Mr. Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, CJ Mr. Justice Jawwad
Iftikhar Presentation
Transcript of Iftikhar Presentation
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Institutions for EconomicEfficiency
By
Iftikhar Ahmad
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Outline
Introduction
Police Reforms
Civil Service Reforms
Evidence Based Public Policy
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Introduction
Needs of the Technical expertise forNeeds of the Technical expertise for
economic efficiencyeconomic efficiency
Reforms are required to improve
institutions and economic efficiency
Reform is a process, where chance,uncertainty, and ambiguity dominate.
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POLICE REFORMS
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The Corporate aspect of professionalism hasmany aspects but one of its constituent parts isthe formulation and adherence to standards.
Once these standards have been developed,
police would need to provide training to enable
police officers to attain requisite level of
expertise in these standards.
POLICE REFORMS
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What is training? Is itchanging behavior?
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Training to change behaviour of the police
professionals in Pakistan:
Need to have not only high quality trainersbut also modern training techniques and state-
of-the-art training modules and curricula.
DIG Training was installed to oversee thetraining of the Police Schools system in 2000.
What is training? Is it changing behavior?
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Centralize the training regime while keeping in
view the paucity of training infrastructure was
not a bad approach.
More important than centralizing the delivery
of training is to centralize the system of training
evaluation.
Evaluation of training is as important as
delivery.
What is training? Is it changing behavior?
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Efforts to support the Police in the creation of aviable training infrastructure are underway.
Foreign Donors have started a number of programs to support the police reforms in theseareas.
These programs has developed a manual of investigation processes and procedures which areessentially a compendium of standards in theinvestigation ofcases.
What is training? Is it changing behavior?
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Police reform undertaken since 2002 have not
been effective because standards in training have
not improved.
These reforms have to be implemented has not
been taken care of.
What is training? Is it changing behavior?
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The district magistrate's accountability and in-
built mechanism has been removed to provide
autonomy while the public safety commissions
have been created to provide the same.
The former was an institutional mechanism to
provide an accountable working environment to
police
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This is not a good recipe for development of
professionalism or service to the ordinary poor
citizen in Pakistan's cities or villages.
Understanding the role of the police in society will
help create institutional structures, write rules and
lay out accountability mechanisms which work.
In the service delivery departments the operational
controls of the political executive should be
strengthened.
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Civil Service Reforms
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Civil service reform is being discussed in
Africa, Latin America, Europe and North
America [(Ingraham 1996)].
Some are fixing legacies of past colonial civil
service systems while others are struggling with
identifying the role ofcivil service in a changingpolitical environment.
Civil Service Reforms
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Imperatives for reform
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The Economic Imperative for Reform
Changes based on incentives, performance, and
efficiency in civil service structures in most
developed countries including Australia, United
States, and others.
The Political Imperative for Reform
The relationship between civil service structure
and the political system is bidirectional as much
as civil service is influenced by the political system,
it also helps shape the political system.
Imperatives for reform
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The Social Imperative for Reform
Civil service is the face of the government.
The public demand for civil service reform arises
out of the frustration of the citizens with failure of the government to deliver social services.
People believe that public service is not the focus
of the civil service in Pakistan.
Multilateral donor agencies also criticize poor
governance as an impediment to provision of social
services [(World Bank 2000)]
Imperatives for reform
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Whyhas reform not worked?Whyhas reform not worked?
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Technically,Technically, mostmost publicpublic sectorsector employeesemployeeswhetherwhether theythey areare doctors,doctors, engineers,engineers, teachers,teachers,revenuerevenue collectors,collectors, policepolice oror secretariatsecretariat
employeesemployees areare `civil`civil servantsservants..''
WhenWhen aa commissioncommission takestakes upup civilcivil serviceservicereformreform mostmost oftenoften allall branchesbranches andand categoriescategories
ofof thethe publicpublic sectorsector employeesemployees areare includedincluded ininitsits purviewpurview..
Why has reform not worked?Why has reform not worked?
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This is wrongThis is wrong
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ReformingReforming thethe
Institutional structures,Institutional structures,
Career patterns, appointment,Career patterns, appointment,
Promotion and transfer mechanisms,Promotion and transfer mechanisms, Pay and compensation packages,Pay and compensation packages,
Retirement matters, performance evaluation,Retirement matters, performance evaluation,
Work environment,Work environment,
Efficiency, discipline and controlling laws ofEfficiency, discipline and controlling laws of
the civil servicesthe civil services
This is wrongThis is wrong
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Why aggregation forWhy aggregation for
conceptualizing, organizing andconceptualizing, organizing andmanaging reform, is not a goodmanaging reform, is not a good
idea?idea?
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TheThe uniformuniform paypay scalesscales isis anan unnecessaryunnecessaryconstraintconstraint..
TheyThey bringbring rigidityrigidity intointo thethe structurestructure of of civilcivil
serviceservice whichwhich shouldshould bebe shapedshaped toto matchmatch thethe
needsneeds ofof diversediverse rolesroles ofof thethe statestate..
AA falsefalse sensesense ofof socialsocial equalityequality withwith thethe uniformuniformpaypay scalesscales hashas createdcreated aa bigbig hurdlehurdle inin thethe wayway ofof
reformreform..
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Importance of Sector Specific ActionsImportance of Sector Specific Actions
SmallerSmaller andand moremore focusedfocused initiativesinitiatives havehave
metmet withwith moremore successsuccess..
ExampleExample:: TheThe ongoingongoing workwork onon institutinginstituting
contractcontract employmentemployment inin serviceservice deliverydeliveryprojectsprojects inin PunjabPunjab.. ThisThis experimentexperiment hashas
beenbeen aa successsuccess..
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Importance of a disaggregated approachImportance of a disaggregated approach
AA patwari'spatwari's reformreform cannotcannot bebe thethe samesame asas thatthat ofof aaroadroad engineerengineer..
TheThe statutesstatutes provideprovide thethe basicbasic principles,principles, whilewhile thetherulesrules andand otherother policypolicy instrumentsinstruments areare thethe onesoneswhichwhich shapeshape aa cadrecadre..
TheThe latterlatter shouldshould receivereceive muchmuch attentionattention andand itit isisherehere thatthat thethe bulkbulk of of thethe sectorsector basedbased approachapproachwillwill needneed toto focusfocus..
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Reforms that would workReforms that would work
ReformsReforms thatthat wouldwould workwork requirerequire anan innovativeinnovative
approachapproach whichwhich mightmight notnot bebe amenableamenable toto aauniformistuniformist legallegal frameworkframework..
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Historical perspective of Civil Service Reform in
Pakistan
Civil service reform is not a new concept in the
history of Pakistan. Burki (1969) describes three
efforts conducted between 1948 and 1958:
The Pakistan Pay and Services Commission
1948
A study by Rowland Egger 1953
A study by Bernard Galdieux - 1955.
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1962 Cornellius Pay Services & Reform
Commission
1973Administrative Reforms
Anwar-ul-Haq Commission
Shafqat (1999) shows that these reforms were
accompanied by purges in the civil service, shaking the
confidence of civil servants and politicizing of the service.
Subsequent Reforms
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As for the elite CSP of Pakistan, if the objective of reforms wasto disrupt the institution ofcivil service without any substantial
improvement in the quality or professionalism of its members,
then such policies were destined to depress the morale of the civil
service.
1973 reforms initiated a trend that diminished the elite nature
of the CSP by lowering standards and subverting meritocracy.
These reforms also helped establish patron-client relationshipbetween politicians and civil servants.
In place of professionalism and enhanced competence, they
promoted the opposite.
Subsequent Reforms
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Civil Service and Governance
The idea that civil services are meant for mediocreminds, seems to dominate intellectuals and politicians
in Pakistan.
We do not think it is a right policy for the State to offer such salaries to itsservants as to attract the best available material. The correct place for our men
of genius is in private enterprise and not in the humdrum career of public
service where character and desire to serve honestly for a living is more
essential than outstanding intellect. In an era where innovations in policy and
business drive the global markets, any framework for reforms that promotesmediocrity in the civil service can only guarantee poor governance.
Pay and Service Commission Report 1948
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Good governance involves solving problems withinnovative policy solutions (like Grameen Banks
system of micro finance in Bangladesh).
The recent structural changes in the Pakistani civilservice provide an opportunity to introduce reforms
sagely.
Having an elite civil service is not the problem. It isthe adherence to merit and the emphasis on
professionalism that earns the civil service an elite
status.
Civil Service and Governance
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Need for civil service training from human
capital approach
To achieve its goal of good governance, there needs to be a focus on
providing quality training to civil servants.
Good public policy is the backbone of good governance in any political
system.
Public policy training includes
Skills and analytical tools to perform policy analysis
Recommend policy options
Implement adopted policies
Evaluate the effectiveness of these policies
Traditional civil service training focuses on training officers to become
effective administrators but can do more to impart public policy skills.
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Evidence-based public policy
The movement towards evidence-basedpublic policy is gaining momentum in most
of the developed world.
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Public policy training of decision makers
Easy availability and access to government data
Establishing new or funding existing policy research
institutes
Using international policy linkages
Effective use of information technologies in governance.
Key factors which help in developing
evidence-based public policies:
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PolicyPolicy processprocess inin PakistanPakistan isis rarelyrarely basedbased onon anyany
systematicsystematic analysisanalysis andand isis almostalmost nevernever followedfollowed byby
systematicsystematic evaluationevaluation..
HaphazardHaphazard approachapproach toto publicpublic policypolicy isis likelylikely toto
leadlead toto aa longlong listlist of of failedfailed oror failingfailing policiespolicies ininalmostalmost allall sectorssectors ofof thethe societysociety..
Key factors which help in developing
evidence-based public policies:
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ProfessionalismProfessionalism inin thethe civilcivil serviceservice andand toto betterbetter
governancegovernance inin thethe countrycountry cancan resultresult fromfrom aa
combinationcombination ofof thethe followingfollowing::
AccessAccess toto datadata
EvaluationEvaluation ofof policiespolicies
EstablishmentEstablishment ofof policypolicy researchresearch programsprograms
UseUse ofof informationinformation technologiestechnologies
Key factors which help in developing
evidence-based public policies:
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Thanks