IDM for LCC, Energy analysis and Service Life Planning (FM ... · IDM for LCC, Energy and Service...

Deliverable D5-D7 EIE/06/154/SI2.447798

IDM for LCC, Energy and Service Life Planning LCC-DATA

LCC-DATA-WP2-D5-D7-DSINTEF-IDM LCC-energy-FM.doc Page 1 of 85

Executive Agency for Competitiveness and Innovation

(EACI)

LCC-DATA Life-Cycle-Costs in the Planning Process. Constructing Energy

Efficient Buildings taking running costs into account

Grant Agreement EIE/06/154/SI2.447798

IDM for LCC, Energy analysis and Service Life Planning (FM) – draft open standard

Document ID: LCC-DATA-WP2-SINTEF-D5-D7 IDM LCC-Energy-FM

Authors: Dag Fjeld Edvardsen, Guri Krigsvoll, SINTEF, Jeffrey Wix, AEC3

Status: Finalised

Distribution: All partners, CO

Issue date: 31/05/2009

The sole responsibility for the content of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.




Table of Content 1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 4

2 Purpose and scope....................................................................................................... 4

3 Information Delivery manuals - IDMs ....................................................................... 6

4 IDM for Life Cycle Costing........................................................................................ 8

4.1 Process Model..................................................................................................... 8

4.1.1 Exchange requirements for cost modelling – projects costs..................... 12

4.1.2 Exchange requirements for life cycle cost modelling............................... 12

4.2 Exchange requirements LCC “order of magnitude”......................................... 13

4.2.1 Overview................................................................................................... 13

4.2.2 Specification of Decision Point Gateways................................................ 14

4.2.3 Exchange Requirements for Design to LCC Calculation ......................... 15

4.3 Exchange requirements LCC “Approximate Estimate” ................................... 17

4.3.1 Overview................................................................................................... 17


4.3.3 Exchange Requirements for Design to LCC Calculation ......................... 20

4.4 Formulas for LCC calculation .......................................................................... 23

4.4.1 Real rate of interest ................................................................................... 23

4.4.2 Net present value....................................................................................... 24

4.4.3 Annuity ..................................................................................................... 24

4.4.4 Net present value calculations and the annuity cost factor ....................... 25

5 IDM for energy calculations ..................................................................................... 25

5.1 Process Model................................................................................................... 25

5.1.1 Overview................................................................................................... 25

5.1.2 Specification of the Process ...................................................................... 25


5.2 Exchange Requirements for Design to Energy Calculation ............................. 28

5.2.1 Overview................................................................................................... 28

5.2.2 Exchange Requirements for Design to Energy Calculation ..................... 28

5.3 Exchange Requirements for Energy Calculation to Design ............................. 35

5.3.1 Overview................................................................................................... 35

5.3.2 Exchange Requirements Energy Calculation to Design ........................... 35




5.4 Formulas for energy calculation ....................................................................... 35

6 IDM Service life planning ........................................................................................ 43

6.1 Process maps..................................................................................................... 43

6.1.1 Overview................................................................................................... 43

6.1.2 Specification of Processes......................................................................... 47

6.1.3 Specification of Data Objects ................................................................... 51

6.1.4 Coordination Point Gateways ................................................................... 62

6.2 Exchange Requirement – Service Life (Design) .............................................. 63

6.2.1 Scope......................................................................................................... 63

6.2.2 General Description .................................................................................. 63

6.2.3 Information Requirements ........................................................................ 65

6.3 Exchange Requirement – Service Life (Reference).......................................... 67

6.3.1 Scope......................................................................................................... 68


6.3.3 Information Description............................................................................ 69

6.4 Information Requirements ................................................................................ 69

6.4.1 Preconditions............................................................................................. 69

6.4.2 Object Selection ........................................................................................ 69

6.5 Exchange Requirement – Service Life (Estimated).......................................... 73

6.5.1 Scope......................................................................................................... 73


6.5.3 Information Description............................................................................ 75


6.6.1 Preconditions............................................................................................. 76


6.7 Exchange Requirement – Service Life (Residual)............................................ 81

6.7.1 Scope......................................................................................................... 81



6.8.1 Preconditions............................................................................................. 82





1 Introduction The purpose of this report is to describe and demonstrate how Building Smart technology can be used in decision making and Life Cycle Thinking in Facility Management and building projects, and to provide Information Delivery Manual (IDM) for Life Cycle Costing, Energy calculations, and Service Life Planning (SLP) as part of the facility management.

An IDM is a description of what information should be transferred between which actors, how this transfer should take place, and when it should happen.

The IDMs presented here can be used as a basis for an understanding/contract between actors, possible adjusted in order to fulfil local needs. It provides program developers with information about how data can be exchanged, and it gives modellers a guideline to what information should exist in the Building Information Model (BIM) at what time.

The Life Cycle Cost Modelling is based on Cost modelling in general, having more input than the cost modelling of the project costs or investments.

2 Purpose and scope The purpose of this deliverable is to describe the processes and information to be transferred between partners, and in this sense also between ICT tools, in a planning and decision making process. The 3 processes are shown in Figure 1.

Figure 1 Processes in planning and decision making – life cycle costing

CostData base

Energycalculations

Servicelife planning

LCC

CostData base

Energycalculations

Servicelife planning

LCC

Maintenance intervals, service life

Energy demand




LCC in early design phase will not necessary need information from the other activities, but the more detailed calculations and analysis that are required, more information from the building information model is needed. Some examples are given in Figure 2

Figure 2 Information in the building information model BIM

Life Cycle Costing used as decision support gives a process where the results are used for different decision throughout the planning process (stages described in Chapter 3). The results might be used to change the design or technical solutions, but also to change the requirements when the costs of fulfilling the requirements are higher than the willingness to pay.




LCC analysis

Energycalculations

Earlydesign

Improveddesign

LCC phase 1LCCKey number

OK?Userrequirement

NO

Yes LCC phase 2OK?

NO

Yes

Improved, detaileddesign

Energycalculations

LCC detailed

LCCKey number

Real costs

Figure 3 Flow diagram fro LCCA

3 Information Delivery manuals - IDMs IDM captures (and progressively integrates) business process whilst at the same time providing detailed specifications of the information that a user fulfilling a particular role would need to provide at a particular point within a project. The standard stages used in IDMs, compared to stages in the process, are shown in Figure 4. To further support the user information exchange requirements specification, IDM also proposes a set of modular model functions that can be reused in the development of support for further user requirements.




Figure 4 Standard Stages in IDM and HOAI 1Stages

An IDM is a document set which describes the information need seen from different domains. For each of these domains the information need is described from a process view in a Process Map (PM). Each of the processes are associated with a stage in a selected Reference Process (RP) allowing the complete information need to be described for all phases in a project.

Each process, sub process or task identified will reference an Exchange Requirement (ER) which describes both the information needed to execute the item as well as the the information expected produced, the result, from the task. For every information element identified in an Exchange Requirement a further reference is made to either another Exchange Requirement or a Functional Part (FP). A Functional Part is the most technical of the building blocks in the IDM Methodology, its purpose is to break down the understood and identified information elements to specific entities and attributes. Although the main target for FPs is people with a technical background or interest, some of the high level description might be interesting for users with high domain knowledge. An IDM will consist of:

Process Maps (PM)

Exchange Requirements (ER)

Functional Parts (FP) A Process Model (PM) describes the overall process in the context of a specific domain. Examples are Cost analysis, Structural engineering or Energy analysis, and the process flow for each such domain is modelled.

An Exchange Requirement describes the information needed by a business process to be executed as well as the information produced by the same business process. An exchange requirement attempts to break down these information requirements into concepts which can be easily understood. Each Exchange Requirements will be referenced by one or

1 HOAI stands for the "Honorarordnung für Architekten und Ingenieure" (i.e. Regulations on Architects' and Engineers' Fees or Guidance for Clients on Architects' and Engineers' Fees) applicable in Germany.




more Process Map(s) (PM(s)) and normally an ER will be identified through the description of a PM.

The purpose of a functional part is to describe the actions that are carried out within a business process to provide the output information. A functional part is concerned with a particular unit information within an exchange requirement. For instance, to exchange a building model, it is first necessary to model the walls, windows, doors, slab, roof etc. The action of modelling each of these elements is described within a functional part.

The information described in a functional part may be of a general nature. In this case, a functional part may be used by a number of exchange requirements. That is, functional parts are reusable. Examples of reusable functional parts are those dealing with relationships (such as applying a classification to an element) or those dealing with geometric shape representation. Where a functional part is reusable, specific detail that customizes its use within an exchange requirement is given within that exchange requirement. For example:

geometric shape representations are identified by type (bounding box, boundary representation etc.)

a reusable functional part specifying shape representation generally cannot be specific about the type of shape representation that may be used

an exchange requirement may require an element to have a shape representation of a particular type

the exhange requirement defines the value that should be assigned to the geometric shape representation identifier

Functional parts describe an action in close detail. Whereas an exchange requirement describes information in non technical detail, functional parts describe the use of every entity, every attribute, every property set and every property concerned. Because of the detail included, functional parts can also be broken down into other functional parts. That is, a functional part may call on the services of other functional parts in the same way as exchange requirements.

4 IDM for Life Cycle Costing

4.1 Process Model Cost modelling, in this sense meaning both investment/construction costs and life cycle costs, is a process that attempts to bring design and price together. It has the objective of controlling costs, not just to measure them. Cost modelling therefore is defined to be the assessment and control of cost prior to the availability of knowledge of the element content of a project.

The role of the cost modeller is to facilitate the design process by systematic application of cost criteria so as to maintain a sensible and economic relationship between cost, quantity, utility and appearance which thus helps in achieving the client’s requirements within an agreed budget. It commences when little is known about the project other than




the client’s requirements, and hence it’s overall size, probable location and type (or intent).

Cost modelling is undertaken progressively throughout the design and construction of a project and makes use of the information that is available at the time. It starts at the earliest stage when information may be available only about the type of building required together with its expected overall size and location. As more detail is added to the design, cost modelling can be refined based on area measurement of spaces until estimates can be developed based on complete knowledge of the elements to be incorporated within the project.

Five cost modelling stages (Figure 5) are considered for the purposes of developing exchange requirements.

Figure 5 Cost Modelling stages

The diagram in Figure 6 simulates the progressive refinement of information about a project from the initial stage where all that is known is that a facility is required, through determining the type of facility, decisions on building construction such as type of structure, type of servicing and then on to the detail of the elements that will be used in building the facility such as the individual wall types, structural element types etc.

The diagram then also illustrates on what level the costs can be determined, from key numbers on building level, to detailed costs on element level. Some cost will always be on building level (energy use, insurance etc), even though the detailed information about the building is determining the costs.

Other costs, as cleaning, might be on space or room level, as a combination of quality required and materials chosen.

Other costs again, as maintenance, can be on very detailed level, and then aggregated to higher level.

Order of Magnitude

Preliminary Appraisal

Approximate Estimate

Detailed Estimate

Actual Cost

CM stage 5 CM stage 2 CM stage 1 CM stage 3 CM stage 4




Figure 6

From this simulation, the level of detail for costing for each of the cost modelling stages can thus be identified:

Order of Magnitude. ‘Objects’ may be limited to just a ‘building’ or ‘civil engineering works’ of a ‘type’ in a ‘location’ and the cost required is an overall budget value broken down into these major parts (e.g. external works, preliminaries and contingencies). The cost in use stage and for demolitions/end of life can then be key number of the same magnitude.

Preliminary Appraisal. ‘Objects’ may be ‘elements’ of a particular ‘material’ and ‘configuration’ of building shape with broad specification and the cost required is still an overall value but broken down into the elements of the construction project. A ‘configuration’ of building ‘shape’ means element unit quantities (EUQs) or measures

Requirements for a Project from the Organisation's Strategic Business Need

Facility

Building Type (New/Refurbish)

Super-

structure

Services Sub-structure

Sheet cladding

Cavity

wall

Curtain

wall

Internal walls and partitions

External walls Frame

SteelworkIn-situ

concretePre-cast concrete

Cavity Facing

BlockworkColumn Beam Connection

Parameters that will influence cost

Unit Rates at different levelsSite

Time

Risks

Type of contract

Type of client

Specification

Quality Standard

below this line is a Whole Building Classification Level

below this line is a Group Element Classification Level

Project organization

Location

Legal framework

Labor/skill availability

Staff availability etc.

below this line is an Element Classification Level

t




of shape, such as wall to floor ratios etc. from which EUQs can be derived. When more exact information is available, also the use stage costs can be modified. Energy costs can be determined by use of energy demand calculations.

Approximate Estimate. ‘Objects’ may be ‘elements’ that comprise a further collection of other ‘component objects’ of a particular ‘standard’ (or sub-elements). The cost required is still an overall value broken down into elements but with more detailed evidence of how that value has been deduced through detailed costs of the elemental parts of the project. On this level alternatives in technical solutions may be used for determine the differences in Life Cycle Costs.

Detailed Estimate. ‘Objects’ are as for the approximate estimate but possibly measured in more detail or with added ‘attributes’ such as ‘construction process’ which provides the basis of more accurate costing of the elemental parts of the project. When materials and solutions are chosen, the differences in maintenance scenarios can make basis for more exact life cycle costs.

Actual Cost. Objects’ are as for the detailed estimate but are measured from their incorporation into the project. Both actual costs and detail estimates for objects may be maintained so as to provide an immediate comparison of expected and realized construction. When the as built situation is known, Life Cycle Costs can be recalculated giving basis for cost bearing rent or also for support in future Facility Management.

For construction, the cost modelling stages above are expected to be approximately mapped to specific project stages according to the table below:

CP Stage

Name Project Stage

Name

2 Outline Feasibility 1 Order of Magnitude

3 Substantive Feasibility

2 Preliminary Appraisal 4 Outline conceptual design

3 Approximate Estimate 5 Full conceptual design

6 Coordinated design and procurement

4 Detailed Estimate

7 Production information

5 Actual Cost 8 Construction Information

Stage 9: Operation and Maintenance

Cost modelling may also be carried out at the operating and maintenance stage of a project. Here, the cost model is about how much maintenance is expected to cost as opposed to how much construction is expected to cost.

It is anticipated that a maintenance plan and schedule is in place that defines the objects to be maintained and the maintenance processes to be executed upon them. Therefore, the object level breakdown is broadly equivalent to that of the quotation. It is however likely




that different object grouping will be used so that cost modelling may be related to assets as well as components.

The equivalent exchange requirements that would be used for operation and maintenance are:

Pre-construction estimate Planned maintenance cost

Final Account Cost of completed maintenance

4.1.1 Exchange requirements for cost modelling – projects costs These requirements are earlier described by IAI international.

er_exchange_cost_model (order_of_magnitude) er_exchange_cost_model (preliminary_appraisal)

er_exchange_cost_model (approximate_estimate) er_exchange_cost_model (preconstruction_estimate)

er_exchange_cost_model (request_for_quotation)

er_exchange_cost_model (quotation)

er_exchange_cost_model (claim_estimate)

er_exchange_cost_model (variation_estimate)

er_exchange_cost_model (final_account)

4.1.2 Exchange requirements for life cycle cost modelling The exchange requirements are based on ER for cost modelling, but new requirements are set. Task Scenario Identify Object Building is a type of commercial office block on a particular site for a specific client.

Site has an urban location (i.e. not located in a city center but within a developed area with good connections to the center).

Quantify Elements The method of measurement would be 1 unit of each building and the site cost, with a time perspective, or could be formulated as functional equivalent according to CEN TC350.

Calculate Life Cycle Costs

The method of life cycle cost calculation would be € (or other currency) per building Calculations would be based on available knowledge of e.g. similar types of buildings in equivalent locations – key numbers. Factors applied to cost might be in terms of time change (when built), building quality, location, legal requirements, risk factors, type of client, organisation of project team etc.

Summarise Costs Cost is summarised into relevant cost categories, as defined in deliverable 4.

It is assumed that a building information model is used in the planning and design, and that information should be transferred between the BIM and calculation tools, data bases, etc.




For the early design stage the modelling stages 1-3 are of highest interest, and stage 1 and 3 is used in the exchange requirements in this IDM. For the more detailed stages, it would more recommended to make several Exchange Requirements, one for each main building part (or installation) emphasising maintenance cost, in addition to those on building level (energy cost, cleaning- room by room etc). For maintenance cost, the IDM in chapter 6, will give information about service life and/or replacement intervals.

4.2 Exchange requirements LCC “order of magnitude”

4.2.1 Overview The scope of this exchange requirement is life cycle cost modelling stage 1 – Order of Magnitude. An example scenario for this stage is shown in the table below:

Concept Design BIM Complete

Type Initial pre-Concept BIM

Documentation It is assumed that on this stage more or less only the client’s requirements; type of building, quality, use etc is described. The physical building is not described.

The specific information required is listed in the Exchange Requirements

In addition to information from the BIM, the LCC calculations need cost information. This can at this stage be key number, and a task for asking for this number, and transferring them to the LCC calculator have to be added.

Prepare and adjust BIM for LCC Analysis

Type Task

Documentation In this task the BIM is passed to the relevant actor in order to prepare the BIM for LCC calculation. The intention is to add all required (and possibly some data tagged optional) so that the LCC calculation can be done with the desired precision.

Request for Cost

Type Task

Documentation When it has been prepared, a request for specific costs is sent to the cost data base.

Exporting BIM for LCC Analysis




Type Task

Documentation When it has been prepared, the BIM is exported to IFC for LCC analysis. All the required exchange requirements in ER Concept to LCC Calculation are supposed to be met.

Validate BIM for LCC Analysis

Type Task

Documentation When the LCC calculator has received the BIM it will be validated so that it is known that it contains all the required information ref. ER Concept to LCC Calculation.

Calculate LCC Performance

Type Task

Documentation The exact calculation of LCC performance is outside the scope of this IDM, but in order to provide context most of the formulas and an explanation of their content are provided at the end of the chapter.

Write results to BIM

Type Task

Documentation The LCC calculator will write information into the BIM in accordance with

ER_Results_of_LCC analysis.

In addition to this exchange requirement the LCC calculator can provide an url for the client where it is possible to download an LCC report regarding LCC performance of the building

4.2.2 Specification of Decision Point Gateways Validate BIM for LCC Analysis Type Decision Point

Documentation In this decision point the LCC calculator decides if the provided BIM contains all the relevant data so that an LCC calculation can be done. The BIM has to satisfy all the exchange requirements. Exactly how this is done is outside of the scope for this IDM, but the LCC calculator can potentially take advantage of software to do this validation.

If the BIM does satisfy the requirements the LCC calculation can be




done, if not a message is sent back to the design team with information about what information that has to be added to the BIM.

Review LCC Results Type Decision Point

Documentation In this decision point the LCC performance of the building is compared with the requirements in the client’s brief and the targets set for the building.

If the BIM does not perform well enough a message is sent to the back to the design team that the design has to be adjusted to that the LCC performance of the building improves, and in parallel message goes to the client that the requirements or budget have to be evaluated.

If the performance is satisfactory the details about the LCC performance of the building is written back to the BIM.

4.2.3 Exchange Requirements for Design to LCC Calculation Name Exchange of Design to LCC Calculaton

Identifier ER_Design_to_LCC_Analysis

4.2.3.1 Overview The purpose of this exchange requirement is to exchange information about the building and other information relating to the calculation of LCC performance in CM1, including the performance targets. If possible the information should be standardized using IFD (“ISO 12006-3 compatible ontology”).

4.2.3.2 Exchange Requirements for Design to LCC Calculation Type of info Information Required Optional Data Type Units

Project Informal id x String n/a

Guid x guid n/a

Client x string n/a

Modeller x string n/a

Site Address x string n/a

Building Informal id x string n/a

guid x guid n/a

Description x string n/a

Functional x string n/a




classification

Area x string m2

Economy Calculation rate

x string %

Calculation period

x string year

Construction project

Project start x string date

Project end x date

Costs2 Capital costs3 X € or €/m2

Administration costs

X €/m2

Operating costs

X €/m2

Maintenance costs

X €/m2

Development costs

X €/m2

Consumption costs

X €/m2

Cleaning costs

x €/m2

Service costs x €/m2

Quality4 Management x %

Operation X %

Energy X %

Cleaning X %

Maintenance X %

Owners responsibility5

Management x %

Operation X %

2 Costs according to proposed cost classification system 3 Can be key number or from the ER Cost modelling 4 Gives the user possibility to enter an assumes diversion from key numbers/statistic costs 5 Gives the possibilty to have the results divided in owner and users responsibility/costs




Energy X %

Cleaning X %

Maintenance X %

Replacement X %

Development X %

Service x %

Performance targets

Actual performance target

x string €

Performance target

x string €

4.2.3.3 Exchange Requirements for LCC Calculation to Design

4.2.3.3.1 Overview This ER describes the information transferred from the LCC calculator to design.

4.2.3.3.2 Exchange Requirements LCC Calculation to Design Type of info Information Required Optional Data Type Units

Project identification X string n/a

guid X string n/a

Economy Estimated

LCC

X string €

URL for detailed LCC calculation report

x url n/a

4.3 Exchange requirements LCC “Approximate Estimate”

4.3.1 Overview The scope of this exchange requirement is cost modelling stage 3 – Approximate Estimate.

That is, the cost model is based on group elements within the building, each group having a typical unit cost basis. For instance, the following groups might have approximate estimate bases as shown:




Walls, slabs (floor, roof etc.) by area

Windows by item (per window)

Heating system by item (per heat emitter)

Air conditioning system by expected energy used in refrigeration

Structural system by weight of structural components From this energy demands can be calculated (see chapter 5)

An example scenario for this stage is shown in the table below: Task Scenario Identify Object The object of concern is to look at different types of building elements or technical

solution which have influence on the energy consumption. Quantify Elements The method of measurement would be sq.m. of cavity wall modified for cladding a

steel frame Calculate Costs The method of life cycle cost calculation would be annual costs in operation € (or

other currency) per square meter of building per.

Summarise Costs The total cost would be the total life cycle cost


Type Initial -Concept BIM

Documentation It is assumed the architect has specified the buildings design with all required buildings elements and space objects. In addition to this other information that is required for the life cycle cost calculation must also be present. For instance information directly related to the physical building, such as the area of exterior walls and surfaces for cleaning, has to be included. In addition information such as information about the buildings heat inertia must also be present.


In addition to information from the BIM, the LCC calculations need cost information. At this stage key numbers might not be satisfactory, but only used when no other information is available. This can at this stage be key number, and a task for asking for this number, and transferring them to the LCC calculator have to be added.

It is assumed that the cost modelling (project cost is done, and this costs are already in the BIM). It is also assumed that energy demand is calculated, and the costs of interest in the data base is then €/kWh.

Prepare and adjust BIM for LCC Analysis

Type Task

Documentation In this task the BIM is passed to the relevant actor in order to prepare




the BIM for LCC calculation.

The intention is to add all required (and possibly some data tagged optional) so that the LCC calculation can be done with the desired precision.

Request for Cost

Type Task

Documentation When it has been prepared, a request for specific costs is sent to the detailed cost data base.

Exporting BIM for LCC Analysis

Type Task

Documentation When it has been prepared, the BIM is exported to IFC for LCC analysis. All the required exchange requirements in ER Concept to LCC Calculation are supposed to be met.

Validate BIM for LCC Analysis

Type Task

Documentation When the LCC calculator has received the BIM it will be validated so that it is known that it contains all the required information ref. ER Concept to LCC Calculation.

Calculate LCC Performance

Type Task

Documentation The exact calculation of LCC performance is outside the scope of this IDM, but in order to provide context most of the formulas and an explanation of their content are provided at the end of the chapter.

Write results to BIM

Type Task

Documentation The LCC calculator will write information into the BIM in accordance with

ER_Results_of_LCC analysis.

In addition to this exchange requirement the LCC calculator can provide an url for the client where it is possible to download an LCC report regarding LCC performance of the building




4.3.2 Specification of Decision Point Gateways Validate BIM for LCC Analysis Type Decision Point

Documentation In this decision point the LCC calculator decides if the provided BIM contains all the relevant data so that an LCC calculation can be done. The BIM has to satisfy all the exchange requirements. Exactly how this is done is outside of the scope for this IDM, but the LCC calculator can potentially take advantage of software to do this validation.

If the BIM does satisfy the requirements the LCC calculation can be done, if not a message is sent back to the design team with information about what information that has to be added to the BIM.

Review LCC Results Type Decision Point

Documentation In this decision point the LCC performance of the building is compared with the requirements in the client’s brief and the targets set for the building.

If the BIM does not perform well enough a message is sent to the back to the design team that the design has to be adjusted to that the LCC performance of the building improves, and in parallel message goes to the client that the requirements or budget have to be evaluated.

If the performance is satisfactory the details about the LCC performance of the building is written back to the BIM.

4.3.3 Exchange Requirements for Design to LCC Calculation Name Exchange of Design to LCC Calculaton

Identifier ER_Design_to_LCC_Analysis

4.3.3.1 Overview The purpose of this exchange requirement is to exchange information about the site, the building, the use, the storeys, the building components and their relevant properties. In addition other information relating to the calculation of LCC performance has to be transferred, including the performance targets. If possible the information should be standardized using IFD (“ISO 12006-3 compatible ontology”).




4.3.3.2 Exchange Requirements for Design to LCC Calculation Type of info Information Required Optional Data

Type Units


Guid x guid n/a

Client x string n/a




guid x guid n/a


Functional classification

x string n/a

Gross Area x string m2

Economy Calculation rate x string %

Calculation period x string year

Construction project

Project start x string date

Project end x date

Building Information

Main material6

Cleaning areas7 m2

Area/volum/number of main components and building parts (walls, roof, windows, heating system…)

m2

Energy demand kWh

Water use m3

Waste Kg and/or

6 Used for insurance cost 7 Divided into different categories – material and quality required




m3

Use information

Number of users8

Type of user n/A

Cost information

Capital costs X

Administration costs X €/m2

Taxes X €/m2

Insurance X €/m2

Administration X €/m2

Operating costs X €/m2

Running cost X €/m2

Maintenance costs X €/m2

Maintenance costs for each main component/building part

€ and/or €/m2

Replacement costs for each main component/building part

€ and/or €/m2

Development costs €/m2

Consumption costs X €/m2

Energy costs9 X €/kWh

Water X €/m3

Waste10 x €/m2 and €/m3

Cleaning costs11 x €/m2

Service costs X

8 Used for calculating waste 9 List of costs for different energy carriers/energy sources 10 Divided into different categories 11 List of costs for cleaning of different surfaces – either as time used and personnel costs, or cost




Owners responsibility12

Management x %

Operation X %

Energy X %

Cleaning X %

Maintenance X %

Replacement X %

Development X %

Service x %

Performance targets


x string €

Performance target x string €

4.3.3.3 Exchange Requirements for Energy Calculation to Design

4.3.3.3.1 Overview

4.3.3.3.2 Exchange Requirements LCC Calculation to Design Type of info Information Required Optional Data Type Units

Project identification X string n/a

guid X string n/a

Economy Estimated

LCC

X string €

URL for detailed LCC calculation report

x url n/a

4.4 Formulas for LCC calculation

4.4.1 Real rate of interest When the quantities that enter into the calculations are based on a fixed monetary unit, the rate of interest will, by definition, be a real rate of interest. The real rate of interest is

12 Gives the possibilty to have the results divided in owner and users responsibility/costs




approximately equal to the difference between the nominal rate of interest and the rate of inflation. More precisely, the relationship between the real rate of interest and the nominal rate of interest is expressed with the formula

iir

r n

1

where rn is the nominal rate of interest – i is the rate of inflation – r is the real rate of interest

4.4.2 Net present value Amounts that stem from different dates can be compared when they are calculated in a fixed monetary unit. The standard usually indicates that the project’s date of completion should be used as the zero or present date. All costs are converted to net present value by means of a discounting factor.

The discounting factor is expressed as follows

ttr

-r)(1 )1(

1

where r is the rate of interest expressed in decimals – t is the number of years from the present date until the cost accrues

The project’s lifetime cost is the sum of the capital cost and the net present value of each individual year’s MOMD-costs (Management, Operation, Maintenance, and Development) plus the net present value of the residual cost, RT. This can be expressed as follows:

T

t

T

t

TT

tt

tt rRrFDVUrFaKK

1 1

0 1 1 1

where K0 is the project cost – Fat is the ground rent – t is the number of years from the date of completion – T is the functional lifetime – r is the rate of interest – MOMDt is the MOMD-costs for the individual year – RT is the residual cost at date T – -(1 + r) -' is the discounting factor

The value of the site is included in K0 if the site has been previously purchased or owned. The ground rent will then be set equal to zero.

4.4.3 Annuity The conversion of costs in the annual form is done individually by multiplying the net present value by an annuity cost factor (also called an annuity factor).




The annuity cost factor expresses how much must be paid each year over a period of time in order to pay interest on and pay off a loan of one monetary unit. The yearly amount that is required in order to pay interest on and pay off all of the costs incurred by the building during its functional lifetime is derived by multiplying the calculated net present value by the annuity cost factor.

The annuity cost factor, b, is expressed as

TT

T

tT

t

rr

rrr

rb

1

1 - 1

1 - 1 1

1

1

where r is the rate of interest expressed in decimals – T is the functional lifetime in number of years This formula can be derived from a series. The assumption underlying the formula is that all of the costs for the year are dated on the last day of the year (interest in arrears). It is customary to operate with a time period of one year.

4.4.4 Net present value calculations and the annuity cost factor The net present value of a series of payments of equal amount can be calculated by multiplying the fixed amount by the inverse of the annuity cost factor.

The net present value of a series of payments of varying amounts must be calculated by discounting each individual amount separately.

5 IDM for energy calculations

5.1 Process Model

5.1.1 Overview Energy calculation is needed in order to demonstrate and document the energy performance of a building. The calculation will show if the building designs energy performance is in line with the requirements and/or targets, and provide an estimate of the buildings energy performance in actual use.

5.1.2 Specification of the Process Design Phase Energy Calculation




Figure 1: Swim lanes for Energy Calculation


Type Initial Concept BIM

Documentation It is assumed the architect has specified the buildings design with all required buildings elements and space objects. In addition to this other information that is required for the energy calculation must also be present. For instance information directly related to the physical building, such as the area of exterior walls and the thermal values, has to be included. In addition information such as information about the buildings heat inertia must also be present.

The BIM should include information such as

The location of the building and the site, their elevation, and information about the direction of north.

Information about the building storey

Geometry (3D) of the building, including doors, windows, exterior walls, floors, roofs etc. For each of these building components thermal values are also required.


Prepare and adjust BIM for Energy Calculation [1.1]




Type Task

Documentation In this task the BIM is passed to the relevant designer in order to prepare the BIM for energy calculation. The intention is to add all required (and possibly some data tagged optional) so that the energy calculation can be done with the desired precision.

Exporting BIM for Analysis [1.2]

Type Task

Documentation When it has been prepared, the BIM is exported to IFC for energy analysis. All the required exchange requirements in ER Concept to Energy Calculation are supposed to be met.

Validate BIM for Energy Analysis [1.3]

Type Task

Documentation When the Energy calculator has received the BIM it will be validated so that it is known that it contains all the required information ref. ER Concept to Energy Calculation.

Calculate Energy Performance [1.4]

Type Task

Documentation The exact calculation of energy performance is outside the scope of this IDM, but in order to provide context most of the formulas and an explanation of their content are provided in Appendix I.

Write results to BIM [1.5]

Type Task

Documentation The energy calculator will write information into the BIM in accordance with

ER_Results_of_Energy analysis.

In addition to this exchange requirement the energy calculator can provide an url for the client where it is possible to download an energy report regarding energy performance of the building (typically containing two parts; one part with information about performance relating to the building codes, the other containing an estimate of the buildings energy performance in actual use).




5.1.3 Specification of Decision Point Gateways Validate BIM for Energy Analysis Type Decision Point

Documentation In this decision point the energy calculator decides if the provided BIM contains all the relevant data so that an energy calculation can be done. The BIM has to satisfy all the exchange requirements. Exactly how this is done is outside of the scope for this IDM, but the energy calculator can potentially take advantage of software to do this validation.

If the BIM does satisfy the requirements the energy calculation can be done, if not a message is sent back to the design team with information about what information that has to be added to the BIM.

Review Energy Results Type Decision Point

Documentation In this decision point the energy performance of the building is compared with the requirements in the building code and the targets set for the building.

If the BIM does not perform well enough a message is sent to the back to the design team that the design has to be adjusted to that the energy performance of the building improves. If the performance is satisfactory the details about the energy performance of the building is written back to the BIM.

5.2 Exchange Requirements for Design to Energy Calculation Name Exchange of Design to Energy Calculaton

Identifier ER_Design_to_Energy_Analysis

5.2.1 Overview The purpose of this exchange requirement is to exchange information about the site, the building, the storeys, the building components and their relevant properties. In addition other information relating to the calculation of energy performance has to be transferred, including the performance targets. If possible the information should be standardized using IFD (“ISO 12006-3 compatible ontology”).

5.2.2 Exchange Requirements for Design to Energy Calculation Type of info Information Required Optional Data Type Units





Guid x guid n/a

Client x string n/a



Longitude and latitude

x two triplets degrees, minutes, seconds

Site elevation x real m


guid x guid n/a



x string n/a

Location rel. to site origin

x two triplets degrees, minutes, seconds

Orientation (clockwise deviation from true north)

x real angular degrees

Building height

x real m

the volume of heated air

x real m3

Building storey

Informal identification

x string n/a

Guid x guid n/a


Elevation (rel. to building datum)

x real m

Building story height

x real m




Building storey perimeter

x real m

Building Storey Gross Area

x real m2

Space Informal identification

x string n/a

Guid x guid n/a



x string n/a

Inside or outside space (inside = true)

x boolean n/a

Space height x real m

Space gross perimeter

x real m

Space net perimeter

x real m

Space Finished Ceiling Height

x real m

Space Finished Floor Height

x real m

Space Gross Floor Area

x real m2

Space Net Floor Area

x real m2

Space Net Volume

x real m3

Wall Informal description

x string n/a

Guid x guid n/a

Area x real m2




U-value x real W/m2K


x boolean n/a

Door Informal description

x string n/a

Guid x guid n/a

Area x real m2



x boolean n/a

Total area including lining and frame

x real m2

Area of only lining and frame

x real m2

Floor Informal description

x string n/a

Guid x guid n/a

Area x real m2



x boolean n/a

Roof Informal description

x String n/a

Guid x Guid n/a

Area x real m2


Inside or outside space (inside =

x boolean n/a




true)

Window Informal description

x String n/a

Guid x Guid n/a

Area x real m2



x boolean n/a

Total area including lining and frame

x real m2

Area of only lining and frame

x real m2

The effective window area for supply of energy from the sun

x real m2

Thermal bridge

Informal description

x string n/a

Guid x guid n/a

Length x real m

U-value x real W/mK

Zone Description x String n/a

Guid x guid n/a

Relating components

x array of guids

n/a

air-to-air heat recovery device

Heated part of floor area served by one air-to-air heat recovery device

x real m2

Effect of x real kw




supply air fan before the heat recylcler

Effect of supply air fan after the heat recylcler

x real kw

The temperature efficiency of the heat recycler

electrical appliance

Specific average heat supply

x n/a w/m2

light source specific average heat supply

x n/a w/m2

Ventilation system

The quantity of added air in the mechanical ventilation system

x real m3/h

The quantity of removed air in the mechanical ventilation system

x real m3/h

The average amount of ventilation air

x real m3/h

Ventilated zone

the average amount of ventilation air

x real m3/h

The number of hours in the month outside business hours

x real h




The number of hours in the month inside business hours

x real h

The average ventilated air quantity in business hours

x real m3/h

The average ventilated air quantity outside business hours

x real m3/h

Energy systems

Share of delivered energy as oil

x real percentage

Share of delivered energy as gas

x real percentage

Share of delivered energy as remote heating

x real percentage

Share of delivered energy as bio fuels

x real percentage

Share of delivered energy through other energy carriers

x real percentage

Performance targets


x string n/a




Performance target

x string n/a

5.3 Exchange Requirements for Energy Calculation to Design

5.3.1 Overview

5.3.2 Exchange Requirements Energy Calculation to Design Type of info Information Required Optional Data Type Units

Project identification x string n/a

guid x string n/a

Estimated

actual performance

x string n/a

Estimated

performance calculated according to building codes

x string n/a

URL for detailed energy calculation report

x url n/a

5.4 Formulas for energy calculation The formulas in this chapther are according to Norwegian Standard NS 3031.

The heat transport coefficient is calculated as

(1) infHHHHHH vgUD

where

HD = direct heat transmission loss to outside air (W/K)

HD = heat transmission loss to outside air (W/K)

Hg = heat loss to the ground (W/K), calculated by 6.1.1.1.3

HV = heat loss caused by ventilation (W/K)




Hinf = heat loss caused by infiltration (W/K)

The Thermal loss number is calculated by:

(2) flA

HH '' [W/(m2*K)]

where

Afl is the heated part of the gross floor area, in m2.

H is the heat transport coefficient calculated by (1), in W/K

The need for heating in month i is calculated by:

(3) igniHiIsHindH QQQ ,,,,,, [kWh]

The degree of efficiency is specified as:

(4)

1;1

1;1

1;11

,,

,

,1,

,

,

iHiH

iHH

H

iHaiH

aiH

iH

if

ifa

a

ifH

H

Where iH , is the relation between heat supply and heat loss defined by:

(5) iIsH

igniH Q

Q

,,

,,

The dimensionless factor for a building’s heat inertia (in heating mode) is given by:

(6) 16

1 Ha

The time constant is defined as:

(7) H

ACH

A

HC flj

jj ''

[h]

Where

Afl is the heated share of gross floor area, in m2




Aj is the area of non-transparant element j, in m2 C is the buildings total heat capacity, in Wh/K

C’’ is the buildings normalized heat capacity, in Wh/(m2*K). Values for C’’ is defined in table B.4 in the standard.

H is the buildings heat transport coefficient, in W/K

j is the effective heat capacity for element j, in Wh/(m2*K), determined by the rules

in NS-EN ISO 13786.

Total heat loss for month i is calculated as.

(8) igiieHsetVUDiIsH QtHHHHQ ,,,inf,, [kWh] Where

HD is the direct heat loss caused by transmission to the ouside, calculated below

HU is the heat transmission loss to zones without heating, in W/K, calculated below

HV is the heat loss caused by ventilation, in W/K, calculated below

Hinf is the heat loss caused by infiltration, in W/K, calculated below

ti is the number of hours per month divided by 1000 for recalculating into kWh

Qg,i is the heat loss through the ground for month i, in kWh, calculated below

iset , is the fixed point temperature for heating, in ºC

ie, is the average outside temperature for month i, in ºC

The effect of intermittent heating (night- and weekend based lowering of the temperature) can be calculated from the standard.

Calculation of heat loss through building components facing the outside climate (9) [W/K]

kkk

iiiD lAUH

Where

Ai is the area of the element (building component) calculated as internal area, in m2. For windows the total window area is to be used, including the area of the lining / frame.

lk the length of a linear thermal bridge, k, in meters. Ui is the heat transmission coefficient for non-transparant elements (building

components), i, as measured according to NS-EN ISO 8990 or calculated by NS-




EN ISO 6946, in W/(m2*K). For windows (transparent elements) the thermal coefficient is to be calculated based on the standard.

k is the thermal bridge value for thermal bridge, k, calculated based on internal area, in W/(m*K).

Thermal bridges are to be calculated based on NS-EN ISO 10211. Alternatively the thermal bridge element in (9) can as a simplification be calculated as:

(10) [W/K] flk

kk Al ''

where

Afl is the heated part of gross floor area

'' is the normalized thermal bridge value, in W(m2*K). Values for '' are listed in table A.4 in the standard.

Calculation of heat loss through building components facing unheated zones Specific heat losses for elements facing unheated rooms/zones are calculated as:

(11) [W/K]

i kkkiiU lAUbH

where

b is the heat loss factor for reduced heat transportation caused by the unheated room/section, given by:

(12) ueiu

ue

HHHb

where

Hiu is the heat transport coefficient between the heated part of the building and the unheated zone, in W/K

Hue is the heat transport coefficient between the unheated part of the building and the outside, in W/K

When doing a simplified calculation the approximated values for the heat loss coefficient, b, is provided in the standard.

Calculation of heat transportation through ventilation The heat loss coefficient for ventilation is calculated as




(24) [W/K] TV VH 133.0 where

V is the average amount of ventilation air, in m3/h

T is the temperature efficiency of the heat recycler. The standard gives definition and formulas for calculation.

Notice that the number 0.33 the airs heat capacity per volume unit, in Wh(m3*K)

Average ventilated air amount is calculated by:

(25) redon

redredonon

ttVtVtV

[m3/h]

Where

ton is the number of hours in the month in business hours

toff is the number of hours in the month outside business hours

onV is the average ventilated air quantity in business hours, in m3/h

offV is the average ventilated air quantity outside business hours, in m3/h

Standardized values for the variables in the nominator on the right hand side are given in the standard, as are the lowest allowed air quantities used for control calculations against governmental requirements.

Calculation of heat transportation through infiltration The heat transportation coefficient for infiltration is calculated as:

(26) [W/K] VnHV inf33.0

The change of air through infiltration is calculated as.

(27) 2

50

21

50inf

1

VnVV

ef

enn

[h-1]

where

e,f is the terrain shielding coefficients. Standardized values are given by table A.5, and guiding values are given in the standard

n50 is the leakage number at 50 Pa [h-1]. Guiding values are given in the standard .

V is the volume of heated air, in m3, calculated according to the standard.

1V is the quantity of added air in the mechanical ventilation system, in m3/h.




2V is the quantity of removed air in the mechanical ventilation system, in m3/h.

For existing buildings the leakage number can be measured according to NS-EN 13829. Infiltration can alternatively be calculated by NS-EN 15242.

Supplied heat

The heat supplied for month i can be calculated as:

(28) [kWh] iisolign QQQ int,,,

Heat supplied from the sun Heat supplied from the sun in month i can be calculated as:

(29) [kWh] SSisoliisol FAItQ ,,where

ti is the number of hours per month divided by 1000 for calculation into kWh

Isol,i is the monthly average of sunbeam flux against the windows, in W/m2.

AS is the effective window area for supply of energy from the sun, in m2.

FS is the sunscreen factor for external sun screening from the horizon, nearby buildings and vegetation. This is to be calculated based on the standard.

Effective window area for supply from the sun, AS, is calculated as:

(30) FtWS FgAA 1 [ m2] where

AW is the window area including the frame and lining, in m2.

FF is the frame and lining percentage, that is he part of the windows area that is non-transparent.

tg is the sun factor for a combination of the class and the artificial solar screen, as an average for the month.

For control calculation against governmental requirements numbers in the standard is to be used.

Internal heat supply Internal heat supply in month i is calculated this way:

(31) flfanperutslysii AqqqqtQ ''''''''int, [kWh] Where




ti the number of hours in the month divided by 1000 for calculating into kWh

q’’lys the specific average heat supply from illumination, in W/m2.

q’’uts the specific average heat supply from appliances, in W/m2.

q’’per the specific average heat supply from people, in W/m2.

q’’fan the specific average heat supply from fans, in W/m2.

Values for q’’lys,q’’uts and q’’per is available in the standard.

It is assumed that 100% of the energy used for illumination and appliances is transformed into heat in the buildings heated area. The exception is for small houses and block of flats where is assumed that this number is 60%.

The heat loss from fans is calculated as:

(32) q’’fan =

fl

TT

fl

TT

AV

APPP 321321 133.011000

[W/m2]

Where

Afl is the heated part of the gross floor area, in m2.

P1,2,3 is the effect of fans independent of the placement of the ventilation aggregate. P1 is supply air to the heat recycler; P2 is supply air after the heat recycler; P3 is the exhaust air fan before the heat recycler, in kW.

Energy demand for cooling (33) ilsCiCignindC QQQ ,,,,,, [kWh]

Yearly demand for cooling, QC,nd, is calculated by summing over all months in the year.

The efficiency factor is

(34)

0;1

1;1

10;1

1

,

,

,,)1(,

,

,

iC

iCC

C

iCiCaiC

aiC

iC

if

ifa

a

andifC

C

where

iC , is the relation between supplied heat and heat loss defined as




(35) ilsC

igniC Q

Q

,,

,,

Factor (without dimension) for the buildings thermal inertia (in cooling mode) is:

(36) 15

1 Ca

where is the time constant for the building from equation (7)

Energy demand for hot water The yearly demand for heating of water, , follows from Table A.1 in the standard. ndWQ ,

Yearly energy demand from fans:

(37) 3600

,,,

rediredredoniononifan

tSFPVtSFPVE

[kWh]

Where

ti,on is the number of business hours in month i, in h; ti,red is the number of hours outside business hours in month i, in h; SFPon is the specific fan efficiency relative to the air quantity in business hours, in kW/(m3/s)

SFPoff is the specific fan efficiency relative to the air quantity in business hours, in kW/(m3/s)

onV is the air quantity in the business hours, in m3/h

offV is the air quantity outside of business hours, in m3/h

Business hours are defined in the standard, as is guiding values for calculating the efficiency of fans.

Yearly energy demands for pumps in water based heating, cooling, and hot water circulation is calculated as:

(38) drWp tSPPVE

where

WV is the circulated amount of water through the punk, in l/s

SPP is the specific pump effect, in kW/l/s tdr is the active hours per year for the pump, in h Calculation method for Ep and guiding values are available in the standard




Energy demand illumination is supplied by the standard

Energy demand for technical equipment is supplied by the standard

Energy demand for protection against freezing of the heat recycler is supplied by the standard

Energy demand for heat recycler is supplied by the standard Total yearly energy need and energy budget

(39) [kWh/year] 12

1,,,,,,, eqlpndWidefrostifanindCindHt EEEQEEQQE

where

i is the month (1=January, etc). QH,nd,i is the heating demand for month i, in kWh QC,nd,i is the cooling demand for month i, in kWh QW,nd,i is the energy demand for tap water in month i, in kWh Efan,i is the energy demand for fans in month i, in kWh Ep is the yearly energy demand for pumps, in kWh

EI is the yearly energy demand for illumination, in kWh

Eeq is the yearly energy demand for technical equipment, in kWh

Edefrost,i is the yearly energy demand for protection against freezing of the heat recycler, in kWh

6 IDM Service life planning

6.1 Process maps

6.1.1 Overview This process map document is about determining the service life of a type of product (during early design stages) and of occurrences of products of a particular type (during later design stages, construction and operation/maintenance).




The determination of service life is undertaken at various times during the design, construction and operation of a project. During the early design stages when product information is aggregated a level such as the whole building or as specifications of whole systems; it is only the design life of a product that can be determined. At the earliest design stages when only product occurrences may be defined, design life is estimated at the occurrence level. At later design stages, when individual products are located and these products may be designated by type, design life may be indicated for all occurrences at the type level. Similarly, when individual products are identified, it becomes possible to determine a reference service life when a manufacturer/supplier can be identified. As with design life, reference service life can be allocated to the product type level in many cases.

At later design stages and during construction, when the configuration and location of products has been fully established, it becomes possible to analyse the service life of products according to ‘in use’ conditions. These conditions can vary the reference service life depending on factors such as exposure to weather, aggressiveness of the local environment and other degrading (or upgrading) factors. The result of applying in-use conditions is to define an estimated service life which is simply the length of time of a product occurrence lifecycle.

Finally, the condition of a product occurrence may be checked from time to time during the operational stage. From the condition of the product, a residual service life can be assessed. If degradation is more than has been expected, the residual service life may be reduced to less than the value that might have been expected from the estimated service life.

For support in software, it is anticipated that all types of service life estimate may be available from within a single or a group of linked applications. This ‘service life planning view’. This can be seen quite simply in the view below in which the overall view definition for service life planning can be seen as comprising the four stages of service life specification each of which may be broken down further into functional areas of interest. Note that each specification stage is further elaborated as an exchange requirement.




6.1.2 Specification of Processes LANE: Service Life Planning

POOL: Service Life Planner

Request Design Life Data [ID:1]

Type Task || Send Task (Transaction)

Name Request Design Life Data

Documentation During the design stages of a project, the life cycle of elements or products that are to be incorporated within the project may be estimated. Initially, this will be the intended life expectancy of the element or product. The term element or product may cover everything from an individual product that may be purchased as an item to aggregations or groupings of products where it is appropriate to consider the life expectancy of the aggregation or grouping as a whole (as in a building storey or an engineering system). During design stages, and particularly during early design, it is anticipated that the design life (expectancy) will be determined from historical information. It is further expected that such historical information will be available through databases in which the collected historical information is stored. From the designers perspective then, having available the appropriate level of building model (according to the stage in the design process), the first requirement is to request design life information for the products or elements of interest. The request is for information about the various types of product used within the project and not about each individual instance of a product. Care needs to be exercised at the stage with the designation of types (which, however, are expected to be the same as the types used in design). For instance, all double blazed windows of a particular size and using a particular type of glass will probably be considered as being of the same type at this stage. However, the specification of type may be varied at a later design or project construction stage

Accept Design Life Data [ID:2]

Type Task || Receive Task (Transaction)

Name Accept Design Life Data

Documentation The design life information from the database that is accepted within the building information model




Propose Design Life [ID:3]


Name Propose Design Life

Documentation Proposes the Design Life data obtained for elements and products to the building information model

Request Reference Service Life Data[ID:4]


Name Request Reference Service Life Data

Documentation During the detailed design stages/production information stages of a project, a reference service is determined for the various products and aggregations/groupings used. Reference Service Life information provides information about the service life of a product as provided by the manufacturer or supplier. This is the service life that is known to be expected under a particular set, i.e., a reference set, of in-use conditions and which may form the basis of estimating the service life under other in-use conditions. This information is typically taken from an external database or external library reference. The database may be directly available from the manufacturer/supplier. In many cases however, it may also be available from an information broker. To determine the objects for which the reference service life is to be determined, a detailed building model is an initial requirement. This should enable both type and occurrence level information to be determined. For products, reference service life is expected to be determined at the type level. For aggregations such as systems, types do not exist and therefore service life is expected at the occurrence level. Reference service life is also determined according to a set of reference 'in use conditions'. Therefore product types may need to be further subdivided according to expected 'in use conditions'. Such subdivision may occur either at the point of determining reference service life or at the point of determining estimated service life

Accept Reference Service Life Data [ID:5]


Name Accept Reference Service Life Data

Documentation The reference service life information from the database that is accepted within the building information model




Calculate Reference Service Life [ID:6]

Type Task ||

Name Calculate Reference Service Life

Documentation From the Reference Service Life information provided, a reference service life value can be obtained. This uses a specific algorithm to take a basic Reference Service Life and apply the reference in use conditions to give the Reference Service Life value.

Request Object In-Use Parameters [ID:7]


Name Request Object In-Use Parameters

Documentation To determine the estimated service life of an object, the object in use parameters must be obtained. Typically, these are requested from the same source as the Reference Service Life but in this case, the effect of the estimated in use conditions impacts on the service life. This includes factors such as mechanical damage, air quality, environmental impacts and the like.

Accept Object In-Use Parameters [ID:8]


Name Accept Object In-Use Parameters

Documentation The object in-use parameters from the database that are accepted within the building information model.

Calculate Estimated Service Life [ID:9]

Type Task ||

Name Calculate Estimated Service Life

Documentation In this task, the Estimated Service Life is calculated using the Reference Service Life previously established, the reference and object specific in-use parameters determined for the objects concerned and the equation given in ISO 15686-8:2007: ESL = RSL * (Fa * Pa) * (Fb * Pb) * (Fc * Pc) * (Fd * Pd) * (Fe * Pe) * (Ff * Pf) *× (Fg * Pg) where:




- Fn represents each of the service life factors that can be applied - Pn represents the combination of reference in use parameters and object specific in use parameters that is applied to the factor. The bounded range of the Estimated Service Life giving the pessimistic and optimistic values is determined by applying te equation: ΔESL = ESL × √ ( (ΔRSL/RSL) 2 + (ΔA/A)2 + (ΔB/B)2 + (ΔC/C)2 + (ΔD/D)2 + (ΔE/E)2 + (ΔF/F)2 + (ΔG/G)2 ) Note that, according to ISO 15686-8:2007, in use parameters that have no effect on service life can be omitted from this equation.

Calculate Residual Service Life [ID:10]


Name Calculate Residual Service Life

Documentation The Residual Service Life is determined by checking the condition of of elements and products and determining from this the residual life. The details of how to establish residual life from condition information are not considered here. Note that the calculation of Residual Service Life is considered to be a recurring process.

LANE: Library Provider

POOL: Industry Data Provider

Accept Request for Design Life Data [ID:11]


Name Accept Request for Design Life Data

Documentation The database storing design life information accepts the request for information about particular products or elements

Put Design Life Data [ID:12]


Name Put Design Life Data

Documentation Having accepted the request for design life information and having obtained the required information from within the database, the information is now collected together into the appropriate form in which it is put to service life planning.




LANE: Library Provider

POOL: Supplier Data Provider

Accept Request for Reference Service Life Data [ID:13]


Name Accept Request for Reference Service Life Data

Documentation The database storing product specific grids of information about the Reference Service Life that accepts the request for information about particular products or elements

Put Reference Service Life Data [ID:14]


Name Put Reference Service Life Data

Documentation Having accepted the request for Reference Service Life information and having obtained the required information from within the database, the information is now collected together into the appropriate form in which it is put to service life planning

Accept Request for Object In-Use Parameters [ID:15]


Name Accept Request for Reference Service Life Data

Documentation The database storing product specific grids of information about the Object In-Use Parameters that accepts the request for information about particular products or elements.

Put Object In-Use Parameters [ID:16]


Name Put

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