A Research on Urban Spatial Morphology and Land Use Type Based on Space Syntax: A Case Study on Lujiazui Functional Area of Shanghai

Shouyi Lin The Research Center for East-West Cooperation in China,

East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China

linshouyi86@163.com

Qi Shen School of Business, East China University of Science and

Technology, 200237 Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China

Shenq03@163.com

Jianhua Xu The Research Center for East-West Cooperation in China,

East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China

jhxu@geo.ecnu.edu.cn

Yang Yang The Research Center for East-West Cooperation in China,

East China Normal University, 200062 Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China

51080801042@ ecnu.cn

1 AbstractSpace syntax theory has been applied to urban research in many aspects, but many remain a simple understanding of the city morphology, lacking in-depth analysis of syntactic parameters. Using Space syntax theory, Geographic information system (GIS) technology and Geo-statistical methods, this paper deeply analyzed the spatial morphology of Lujiazui functional area, and explained the relationship among road network, people flow and land use type. Major findings are as follows: In Lujiazui functional area, with Century Avenue as the principal axis, the area of high global integration roads is wide and its distribution presents a multi-polar development model. In the Finance and Trade Zone, a unipolar development mode was presented, the global integration value is low, and viewpoint movement is particularly important for spatial cognition. Nearly 85% of the road accessibility is good, so the transmission of people, logistics and information flow is convenient; the entire road network is conducive to the coordinated development of commercial, residential, education, industry and other land use types, and there is still room for improvement.

Keywords- space syntax; urban spatial morphology; road network; land use type

I. INTRODUCTION The road is the first element and the ontological factor of

urban spatial morphology. Urban road network is not always passive, which restricts the spatial distribution of land use type and guides the evolution of urban spatial pattern [1]. In Lujiazui functional area, the traffic network is subjected to the impact of the planning ideology and urban land use conditions, and is the result of the original road structure reorganization and transformation. The urban spatial morphology of this area is the appearance of planning idea. Historical change and evolution of urban space are in less

impact to the study area. Today, the functional area construction has been basically completed. The specific relationship among urban spatial structure, road network and land use type need to be studied and analyzed from the actuality. Many studies have shown that the space syntax theory contributes to the understanding of urban space and the interpretation of simulation, will help in-depth understanding of the nature and functions of urban space [2, 3, 4]. At present space syntax as a tool for understanding spatial structure is applied to many aspects of urban research, including road network analysis [13,15,17], traffic flow [16], land grading [7], urban spatial morphology [5,11,12], geometric accessibility [8,9] and some other fields [10,14], but most are lack of a great insight into the syntactic parameters. This paper tried to use the space syntax theory and GIS technology to quantitatively analyze the Lujiazui urban spatial pattern, and attempted to get a comprehensive understanding of the relationship among urban road network, pedestrian flow and land use type through in-depth analysis of syntactic parameters.

II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Study Area Overview Lujiazui Functional Area, founded in October 2004, is

located in northwest of the Pudong New Zone in Shanghai of China. The scope of the study is the whole Lujiazui functional area, east to Luo Shan Road, south to the Longyang Road, west and north to the Huangpu River. The functional area includes five parts, which are Meiyuan Street, Weifang Street, Tangqiao Street, Yangjing Street and a part of Huamu town, has an area of about 31km2. As the core zone of the finance, trade and administrative office, the number of office buildings, building concentration level and the economy development are all the greatest in Shanghai. Lujiazui functional area, which plays an important role in the development of Pudong New Area, is the ties of Pudong

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and Puxi, and covers the only financial trade zone of china called Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone. Urban planning concept is the most important factor that influences the spatial morphological structure of the study area. Amidst the Expo environment, people are paying even more attention to the impact of urban space pattern.

B. Method 1) Space syntax theory

Space syntax theory was put forward by Hiller at the University of London and his partners. One basic viewpoint of space syntax is that any city system is composed of two parts, namely spatial objects and free space. Spatial objects mainly mean buildings; and free space is the space between spatial objects, in which people can reach any other space [5]. Space syntax emphasized the free-space representation [6], effectively combined space structure and human movement and communication.

Five steps are included in Space Syntax model, which are identifying study areas, dividing the space, establishing the axial lines, calculating and analyzing the variable and outputting the axial map. Spatial segmentation methods include axial map, convex polygon and the visual zone. At present, axial map abstracted from the road distribution is broadly used in urban space analysis [7].

2) Main parameters in space syntax Today, Space Syntax has achieved a number of

successful cases. In the long time development, the syntactic variables got renew [17]. Now widely used parameters are:

(1) Connectivity ( iC ). Connectivity is the number of nodes directly linked to each individual node. A node refers to the intersection of axis.

(2) Control value ( iCtrl ). The control value for an axial line is determined according to the following calculation.

=

=

k

j ji C

Ctrl1

1 1

Where: k is the number of immediate neighbors of a space, and Cj is the connectivity of the jth immediate neighbor of the space.

(3) Mean Depth ( iMD ). For each axial line, all other lines should be traversed in order to retain the so called mean depth.

)1(1

=

=

n

dMD

n

jij

i (2)

Where: n is the number of spaces and =

n

jijd

1is the total

depth of the ith axial line. (4) Integration ( iRA ).

2)1(2

=

n

MDRA ii 3

According to (3), the integration of shallow node is small, which is incompatible with the fact, so iRA

'

is more widely used for it is in line with the actual situation and people's habits.

(5) Correlation co-efficient ( 2R ).

= 2)()(

2)3()3(

2)()3()3(2

)()(]))()(([

Rnn

n

IIIIInIII

(4)

Where: )3(I is the value of the three-step integration,

namely, local integration; )3(I is the average three-step integration; )(nI is the global integration of each axial line;

)(nI is the average global integration [18]. The variables above can be used to describe the spatial

patterns at different scales, iC iCtrl iMD describes

the spatial morphology on the local level, while iRA'

expresses the ability to perceive the whole space through a node. 2R is used to describe the part-whole relationship within the spatial configuration.

C. Data processing Land use map and road planning map are the main data.

The former reflects the distribution and construction of land use type in study area at the end of 2008; Land use type can be divided into commercial land, residential land, public facilities, green, et al.; and construction land includes the vacant land and the constructed land. The latter contains the information of highway, main road, sub-trunk road and slip road. Road axial map was established using Axwoman4.0 which is an analytical tool based on the space syntax theory. And then the space syntax variables were calculated, including Ci, ctrli, MDi, and GInteg (Global Integration) and LInteg (local integration). Finally, R2 was obtained using LInteg and GInteg.

To play the spatial data visualization advantages of GIS, the axial lines with different color were shown in thematic maps. The axial lines can be divided into two scales. Firstly, the whole study area is as a research scale. Then considering the special role and status of Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone, all the axils lines that within and intersect with the zone are as the other scale.

III. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

A. Morphology analysis on different scales The high integration line is the most accessible road,

which is the link between the regions inside and the neighboring area, and is the most active area of human activity. Making near 10% of the total axial lines are with high integration, 2.1 was taken as the threshold. They are shown as red lines in Fig.1. It shows that the high global integration roads including Century Avenue, Zhangyang, Yanggao, Jinxiu, Minsheng, Dongfang, Shangkeng and Yuanshen. From the distribution and structure of the point of

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view, the distribution of high integration roads is reasonable in the study area for that its coverage is nearly the whole functional space. From the position of the high integration roads point of view, Century Avenue plays a special role, which directly connects with other high integration lines. It means that the area along Century Avenue not only is the hub of human activity, but also has tremendous appeal for other districts far away. The study found that the areas with low integration roads are the Finance and Trade Zone and the south of Tangqiao Street, Huamu town, indicating the overall space reachability is relatively low in these regions. The irregular blocks and the high bending degree of roads are the main reasons for the low space accessibility of Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone. There are two reasons for the low global integration of Tangqiao Street and Huamu town. On the one hand, the existence of Century Park makes a large area blank existing in the traffic network. On the other hand, many roads in this area, which are bending or ring, are not connected with the high integration roads.

In Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone, Century Avenue is the highest integration line and the other lines radially outward spread. Integration value gradually reduces from Century Avenue to the surrounding zone, showing a typical center development model. It means on different spatial scales, the layout and spatial development model have taken place tremendous changes. Finance and Trade Zone is a unipolar development, but a multi-nuclear development model was taken in the whole study area. )3(I is 2.85 in the Finance and Trade Zone whose area is about 2 km2, which is higher than that of the whole study area, indicating that in the three-step distance, the space accessibility is better in the Financial and Trade Zone. In addition, R2 is 0.85 in the Finance and Trade Zone, which is also significantly higher than that of the whole study area. It implies that the spatial

morphology of the Financial and Trade Zone is more readable. The Financial and Trade Zone as a Business-oriented area, most people come here for sightseeing and shopping. The road network with high R2 is great useful for people to get different visual taste in the area where the space is split by discrete buildings.

B. Statistical analysis base on syntactic parameters The writer tried to analyze the deep relationship of the

different integration roads through geo-statistical methods. As the global integration is the most effective parameter to reflect the accessibility of urban space, it was selected to make further research.

Bias coefficient and kurtosis coefficient are two important parameters in describing the distribution characteristics of geographic data. The former depicts a mean-centric bias, and Kurtosis coefficient shows the concentration of geographic data near the mean value. Statistical results are shown in Fig.2 and Fig.3. The bias coefficient in the Financial and Trade Zone is 1.14, which is greater than that of the whole region, illustrating that the mean value is on the right side of the peak on the two scales, and the deviation in the Financial and Trade Zone is greater. Kurtosis coefficient reflects the concentration of geographic data is somewhat higher in the Financial and Trade Zone. By contrast, in the Finance and Trade Zone, there are a lot of low integration roads and the integration is concentrated in a small range.

TABLE I. STATISTICS OF SYNTACTIC PARAMETERS ON TWO SCALES

Axis Num LInteg GInteg R

2

The Finance and Trade Zone 38 2.85 1.56 0.85

The whole Functional Area 184 2.78 1.65 0.73

Figure 1. Axial map of traffic network

Figure 2. Global integration frequency map of the whole Functional Area.

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The fitting curve likes a normal distribution in the whole area (Fig.2). By comprehensive consideration of the integration and frequency of axial lines, all the lines can be divided into three sections: The low integration lines with integration less than 1.3, the medium with between 1.3 and 2.1, and the high with greater than 2.1. These three sections occupy the 15%, 75% and 10% of the axial lines respectively. It shows that the road network is reasonable; middle and high integration roads account for 85% of the lines; the traffic network will greatly promote the transmission of people flow, logistics and information flow. In the Financial and Trade Zone (Fig.3), from high to low integration, the number of axial lines shows three step-type distributions, unipolar trend is clear. The results indicate that in the Financial and Trade Zone, the accessibility of a large number of roads is poor, and viewpoint movement is particularly important for the spatial awareness.

C. The relations of road network and land use type The relationship of high integration roads and land use

type reveals that the whole study area, with Century Avenue as the principal axis, highlights the viewpoint movement and space sequence. Starting from the buildings on the Huangpu beach, passing through the New Shanghai Commercial City, Zhu Yuen trade zone and some other turning nodes, the viewpoint reaches the climax at Century Square, Shanghai Science and Technology Museum and the Administrative Committee of Pudong, and then end with a large area of green in Century Park. The study found that people often take advantage of the most prosperous region for maximum exposure, so commercial sites tend to be located in places with a high integration. Commercial and some other public facilities are strongly developed in the Century Avenue 200 meters buffer zone. In Lujiazui functional area, the

hinterland of high integration roads cover all types of land, and residents traveling is convenient. The whole study area is connected tightly with the Financial Center and Century Park by some high integration roads.

Educational infrastructure sites spread throughout the region, mixing with residential land. It is easy to arrive these places through the secondary trunk roads or the nearest streets whose integration maybe high or not. The trend that industrial land distributes along the river is clear. This land use type mainly depends on the transport capacity of the Huangpu River, and the road accessibility is relatively weaker than other regions. Specific distribution was shown in Fig.4. In the south of functional area, the roadaccessibility is poor; there are a lot residential land and more vacant land. Rational utilization of the vacant land, balance development of land use type, and coordinative relations of road network and land will be the focal point of the development in the region.

IV. CONCLUSIONUsing the space syntax theory, GIS technology and geo-

statistical methods, this paper deeply analyzed the spatial morphology of Lujiazui functional area, and explained the relationship among road network, people flow and land use type. Major findings are as follows:

1) The distribution area of high global integration road is large. Century Avenue has a prominent position in the high integration roads, not only services for the nearby district, but also for the whole area. In the Lujiazui Financial and Trade Zone and the south of Huamu and Weifang streets, the road accessibility is poor. The former is mainly because of the road curvature, the latter is the combined result of the Century Park and road structure.

Figure 3. Global integration frequency map of the Financial and Trade Zone

Figure 4. Congruent map of axial lines and land use types

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2) Significant differences exist in spatial patterns on the two scales. In Lujiazui functional area, with Century Avenue as the principal axis, shows a multi-polar nuclear trend. In the Finance and Trade Zone, a unipolar development mode was present. The road network layout in the region is reasonable. This can effectively promote the people flow in the area. As a business and tourism area, Finance and Trade Zone includes a lot low integration roads. The road pattern indirectly impels the viewpoint movement to perceive the Trade Zone spatial morphology.

3) Land use type and road network are closely linked. The entire road network is conducive to the coordinateddevelopment of commercial, residential, education and industrial land. A certain amount of inactive land will be helpful for the improvement of the road network and the coordinated development of different land use types.

4) The results revealed the spatial morphology of Lujiazui functional area and the relationship of road network and land use type. However, space syntax is not suitable for the underground transport and overhead road. To analyze the urban spatial morphology through the comprehensive consideration of all kinds of traffic model needs further study.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTThe study is supported by Shanghai Key Laboratory of

Urbanization and Ecological Restoration, and Shanghai Academic Discipline Project (Human Geography, B410).

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