GROUP NO.

Lisbeht Teresa Flores Ramirez ID: 200941434

Ramiro Alfonso Anleu Bolaños ID: 201314377

German Juan Jose Choc Pacheco ID: 201046951

Ramiro Alfonso Anleu Bolaños ID: 201314667

Erick Mijangos Cardenas ID: 201114102

Facultad de IngenieríaTechnical language 2

seccionIng.

Guatemala 26 de abril del 2016

INTRODUCTION

The ecosystem is a core concept in Biology and Ecology, serving as the level of biological organization in which organisms interact simultaneously with each other and with their environment. As such, ecosystems are a level above that of the ecological community (organisms of different species interacting with each other) but are at a level below, or equal to, biomes and the biosphere. Essentially, biomes are regional ecosystems, and the biosphere is the largest of all possible ecosystems. Ecosystems include living organisms, the dead organic matter produced by them, the abiotic environment within which the organisms live and exchange elements (soils, water, atmosphere), and the interactions between these components. Ecosystems embody the concept that living organisms continually interact with each other and with the environment to produce complex systems with emergent properties, such that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts" and "everything is connected".

Ecosystems may be observed in many possible ways, so there is no one set of components that make up ecosystems. However, all ecosystems must include both biotic and abiotic components, their interactions, and some source of energy. The simplest (and least representative) of ecosystems might therefore contain just a single living plant (biotic component) within a small terrarium exposed to light to which a water solution containing essential nutrients for plant growth has been added (abiotic environment). The other extreme would be the biosphere, which comprises the totality of Earth's organisms and their interactions with each other and the earth systems (abiotic environment). And of course, most ecosystems fall somewhere in between these extremes of complexity.

OBJECTIVES

To define différents et comprendre les éléments qui composent one écosystème.

Donner des exemples des éléments d'un écosystème alimentaires et les Chaînes.

caractérisé compare Écosystèmes et les et les Écosystèmes aquatiques land.

concevoir one écosystème comme un système ouvert, complexe et interdependant.

PHOTOSYNTHESISIs a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energythat can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation). This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek,phōs, "light", and, synthesis, "putting together". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called synthesized. Photosynthesis maintainsatmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.

Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed byproteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles calledchloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by water splitting is used in the creation of two further compounds: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of cells.

In plants

Algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide isincorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.

The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, rather than water, as sources of electrons.[6]Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about

three times the current power consumption of human civilization. Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.

Schematic of photosynthesis in plants. The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant.

Overall equation for the type of photosynthesis that occurs in plants

In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide isincorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.

The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, rather than water, as sources of electrons. Cyanobacteria appeared later;

the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe,[7]which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization. Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.

ANNEXES

1. Plants: also called green plants, are multicellular eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. They form an unranked clade Viridiplantae(Latin for green plants) that includes the flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms, ferns, clubmosses, hornworts, liverworts,mosses and the green algae. Green plants excludes the red and brown algae, the fungi, archaea, bacteria and animals.

2. Sunlight:  is a portion of the electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun, in particular infrared, visible, and ultraviolet light. On Earth, sunlight is filtered through Earth's atmosphere, and is obvious as daylight when the Sun is above the horizon. When the direct solar radiation is not blocked by clouds, it is experienced as sunshine, a combination of bright light and radiant heat. When it is blocked by the clouds or reflects off other objects, it is experienced as diffused light. The World Meteorological Organization uses the term "sunshine duration" to mean the cumulative time during which an area receives direct irradiance from the Sun of at least 120 watts persquare meter.

3. Carbon dioxide:  (chemical formula CO2) is a colorless and odorless gas vital to life on Earth. This naturally occurring chemical compound is composed of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. Carbon dioxide exists in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas at a concentration of about 0.04 percent (400 ppm) by volume.[3] Natural sources include volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids. Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water, it occurs naturally in groundwater, rivers and lakes, in ice caps and glaciers and also in seawater. It is present in deposits ofpetroleum and natural gas.

4. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): is a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme often called the "molecular unit ofcurrency" of intracellular energy transfer

5. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP): is an organic substance that is involved in photosynthesis. It is a colourless anion. a doublephosphate ester of the ketose (ketone-containing sugar) called ribulose. Salts of RuBP can be isolated, but its crucial biological function happens in solution.To simplify the presentation, the image in the above table depicts the acid form of this anion.

6. Carbohydrate: is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n).Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a sugar component of DNA,[2] has the empirical formula C5H10O4 Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon; structurally it is more accurate to view them aspolyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones.

7. Organism:  is any contiguous living system, such as an animal, plant, fungus, or bacterium. All known types of organisms are capable of some degree of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development and homeostasis.

LOGBOOK

Bean Germination

Observations

1. The first day the beans were planted in cotton to accelerate their growth.

2. The first two days the bean size increase,

3. The third day the seed was expanded and pulled the root

4. The next day the grain was divided into 2 and take a green color

5. During the fifth days its first plant roots and stem began to grow,

6. On the sixth day, the seventh day the plant already had well-formed and leaves roots.

Bean germination passed through the following phases:

• Phase hydration: Water absorption is the first step of germination, without which the process can not be. During this phase intense water absorption occurs by the various tissues forming the seed.

• Phase germination: Represents the actual process of germination. It metabolic transformations necessary for the proper development of the seedling occur. At this stage water absorption is considerably reduced, even to stop.

• Growth phase: This is the last phase of germination and is associated with the emergence of the radicle (visible morphological change). This phase is characterized by water absorption increases again, and respiratory activity.

CONCLUSION.

On planet Earth, there are many species, ecosystems are all living beings who live in a particular place, all the Earth's ecosystems are interconnected and the name given to the entire ecosphere is. An ecosystem is divided into two parts biota (which is all living beings) and habitats (the inorganic part). The science that studies the composition and functioning of ecosystems ecology. Finally, a type of ecosystem can turn into another for influence on the habitat of the biotic community and vice versa. The habitat is the physical location of an ecosystem and ecological niche is the role of a species on the ecosystem. Living things can be producers, consumers, which in turn can be primary, secondary and tertiary. They can also be decomposers. The relationships between living things can be intraspecific and interspecific. As living beings have adapted to the environment around them.

ANEXOS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://eschooltoday.com/ecosystems/what-is-an-ecosystem.html

http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/152248/}