IFPRI- importance of pulses in ensuring both food and nutritional security, jaya jumrani

Jaya Jumrani National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research (ICAR-NIAP), New Delhi

Importance of pulses in ensuring both food and nutritional Security in India

Outline

• Background

• Data and methodology

• Results and discussion

• Salient findings and policy implications

Background Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) – 11 out of 17 goals

– improved access to nutritious food. SDG 2 particularly for nutrition

15.2% population undernourished & 2nd highest estimated number of undernourished people in the world (SOFI 2015)

Over 75% utilization of pulses in DCs - human consumption

India – largest producer, consumer and importer of pulses

Pulses mainly rainfed

declining per capita availability

stagnant productivity

Background (contd.)

Most affordable low-fat source of protein and minerals – ‘poor man’s meat’

Best plant protein rich in fibers

low glycemic index

important nutritive differences from cereals (rich in lysine, vitamin B group, lower nutritive losses in milling and cooking)

prevents and fights against NCDs

Domestic production unable to meet demand – skyrocketing prices

India – calorie consumption puzzle – depriving adequate proteins too

Resource conserving and environment-friendly

Data and methodology

Changing dietary patterns among Indians Food Groups Units Rural Urban

1993-94 2011-12 Change (%) 1993-94 2011-12 Change (%)

Cereals Kg 13.40 11.23 -16.15 10.63 9.32 -12.32

Roots & tubers Kg 2.04 2.29 12.11 2.00 2.14 7.09

Sugar & honey Kg 0.79 0.78 -1.11 0.97 0.87 -10.13

Pulses Kg 0.80 0.72 -9.92 0.91 0.81 -11.08

Nuts &

oilseeds Kg 0.36 0.43 19.65 0.51 0.56 10.29

Vegetables &

fruits Kg 5.83 5.91 1.35 10.05 8.97 -10.73

Meat, fish etc. Kg 0.31 0.37 22..04 0.41 0.46 12.83

Eggs No. 0.64 1.14 78.35 1.48 1.68 33.62

Milk & milk

products Lit 4.00 4.43 10.81 4.97 5.54 11.55

Oils & fats Kg 0.38 0.63 64.62 0.61 0.84 37.52

Miscellaneous Kg 289.44 329.83 13.95 358.34 404.21 12.80

Changing pulses scenario

Pulses 1993-94 2011-12 1993-94 2011-12

Rural Change (%) Urban Change (%)

Arhar 13.95 11.58 -17.05 14.38 13.02 -9.44

Gram (split) 7.48 6.38 -14.73 6.26 5.70 -8.92

Gram (whole) 9.34 6.20 -33.59 7.36 5.47 -25.64

Moong 8.52 6.53 -23.31 7.55 6.27 -16.96

Masur 10.91 8.98 -17.75 9.58 7.70 -19.66

Urd 9.34 7.01 -24.94 8.20 7.11 -13.28

Peas 10.96 11.31 3.17 5.29 6.08 14.89

Khesari 14.06 10.78 -23.28 11.86 9.31 -21.50

Other pulses 9.79 6.84 -30.11 7.03 5.94 -15.59

Gram products 8.06 3.48 -56.84 5.42 3.59 -33.87

Besan 6.42 4.52 -29.54 5.74 5.19 -9.63

Other pulse products 6.98 4.51 -35.35 5.75 4.05 -29.61

Trends in composition of MPCE Food groups Rural Urban

1993-94 2011-2012 1993-94 2011-2012

Cereals 24.2

(38.3)

12.0

(24.6)

14.0

(25.7)

7.3

(19.0)

Cereals Substitute 0.1

(0.2)

0.1

(0.1)

0.1

(0.1)

0.1

(0.1)

Pulses and Pulse Products 4.0

(6.3)

3.3

(6.7)

3.2

(5.9)

2.3

(5.9)

Milk and Milk products 9.5

(15.0)

9.1

(18.7)

9.8

(17.9)

7.8

(20.2)

Edible oil 4.4

(7.0)

3.8

(7.8)

4.4

(8.0)

2.7

(6.9)

Egg, Fish and Meat 3.3

(5.3)

3.6

(7.3)

3.4

(6.2)

2.8

(7.3)

Vegetables 6.0

(9.6)

4.8

(9.9)

5.5

(10.0)

3.4

(8.8)

Fresh Fruits 1.4

(2.3)

1.5

(3.1)

2.2

(4.1)

1.8

(4.6)

Dry Fruits 0.3

(0.5)

0.4

(0.9)

0.4

(0.8)

0.6

(1.5)

Sugar and Salt 3.2

(5.1)

2.0

(4.2)

2.5

(4.6)

1.3

(3.3)

Spices 2.5

(3.9)

2.3

(4.6)

1.9

(3.5)

1.5

(4.0)

Others 4.2

(6.6)

5.8

(12.0)

7.2

(13.2)

7

(18.4)

Total food 63.2

(100.00)

48.6

(100.00)

54.6

(100.00)

38.5

(100.00) Note: Figures in parentheses are share of expenditure on food items.

Decomposition of calories across income classes

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1993-94 2004-05 2011-12 1993-94 2004-05 2011-12

bottom 20% top 20%

Calorie per Adult Equivalent

Fat protein carb

Nutrient intakes from pulses Nutrient Rural Change (%) Urban Change (%)

1993-94 2011-12 1993-94 2011-12

Calories (Kcal)

103.91

(4.87)

87.53

(4.21) -15.76

117.73

(5.76)

97.74

(4.88) -16.99

Protein (Grams)

6.87

(11.59)

5.76

(10.34) -16.16

7.74

(13.68)

6.40

(11.82) -17.21

Fat (Grams) 0.60

(1.98)

0.52

(1.28) -11.86

0.70

(1.77)

0.59

(1.19) -14.49

Demographically and Activity-Wise Adjusted Energy and Protein Norms as per ICMR-NIN and Actual Intakes

Locale and expenditure class

Calorie/person/day: Kcal Protein/person/day: Grams

ICMR-NIN norm Actual Intake ICMR-NIN norm Actual Intake

1993-94 2011-12 1993-94 2011-12 1993-94 2011-12 1993-94 2011-12

Rural

Poor 2169.82 2143.77 1844.90 1742.98 48.63 46.06 51.22 45.90

Middle Income 2273.99 2248.57 2480.73 2126.67 51.52 49.15 69.22 57.10

High Income 2354.33 2338.17 3022.97 2452.31 53.58 52.02 84.33 67.12

All Rural 2216.70 2235.07 2131.79 2076.89 49.92 48.78 59.31 55.71

Urban

Poor 1984.01 1975.78 1710.76 1645.41 49.45 47.41 47.68 44.40

Middle Income 2053.14 2029.65 2185.37 1995.72 52.05 50.22 60.31 53.93

High Income 2109.25 2087.44 2677.94 2354.13 53.62 53.11 72.91 63.76

All Urban 2031.21 2031.47 2043.85 2044.57 51.19 50.30 56.55 54.18

Rural + Urban

2172.54 2198.28 2110.85 2075.37 50.22 49.19 58.65 55.30

Prevalence of Undernutrition and Malnutrition based on ICMR-NIN Norms

Locale and Expenditure Class

Undernourishment (per cent) Malnutrition (per cent)

ICMR-NIN norm ICMR-NIN norm

Rural

1993-94 2011-12 1993-94 2011-12

Poor 78.65 84.67 45.97 51.44

Middle Income 38.41 63.03 18.36 29.9

High Income 16.25 45.33 8.21 17.47

All Rural 60.67 65.93 33.75 33.58

Urban

Poor 77.8 82.37 57.96 61.07

Middle Income 42.13 55.71 32.38 41.17

High Income 14.5 28.2 12.21 21.8

All Urban 53.55 55 40.46 40.83

Rural + Urban 58.97 63.47 35.36 35.55

Scale of caloric deficiency in India

Locale and

expenditure class FGT- 50th Round FGT- 68th Round

N0 (α=0) N1 (α=1) N2 (α=2) N0 (α=0) N1 (α=1) N2 (α=2)

Rural

Poor 0.7865 0.1757 0.0556 Poor 0.8467 0.1942 0.0587

Middle Income 0.3841 0.0548 0.0123 Middle Income 0.6303 0.1040 0.0244

High Income 0.1625 0.0205 0.0043 High Income 0.4533 0.0615 0.0129

All Rural 0.6067 0.1222 0.0365 All Rural 0.6594 0.1208 0.0315

Urban

Poor 0.7780 0.1689 0.0519 Poor 0.8237 0.1812 0.0528



All Urban 0.5355 0.0975 0.0271 All Urban 0.5500 0.0900 0.0216

Scale of protein deficiency in India Locale and

expenditure class FGT-50th Round FGT-68th Round

N0 (α=0) N1 (α=1) N2 (α=2) Protein N0 (α=0) N1 (α=1) N2 (α=2)

Rural

Poor 0.4597 0.0918 0.0288 Poor 0.5144 0.0977 0.0267



All Rural 0.3375 0.0622 0.0185 All Rural 0.3358 0.0527 0.0126

Urban

Poor 0.5796 0.1253 0.0403 Poor 0.6107 0.1221 0.0351



All Urban 0.4046 0.0740 0.0214 All Urban 0.4083 0.0629 0.0148

Changes in nutritional insecurity between 1993-94 and 2011-12

Locale and expenditure

class

ICMR-NIN: Calorie Deficiency

Rural

N0 (α=0)

N1 (α=1)

N2 (α=2)

High Income -0.2908 Middle Income -0.0492 Middle Income -0.0120

Middle Income -0.2462 High Income -0.0410 High Income -0.0087

Poor -0.0603 Poor -0.0185 Poor -0.0031

All Rural -0.0527 All Rural 0.0014 All Rural 0.0050

Urban



Poor -0.0458 Poor -0.0123 Poor -0.0008

All Urban -0.0145 All Urban 0.0074 All Urban 0.0055

Changes in nutritional insecurity between 1993-94 and 2011-12 Locale and expenditure

class

ICMR-NIN: Protein Deficiency

Rural

N0 (α=0)

N1 (α=1)

N2 (α=2)

Middle Income -0.1153 Middle Income -0.0167 Middle Income -0.0033

High Income -0.0926 High Income -0.0100 High Income -0.0018

Poor -0.0547 Poor -0.0059 Poor 0.0021

All Rural 0.0017 All Rural 0.0095 All Rural 0.0059

Urban



Poor -0.0310 Poor 0.0032 Poor 0.0053

All Urban -0.0038 All Urban 0.0111 All Urban 0.0067

Conclusion

• Enhancing incomes is not the only panacea for improving the nutritional status among Indians

• India – cereal syndrome

• Sensitization - health benefits of pulses’ consumption • Balanced diets, vegetarian diets; avoid NCDs

• Domestic expansion of pulse production – area expansion, productivity enhancement, incentivizing smallholder farmers – changing resource base and environmental conditions

• Incentivizing seed sector - public & private

• Incentivizing states to encourage pulses production

• Improving the extension technologies and marketing infrastructure

Thank you

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IFPRI- importance of pulses in ensuring both food and nutritional security, jaya jumrani

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