*Tools for Continuous Improvement and LEAN ManufacturingAn Introduction to the Principles of Lean Manufacturing

AgendaReview brief history of manufacturing systemsDistinguish between mass, craft and lean manufacturingIntroduce key Concepts of Lean Manufacturing Review the kinds of changes needed to be considered a lean manufacturer.

ReadingsChapter 18 of Computer Aided Manufacturing II, Wang, H.P., Chang, T.C. and Wysk, R. A., Edition (2007 expected) http://www.engr.psu.edu/cim/ie450/ie450ho1.pdfBuilding the Lean Machine, Advanced Manufacturing, January 2000.http://www.engr.psu.edu/cim/ie450/buildingthelean.pdf

ObjectivesTo identify waste elements in a systemTo apply value stream analysis to a complex engineering/manufacturing systemTo implement 3 Ms in a complex engineering environmentTo be able to identify and implement the 5Ss of lean

Craft Manufacturing Late 1800sCar built on blocks in the barn as workers walked around the car.Built by craftsmen with prideComponents hand-crafted, hand-fittedExcellent qualityVery expensiveFew produced

Mass Manufacturing Assembly line - Henry Ford 1920sLow skilled labor, simplistic jobs, no pride in workInterchangeable partsLower qualityAffordably priced for the average familyBillions produced - identical

Lean Manufacturing Cells or flexible assembly linesBroader jobs, highly skilled workers, proud of productInterchangeable parts, even more varietyExcellent quality mandatoryCosts being decreased through process improvements.Global markets and competition.

ExerciseIndividually, respond to the following question (3-5 minutes)

What are the most prevalent forms of waste in a job that youve had or in a process (or activity) that you are very familiar with?

For the assignment that you are doing, would you expect all process plans to be the same? How different?

Definition of LeanHalf the hours of human effort in the factoryHalf the defects in the finished productOne-third the hours of engineering effortHalf the factory space for the same outputA tenth or less of in-process inventoriesSource: The Machine that Changed the World Womack, Jones, Roos 1990

PresentationAsian culture has had a significant impact on the rest of the world.Many words used in our daily languages.Martial arts, religion or food.

Within the business environment.Improvement tools (kaizen tools)Production philosophies such as Just-in-time.Just-in-time philosophy is also known as Lean Manufacturing.

PresentationAnother important philosophy is the concept developed by a Japanese consultant named Kobayashi.Based on a methodology of 20 keys leading business on a course of continuous improvement (kaizen).

Finally, the production core elements will be presented in order to focus on improvement actions.In addition, a resource rate to measure improvement results is also explained.

IntroductionContinuous improvement is a management philosophy based on employees suggestions.It was developed in the United States at the end of the 19th century.

Nevertheless, the most important improvements took place when this idea or philosophy arrived in Japan. Japan was already utilizing tools such as quality circles.When they combined these two ideas, kaizen was born.

IntroductionIn 1926 Henry Ford wrote

To standardize a method is to choose out of the many methods the best one, and use it. Standardization means nothing unless it means standardizing upward.Todays standardization, instead of being a barricade against improvement, is the necessary foundation on which tomorrows improvement will be based. If you think of standardization as the best that you know today, but which is to be improved tomorrow - you get somewhere. But if you think of standards as confining, then progress stops.

Kaizen vs ReengineeringCreating an useable and meaningful standard is key to the success of any enterprise.Businesses usually utilize two different kinds of improvements.Those that suppose a revolution in the way of working.Those that suppose smaller benefits with less investment.

Kaizen vs ReengineeringThe evolution consists of continuous improvements being made in both the product and process.

A rapid and radical change (kaikaku) process is sometimes used as a precursor to kaizen activities.Carried out by the utilization of process reengineering or a major product redesign.Require large investments and are based on process automation.In the U.S., these radical activities are frequently called kaizen blitzes.

Kaizen vs ReengineeringIf the process is constantly being improved (continuous line), the innovation effort required to make a major change can be reduced (discontinuous line in the left).Otherwise, the process of reengineering can become very expensive (discontinuous line in the right).

Improvement philosophies and methodologies In order to find the source of a problem, it is important to define and understand the source and core of the problem.

Problem -> Any deviation with respect to the standard value of a variable (quality and production rate).It is necessary to know what the variable objective is (desired standard) and what is the starting situation in order to propose a realistic objective.

Improvement philosophies and methodologies Three main factors that production managers fear.Poor quality.Increase of production cost.Increase in the lead time.Production improvements should be based on the improvements of processes as well as operations.Problems can appear in any of the basic elements that constitute the production area.

Improvement philosophies and methodologiesSome example of problems. Defects, obsolete work methods, energy waste, poorly coached workers, low rates of performance in machines and materials.By analyzing the production management history, several improvement approaches can be identified.Just-in-time Methodologies (Lean Manufacturing).20 Keys to Workplace Improvement (Kobayashi).The keys to the Japanese success are.Simple improvement methodologies.Workers respect.Teamwork.

Just-in-Time. IntroductionIn accordance with this philosophy principle, nothing is manufactured until it is demanded, fulfilling the customer requirementsI need it today, not yesterday, not tomorrow.

The plant flexibility required to respond to this kind of demand is total, and is never fully obtained.It is critical that inventory is minimized.Product obsolescence can make in-process and finished goods inventory worthless.

Just-in-Time. IntroductionIn 1949 Toyota was on the brink of bankruptcy.While in the United States Fords car production was at least 8 times more efficient than Toyotas.The president of Toyota, Kiichiro Toyoda, presented a challenge to the members of his executive team.To achieve the same rate of production as the United States in three years.Taiichi Ohno, vice president of Toyota, accepted his challenge.Inspired by the way that an American supermarket works, invented the Just-in-time method.With the aid of Shigeo Shingo and Hiroyuki Hirano.

Just-in-Time. IntroductionOhno and Shingo wrote their goal.Deliver the right material, in the exact quantity, with perfect quality, in the right place just before it is needed.

They developed different methodologies. ThinkingrevolutionThe 5SStandardoperationsOne-PieceflowPoka-YokeJidokaTPMJUST IN TIMEWorkforce optimizationVisual ControlLevelingProductionKanbanMulti-functionalworkersSMED

Just-in-Time. IntroductionThe systematic application of all the methodologies create a new management philosophy.The real value is the knowledge acquired during its implementation.

The philosophy developed in Toyota was not accepted until the end of the sixties.Japan in 1973 benefited from the petroleum crisis and started to export fuel efficient cars to the United States.Since the 1970s, Japan has been the pioneer of work improvement methodologies.

JIT. Thinking RevolutionThe Western world employed the following formula to obtain the price of a product.Price = Cost + Profit.In Japan, mainly Toyota, employed the following expression.Profit = Price Cost.Today, this formula is used worldwide.

In order to make sure that Toyota would work like the supermarket it was necessary to identify and eliminate all business and production wastes.

JIT. Thinking RevolutionThe real cost is as big as a seed of a plum tree.In some cases, manufacturers, let the seed (cost) grow as big as a tree.Managers try to decrease the cost by cutting some leaves out.In reality, it is more efficient to eliminate tasks that do not add value to the product. Reducing the tree to a smaller size is equivalent to planting a smaller seed. The goal of Toyotas executives was to find this plum tree seed and work hard to reduce the cost.

JIT. Seven types of WasteHiroyuki Hirano defined waste as everything that is not absolutely essential.Few operations are safe from elimination.He also defined work as any task that adds value to the product.In Toyotas factories outside of Japan, they required between 5 to 10 times more operations to produce the same car.Shigeo Shingo identified 7 main wastes common to factories.

JIT. Seven types of WasteOverproductionProducing unnecessary products, when they are not needed and in a greater quantities than required.Inventory.Material stored as raw material, work-in-process and final products.Transportation.Material handling between internal sections.Defects.Irregular products that interfere with productivity stopping the flow of high quality products.

JIT. Seven types of WasteProcesses.Tasks accepted as necessary. Operations.Not all operations add value to the product.Inactivities.Correspond to machines idle time or operators idle time.

Inventory is considered the type of waste with greater impact

JIT. InventoryInventory is a sign of an ill factory because it hides the problems instead of resolving them.For example, in order to cope with the problem of poor process quality, the size of production lots is typically increased.Products that will probably never be used, get stored.

JIT. InventoryIf the problem that produces the low quality is solved inventory could be reduced without affecting service.

Sometimes it is necessary to force a decrease in inventory in order to identify the production variability that necessitated it. Then, the work method can be changed.

Lean ManufacturingLean Manufacturing is the systematic elimination of waste.Lean is focused at cutting fat from production activities. Lean has also been successfully applied to administrative and engineering activities as well. Many of the tools used in lean can be traced back to Taylor, Ford and the Gilbreths.The Japanesse systematized the development and evolution of improvement tools.Lean Manufacturing is one way to define Toyotas production system.MUDA is the term chosen when referring to lean. In Japanese, MUDA means waste.

Lean ManufacturingLean Manufacturing is supported by three philosophies.Just-in-timeKaizen (continuous improvements)Jidoka.Translates as autonomation.Machinery automatically inspects each item after producing it, ceasing production and notifying humans if a defect is detected.Toyota expands the meaning of Jidoka to include the responsibility of all workers to function similarly.

Lean ManufacturingTraditional approximations improves the lead time by reducing waste in the activities that add value (AV).Lean Manufacturing reduces the lead time by eliminating operations that do not add value to the product (MUDA).

20 Keys to workplace improvementIwao Kobayashi, in 1988, published a book explaining 20 keys to Workplace improvement.They all must be considered in order to achieve continuous improvement. These 20 keys are arranged in a circle.Shows the relations between the keys and their influence on the three main factors.Quality, cost and lead time.

20 Keys to workplace improvementThere are four keys outside the circle. Keys 1, 2 and 3 must be implemented before the rest.Key number 20 is the result of implementing the other 19 keys. 20LeadingTechnology16ProductionScheduling12DevelopingyourSuppliers11QuailityAssuranceSystem9MaintainingEquipment7Zero MonitorManufacturing14EmpoweringWorkers toMake improve-ments5QuickChangeoverTechnology4ReducingInventory8CoupledManufacturing

15CrossTraining13EliminatingWaste10Time ControlAndCommitment19ConservingEnergy andMaterials18UsingInformationsystems17EfficiencyControl6MethodImprovement1Cleaning andOrganizing2Rationalizingthe system3ImprovementTeamActivities

20 Keys to workplace improvementKobayashi divided each key into five levels and set some criteria to rise from one level to the next.Kobayashi offers the steps to reach the final level gradually rather than attempting to directly reach the top.

20 Keys to workplace improvementKobayashi presents a radar graphic to show the evolution of the factoryThe scoring of each key is represented.

Kobayashi recommends to improve all the keys equally.In the radar graphic, the factorys scoring will grow concentrically.

Overall Equipment EfficiencyTo improve the productivity of production equipment Nakajima summarized the main time losses for equipment based on the value of three activities.Available work time -> Calendar time.Fixed time for planned stops -> Preventive maintenance, operators break.The rest of the time is considered load time.

Overall Equipment EfficiencySix main causes that reduce valid operation time.Breakdowns.The time that the machine is stopped by repairs.Setup and changeovers.Corresponds to the change time between models, or between products of the same model.Idling and minor stoppage.Loss time caused by the processes randomness or by the worker-machine cycle complexity.Reduced speed.Caused by the wear of components.Defects and reworks.Low quality products.Starting losses.Machine produces defects until it reaches the operation steady state.

Overall Equipment EfficiencyThese six main losses are grouped.

Overall Equipment EfficiencyThe previous grouped losses define three basic indicator.Availability, performance and quality.Overall Equipment Efficiency (OEE) = A P Q

Overall Equipment EfficiencyObjectives predicted for each indicator by Nakajima.More than 90% in the availability.More than 95% in the rate of performance.More than 99% in the rate of quality.The main advantage of the implementation of these rates is that they can show how the improvements carried out affect directly the equipment efficiency.

Overall Equipment Efficiency

Other Tools Visual FactoryError ProofingQuick Change-overTotal Productive Maintenance

5S ProgramsSeiri (sort, necessary items)Seiton (set-in-order, efficient placement)Seison (sweep, cleanliness)Seiketsu (standardize, cont. improvement)Shitsuke (sustain, discipline)

Visual Factory Ability to understand the status of a production area in 5 minutes or less by simple observation without use of computers or speaking to anyone.5-S1SSift and Sort (Organize)2SStabilize (Orderliness)3SShine(Cleanliness)4SStandardize(Adherence)5SSustain(Self-discipline)

Questions?

The focus here is on the trends towards smaller lot sizes, more frequent change over and higher flexibility required today.There is no good reference here. The web site is not operational at this time. Hopefully by August 2002, the introductory chapter will be available. Time & Motion studies - Fredrick Taylor Interchangeable parts - Eli Whitney Term lean coined by John Krafcik, one of the research members on Jim Womacks MIT team for the 5 year study.