IFPRI-Convergence of Policies and Programmes for Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture in...

Convergence of Policies and Programmes for Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture in

India

Shinoj Parappurathu, P K Joshi and Anjani Kumar

Symposium on

Converging Policies and Programs for Sustainable and Climate Resilient

Agriculture and

Role of Agricultural Economics Associations in the Contemporary World

December 13, 2014

Hector Kobbekaduwa Agrarian Research and Training Institute, Colombo, Sri

Lanka

International Food Policy Research Institute

Background

Climate Smart Agriculture: Concept and Definition

CSA in the Indian Context

Review of Agricultural Development Programmes in India

Convergence of development programmes with CSA

A Synthesis on convergence assessment

Epilogue

Overview


Background

The trajectory of agricultural growth in India during the pastsix decades was shaped-up through a mix of policies andprogrammes adopted from time to time by the GoI.

Several initiatives for

productivity enhancement

reforms in agricultural marketing,

food management and distribution,

irrigation,

credit delivery,

extension of technologies, etc.

The focus shifted from pure production augmenting strategiesto a more broad based sustainable development strategy bythe 80s.


Background

Successive programmes gave emphasis on

diversified production,

integrated farming system approach,

strategies to contain risk and uncertainties,

farm mechanization, etc.

Presently, agriculture in India faces the challenges of

degrading soil quality,

lowering ground water table,

resurgence of pests and diseases,

low input response, and so on.

Climate Change has the potential to seriously derail the food

production targets of the country.

Consequently, there is a growing clamour for adoptingprogrammes and policies for sustainable intensification of

agriculture with focus on organic farming, conservation

agriculture, climate smart agriculture (CSA), etc.


CSA has emerged as a way forward to consolidate and

strengthen the climate change adaptation and mitigation

regime at the global level.

The concept of CSA was initially mooted through amultilateral discourse lead by the FAO, Rome (Presented in

Hague Conference, 2010)

CSA integrates the economic, social and environmental

dimensions of sustainable development by jointly

addressing food security and climate change challenges.

To be more specific, CSA is an approach to develop the

technical, policy and investment conditions to achieve

sustainable agricultural development through an integrated

approach that is responsive to local conditions.

Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA)


Sustainably increasing agricultural

productivity and incomes,

Adapting and building resilience to climate

change and,

Reducing and removing green house gases

(GHGs) emissions, where possible.

The Three Pillars of CSA


Awareness Planning Implementation

CSA

Vulnerabilities to Climate change

Monitoring and evaluation

Science Policy

Drivers of change Climate change

Science and technology

Food prices

Markets and trade

UrbanizationRegulations

Population growth

The Role of CSA in Changing Agricultural Systems (Source: FAO, 2013)


CSA has strong relevance for Indian agriculture for a range of

reasons;

High dependence of people on primary sector( 118.6 million cultivators

and 144.4 million agricultural workers as per Census, 2011)

More than 80 % of farmers in India are small holders with less than 2 ha of

land.

High level of vulnerability of resource poor farmers to climatic risks

Added constraints such as low access to inputs, markets, low

mechanization, high price variability, natural resource degradation, high

climatic variability, weak institutional support, and so on..

With the launching of NAPCC in 2008, India entered the limited

league of developing countries with programmes for climate

change adaptation and mitigation.

Various components of CSA are already part of past and

ongoing agricultural development programmes.

CSA in the Indian Context


Production augmenting and productivity enhancing

Food management

Natural resource conservation and management

For improving inputs and service delivery systems,

For minimizing risk and uncertainty in agriculture, and

Climate change mitigation and adaptation programmes.

Review of Agricultural Development

Programmes


An important pre-requisite for convergence assessment

exercise is to define a set of observable interventions falling

under each broad domain of CSA.

These domains should be defined in such a way that they cover the technological, policy and institutional interventions

for achieving sustainable and climate resilient agriculture.

Accordingly, 9 domains of CSA were defined and specific

interventions falling under these domains were determined.

Assessing Convergence of Programmes

with CSA


Sl.

No.Domain under CSA Specific Interventions

1. Water conservation

and management

(WCM)

Rain water harvesting, Ground water

development, Creating / Upgrading

irrigation infrastructure, Establishing micro-

irrigation systems, System of Rice

Intensification (SRI), Laser levelling.

2. Soil conservation and

management (SCM)

Construction of soil erosion control

structures, Terrace farming and contour

farming, Drainage management,

Conservation agriculture, Reclamation of

problem soils, Grazing and pastor

management.

CSA domains and Interventions

Contd…


Sl.

No.Domain under CSA Specific Interventions

3. Nutrient management

(NM)

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM),

Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF), Organic

farming, Balanced nutrient application,

Upgrading soil testing infrastructure,

Adoption of leaf colour charts, Nutrient

based subsidy regime.

4. Energy management

(EM)

Precision farming, Hi-tech agriculture with

climate control systems, Adoption of fuel

efficient farm implements, Biofuel

feedstock cultivation, Establishment of

climate-controlled cattle/poultry farms,

Low Impact and Fuel Efficient Fishing (LIFE).

CSA domains contd…


Sl.

No.

Domain under

CSASpecific Interventions

5. Genetic resource

conservation and

management

(GRCM)

Development of biotic and abiotic stress tolerant

varieties, Development and adoption of HYV of crops

and improved breeds of livestock and fish, Strengthening

AI and other breed enhancement services, Protection

and registration of crop/animal/fish varieties/breeds, in

situ and ex situ conservation, Establishment of seed

banks, Establishment of biodiversity parks, Protection of

farmers’ and plant breeders’ rights.

6. Farming system

management

(FSM)

Crop diversification, Integrated farming systems (crop-

livestock systems, rice-fish system, mixed cropping,

agro-forestry, sylvopastoral system), Integrated Pest

Management (IPM), Pest surveillance, Integrated Weed

Management (IWM), Crop rotations, Crop residue

management, Sericulture, Animal herd and health

management, Fodder development, Composting, Silage

systems, Culture-based fisheries (CBF), Integrated coastal

management, Hatchery management, Protection of

brood stock and nursery habitats.



Sl.

No.

Domain under

CSASpecific Interventions

7. Value chain

management

(VCM)

Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), Adoption of Sanitary

and Phyto Sanitary (SPS) measures in crop/animal/fish

storage, movement and value addition, Efficient Input

delivery and management, Enhancing food processing

and storage infrastructure, Establishment of cold chain

networks, Construction of modern abattoirs,

Strengthening packaging, grading and standardization,

Certification of products for GAP/organic practices,

Strengthening of quality control management and

administration, Upgrading market infrastructure,

Recycling biological waste, Sound waste disposal

systems.

8. Risk and

uncertainty

management

(RUM)

Crop and animal insurance, Weather-based insurance,

Weather advisories, Early warning systems, Rehabilitation

packages, Disaster management systems.

9. Social Safety nets

(SSN)

Food procurement and distribution system, Direct cash

transfers.



Assessment of CSA Convergence


1. Production augmenting and productivty enhancing programmes

Programme CSA interventions present Domains of CSA

applicable

Broad implications

National

Food

Security

Mission

(NFSM)

Demonstration and training on INM,

IPM, use of HYV, etc.

NM, FSM Interventions

falling under

most of the

domains of CSA

are present. It

has the potential

to increase

climate change

adaptation

particularly

through

sustainable

agricultural

practices,

natural resource

conservation

and value chain

integration.

Supply of seeds, nutrients, soil

ameliorants, bio-fertilizers, chemicals,

farm machines, etc.

NM, SCM, FSM

Promotion of inter-cropping, mixed

farming, etc.

FSM

Reclamation of problematic soils,

development of water-logged areas.

SCM, WCM

Demonstration of heat tolerant

varieties

GRCM

Promotion of micro-irrigation system,

farm mechanization

WCM, EM

Value chain integration of small

producers

VCM

Local initiatives for augmentation of

water resources, development of

storage infrastructure, processing

facilities, etc.

WCM, VM


Programme CSA interventions present Domains of

CSA applicable

Broad implications

Rashtriya

Krishi Vikas

Yojana

(RKVY)

Integrated development of food crops

through rain-fed farming system.

FSM The program

targets

integrated

development of

crop, livestock

and fishery

systems with a

thrust on

investing in

sustainable

cropping

practices and

improved

technology.

Seed production & certification,

treatment, demonstration, training, etc.

GRCM

Soil health cards, micro nutrient

demonstration, OF, soil reclamation,

IPM, bio-fertilizer production.

SCM, NM

Horticulture and sericulture

development.

FSM

Fodder production, genetic up-

gradation of livestock, health

management, fishery production.

FSM, GRCM

Horticulture development, natural

resource management, IPM, soil

nutrient management, fertilizers and

bio-fertilizers/organic farming, animal

husbandry, diary and Fisheries, seeds,

agriculture mechanization, agricultural

extension, agricultural research and

Minor/micro-irrigation.

WCM, SCM,

NM, EM, VCM



CSA applicable

Broad implications

Mission for

Integrated

Developm

ent of

Horticulture

(MIDH)

R&D in seed and planting material,

Genetic up-gradation of crops, high-

tech nurseries, and tissue culture units,

Import of planting materials,

production of vegetable seeds.

GRCM The Mission

integrates

several CSA

interventions in

the realms of

GRCM, WCM,

ECM, NM, FSM,

and VCM. It has

strong potential

to develop a

climate resilient

horticultural

sector in the

country.

Creation of community tanks,

ponds/reservoirs, tube wells, dug wells,

etc.

WCM

Construction of green houses, shade

net houses, plastic mulching, plastic

tunnels, etc. Precision farming

development and extension.

WCM, ECM

Promotion of INM and IPM, organic

farming and certification, Adoption of

GAP.

FSM, NM,

VCM

Integrated post-harvest management,

Development of cold chain and

market infrastructure, Enhancing

processing and value addition.

VCM



CSA applicable

Broad implications

Bringing

Green

Revolution

to Eastern

India

(BGREI)

Block demonstrations, micro-nutrient

application, weed management and

plant protection.

FSM, NM Targets

integrated

development of

rice and wheat

with thrust on soil

and water

conservation,

adoption of

stress tolerant

varieties and

sustainable

cropping

practices.

Additional

component of

risk and

uncertainty

management.

Establishment of shallow tube wells /

bore wells, dug wells and pump sets,

micro-irrigation systems, rain water

harvesting and storage.

WCM

Renovation and restoration of water

bodies and irrigation structures,

Construction of run-off management

and soil conservation structures,

Reclamation of problem soils.

WCM, SCM

Use of drum seeders for direct seeded

rice, Seed replacement, intercropping

and relay cropping, Green manuring.

FSM, NM,

Introduction of flood, drought and

salinity tolerant varieties, Promotion of

hybrid rice.

GRCM

E-pest surveillance, Use of ICT to

deliver crop advisories.

RUM



CSA applicable

Broad implications

Integrated

Scheme of

Oilseeds,

Pulses, Oil

palm and

Maize

(ISPOM)

Assistance for breeder seed,

foundation seed, production and

distribution of certified seed and

distribution of seed minikits,

Establishment of oil palm seed

gardens.

GRCM The programme

would help in

improving

climate

resilience of

pulses, oilseeds,

and maize

through its

multipronged

strategy of

farming system

approach

combined with

natural resource

conservation

and

management.

Supply of rhizobium culture/phosphate

solubilising bacteria, Block

demonstrations on IPM, balanced mix

of NPK and use of micro-nutrients and

bio-fertilizers, Promotion of cropping

system approach.

INM, FSM

Distribution of

gypsum/pyrite/liming/dolomite for

reclamation of problem soils.

SCM

Package for micro irrigation,

Distribution of sprinkler sets etc.

WCM

Assistance for establishing processing

facilities and leaf analysis laboratories

for oil palm.

VCM



CSA applicable

Broad implications

Macro

Managem

ent in

Agriculture

Scheme

(MMA)

Distribution of hybrid/high yielding

variety seeds and seed minikits,

Demonstration of hybrid seed

production.

GRCM Thrust on

adoption of

improved

varieties, soil and

water

management,

resource

conservation

technologies

and

enhancement of

value networks

of major crops.

Demonstration of SRI, Conservation

Agriculture, FIRB

WCM, SCM

Production/distribution of micro

nutrients, bio-fertilizers, bio-

pesticides/liquid bio-pesticides,

gypsum/ pyrite/lime

application/green manures, Promotion

of organic farming, vermi composting.

NM, SCM

Promotion of small farm implements

like cono weeder, zero till machine,

rotavators, etc.

EM

Strengthening and creation of soil,

fertilizer, and pesticide testing facilities,

Distribution of soil heath cards, Training

of manpower.

SCM, NM



CSA applicable

Broad implications

Accelerated

Fodder

Development

Programme

(AFDP)

Production and distribution of

breeder and foundation seeds of

fodder crops. Demonstration of

improved fodder varieties.

GRCM Intended to

increase

production and

availability of

good quality

fodder.

Components of

CSA like GRCM

and FSM present.

Post-harvest management of fodder

including silage making.

FSM

Intensive

Dairy

Development

Programme

(IDDP)

Procurement and marketing of milk,

Strengthening of milk storage and

processing infrastructure, Promotion

of Clean Milk Production (CMP).

VCM This project

would contribute

to strengthening

of milk value

chain.



CSA applicable

Broad implications

National

Project for

Cattle and

Buffalo

Breeding

(NPCBB)

Improving AI services, Genetic

improvement of animal herds,

Quality control and certification

related to improved animal breeds.

GRCM Genetic up-

gradation of

animal stock

would contribute

to building

animal

germplasm that

is more climate

resilient.

Central

Scheme on

Development

of Inland

Fisheries and

Aquaculture.

Promotion of integrated fish farming,

Establishment of fish seed hatchery

and feed units, Demonstration on

aquaculture technologies,

Establishment of aquatic quarantine

units and diagnostic laboratories,

Riverine fisheries conservation and

awareness programmes.

FSM Focuses on

developing

integrated

aquatic fish

culture systems

and

conservation of

riverine

ecosystems.



CSA applicable

Broad implications

Development

of Marine

Fisheries,

Infrastructure

and Post-

harvest

Operations

Upgrading marine fishing fleet

through introduction of intermediate

craft of improved design, Installation

of Global Positioning System (GPS)

and wireless sets on small

mechanized fishing vessels, Vessel

Monitoring System (VMS).

FSM, EM An effort to

modernize

marine fishing in

the country

through

incorporating

modern

technology

interventions. It

would also

enhance energy

efficiency of

fishing

operations.

Development of fish preservation

and storage infrastructure, Up

gradation of fish market

infrastructure.


2. Price Support, Food grain Procurement and Public Distribution


CSA applicable

Broad implications

Minimum

Support Price

Scheme

(MSP),

Procurement

and Buffer

stock

Procurement of major agricultural

commodities at guaranteed prices,

Buffer stocking for ensuring food

security and market price

stabilization.

SSN, VCM Ensures food

security and

price stability at

the national

level. Indirectly

they act as

social safety nets

for a substantial

majority of

farmers and

vulnerable

consumers.

Public

Distribution

System (PDS)

Distribution of subsidized food grains

to eligible beneficiaries through FPS

network.

SSN, VCM

Open Market

Operations

Direct intervention of government

into agricultural commodity markets

with the purpose of price

stabilization.

SSN, VCM

Market

Intervention

Scheme (MIS)

Price support operations for

perishable commodities on an

adhoc basis.

SSN, VCM


3. Natural resource conservation and management programmes


CSA applicable

Broad implications

Command

Area

Development

and Water

Management

Programme

(CADWMP)

Coverage of CCA of CAD&WM

projects under micro irrigation.

WCM Increases

coverage of

crops under

micro-irrigation

and promotes

soil and water

conservation

thereby

contributing to

climate

adaptability of

marginal areas.

Construction and maintenance of

field drainage systems, reclamation

of water logged areas, Trainings /

demonstrations on water use

efficiency.

WCM, SCM

Mechanized land levelling in hilly

areas, laser levelling of selected

areas.

WCM, SCM



CSA applicable

Broad implications

Watershed

Development

Projects

Revival of CPRs, development of

local energy potential, augmenting

ground water potential.

WCM, EM Incorporates a

comprehensive

set of

interventions

aimed at soil

and water

conservation,

cropping system

management

and energy

conservation

and

management for

long-term

sustainability

and climate

resilience

Afforestation and regeneration of

vegetative cover, trenching,

contour and graded bunding,

terracing, etc.

WCM, SCM

Drainage treatment, in situ moisture

conservation, soil conservation and

water harvesting structures and

micro irrigation system.

WCM, SCM

Crop demonstrations, Pasture

development, Sericulture, Bee

keeping, Back yard poultry, Animal

health management, Fisheries

development.

FSM

Promotion and propagation of non-

conventional energy saving

devices, energy conservation

measures, biofuel plantations.

EM



CSA applicable

Broad implications

Rainfed Area

Development

Programme

(RADP)

Promotion of integrated farming

system, Silage making, Vermi

composting, Organic input

production, Green manuring, Seed

production, post-harvest and

storage infrastructure.

FSM, VM Aims at

comprehensive

development of

rainfed areas

through

adoption of

sustainable

management

practices which

would enhance

climate

resilience of

these areas.

Establishment of green houses and

poly houses, Setting up of

machinery banks and custom hiring

centres.

EM

Water harvesting and management

activities, Establishment of micro

irrigation systems.

WCM

In situ moisture conservation

through land-levelling, bunding,

mulching, ridge and furrows

building, etc.

SCM

Promotion of crop insurance among

farmers.

RUM



CSA applicable

Broad implications

Accelerated

Irrigation

Benefits

Programme

(AIBP)

Assistance for major/medium

irrigation projects as well as surface

minor irrigation schemes of north-

eastern and hilly states.

WCM Aims at

improving

conventional

and micro-

irrigation

potential, natural

resource

management,

enhancing their

resilience to

weather

aberrations.

Vidarbha

Intensive

Irrigation

Development

Programme

(VIIDP)

In situ conservation measures

through Furrows and bunding,

Construction of Farm Ponds, check

Dams, etc. Expansion of micro

irrigation and lift irrigation,

Assistance to minor irrigation

projects.

WCM, SCM

Formation of Water Users

Associations and Farmer Groups.

WCM

National

Mission on

Micro

Irrigation

(NMMI)

Assistance increase coverage

under micro irrigation, HRD on micro

irrigation techniques, transfer of

technology through demonstrations.

WCM



CSA applicable

Broad implications

National

Project for

Management

of Soil Health

and Fertility

(NPMSHF)

Strengthening of soil testing

infrastructure, Facilitating use of soil

amendments, Reclamation of

problem soils.

SCM The project aims

at enhancing

technology,

capacity and

infrastructure in

the realm of soil

and nutrient

management.

Promotion of INM, green manuring,

Capacity building and

demonstrations on nutrient

management, Enhancing nutrient

testing infrastructure, Quality control

of fertilizers.

NM

National

Project on

Organic

Farming

(NPOF)

Promotion of organic farming

through capacity building,

technology development and

transfer as well as awareness

generation, Quality control of

biofertilizers and organic manure.

NM An initiative to

enhance

adoption of

organic farming

through overall

development of

the value chain.Capacity building for soil health

assessment, organic input resource

management and market

development.

SCM, NM,

VCM



CSA applicable

Broad implications

National

Afforestation

Programme

(NAP)

Regeneration of forests,

augmentation of firewood

availability, promotion of

agroforestry and development of

CPRs, conservation and

development of non-timber forest

produce, raising coastal belts to

mitigate adverse impacts of

cyclonic winds, construction of

water harvesting structures,

reclamation of problem soils.

SCM, WCM Afforestation

activities

coupled with

development of

soil and water

resources has

multidimensional

implications in

improving

climate

resilience.

Integrated

Development

of Tree Borne

Oilseeds

Programme

Nursery raising and plantation of

TBO crops, installation of pre-

processing and processing facilities,

R&D on agronomic and

biotechnological aspects of TBO

crops as well as other aspects

related to biofuel production.

FSM, VCM,

EM

Development of

biofuel

feedstock crops

reduces

dependence on

fossil fuels, and

contributes to

climate change

mitigation


4. Programmes for improving input and service delivery systems


CSA applicable

Broad implications

Schemes for

Agricultural

credit

Enhancing credit delivery,

Improvement in institutional

infrastructure for farm credit,

Rehabilitation of distressed farmers

in selected areas.

VCM, RUM Programmes to

improve the

quality and

efficiency of

input delivery

and

management.

The interventions

are indirectly

consistent with

the objectives of

CSA through

sustainable

development

pathways.

Fertilizer

Subsidy

Scheme

Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) NM

National

Mission on

Agricultural

Extension and

Technology

(NMAET)

Use of ICT for strengthening

agricultural extension, Capacity

building and institution

strengthening to promote

mechanisation, production and

quality control of seeds, Protection

of plant varieties and farmers’ rights,

Strengthening of plant protection

and quarantine.

VCM, GRCM


5. Programmes to minimise risk and uncertainty in agriculture


CSA applicable

Broad implications

Integrated

Scheme for

Farmers’

Income

Security

(ISFIS)

Insurance coverage for farmers in

the vent of crop failure, Emphasis on

adoption of progressive farming

practices.

RUM, FSM The schemes are

basically meant

for minimizing

risk and

uncertainty

faced by the

farmers in the

event of natural

calamities, pest

and disease

incidence, etc.

The interventions

come under the

RUM domain of

CSA.

Weather based insurance linked

with events such as deficit and

excess rainfall, high or low

temperature, humidity etc.

RUM

Livestock

Insurance

Scheme

Insurance cover for livestock RUM


6. Climate change mitigation and adaptation Programmes


CSA applicable

Broad implications

National

Mission on

Sustainable

Agriculture

(NMSA)

Promotion of integrated farming

systems, Assistance for apiculture,

silage making, fodder bank,

developing/maintaining CPRs, etc.

FSM The Mission

targets to

implement a

package of

interventions that

enhances

sustainability

and climate

resilience of

agriculture. The

main

interventions fall

under major

domains of CSA

such as FSM,

WCM, SCM, NM,

VCM, etc.

Micro irrigation systems, water

harvesting structures, distribution,

storage, drainage structures, etc.

WCM

Residue management, soil erosion

control, reclamation of problem

soils, distribution of soil testing kits,

use of soil health cards, etc.

SCM

Organic farming, micro- and macro

nutrient management, vermi-

composting, etc.

NM

Initiatives for group marketing,

value addition of farm products,

formation of farmer associations.

VCM



CSA applicable

Broad implications

National

Initiative for

Climate

Resilient

Agriculture

(NICRA)

Vulnerability assessment of

production zones to climate change

risk, agro-advisories, contingency

plans, crop evaluations, Monitoring

of GHG emissions.

RUM The programme

intends to

undertake

strategic

research,

technology

demonstrations

and capacity

building

activities in the

field of climate

change

adaption and

mitigation which

are strongly and

directly linked to

CSA.

Promotion of conservation

agriculture, water productivity and

nutrient use efficiency

enhancement.

NM, SCM,

WCM

Surveillance of pest and disease

dynamics, changes in crop–

pest/pathogen relationships,

changed profile of insect pests and

emergence of new bio types

RUM

Identification and database

development on climate resilient

traits of indigenous livestock, marine

and fresh water fish species, etc.

RUM



CSA applicable

Broad implications

National

Initiative for

Climate

Resilient

Agriculture

(NICRA)

Demonstrations and capacity

building on in-situ moisture

conservation, water harvesting and

recycling, improved drainage,

conservation tillage, artificial

ground water recharge and water

saving irrigation methods, etc.

WCM, SCM

Demonstrations and capacity

building on stress tolerant varieties,

climate resilient cropping practices,

frost management in horticulture,

fodder production, improved

fodder/feed storage methods,

preventive vaccination in livestock,

management of fish ponds/tanks,

etc.

GRCM, FSM

Strengthening/establishing seed

bank, fodder bank, commodity

groups, custom hiring centres, etc.

FSM, GRCM


In general, the level of convergence was found to be high with most

of the programmes and contained at least one intervention of CSA.

most of the programmes reviewed had cross cutting strategies and

interventions, beyond their predominant objectives.

Majority of the production /productivity enhancing and NRM

programmes contained common interventions that fell in the CSA

domains of WCM, SCM, NM, GRCM, FSM as well as VCM.

However, the existing framework gives relatively less emphasis on

climate change mitigation.

Other weak areas include mechanisms for early warning systems,

surveillance and alert for pest and disease outbreak, biodiversity

conservation, indigenous techniques for climate change adaptation,

measures for protection of CPRs, etc.

Above all, strengthening of social safety nets is an important priority to

smoothen the transition of fragile ecosystems and vulnerable

communities into the emerging climatic order.

A synthesis on CSA convergence


The relevance of CSA as a multi-dimensional concept and a way

forward for ensuring food security in a changing climate would only

increase in future.

Farsighted planning is necessary to bring-in convergence and

synergies across programmes, plug-in gaps in the existing strategies

and align resource allocation consistent with the requirements at

various levels.

This requires further thrust on:

Framing enabling policies,

Creating institutions,

Adequate financing options and

Tuning national policies to global initiatives.

Epilogue


Thank you


National Food Security Mission (NFSM)

Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)

Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)

Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India (BGREI)

Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil palm and Maize

(ISPOM)

Macro Management in Agriculture Scheme (MMA)

Accelerated Fodder Development Programme (AFDP)

Intensive Dairy Development Programme (IDDP)

National Project for Cattle and Buffalo Breeding (NPCBB)

Central Scheme on Development of Inland Fisheries and

Aquaculture

Development of Marine Fisheries, Infrastructure and Post-

harvest Operations

Production Augmenting and Productivity

Enhancing


Minimum Support Price (MSP) Scheme

Procurement and Buffer stock Operations

Public Distribution System (PDS)

Open Market Sales Scheme (OMSS)

Market Intervention Scheme (MIS)

Food Grain Procurement, Price Support and

Distribution


Command Area Development and Water Management

Programme (CADWMP)

Watershed Development Projects

Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP)

Accelerated Irrigation Benefits Programme (AIBP)

Vidarbha Intensive Irrigation Development Programme (VIIDP)

National Mission on Micro Irrigation (NMMI)

National Project for Management of Soil Health and Fertility

(NPMSHF)

National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF)

National Afforestation Programme (NAP)

Integrated Development of Tree Borne Oilseeds Programme

Natural Resource Conservation and

Management


Schemes for Increasing Flow of Credit to Agriculture

Kisan Credit Card (KCC) Scheme

Farm Credit Package, 2004

Agricultural Debt Waiver and Debt Relief Scheme, 2008

Farmer rehabilitation packages

Fertilizer Subsidy Scheme

National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology

(NMAET)

Sub Mission on Agricultural Extension

Sub-Mission on Information Technology

Sub-Mission on Seed and Planting Material

Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanization

Sub Mission on Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine

Inputs and Service Delivery Systems

Improvement


Integrated Scheme for Farmers’ Income Security (ISFIS)

National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS)

Pilot Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme

(MNAIS)

Pilot Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS)

Pilot Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme (CPIS)

Livestock Insurance Scheme

Minimizing Risk and Uncertainty in Agriculture


National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)

Rainfed Area Development (RAD)

On Farm Water Management (OFWM)

Soil Health Management (SHM)

Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture-

Monitoring, Modelling and Networking (CCSAMMN)

National Initiative for Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA)

Strategic Research

Technology demonstration

Capacity building and,

Sponsored/ competitive grants.

Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation

IFPRI-Convergence of Policies and Programmes for Sustainable and Climate Resilient Agriculture in...

Education

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