IEEE Vehicle Propulsion Conference Gus Khalil Hybrid Electric …ewh.ieee.org › conf › vppc ›...
Transcript of IEEE Vehicle Propulsion Conference Gus Khalil Hybrid Electric …ewh.ieee.org › conf › vppc ›...
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UNCLAS: Dist A. Approved for public release
The 5th International IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference Gus Khalil
US Army TARDECHybrid Electric program
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Background
1900 Lohner-Porsche4x4 Hybrid Vehicle
1943 T-23 Electric Drive 1943 Elephant TankElectric Drive
2008 NLOS-C hybrid electric MGV1995 Hybrid HMMWV
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Power & Energy Trends
25 September 2009 3
• Battlefield consumption of energy increasing– New C4ISR technologies– IED Defeat Systems– New weapons (EM guns, lasers)
• Energy security problematic– Increasing dependence on foreign oil– Alternative sources sought – wind, solar,
bio-mass, waste to energy
• Operational issues– Battery usage & limitations – energy &
power density– Demand for auxiliary power on-board
vehicles– Emphasis on silent (“quiet”) watch– Unmanned vehicles (air/ground)– Unattended sensors– Inefficient management/ distribution of
power– Demand for soldier-wearable power
• Increased emphasis on system power metrics (KPPs, low consumption components)
The Challenges
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060
Year
Fuel
Con
sum
ptio
n pe
r Sol
dier
[gal
/sol
dier
/day
]
1944
Korean War
Vietnam War
Iraq War
Desert Storm
Future Wars
WW I
CivilWar
Region of Projected Fuel Consumption
Best Case
Worst Case
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Vehicle Speed
0.6
0.9Per side
Vehicle driven by one track.0.9 te/wt transient
PERFORMANCE SPECS
60% slope te/wt=0.6 continuous
Military Environment
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CRTCCRTC
YumaYuma
AberdeenAberdeen
Field Testing
Robust
Environment
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Hybrid Electric Payoffs
• Onboard and Export Power• Fuel Economy• Flexibility and Packaging Efficiency• Synergy with Pulsed Power Loads• Silent Operations
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Hybrid HMMWV powering a Tactical Operations Center
Hybrid HMMWV Hybrid HMMWV powering a Tactical powering a Tactical Operations CenterOperations Center
Onboard and Export Power
Onboard power from ISG Onboard power from ISG
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Fuel Economy
Optimized Engine Performance
1.
Brake Energy Recovery
2.
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Based on the given statistical models of the test data over the range of speeds, the Hybrid HMMWV showed the following % improvement in Mean Fuel Economy over the Conventional HMMWV:
Munson: 4.2% [Common interval 5.1-30.7 mph]
Churchville B: 10.9% [Common interval 5.1-25.0 mph]
KEYHybrid: Conventional:
XM1124Munson
M1113Munson XM1124
Churchville B
M1113Churchville BXM1124
charging battery
Fuel Economy Measurements
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Design Flexibility
• Most of the connections are wire• Minimum rigidity • Modular architecture
• Most of the connections are wire• Minimum rigidity • Modular architecture
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Silent Operations
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Challenges
• Thermal Management• Cooling System Size and Complexity• Power Density and Specific Power • Energy Storage• Reliability• Cost
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Temperature Impact on Cooling System
Approximate Northrop Grumman calculations for 600 shaft hp (about 500-550 kW Inverter)
For One 400 kW Traction Inverter• 70 ºC to 95 ºC => 56% reduction• 95 ºC to 130 ºC => 44% reduction
50 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 3100
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1111
0.385
vol ΔT( )
31060 Tcool ΔT( )
Radiator Volume vs. Coolant Temperature
Approximate calculation assuming fixed 50ºC ambient
Silicon Carbide(100ºC coolant)
StandardInverters
(65ºC coolant)
Volu
me
(cub
ic fe
et)
Coolant Inlet Temperature (ºC)
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SiC Motor Inverter
Hybrid Si/SiC Converter
Current SiC Converters(APEI)
• High junction temperature operation ≥ 1750C• High frequency ≥ 50 kHz• High efficiency
• Lower on-state resistance• Faster reverse recovery
• More robust and higher reliability
Silicon Carbide Development
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RAGONE CHARTRechargeable Batteries
(Cell Level)
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1000
10000
100000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Specific Energy, Wh/kg
Spec
ific
Pow
er, W
/kg
1CRATE
10CRATE
100CRATE
0.1CRATE
0.01CRATE
Pb-Acid
Pb-AcidSpiral Wound
Ni-Cd Ni-MH Li-Polymer
Ni-H2
Li-ion
ASDS
JSF 270V
16 TON MCV6 TON ARV
RSTV
GLOBALHAWK
SSHCL
ACTIVE DENIAL
Energy Storage
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Prime Prime PowerPower
Energy Energy StorageStorage
MotorsMotors
Power Power ConditioningConditioning
Pulse Pulse PowerPower
Technology Goals
Capacitors
Traction In-Hub
Li-Ion Batteries
Engine
Si DC-DC Converters
SiC DC-DC Converter
kW/kg
1.5
0.3
W-hr/kg
45
200
kW/l
3
10
kW/l
0.75
6
J/cc
2.5
0.67
3X
4X
3X
6X
4X
1.5
200
10
6
2.5
Field Weakened PM Motor
Solid State Output Switch
Lead AcidLead Acid
MTU 1 kW/kgMTU 1 kW/kg
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Thank you!