IEEE PRESENTATION ON SMART GRIDS Case For... · B5 Protection And Automation C1 System Development...
Transcript of IEEE PRESENTATION ON SMART GRIDS Case For... · B5 Protection And Automation C1 System Development...
SMART GRIDS
WHAT IS THE BUSINESS CASE?
Prince Moyo PrEng FSAIEE
Chairman: CIGRE SA NC
General Manager: Power Delivery Engineering, Eskom South Africa
CONTENTS
• PART 1 BACKGROUND
• PART 2 WHAT IS A SMART GRID?
• PART 3 SMART GRID MODELS
• PART 4 BUSINESS VALUE PROPOSITIONS
• PART 5 SMART GRID ENABLERS
• PART 6 SMART GRID ROADMAPS
IEEE
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www.cigre.org
10000 members96 countries59 National Committees16 Study Committees250 Working Groups3700 WG members
Electra Journal www.cigre.org/ElectraScience & Engineering JournalProceedings of conferencesGREEN BooksNewsletterCigre Reference Papers
EQUIPMENT
NEW
MATERIALS
& IT
SYSTEMSTECHNO
LOGIES
A1
A3
A2
B1
B4 B5
B2
B3
C6
C1
C3
C5
C2
C4
D1
D2
16
STUDY
COMMITTEES
CIGRE
A1 Rotating Electrical Machines
A2 Transformers
A3 High Voltage Equipment
B1 Insulated Cables
B2 Overhead Lines
B3 Substations
B4 HVDC And Power Electronics
B5 Protection And Automation
C1 System Development & Economics
C2 System Operation & Control
C4 System Technical Performance
C5 Electricity Markets & Regulation
C6 Distribution Systems & Dispersed Generation
D1 Materials & Emerging Test Techniques
D2 Information Systems & Telecommunication
C3 System Environmental Performance
CIGRE STUDY COMMITTEES
IEC
• IEC role in electro-technical standards
• IEC Structure
• Standardisation
• Conformity Assessments
• Systems Committees
• Works through NCs … private or standards body
• Many Technical Committees
Rwanda Background (stats)
• Rwanda stats – pop, energy, installed base, electrification rate, etc
• Electrification levels• 10.8% access in 2010, 22% in 2014, 34%
(750k conn) in 2017 to 70% in 2018• Customer numbers … 823,862
• Infrastructure plans - 53% is hydro power; 7% is solar program; 45MW in 2006, 97MW in 2010, 218MW in 2017 to 563MW + 450MW imports in 2018; USD3.2BN needed; peat in SW 70MW; Kivu natural gas; Cape Rubona 700MW methane gas
Rwanda Background – Electricity Grid
Rwanda Background (Kigali)
Rwanda Background (rural electr)
Rwanda Background (comparisons, oom only)US CHI UK FRA SA ZIM BOTS DRC RWA
Population (millions) 320 1,420 64.1 55 13 2.155 62 12
Installed base (GW) 1,275 1,505 77 46 2 0.75 1.2 0,218
Energy Sold (TWh) 4,314 5,649 328 225 8.9 4 6.24 1.13
Area (million km2) 9.83 8.43 0.243 1.22 0.391 0.582 1.5 0.026
Population Density/km2
33 168 264 43 33 4 41 456
GDP (US$Bn) 18,560 11,391 2,649 280 14.19 10.95 42 8.4
GDP/capita (US$) 58,000 8,022 41,326 5,290 1,092 5,080 677 696
Electricity price (USc/kWh)
21 9 24 20 9 10 14 9 22
Energy sold/capita (kWh/person/year)
13,481 3,978 5,117 4,245 685 1,856 101 30
Gini 0.44 0.47 0.35 0.66 0.43 0.61 0.41 0.50
What Is A Smart Grid?Eskom: A smart grid is a more “instrumented” grid that gathers, interprets and acts on information, increasing awareness of the state of the grid, and transforming and improving the way it is operated and utilized by its customers
EPRI: A smart grid is one that incorporates information and communications technology into every aspect of electricity generation, delivery and consumption in order to minimize environmental impact, enhance markets, improve reliability and service, and reduce costs and improve efficiency
NIST: A smart grid develops and implements measurement science underpinning modernization of the nation's electric grid in order to improve system efficiency, reliability and sustainability, by incorporating distributed intelligence, bi-directional communications and power flows, and additional advancements to create a smart grid
What Is A Smart Grid?
IEEE: Provides bidirectional communication of power quality, supply and demand across the power grid to utilize power more dynamically resulting in increased energy efficiency and power grid reliability. This change is necessary to manage the increased variability caused by renewable resources, the increased peak demand created by energy intensive consumers such as electric vehicles, and to minimize the environmental impact of ever increasing aggregate demand for electrical power
Gartner: IT/OT integration promotes a single view of enterprise information and process management to help ensure that every person, sensor, switch or other device has the right information, in the right format, at the right time
IEC: The general understanding is that the Smart Grid is the concept of modernizing the electric grid. The Smart Grid comprises everything related to the electric system in between any point of generation and any point of consumption. Through the addition of Smart Grid technologies the grid becomes more flexible, interactive and is able to provide real time feedback
What Is A Smart Grid?
Instrumented Distributed intelligence
Information-driven Bi-directional communication
Sensors Cyber security
Distributed resources Renewables integration
Environmentally friendly
Better operation Increased reliability
Better utilisation Awareness of state
Enhance markets Bidirectional power flow
Reduce costs Improved efficiency
Smart Grid – Models (IEEE domains)
Smart Grid – Models (EPRI)
Business Cases
Smart Grid (1) – Reliability
• Reliability (YELLOW Block)
• Uptime
• Momentary/nuisance trips
Smart Grid (1) – Reliability
• System performance indices for Tx and Dx
• Operator rounds and use of asset scanning techniques
• Distribution Automation
• Condition Monitoring (CM)
• AHI … automated computation
• Physical security
• Cyber Security
• Smart Substation
SAIDI
1
𝑁𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
SAIFI
1
𝑁𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚
CAIDI = SAIDI/SAIFI … interruption duration per customer
SML
1
𝑁𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑀𝑉𝐴 𝑥 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝑖𝑛)
𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝑀𝑉𝐴
Smart Grid (1) – Reliability
• SA Dx
• SAIDI – 35h urban and rural• SAIFI - 17• Thus CAIDI = 2hr
• SA Tx• SML … 3min
• WAMS
• DLR
• other
Smart Grid (2) – Power Quality
BLUE Block Distortion Of Waveform
Smart Grid (2) – Power Quality
Smart Grid (3) – WAMS
• For large transmission networks, geographically dispersed
• Based on Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs)
• Distributed C, V, f & df/dt (ROCOF) measurements, | | and φ, line θ via PDCs
• Micro/milliseconds, GPS synchronisation to 1μs, 0.1deg
• Analysis, early warning avoids cascading effects and eventual blackouts
• Event-Driven Data Analysis (EDDA)
• Monitoring benefits
POM (oscillations) PDM (damping) LTM (line thermal)VSM (voltage stability) etc
• 1st level of defence before UFLS, UVLS schemes, etc
• Need for RTDS for testing and validation
• Examples of operation - CIGRE Thailand paper
Smart Grid (4) – Network Operations
• SCADA/ DMS/ ADMS• Level of visibility/
instrumentation/ telemetry
• Data Acquisition … I, V, on/off
• Remote SS and Feeder Operations
• Other functions (e.g. AMI)
• GIS
Smart Grid (5) – Operator Dispatch
• Fault visibility
• Resource visibility
• Resource meta data
• Productivity management
• GIS vs Network Data
• Enables Customer Feedback
• All requires comms, instrumentation
• ADMS
Smart Grid (6) – Energy Efficiency
• EE• η appliances
• η equipment
• Reduces overall energy consumed
• Certifications
Smart Grid (7) – Energy Conservation
Smart Grid (8) – Analytics and Asset Utilisation
Analytics (detection to prognosis)
• Maintenance completeness visibility
• End-Of-Life ManagementHealth Indexing Asset Replacement Plans
Beyond ‘design life’
Utilisation
• Overhead lines … DLR
• Transformers … Short-Term Over-rating
Smart Grid (8) – Analytics and Asset Utilisation
Smart Grid (9) – FACTS
• Caps … fixed switchable banks
• SVCs … thyristor-controlled
• STATCOMs … fast-acting
Smart Grid (10) – Green
• GHG emissions leading to …
• Global warming … trend of rising surface temperatures
• Climate change … change in rain and snow patterns; more extreme weather
Smart Grid (10) – Green
Smart Grid (10) – Green (Flexibility)
Smart Grid (10) – Green (Flexibility)
Figure 1: CAISO Load Profile Demonstrates Need for Pulsed LoadsImage: Combined Cycle Journal
• Pulse Operation
• Two-shifting
• Impact on fuel of flexible plant
• Impact on plant life
Inertia - ramp rates ↑↓ ... < 15GW/h
(SA case)
ROCOF within grid code limits
Increased operating reserves
Fault levels
Variability … uncertainty
Flexibility
Minimum generation levelsThe required minimum generation level of a utility
system’s thermal units. Specifically, the lowest level
of operation of oil-fired and gas-fired units at which
they can be available to meet peak load needs.
Curtailment
Spatial diversity
Transmission/Distribution
constraints
Smart Grid (10) – Green (Flexibility)
Use cases:
i. Peak shaving
ii. Energy arbitrage
iii. Frequency control
iv. Volt/var support
Smart Grid (11) – Storage
v. T&D capex deferment
vi. PV smoothing
vii. Renewable firming
viii. Black start
Smart Grid (11) – Storage
• Small-scale
• Grid-scale
• Microgrid
• Death of the grid?
37Energy Storage Trends & Opportunities, IFC Report (Source: Navigant Research)
Smart Grid (11) – Storage (SA 100MW plant)
Smart Grid (11) – Storage (Utility Scale)
• Largest storage system, comprising more than 18,000 Li-ion batteries, is being built in Long Beach for Southern California Edison by AES Corp. When it’s completed, in 2021, it will be capable of running at 100 megawatts for 4 hours.
• Size of two-storey data centre
• 300MW storage being planned for the same site
• But that energy total of 400 megawatt-hours is still two orders of magnitude lower than what a large Asian city would need
Feb 2017: At 30 megawatts for 4 hours, SDG&E’s facility in Escondido, California, is thelargest Li-ion installation in the world.
Moss Landing, San Francisco Bay: 2018
1200 MWh
Smart Grid (12) – Smart Meters
• Online monitoring
• Two-way communication
• Demand Response (DR)/
Demand-Side Management
Energy Conservation
• other
Smart Grid (13) – eTransportation
• Electric vehicle transportation viability … < 2030?
• Lifetime km, maintenance
• Ride-hailing
• Peak oil?
• The death of the auto industry/ICE as we know it?
• Nexus of Ride-hailing, EVand Smartphone and self-driving
• AEVs
• TaaS
Smart Grid (14) – Safety and Productivity
• Employee safety• Heat stroke warning
• Proximity to prohibited areas
• Smart maintenance• Identification of plant during walk-down
• RFID tagged equipment and mobility tools
• Augmented Reality
Smart Grid Enablers - ICT
• Current – TDM technologies (SDH, PDH, packet radios)
• < 2Mbps common
• Need for greater bandwidth due to smart grids
• Becoming obsolete
• Skills challenges
• The future is ‘packet’
• Up to 400Gbps
Smart Grid Enablers - ICT
• Application layer 3/4 – use available microwave; fibre or satellite; 3rd
party solutions – nG, wi-fi, LoRa, PLC, etc; SCADA, AMI, etc; initiator of traffic
• Service layer 2/3 – MSAP interim; IP/ MPLS end-state; integrates business value devices; protocols; microwave, fibre or satellite; for high SLA sites
• Transmission layer 1/2 – OTN; 100Mbps; long-haul; fibre; MSTP for sub-100Mbps legacy; national footprint
• Zone I (protection, SCADA) most critical service
• Note prioritization of service and redundancy
Smart Grid Enablers - 5G
• IEEE 802.11ac interim standard
• GSMA specification• 1-10Gbps connections to end-points• 1ms end to end round trip delay• 1000x bandwidth per unit area• 10-100x connected devices• 99.999% availability• 100% coverage• 90% reduction in network energy use• Up to 10yr battery power for low power devices
• Consumer and carrier equipment
Smart Grid Enablers - 5G
Smart Grid Enablers - 5G
Smart Grid Enablers – Cyber Security
• NIST• Increased complexity of the grid• Common vulnerabilities• More entry points• Malicious attacks• Potential breach of customer
privacy
• LEVELS• Confidentiality/ ‘Sniffing’• Integrity/ Alteration• Denial/ Outage
Smart Grid – Roadmaps
Smart Grid – Roadmaps
Smart Grids – New Jobs
• Cyber Security
• Weather Forecasting
• Data Analytics/ Data Scientist
• Aggregator
• Battery Chemistry
• Smart Metering
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END