

Duties of Employees

Co-operate with their employer Consult with their employer Report dangerous situations Receive information etc Take care for the health and safety

of themselves and others

Controllers of Premises

Premises are safe

Safe access and egress

Plant and substances are safe and without risk to health

Designers, Manufacturers, etc

Ensure articles and substances are safe and without risk to health

Carry out testing

Provide information on their products

Health and Safety Advisers

Health and Safety Advisers should be trained and suitably qualified for the

level of risk maintain adequate information systems interpret the law in the context of their

own organisation establish management and risk control

systems establish and maintain procedures present their advice independently and

effectively

Relationships Outside the Organisation

Enforcing Authority

Fire Service

Insurance companies

Contractors

External consultants

Architects and engineers

Equipment manufacturers and suppliers

Clients and customers

The Police Occupational health

practitioners Members of the

public The media

Management of Contractors

Problems arise because of Unsuitable methods of selection Poor planning and agreement over the

method of carrying out the work Poor communication regarding risks Poor monitoring or supervision

Management of Contractors

Client Responsibilities H&S of employees contractor employees public or third parties

Contractor Responsibilities H&S of employees client employees public or third parties

Type of Contract

Labour only

Fixed price

Totally separate sites

Step 3 – Controlling Contractors on Site

Step 4 – Checking Contractors Work

Step 1 – Selecting a Contractor

Step 2 – Planning the Job

Five Steps to Managing Contractors

Step 5 – Reviewing the Contractors Performance

Health and Safety Culture

Culture is “the product of individual and

group values, attitudes, competencies and patterns of behaviour that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organisation's health and safety programmes”

“the way we do things around here”

Health and Safety Performance

Safe place

Safe person

1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s

Nu

mb

er

of

Accid

en

ts

Technical improvements (hardware)

Process and procedural safety (software)

Human factors

ORGANISATIONCulture, leadership,resources, work patterns,communications…..

Influences on Behaviour at Work

INDIVIDUALCompetence, skills

personality, attitude,perception…..

JOBTask, workload, environment,

display and controls,procedures…..

Positive Culture

Tangible outputs increased

compliance with rules and procedures staff morale

reduced staff complaints staff turnover absenteeism sickness and accident rates

Organisational Factors

Planning

Organising

Controlling

Monitoring

Reviewing

Internal Influences

C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ?

C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ?

C _ _ _ _ _ ?

C _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ?

C _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ?

Production/service demands?

External Influences

TheOrganisation

Insurancecompanies

Economicconditions

Society’sexpectations

Politicalpriorities

Unions andStakeholders

Legislation and

enforcement

Pressuregroups

Agencies

Cultural Change

Factors include senior management commitment ownership of health and safety at all levels effective communication health and safety training shared view of risks and acceptable behaviour learning from experience balance of health and safety and production external factors e.g. economic climate

Management Commitment

Factors include robust management system senior management leadership by

example targets for each manager management training provision of resources measurement of targets recognition of good performance

Leadership and Example

Ensure health and safety is a key business priority

Visible senior management commitment

Involve senior management in monitoring performance

Develop a trusting relationship with staff

Co-operation between management and workers

Measure senior management performance

Job Factors

Ergonomics

Extent of decision making

Procedures, information and instruction

Working environment

Maintenance of workplace and equipment

Working time

Ergonomics

The study of humans and how they interact with work equipment work environment work method

Design task to fit human good posture reduce human error

Controls and information Faults and emergencies Visible and understandable Feedback Logical layout Consistent and expected

Extent of Decision Making

Individual capability

Complexity of the job

Degree of automation

Knowledge of risk

Encouragement to seek assistance

Availability of information and assistance

Procedures, Information and Instruction

Clear, unambiguous, understandable

Consulted for clarity and workability

Monitored for compliance

SAFE SYSTEM OF WORKThe following safe system of work shall be used when removing swarf from machines:

1 ……………………………………………

2 ……………………………………………

3 ……………………………………………

Working Environment

Physical stresses imposed by poor working conditions heat/cold noise lighting fumes/dusts etc

Maintenance and Working Time

Poor maintenance

Poor housekeeping

Unsociable hours

Fatigue

Recovery period

Individual Differences

Physical age physique physical condition gender

Psychological attitude aptitude motivation perception personality

Socio-cultural education experience home life peer groups job satisfaction job security

Personal Factors Increasing Risk

Poor attitude to work Low motivation Inadequate physical capabilities

medical conditions lack of stamina/strength

Inadequate mental capabilities poor reasoning

Poor perception of risk alcohol or drugs

Immaturity Lack of training and/or experience

Attitude

Attitude “the tendency to respond in a particular

way to a given situation”

Influences background personality anxiety experience expectation peer group

Ability and Aptitude

Ability capacity to perform a particular physical

or mental function

Aptitude natural predisposition towards an ability

Perception

Perception “the way people interpret and make sense

of presented information” sensory input mental processing

Perception

Factors affecting perception nature of the hazard previous experience familiarity with the situation feeling “in control” level of training peer pressure confidence in others personal characteristics

Perception

Improving employee perception increasing awareness of hazards involving people in the risk assessment

process increasing knowledge identifying reasons for employees'

misperceptions addressing environmental factors

Motivation

“The driving force behind the way a person acts in order to achieve a goal”

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Social group affinity

Self esteem ego, status

Self realisationachievement

Safety emotional

and physical

Physiological basic needs

Reasons for Non Compliance

Lack of motivation Unrealistic working procedures Lack of management commitment Over-familiarisation with the task Repetitive work Peer group pressure Inadequate or ineffective supervision Fatigue and stress Lack of information, training and consultation Job insecurity

Humanfailures

Violations

Errors

Human Failures

Mistakes

Skill based errors Lapses of

memory

Slips of action

Rule based

Knowledge based

Routine

Exceptional

Situational

Reducing Human Error and Violations

Competence

Motivation

Role clarity

Supervision

Information and instructions

Drugs and alcohol prevention policies

Environmental conditions

Task design

Age and Experience

Age Issue

Below 18 years old

not fully developed may perceive risk in a different way less experienced

20’s to 30’s

learning and developing skills and experience growing in maturity new skills and unfamiliar routines may cause rule based

mistakes

40’s to 50’s

working for over 20 years experienced with the work, workplace and risks may be over-familiar new technology may cause knowledge based error

60+ loss of physical strength and manual dexterity may be more prone to injury

Promoting Safe Behaviour

Discipline

Reward

Inform

Facilitate

Train

Involving Employees in Health and Safety

Participation in risk assessments accident investigations development of safe systems

Defect reporting Suggestion schemes Training and information Health and safety committee Joint inspections Mentoring new and inexperienced workers

Training and Competence

Training the systematic

development of attitudes, knowledge and skills to perform adequately a task or job

Competence knowledge skills experience personal qualities knowledge of

limitations

Training Needs Analysis

1. Analyse the content of the job and the performance standards

2. Identify the knowledge skills and experience (competence) needed

3. Assess the individual's existing competence

4. Implement the training

5. Evaluate the training

6. Monitor the effectiveness

When is Training Needed?

Induction training

Additional training new or increased risks

Refresher training

Health and Safety Communication

Getting the right message to the right person at the right time

Requires personal competence knowledge and understanding purpose

Barriers to Communication

Presenter and/or Message• jargon• ambiguity• complexity

Receiver• sensory impairment • learning issues• inexperience • motivation

Place• noise• PPE• distractions

Exam question

Explain why it is important to use a variety of methods to communicate health and safety messages (8)

• It is important to use a variety of methods because individuals respond to many stimuli and that variety prevents over-familiarisation with one method and helps to reinforce a message.

• There may be a need to overcome barriers created by different languages, or by the inability of some employees to read, and so methods including written, oral, visual and practical examples will need to be used.

• There may be environmental factors such as noise or other distractions such as wearing protective equipment to be considered. These may inhibit the ability of a person to concentrate or hear; therefore methods other than the spoken word may be necessary.

• Sometimes there may be the need to motivate, stimulate interest and gain involvement of colleagues, and this may not be achieved if the same message is repeated by the same media over and over again.

• Different types of information will require different methods of communication. For example, a system of working that is complex and high risk will need to be written down so that operators can refer to it and are not expected to remember the details from oral instructions alone.

Methods of Communication

Written safety policy handbooks risk assessments health and safety articles letters and memoranda minutes press releases accident reports


Oral tool-box talks demonstrations informal training sessions team briefings/meetings safety committee lectures telephone discussions instructions


Visual posters and notices photographs videos charts/graphs body language

Toolbox Talks

Consider target audience training style and methods number of trainees time available skills required of the trainer training aids required training facilities evaluating the effectiveness of the talk

Propaganda

Target a specific issue

Be close to the problem

Support known procedures

Set realistic standards

Be actively supported at all levels

Visual Communication

Posters advantages and disadvantages?

Films and videos advantages and disadvantages?

Health and Safety Representatives

Functions Represent employees on general health

and safety matters Investigate hazards, accidents and

complaints Carry out inspections of the workplace Consult with enforcement inspectors Attend Safety Committees

Rights of Health and Safety Representatives

ILO C155 Access to the workplace and workers Protection from dismissal etc Contribute to the decision making process Contact enforcement officers Contribute to negotiations Receive appropriate training Reasonable paid time to perform their

duties Reasonable facilities

Health and Safety Committees

Objectives study of statistics/trends examination of safety audit reports consideration of reports and information assist the development of procedures monitor training, communications,

publicity link with enforcement authority

Committee Meetings

Agenda items review of

progress against objectives recent incidents safety inspections and audits new or impending legislation

enforcement authority reports amendments to policy and risk assessments effectiveness of health and safety training introduction of new equipment and processes employees concerns management concerns

Effective Committees

Right number and mix of members Adequate authority Knowledge and expertise Good communications Suitable level of formality Predominantly pro-active External input Access to specialists Minutes Limited individual input Identified and agreed priorities

Ineffective Committees

Lack of management commitment No clear terms of reference No agenda Uneven balance Lack of respect Poor leadership No influence on management decisions Infrequent meetings Trivial topics No access to information/advice

Hazard and Risk

HAZARD Something with the

potential to cause harm

RISK Likelihood and the

severity of the harm

The Risk Assessment Process

“suitable and sufficient” cover all work aspects take account of the way work is organised identify the significant hazards and risks evaluate the risks identify control measures enable priorities to be set take account of non-routine operations take account of risks to the public competent persons to conduct the assessment ensure it is valid for a period of time

Competence

Experience and training identifying hazards risk assessment

Knowledge of the process or activity

Technical knowledge of the plant and equipment

Good communication and report writing skills

Ability to interpret legislation and guidance

The right attitude

HSE Guidance

Look for the hazards

Decide who may be harmed and how

Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions

Record the findings and implement them

Review and update

Step 1 - Identify the Hazards

Task observation

Accident, ill-health or near miss data

Workplace inspections

Job safety analysis

Legal standards

Guidance

Consultation

Step 2 - Decide Who May be Harmed

Employees Operators Maintenance workers Cleaners Persons nearby

Non–employees Agency workers Contractors Visitors Members of the

public

Vulnerable groups Young workers New and expectant

mothers Night workers Home workers Lone workers Disabled staff

Step 3 - Evaluate the Risk

Existing control measures adequacy effectiveness

Risk estimation likelihood and severity

Further control measures elimination or reduction of risk

Existing Control Measures

Baseline risk assessment workplace precautions

hardware controls at the point of the hazard procedural controls

risk control systems

Provision and correct use

Risk Estimation

Qualitative risk assessment judgements against standards

Semi-quantitative risk assessment risk ranking

Hierarchy of Controls

Eliminate the hazard

Reduce the hazard

Isolate the hazard

Control the hazard

Provide PPE

and a system of Discipline to ensure the above measures are effective

Safe

Place

Safe

Person

Guidance and Minimum Legal Standards

Guidance shows good practice

Minimum legal standards Machine guards Traffic Noise and vibration Chemicals and substances Ionising radiations

Residual risk

Prioritisation based on risk

Step 4 - Record Significant Findings

Adequacy of existing controls

People affected

Extent of the risk

Further actions required

Reference to other documents used in the assessment

Step 5 – Review the Assessment

After significant change If any reason to suspect it is no longer valid

accident, ill-health, near miss or dangerous occurrence new equipment/changes to equipment, plant, processes

or personnel changes in legislation monitoring or audit results enforcing authority or insurance company action/advice new information improved control measures young persons, new/expectant mothers or disabled

persons periodically

Special Cases for Risk Assessment Young Persons

Issues lack of knowledge body not fully developed attitude

take risks peer group influence over enthusiastic

Risks to Children and Young People

Physically demanding work

Psychologically demanding

Physical agents

Biological/Chemical agents

Work equipment

Dangerous processes

Dangerous workplaces

Special Cases for Risk Assessment New/Expectant Mothers

Issues development of the unborn child health of the mother

Aspects of pregnancy backache tiredness etc

Risks to New or Expectant Mothers

Physical Agents heat, noise, vibration, manual handling, radiation

Biological Agentscause abortion of the foetus or neurological damage

Chemical Agentscarcinogens, substances such as lead, mercury etc

Working Conditionsmining, DSE, etc

Special Cases for Risk Assessment Disabled Workers

Issues reduced mobility access to welfare

facilities reduced

sensory input communication reach distances

Solution consider disabled

persons during risk assessment

make reasonable adjustments

Special Cases for Risk Assessment Lone Workers

Situations one person on

premises working separately outside normal

working hours away from base

Risks condition of location equipment pregnant, young or

disabled no emergency

facilities no training,

supervision and communication

Exam Question

Outline the factors that should be considered in carrying out a risk assessment (8)

The factors that should be considered when carrying out the risk assessment are:

1. The nature of the activities being undertaken including what is being done, where, and any equipment and materials involved.

2. The hazards involved which could arise from the process and cause injury or ill health or both. For example, these might include machinery hazards such as traps or entanglement leading to crushing of hands etc.

3. The likelihood and severity of harm that could be caused to enable a simple estimation of the priorities for further control measures to be introduced.

4. The number of employees exposed to the hazards. Generally, the more people exposed the more likely it is that someone will suffer harm.

5. The duration of exposure to the hazards. For example, the longer individuals are exposed to a noise hazard, the greater their chances of becoming deaf.

6. The competence of those carrying out the work. What skills and knowledge do individuals require for the safe operation of the process.

7. An evaluation of existing control measures such as machine guards or personal protective equipment. Are these suitable or are more effective controls required?

8. The competence of those conducting the assessment. Do they have the training and experience and knowledge of the process to be able to effectively conduct the assessment?

General Principles of Prevention

Avoid the risk Evaluate the risks which cannot be avoided Combat the risks at source Adapt the work to the individual Adapt to technical progress Replace the dangerous

by the non-dangerous or less dangerous Develop a coherent prevention policy

relating to the working environment Give collective protective measures priority

over individual protective measures Give appropriate instructions to employees

General Hierarchy of Control

Eliminate

Reduce

Isolate

Control

PPE

Discipline

Safe Place

Safe Person

Benefits of PPE

Low cost

Short term measure

Portable

Disposable PPE reduces the risk of infection

Limitations of PPE

It does not eliminate or reduce a hazard at source It only protects the wearer It fails to danger It may introduce new hazards It relies on workers to use it

uncomfortable worn for part of the shift worn incorrectly does not fit not compatible with other PPE/equipment does not offer the right protection used when damaged not adequately maintained causing contamination use not enforced

Provision of PPE

Risk assessment other measures reduce the risk at source

Further risk assessment level of risk performance data for PPE comparison of types

Effective PPE hazards, risks, ergonomics duration, standards

Provision of PPE

Compatibility of PPE

Maintenance and replacement of PPE

Accommodation for PPE

Information, instruction and training

Cost of PPE

Use of PPE

Factors that affect use include fit health of worker period of use comfort maintenance training interference management commitment

Reporting losses or defects

Main Types of PPE

Head

Eye protection

Feet

Hands and arms

Body

Respiratory

Crash helmets

Safety helmets

Bump caps

Hair nets

Head

Eyes

Feet and legs

Hands

Whole body

Lungs

PPE

Safety spectacles

Eye shields

Safety goggles

Face shields

Head

Eyes

Feet and legs

Hands

Whole body

Lungs

PPE

Steel toe cap

Anti-pierce

Anti-static

Chemical resistant

Hot metal

Thermal insulation

Head

Eyes

Feet and legs

Hands

Whole body

Lungs

PPE

Kevlar or chainmail

Neoprene, Nitrile, Rubber, PVC

Leather

Rubber

Head

Eyes

Feet and legs

Hands

Whole body

Lungs

PPE

Temperature extremes

Chemical resistance

High visibility

Waterproof

Falls

Head

Eyes

Feet and legs

Hands

Whole body

Lungs

PPE

Respirators

Breathing apparatus

Face fit test

Assigned protection factors

Operative exposure = 70 PPM

WEL = 35 PPM

Minimum APF = 2

Head

Eyes

Feet and legs

Hands

Whole body

Lungs

PPE

Respiratory Protection

Respirator - filters the surrounding air dust masks positive pressure

powered respirator cartridge type

respirator

Breathing apparatus - supplies purified air air hose air line self-contained

breathing apparatus

Limitations

Respirator Breathing Apparatus

Incorrect filter selection Heavy backpacks

Ergonomic considerations Restricted time of use

Incompatibility with other PPE

Entanglement of airlines or obstructions

No air supplied where oxygen is depleted

Regular maintenance and training

Safety Signs and Signals

Sign board

Illuminated sign

Acoustic signal

Verbal communication

Hand signal

Warning tape

Warning sign

Objective

Overcome reading and language difficulties pictorial symbols standard shapes standard colours

Safety Signs

A Safe System of Work

A formal procedure which results from a systematic examination of the task in order to identify all the hazards

It defines safe methods to ensure that hazards are eliminated or risks minimised

Key Elements

Planned in advance of the work Isolated and non-routine tasks Consider disability or experience

workers Familiarity breeds contempt Established by

written instruction training enforced

Competence

Writers of SSOW need understanding of the task knowledge of hazards and risks interpret standards for control awareness of their own limitations communication skills

Developing a Safe System of Work

Job Safety Analysis Select the task to be studied Record each stage of the task Evaluate the risks Develop a safe system of work Implement the system Monitor the effectiveness

What is a Permit To Work?

“A documented control system requiring written confirmation that certain actions have been carried out before a specific high risk activity is carried out” Machinery maintenance Confined spaces Excavation close to buried services Hot work Work on or near overhead cranes

Operation of a Permit to Work

Issue

Receipt

Clearance

Cancellation

Extensions

Confined Space Hazards

Hazards may be present in the confined space enter the confined space be introduced by the work

Definition of confined space “any space of an enclosed nature where

there is a risk of serious injury from hazardous substances or dangerous conditions”

Specified Risks

Fire or explosion

Loss of consciousness due to increased body temperature asphyxiation

Drowning

Asphyxiation due to a free flowing solid or entrapment

Examples of a Confined Space

Cellars Deep excavations Enclosed drains Sewers Silos Storage tanks Combustion chambers Ductwork Open-topped chambers Unventilated or poorly ventilated rooms Vats

Confined Space Entry Avoid Entry

Modify the confined space

Do the work from outside clear silo blockages using remotely

operated vibrators inspection and sampling operations from

outside remote cameras for internal inspection clean using long handled tools

Risk Assessment

The task materials environment equipment people

Emergency rescue

Existing control measures

Further control measures

Safe Systems of Work

Appoint a supervisor Isolate energy sources Gas purging Provide ventilation Clean before entry Test/monitor the atmosphere Provide special tools and lighting Provide PPE Arrange communications Limit working time Permit-to-work

Emergency Procedures

Communications

Rescue and resuscitation equipment

Capabilities of rescuers

Shut down adjacent plant

First aid procedures

Local emergency services

Lone Workers

On site Only one person works on the premises People work separately from others People work outside normal hours

Off site (peripatetic or mobile workers) On construction etc Agricultural and forestry workers Service workers Professionals who visit customer and client

premises

Lone Work Risk Assessment

Does the workplace present a special risk Potential consequences of injury

Safe access and egress Safe plant, equipment, substances etc Manual handling issues Risk of violence Special risks to women or young

persons

Lone Worker Considerations

Medical conditions Sufficiently experienced Training to control, guide and help in

situations of uncertainty Avoiding panic reactions

Employers should set the limits to what can and cannot be done while working alone

Lone Worker Supervision

Periodic visits and observation

Regular contact using either a telephone or radio

Automatic warning devices operated manually or automatically by the absence of activity

Checks that a lone worker has returned to their base or home on completion of a task

Emergency procedures

Access to adequate first-aid facilities Mobile workers should carry a first-aid kit

Emergencies

Fire precautions

First Aid

Other emergencies flood criminal damage bomb threats

First Aid

Aim preserve life and minimise the

consequences treat minor injuries that do not require

medical attention

Assessment of First Aid Requirements

Nature of the work Size of the organisation Past accident history and accident types Nature and distribution of the workforce Remoteness of the site from emergency medical

services Needs of travelling, remote and lone workers Employees working on shared or multi-occupancy

sites Annual leave and other absences of first‑aiders Provision for non‑employees Other relevant factors – trainees

First Aid Personnel

Appointed Persons take charge of

situation send for ambulance basic knowledge one day course

First Aiders preserve life treat minor injuries four day course which

is certificatedand has 3 yearly refresher

First Aid Equipment

Information for employees

First aid boxes

First aid rooms

Number of Appointed Persons and First Aiders

For low risk situations Appointed Persons - one at all times First Aider - at least one per 50 employees

Incident, Accident and Ill health Investigation

Reasons for investigation prevent future accidents demonstrate concern identify weaknesses in management

systems prevent business losses collate accident and ill health data and

establish trends comply with legislation defend claims/prosecutions

Definitions

Accident an unplanned, unwanted event which results in

loss

Incident/near miss an unplanned, unwanted event that has the

potential to result in loss

Occupational ill-health any acute or chronic ill-health caused by physical,

chemical or biological agents as well as adverse affects on mental health

Domino Theory

Adverse events have many causes What may appear to be bad luck can, on analysis,

be seen as a chain of failures and errors that lead almost inevitably to the adverse event

This is often known as the “Domino Effect”

A – Lack of management control

B – Indirect causes

C – Direct causes

D – Accidents

E – Injury

Accident Categories

slips/trips/falls on the same level

falls from height

falling objects

collision with objects

trapping/crushing

manual handling

contact with machinery/hand tools

electricity

transport

contact with chemicals

asphyxiation/drowning

fire and explosion

animals

violence

Investigation

Steps to take following an incident/accident emergency response initial report initial assessment and investigation gathering further information

Investigation

Which events should be investigated? The decision should be made on potential

consequences and the likelihood of another event occurring

Investigation

Who should investigate? supervisors and line managers a senior manager a senior manager from another

department health and safety professionals a specialist (engineer) Safety Representative an employee experienced in the work

activity

Investigation

What equipment will be required? camera writing materials paper or investigation forms measuring tape area plans protective equipment a checklist

Four Steps to Investigation

1. Gather the information

2. Analyse the information

3. Identify the risk control measures

4. Take action

1. Gather the Information

Establish the facts what activities were being carried out at the time? was there anything unusual? were there adequate SSoW and were they

followed? was the risk known - if so why wasn’t it controlled? did the organisation and arrangement of the work

influence the accident? was maintenance and cleaning sufficient? was the safety equipment sufficient?

Gather the Information

Other factors nature of the work (routine) specialist examinations medical reports interviews/witness statements do not dismiss contradictory evidence

Gather the Information

Documentary evidence risk assessments SSoW incident/accident history training records maintenance records equipment instructions monitoring (dust, noise etc) supervision rota's inspection reports pre-start equipment checks

2. Analyse the Information

Analysis should determine cause of the injury immediate causes underlying causes root causes

3. Identify the Risk Control Measures

There may be no control measures in

place control measures in place

that were not used control measures in place

that failed combinations of the above

Identify the Risk Control Measures

Apply the following hierarchy Elimination Safe place Safe person

4. Take Action

Investigation report should provide summary and conclusions details of the person injured, the date,

time, location information gathered analysis of the information recommendations action plan

Take Action

List the reasons why records should be kept monitoring trends prevent a recurrence legal reasons health surveillance defend civil claim/criminal action

Collecting Data

Collecting data incidents and accidents work related ill-health

Data can identify trends and be compared with other benchmarks

Analysing data category of person injury type part of body injured age work activity shift/time of day location of accident

Accident Statistics

Incidence rate

Frequency rate

Severity rate

no. of reportable injuries

no. of employees x 100 000


no. of hours worked x 100 000


time lost

Limitations of Statistics

Zero accidents does not necessarily indicate low risk

Data is based on past failures

Under‑reporting

Statistics can be manipulated

Individual differences

Different risks in different jobs and tasks

A single (unusual) event can greatly influence statistics

Communicating Data

Safety committees

Local team briefings

Company magazines

Board room performance reports

Performance reviews for managers

Annual reports

Reporting of Accidents

Notification Immediately by telephone

Reporting Accidents and diseases Commuting accidents Dangerous occurrences and incidents

Why are accidents not reported? Ignorance of reporting procedures Peer group pressure Preserve safety record Complicated procedures Lack of feedback Avoid receiving treatment

Active and Reactive Monitoring

Workplace Inspections

Limitations some hazards not

visible some hazards not

always present unsafe practices may

not occur during the inspection

Types of inspections general workplace

inspections statutory inspections compliance

inspections commissioning

inspections

Frequency

Competence

Workplace Inspections

Competence of inspectors knowledge of workplace inspection

techniques advantages and disadvantages

understanding of process or service knowledge of hazards and controls ability to complete checklist or write

report experience

Inspection Checklists

condition of processes and plant

contractors electrical environmental conditions transport routes fire protection first aid provision hand held/portable tools hazardous substances housekeeping/cleanliness lifting equipment lighting

manual handling machinery guarding noise personal protective

equipment pressure vessels safe access/egress signs and abstracts suitability of stored

materials temperature/ventilation welfare conditions

Inspection Reports

Inspections must lead to corrective action

Actions to eliminate or control hazards must be clearly defined prioritised allocated to responsible persons for action allocated deadlines for completion allocated a review date

Active Monitoring Techniques

Performance Review

Review and evaluate the effectiveness of the management system and promote continual improvement

Does the organisation achieve objectives implement effective risk controls ensure the effectiveness of training, communication and

consultation programmes learn from management system failures implement lessons learnt across the whole organisation meet legal standards reduce the risk of accidents and ill-health

Audit

Determines the existence, adequacy, and use

of a health and safety management system

Differences Between Audits and Inspections

Types of Audit

Management system audit internal/external

Management system audit of contractors internal/external

Certification/registration audits external to assess conformity with OHSAS 18001

Objectives and Scope

Objectives extent of conformity

with the SMS evaluation of legal

compliance evaluation of whether

SMS achieves objectives

identification of areas improvement

Scope

Extent and boundaries physical locations business units activities and

processes other disciplines time period

Pre Audit Preparation

1. Setting audit objectives

2. Selecting the audit team

3. Notifications and contact with the auditees

4. Information gathering

5. Interviews

6. Draw conclusions

7. Report and presentation

8. Action by the organisation

Internal and External Audits

Internal audits External auditsAdvantages Disadvantages

Cheaper More expensive

Easier to arrange More time required to organise

Informal, non-threatening More formal, more threatening

Disadvantages Advantages

May be influenced by internal relationships

Less knowledge of internal relationships

Conclusions may not taken seriously

Increased formality and experience may give weight to conclusions

May be bias Independent of internal

competition

Assumptions influence conclusions

Independence requires auditors to ask obvious questions

IGC1slides

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