““If you deliberately plan If you deliberately plan on being less than what on being less than what you are capable of being you are capable of being then I warn you, you will then I warn you, you will be very unhappy for the be very unhappy for the rest of your life.”    - rest of your life.”    - Abraham Maslow   Abraham Maslow   

Think about this:Think about this:

What motivates you to do the What motivates you to do the following things?following things?

A) come to schoolA) come to schoolB) exerciseB) exerciseC) clean your roomC) clean your roomD) participate in extra-curricular D) participate in extra-curricular activitiesactivitiesE) eat lunch E) eat lunch

MotivationMotivation

Module 11Module 11

MotivationMotivation

a need or desire that energizes and a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior toward a goaldirects behavior toward a goal

Theories of MotivationTheories of Motivation Historic Explanations: Historic Explanations:

InstinctsInstincts DrivesDrives

Biological Explanations:Biological Explanations: Arousal (Yerkes-Dodson Law)Arousal (Yerkes-Dodson Law) Homeostasis Homeostasis

Cognitive/Learning:Cognitive/Learning: Intrinsic & Extrinsic MotivationIntrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation

Humanistic: Humanistic: Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Achievement MotivationAchievement Motivation

Historic Explanations: Historic Explanations: Instincts & DrivesInstincts & Drives

Instincts Instincts (1(1stst psychological explanation of motivation) psychological explanation of motivation)

inherited, unlearned inherited, unlearned preprogrammed, preprogrammed, complex behavior complex behavior occurring throughout a occurring throughout a speciesspecies

examples: jealously, examples: jealously, curiosity, cleanliness, curiosity, cleanliness, domination, making domination, making thingsthings

Instincts QsInstincts Qs

Do you agree that all of the behaviors we Do you agree that all of the behaviors we discussed are instincts? Why or why not?discussed are instincts? Why or why not?

What are some other human instincts? What are some other human instincts?

What are some examples of your own What are some examples of your own behavior that the instincts theory of behavior that the instincts theory of motivation might explain? motivation might explain?

Drive-Reduction TheoryDrive-Reduction Theory

drive - aroused tension states created by drive - aroused tension states created by imbalancesimbalances

a physiological need creates an aroused a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the needorganism to satisfy the need

Drives QsDrives Qs

How do the instinct theory and drive-How do the instinct theory and drive-reduction-theory differ? reduction-theory differ?

Biological Explanations: Biological Explanations:

Arousal Theories & HomeostasisArousal Theories & Homeostasis

ArousalArousal

Level stimulation (alertness & Level stimulation (alertness & responsiveness) you like to maintainresponsiveness) you like to maintain

Yerkes-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law

a degree of psychological arousal (alertness & a degree of psychological arousal (alertness & responsiveness) helps performance, but only up to responsiveness) helps performance, but only up to a certain pointa certain point

optimum arousal depends on the difficulty of taskoptimum arousal depends on the difficulty of task

each person has an optimum level of stimulation each person has an optimum level of stimulation they like to maintainthey like to maintain

Yerkes-Dodson Law QsYerkes-Dodson Law Qs

Answer the questions below based on your graph:Answer the questions below based on your graph:1.1. What level of arousal is needed to perform well on What level of arousal is needed to perform well on

easy tasks?easy tasks?

2.2. What level of arousal is needed to perform well on What level of arousal is needed to perform well on difficult tasks? difficult tasks?

3.3. What happens to performance on difficult tasks as What happens to performance on difficult tasks as arousal increases?arousal increases?

4.4. How could you apply this information to your own How could you apply this information to your own

life?life? 5.5. How would you describe your optimal state of How would you describe your optimal state of

arousal?arousal?

Yerkes-Dodson LawYerkes-Dodson Law

HomeostasisHomeostasis

tendency to maintain a balanced tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal stateor constant internal state

regulation of any aspect of body regulation of any aspect of body chemistry (hormones, water chemistry (hormones, water levels, blood glucose) around a levels, blood glucose) around a particular levelparticular level

any change in levels, up or any change in levels, up or down, results in being down, results in being motivated to bring the level motivated to bring the level back to normal.back to normal.

Homeostasis QsHomeostasis Qs

What is the difference between What is the difference between homeostasis and the drive-reduction homeostasis and the drive-reduction theory?theory?

Cognitive Explanations: Cognitive Explanations: Intrinsic & Extrinsic MotivationIntrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation

Extrinsic MotivationExtrinsic Motivation

desire to perform a behavior desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or because of promised rewards or threats of punishmentthreats of punishment

Intrinsic MotivationIntrinsic Motivation

desire to perform a behavior for its desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effectiveown sake and to be effective

Intrinsic & Extrinsic Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation QsMotivation Qs

What tasks are you intrinsically motivated to do? What tasks are you intrinsically motivated to do? What tasks are you extrinsically motivated to do?What tasks are you extrinsically motivated to do?

Which do you think is the better form of motivation?Which do you think is the better form of motivation?

What effect do grades have on your motivation to What effect do grades have on your motivation to learn?learn?

How could teachers motivate students to learn How could teachers motivate students to learn without giving grades? without giving grades?

Clinical Explanations: Clinical Explanations: Achievement & Hierarchy of NeedsAchievement & Hierarchy of Needs

Achievement Achievement

Henry Murray - first established Henry Murray - first established achievement motivation theoryachievement motivation theory

Achievement motivation: Achievement motivation: desire for significant desire for significant

accomplishment accomplishment desire for the mastery of desire for the mastery of

things, people, or ideasthings, people, or ideas desire for attaining a high desire for attaining a high

standardstandard

Achievement QsAchievement Qs

What behaviors or thoughts in your life What behaviors or thoughts in your life are driven by achievement motivation?are driven by achievement motivation?

Have you ever met someone with a low Have you ever met someone with a low level of achievement motivation? What level of achievement motivation? What made you think they had a low level of made you think they had a low level of achievement motivation? achievement motivation?

Hierarchy of NeedsHierarchy of Needs

Abraham Maslow - Abraham Maslow - humanistic psychologist humanistic psychologist who developed hierarchy who developed hierarchy of needsof needs

hierarchy of needs – hierarchy of needs – human needs; higher-level human needs; higher-level needs won’t become needs won’t become active until lower-level active until lower-level needs are satisfiedneeds are satisfied

Self-ActualizationSelf-Actualization

according to Maslow, a person’s according to Maslow, a person’s highest needhighest need

the need to live up to one’s fullest and the need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potentialunique potential

What we can be, we must be!What we can be, we must be!

Maslow’s Maslow’s Hierarchy Hierarchy of Needsof Needs

Hierarchy of Needs QsHierarchy of Needs Qs

Do you think the order of needs is true for Do you think the order of needs is true for most people?most people?

What might be some exceptions to this What might be some exceptions to this order? order?

Are there important motives not included Are there important motives not included in the hierarchy? in the hierarchy?

Warm UpWarm UpTheories of Motivation ReviewTheories of Motivation Review

Standard SSPBF5:aStandard SSPBF5:a - Compare and contrast the biological, - Compare and contrast the biological, cognitive/learning, and humanistic perspectives of motivation cognitive/learning, and humanistic perspectives of motivation

Answer the following:Answer the following:What is motivation?What is motivation?

Match the following:Match the following:__ Instincts__ Instincts a) desire for significant accomplishment a) desire for significant accomplishment __ Drives__ Drives b) tension created from imbalance; restore balance b) tension created from imbalance; restore balance __ Arousal Theory__ Arousal Theory c) meet basic needs first; higher levels after thatc) meet basic needs first; higher levels after that__ Homeostasis__ Homeostasis d) level of stimulation we try to maintain d) level of stimulation we try to maintain __ Intrinsic/Extrinsic__ Intrinsic/Extrinsic e) inherited, unlearned behaviors motivate e) inherited, unlearned behaviors motivate

actionaction__ Hierarchy of Needs__ Hierarchy of Needs f) motivation from internal or external forcesf) motivation from internal or external forces__ Achievement__ Achievement g) maintain balanced or constant internal stateg) maintain balanced or constant internal state

Warm Up AnswersWarm Up AnswersTheories of Motivation ReviewTheories of Motivation Review

Standard SSPBF5:aStandard SSPBF5:a - Compare and contrast the biological, - Compare and contrast the biological, cognitive/learning, and humanistic perspectives of motivation cognitive/learning, and humanistic perspectives of motivation

Answer the following:Answer the following:What is motivation? A need or desire that energizes and directs What is motivation? A need or desire that energizes and directs

behaviorbehavior

Match the following:Match the following:e e Instincts Instincts a) desire for significant accomplishment a) desire for significant accomplishment b b Drives Drives b) tension created from imbalance; restore balance b) tension created from imbalance; restore balance d d Arousal Theory Arousal Theory c) meet basic needs first; higher levels after thatc) meet basic needs first; higher levels after thatg g Homeostasis Homeostasis d) level of stimulation we try to maintain d) level of stimulation we try to maintain f f Intrinsic/Extrinsic Intrinsic/Extrinsic e) inherited, unlearned behaviors motivate e) inherited, unlearned behaviors motivate

actionactionc c Hierarchy of Needs Hierarchy of Needs f) motivation from internal or external forcesf) motivation from internal or external forcesa a Achievement Achievement g) maintain balanced or constant internal stateg) maintain balanced or constant internal state

Clinical Clinical Explanations: Explanations: Motivating Ourselves Motivating Ourselves and Othersand Others

Module 11: MotivationModule 11: Motivation

Developing Self MotivationDeveloping Self Motivation

Associate your high achievement with Associate your high achievement with positive emotions – CELEBRATEpositive emotions – CELEBRATE

Connect your achievement with your Connect your achievement with your efforts – give yourself credit for your efforts – give yourself credit for your hard work/good gradeshard work/good grades

Raise your expectations – set Raise your expectations – set reasonably high goalsreasonably high goals

Motivating OthersMotivating Others Cultivate intrinsic motivation – assign tasks that Cultivate intrinsic motivation – assign tasks that

foster curiosity; praise effortfoster curiosity; praise effort Attend to individual motives – find what motivates Attend to individual motives – find what motivates

each personeach person Set specific, challenging goals – help others define Set specific, challenging goals – help others define

their goalstheir goals Choose an appropriate leadership styleChoose an appropriate leadership style

Task leadership (goal-oriented) sets standards, Task leadership (goal-oriented) sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attentionorganizes work, and focuses attention

Social leadership (group-oriented) builds Social leadership (group-oriented) builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers supportteamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

Hunger: A Hunger: A Closer LookCloser Look

Guided Reading QuestionsGuided Reading Questions

Physiology of HungerPhysiology of Hunger GlucoseGlucose - form of sugar that circulates through - form of sugar that circulates through

the body; low glucose = hungerthe body; low glucose = hunger InsulinInsulin - hormone allows body to use glucose - hormone allows body to use glucose

for energy or fat production; as insulin levels for energy or fat production; as insulin levels increase, glucose levels decreaseincrease, glucose levels decrease

LeptinLeptin - Protein produced by bloated fat cells; - Protein produced by bloated fat cells; send a message to “stop eating”send a message to “stop eating”

OrexinOrexin - Hunger-triggering hormone produced - Hunger-triggering hormone produced by hypothalamus; glucose levels drop, orexin by hypothalamus; glucose levels drop, orexin levels increase and person feels hungrylevels increase and person feels hungry

Set Point Theory of WeightSet Point Theory of Weight

Set Point - point at which an individual’s Set Point - point at which an individual’s “weight thermostat” is supposedly set.“weight thermostat” is supposedly set.

When the body falls below this weight, When the body falls below this weight, increased hunger and a lower basal increased hunger and a lower basal metabolic rate (BMR) may act to restore the metabolic rate (BMR) may act to restore the lost weight.lost weight.

BMR – resting rate at which we burn BMR – resting rate at which we burn calories for energycalories for energy

Set PointSet Point

Environment Environment and Hungerand Hunger

External IncentivesExternal Incentives

Include the sight, Include the sight, sound, and smell sound, and smell of foodof food

Affect some Affect some people more than people more than othersothers

Cultural Influences on EatingCultural Influences on Eating Cultural views on obesity can varyCultural views on obesity can vary

White Americans – weakness, lazinessWhite Americans – weakness, laziness African-Americans & Latinos – less concerned African-Americans & Latinos – less concerned

about weight, more accepting of overweight about weight, more accepting of overweight

Culture influences the foods we like and Culture influences the foods we like and dislikedislike Shun foods we are not exposed toShun foods we are not exposed to Examples: horse, dog, rat meatExamples: horse, dog, rat meat Repeated exposure to new foods increases our Repeated exposure to new foods increases our

willingness to try themwillingness to try them

Eating DisordersEating Disorders

Anorexia NervosaAnorexia Nervosa

Eating disorder in which normal Eating disorder in which normal weight people suffer delusions of being weight people suffer delusions of being overweightoverweight

Usually in adolescent femalesUsually in adolescent females May put themselves on self-starvation May put themselves on self-starvation

regimensregimens May become dangerously underweightMay become dangerously underweight

Bulimia NervosaBulimia Nervosa Eating disorder characterized by episodes Eating disorder characterized by episodes

of overeatingof overeating Usually overeat high calorie foodsUsually overeat high calorie foods Overeating is followed by vomiting, Overeating is followed by vomiting,

using laxatives, fasting, or excessive using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exerciseexercise

Fearful of gaining weight, preoccupied Fearful of gaining weight, preoccupied with food, often suffer from depression with food, often suffer from depression and/or anxietyand/or anxiety

Causes of Eating DisordersCauses of Eating Disorders

Genetic link – identical twins more likely Genetic link – identical twins more likely to have same eating disorderto have same eating disorder

Abnormal levels of chemicals that Abnormal levels of chemicals that facilitate neural communicationfacilitate neural communication

Cultural pressure to be thinCultural pressure to be thin