IDES-EDU Zero Energy Buildings Design-Course

Ides edu Project Zuyd University, Faculty Bèta Sciences and Technology

Design courses

Ides-edu project

Zero energy

buildings

Ides edu Project 2 Zuyd University, Faculty Bèta Sciences and Technology

Disclaimer The sole responsibility for the contents of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible to any use that may be made of the information contained therein.


Introduction

In the IDES-EDU project fifteen universities work together to educate, train and deliver specialists, both

students and professionals, in Integrated Sustainable Energy Design of the Built Environment.

This brochure is developed within the ides-edu project (www.ides-edu.eu) , workpackage 4: Development of

training and education building objects. The objective of this work package is that the developed courses for

Integral Sustainable Energy Design, in the IDES-Edu project, will be concretized in practical cases by the

design, elaboration and realisation of so called training and education building objects.

In order to achieve the implementation of the Directive on Energy Performance of Buildings Directive and

the 20-20-20 targets set by the EU, it is necessary to design optimal energy efficient buildings by applying an

integrated multidisciplinary design approach. This means that architects and specialists like mechanical,

civil, and HVAC engineers, energy experts and installers should work together in multidisciplinary teams

from the first start in the design and building process.

To gain experience with Nearly Zero Energy Buildings in multidisciplinairy teams, each university organised

a design course for their students. The results of these design courses are presented in this brochure.


15 Educational institutes working together

Aalborg University, Denmark

Czech Technical University Prague, Czech Republic

Fach Hochschule Burgenland , Austria

Lund University, Sweden

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway

Politecnico di Torino, Italy

Pecs Technical University, Hungary

University of LaRochelle, France

University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

University of Minho, Portugal

University of Zagreb, Croatia

Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania

Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

Zuyd University Heerlen, the Netherlands


General framework design courses

Definition of the framework for the training and education building objects

Each partner has defined a general framework for the design course, based on the specific possibilities and

the boundary conditions on the locations. These frameworks are presented in the results of each design

course.

Definition on common targets

The common targets for the design courses is Nearly Zero Energy Building. The students have to calculate

the total energy demand of the building for all operating end uses (heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation,

appliances,..) in KWh/m2a. Also the fraction of the Total annual operating energy provided by on-site rene-

wable energy production is calculated as a percentage from the Total energy demand. This percentage has to

be nearly 100% to be a zero energy building. The students can choose to make the energy demand as low as

possible in combination with building integrated energy production.

Multidisciplinary teams

The students had to work in multidisciplinary teams in the design courses to elaborate integrated design.

The design courses were diffently organised by each partner. In some cases it was either a summer course, a

workshop, or projectwork.

District of Tomorrow, Zuyd University


Realised education and training building objects

During the project building objects were realised in Budapest, Heerlen and Ljubljana. These pro-

jects are also presented in this brochure. Zuyd University, Heerlen the Netherlands, will realize in

total four building objects.

Budapest University, Zuyd University and the University of Ljubljana will transfer their knowled-

ge on organising the building and design process to the other participants. The buildings have a

dynamical character; once the basic frame has been completed the buildings will be modified

constantly to conduct tests and experiments.

Self sufficient cell, University of Lublijana Oddo building, Budapest University


Housing on the harbour front of Aarhus Aalborg University, Denmark

General Framework

The aim of the project is to create an energy optimized

dwelling complex, which is to fulfil the Danish energy frame

of 2020 without the use of solar cells. The project takes its

starting point in a competition programme regarding new

energy optimized dwellings for Braband Boligforening. The

project has to create an energy optimized dwelling complex,

situated on the harbour front of Aarhus.

Project

One of the focus points in the project regards the modernistic development of architecture, hence the pro-

ject will work with the modernistic intentions concerning how to bring air, light and greenery into city life.

The project is designed by use of the integrated design process where criteria and design parameters follow-

ing the sustainable and architectural demands merge into one complete project.

The building shape appears from two ovals of different size. A brake in the building volume marked by a

broad flight of steps connects the life inside the elevated courtyard to the activity at the marina. Through an

escalation of the building heights, views and sunlight conditions are improved, while the roof area is laid

out as an area for possible solar cells and roof terraces with greenery. Hereby a green vertical connection is

continued upwards from the courtyard.

Students

The project seeks to fulfil the requirements of

the master education at the ‘Architecture &

Design’ education at Aalborg University with

a timeframe of the project from February to

June 2012. The project is developed as a stu-

dent project by Anne J. N. Refsgaard and Nina

Priem, both master students “architecture

and design”.


Evaluation

With a high focus on architectural as well as technical aspects this project shows a great example of an inte-

grated design process. Through several studies of sunlight, wind, energy and indoor climate the project is

well argumented and evidence-based. From an early stage predefined goals and clear design parameters ha-

ve worked as guidelines throughout the whole project, acknowledging the determined and thorough work

from the students. The project has been evaluated by both an architectural and a technical supervisor with a

grade 12 (equals A).

Energy indicators

The Energy consumption is 18 kWh/ m2 pro year for heating, cooling and ventilation.

The project has not implemented on-site renewable technologies, but the roof is prepared for solar

cells.

The dwellings are laid out as council flats

with room for young people, families as well

as elderly. Lit-through living rooms with large

expanses of glass ensure great views to the

surroundings, while smaller window areas in

the bedrooms provide space for privacy and

retreat. The complex offers a range of differ-

ent apartments, consisting of student accom-

modation of minimal one and two room

apartments and family and senior apartments

of two to five rooms – all designed so they can

be inhabited by disabled people.

During the process different architectural pa-

rameters have worked as guidelines and these

parameters have constantly been held up

against initiatives of how to lower the energy

consumption. By use of the Integrated Design

Process, passive initiatives such as passive

solar heat gains and construction of the

building envelope, were incorporated early in

the design process, by which the energy con-

sumption of the dwelling complex is reduced

to 18kWh/m2 yearly. Hereby the building

meets the requirements of the Danish energy

frame of 2020 without the use of solar cells.


Zero energy building Czech Technical University Prague, Czech Republic

General Framework

The assignment was to “Design a single family house with total area up to 150 m2. The building should be a

nearly zero energy building. The location is up to students. The final output will be a detailed design of

achosen part of HVAC.” This was assigned during summer semester 2012 in a course of Specialized Design

within the master study program Buildings and Environment. Were being stressed upon communication

and sharing information between all the specializations each student had represented. Teachers dealing

with building services, building constructions and statics were involved.

Project In general this project is focused on detailed design of HVAC systems in a building and therefore it had to

be modified. Besides HVAC designs architecture, construction and water management had to be solved.

The main goal of the project was designing of an almost zero house. The designed family house has two

floors and a gable roof. The house is built without any cellar. The construction is designed as a timber struc-

ture. For cladding they used the novatop composition system. In the middle of house composition is placed

accumulation wall with loadbearing timber elements and adobe bricks filling. Flooring of the house takes

150 m2. House is designed with two terraces. The economic background of dwelling joint the house with

shelter for two cars. Uninvited solar gains, in summer, are minimalized by moving shutters. The house does

not need any type of cooling. There is designed a heating, forced ventilation and measuring and controlling

system. There is also a solution for water supply and disposal of wastewater.

Students

The group consisted of four students- three of

them coming from the master study program Buil-

dings and Environment (having already finished a

bachelor program of architecture, and one had

already finished a MSc. in architecture) and the

fourth one was enrolled in master program Intelli-

gent Buildings (having Bc. in Building constructi-

ons).


Heating and ventilation system

As a heat source a heat pump was chosen, type nibe fighter 640p. The heat pump works on an “air - water”

principle. Fresh outside air is supplied to the house through cleanable outside vent holes. The air overflow

occurs under the door or through the overflow vent holes. The warm inside air (exhaust air) is drawn into

the ventilation system. Warm exhaust air is supplied to the heat pump for heat recovery.

When the inside air has passed through the heat pump the discharge air is released into the air from a roof

space. It will help with ventilation of roof space under the photovoltaric panels which have to be ventilated

to get the best efficiency.

If the mixture of exhaust and roof space air is sufficient for heat transfer it will automatically turn on the

electric heating body with 9 kw power. The heating body can be blocked to do so, the heat pump has to ex-

tracte sufficient energy from the exhaust air to produce hot water. The nibe fighter 640 p is equiped with a

water tank with volume 188l.

Automation technology

As a measuring and control system a product of company abb - e-gon was chosen. This system is ideal for

usage in family houses. The control of systems is set up for three main groups. Water management, electric

energy and heating systems. Modules of water management control mainly the level of water in tanks for

drinking water and rain water. It can switch usage of tanks simultaneously depending on possibilities in ac-

tual time. An electricity control function regulates the usability of solar energy according to the diagram

above. It also controls switching off/on home appliances, dimming of lights and movement of shutters.

The third controlled group is HVAC. The system has to keep the heat pump in the perfect condition. It

changes modes of ventilation in acccordance to external temperature in conformity with equithermic curve,

control the quality of internal air, its humidity, amount of voc and co2.


Water management

There is double drainage in the house, one for

drinking water and the second one for utility wa-

ter. Utility water is used for flushing the toilet,

laundry and watering the garden. The washing ma-

chine is also connected to the drinking water cir-

cuit, in case of utility water shortage. Also, some

new types of washing machines need to do the last

washing cycle with drinking water.

The scheme and the diagram below describe the

management of water outside the house.

Evaluation by students

In general it was an interesting experience to work in a group. Nevertheless they describe the necessity of

exchanging information and close collaboration to be very demanding and as a thing that they weren´t rea-

dy enough for. A group of four people dealing with the same building but each with a different part is not

easy to manage at all. One of them was quite disappointed because a nearly zero energy family house was so

easy to built.


Energy indicators

The Energy end use de-

mands for all operating end

uses (heating, cooling,

lighthing, ventilation, apli-

ances,...) is 27 kWh/m2a.

The fraction of total annual

operating energy (from E2)

provided by on-site renew-

able energy production is

77%.

Evaluation by teachers

Originally this course is focused on the design

of HVAC systems in predesigned buildings.

As the group of students consisted of stu-

dents coming from a bachelor program of ar-

chitecture we dared to design the building

from “zero”. Some members of the group we-

re happy that they could design also the ar-

chitecture and construction of the house, but

also they had to focus on the part they had

chosen – heating/cooling; ventilation, sanita-

ry, electricity and regulation.

They started with great enthusiasm but later

the enthusiasm deminished. They had to face

problems with communication among them-

selves especially later in the semester – not

everybody was working hard and probably

they underestimated the situation – a family

house was not a challenge for them and such

an assignment didn’t force them to work

properly. They finally finished the design but

not in a way that was expected and so they

were evaluated with grades B and C (1xB,

3xC).


Zero-Energy - retrofit

General Framework

The scope of the project was to implement a sustainable holistic refurbishment concept for the Technolo-

giezentrum Pinkafeld (TZ Pinkafeld) at the best possible rate within a self-defined integrated design Group,

with the following approaches: 1. Reduced energy consumption by renovating the building envelope, sha-

ding in summer, passive solar use in the winter, reduction power consumption (more efficient use of equip-

ment, natural lighting). 2. Local energy use by the utilization of renewable energy on site using solar ther-

mal and photovoltaic. 3. Coverage of the remaining energy needs with grid-connected renewable energy.

Project

After the formation of an integrated design group, the objective for the realization of the TZ Pinkafeld in

zero-energy standard was to provide an overall energy concept including all calculations (heating/ cooling

load, energy performance certificate, dimensioning of the technical equipment). By improving the U-values

of the relevant components of the outer shell to around 50% and by reducing the leakages (n50-value from 6

h-1 to 0.6 h-1) the heat demand could be reduced from 49 kWh/m²a to 15 kWh/m²a. The specific cooling load

for the entire complex is about 25 W/m².

To get the zero-energy standard at least as much energy(equivalent) must be generated as is consumed. Af-

ter comparing different versions, the project team favors a "solar" solution (280 kWpeak photovoltaic system

and a solar thermal plant with 180 m²) combined with a reversible heat pump.

Students

The project was done by five master students

(second semester) master course Building

Technology / Building Management :

Mario Baumgartner

Thomas Erler

Michael Kubin

Michael Salge

Thomas Wladyka

The project duration was five months

Fach Hochschule Burgenland , Austria


Evaluation by teacher

high self-involvement

interest in innovation

technical versed, but little experience in the integrated design process

Evaluation by the students

Very interesting project, but time-consuming

The compilation of a net-zero-energy balance was a new experience

To adopt the perspective of different project stakeholders was an interesting but difficult experience

Energy

Based on planning data, the project team suc-

ceeded to develop a plus-energy building. The

primary energy gain is about 50 kWh/m²a

and approximately 174,000 kWh/a absolute

value respectively. The refurbishment project

reduces the final energy demand (heating,

cooling, ventilation, electricity) by approxi-

mately 53% to ca. 226,000 kWh/a.

Energy indicators

The fraction of primary energy provided by

on-site renewable energy production is 130%.

Heating demand before: 49.2 kWh/ m2a

Heating demand after: 15.1 kWh/m2a


Passive terrace House in Lund Lund University, Sweden

General Framework

The main assignment consists of the design of an “energy-efficient and moisture safe” house that will also

achieve high levels of thermal comfort and overall architectural quality. They worked in teams of 3 or 4 stu-

dents. We demanded that they comply with the Swedish Feby (Passive house criteria for Sweden) and try to

plan for adding active solar energy on the roof or facade to compensate for the 50 kWh/m2yr that they need

according to the Feby document. There was no requirement on materials as such since the course focuses

on energy use during the operation of the building but they were encouraged to think about this issue un-

der the planning process. Additionally, they had to calculate, using Design Builder, their water and energy

consumption for water and estimate the size of thermal solar pannels to cover this need.

Project

This project consists of eight passive terraced houses in an urban plot located in Lund. Its main target is to

obtain a pleasant comfortable and appealing environment, whilst being energy efficient. Special interest has

been put in the design of the interior and exterior spaces to prove that passive houses can be also interesting

from an architectural point of view.

Students

The project presented here is made by three stu-

dents:

Alejandro Pacheco Diéguez , Martin Adolfsson and

Evian Elzinga .

The students are all enrolled in the international

Master degree program on Energy-efficient and envi-

ronmental buildings, from the department of Archi-

tecture and Built Environment Energy and Building

design.

Alejandro Pacheco Diegez (architect, from Spain) Martin Adolfsson (engineer, from Sweden) Evian Elzinga (engineer, from Australia)


Roofs, walls and ground Floor have an U value of 0.1 W/m2K. The cross section of the building has been de-

signed to be compact to reduce the building envelope The cross section of the building has been designed to

be compact so as to reduce as much as possible of the building envelope. The long facades of the house are

tilted back in order to deflect the wind. That way infiltration decreases together with the wind pressure on

the walls. A row of trees protects the houses from the North and West wind.

Special attention has been paid to the design of the joints in order to reduce thermal bridging. 30% of the

glazed surface in the exterior wall of a room is an optimum value for maximum daylight factor, and mini-

mum thermal losses. Cross and stack ventilation help to reduce the operative temperature in the cooling

season. Also solar shading and thermal mass is used to reduce this further. A heat recovery ventilation sys-

tem reduces the heat losses associated with air renewal.


Evaluation from students

As students of the Master of Energy-Efficient Environmental Building Design held by Lund University we

consider our overall experience in the course ‘Passive House – Integrating Thermal and Moisture Issues’ to

be very positive. Some of the aspects that we have appreciated the most are mentioned in the following.

The team of teachers was very diverse in terms of professional and cultural background. That provided us

with different points of view, which contribute to a better comprehension of the topics. The sequence of the

courses procure first a theoretical basis and then a practical application, which we considered a suitable ap-

proach. Both hand-calculations and simulation software were taught as complementary tools to be used in

our future professional activity. Interdisciplinary workgroup including architects, civil engineers and solar

energy engineers among the students have resulted in a high performance in the projects and a high level of

mutual learning. The working method had a fairly good balance between autonomous problem solving and

assistance from professors.

Evaluation from teacher

This exercise was the first comprehensive project work within the international Master of Energy-efficient

and environmental buildings. All students completed the assignment on time and all succeeded to carry out

a steady-state calculation (energy balance) on their proposed building as well as an advanced simulation

with Design Builder (interface to EnergyPlus). They also all started with a thorough climate analysis using

the program Ecotect and some students also studied the shading issue using the Parasol programme, which

is an interface to the dynamic energy simulation programme Derob. The students were also asked to take a

deep consideration of the constructive and moisture issues in their building, in addition to looking at energy

design and thermal comfort. All projected buildings had an energy use below that of the Feby norm

(Swedish passive house standard). Actually, the students did not find it very difficult to reach these low

energy levels. The students also surpassed the criteria for this course as they were not specifically required

to calculate their active solar system but all teams presented a proposition for the active solar energy sys-

tems (PV plus solar thermal). The project was a success and we are very proud to present some od the re-

sults to this competition.


Energy

The solar thermal panels have been dimensio-

ned to meet the energy demand for water

heating. The remaining area available ov

33m2 is used by PV’s. The production of Elec-

tricity exceeded the annual demand of the

househould by 20% . The Swedish standard

for passive houses (Febi) is herewith well wit-

hin the margins of the project.

Energy indicators

The Energy end use demand is 35 kWh/

m2a for heating, cooling was not required,

nor domestic hot water and appliances;

The fraction of total annual operating en-

ergy (from E2) provided by on-site renew-

able energy production is 120%, a PLUS

energy building.


Going beyond the EPBD National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece

General framework

The scope of the assignment was to introduce students with a physics background to the work performed

by different disciplines in the design process. Instead of working in actual multi-disciplinary groups, stu-

dents were assigned with a number of tasks that could normally be performed by different disciplines na-

mely: thermal and energy simulation and analysis, calculation of area of PVs, selection of optimum site for

the project. The assignment was part of the students’ bachelor thesis and had a duration of approximately 5

months (May-September 2012).

Project

In both assignments, students tried to improve a shoe-box reference building to be as close as possible to

nearly-energy. The main characteristics of the reference building were:

Located in Athens

48m2 floor area (conditioned space)

No insulation

Single glazing

No shading

40% glazing in each orientation

Heating at 22 οC, Cooling at 24 οC (only for the building with a heating/cooling system)

Students

Vera and Aggelos are now physics graduates.

The design project was assigned to them as

the subject for their bachelor thesis.

Vera Nassi Aggelos Papanikolaou


Evaluation

This was the first real contact of the students with the subject so it was interesting to watch how their skills

and competences evolved during the project. In the early beginning, when students were still learning how

to use the energy simulation tool (EnergyPlus), they felt slightly lost and disappointed. However, they soon

overcame this obstacle and started showing great excitement in experimenting with interventions to their

building and performing more and more iterations to see how the model would react to them. At the end of

the assignment the students admitted that it was a great learning experience and an introduction to a world

that they would like to be part of professionally in the future.

Energy indicators

The tool used for this purpose was Energy-

Plus. Both assignments aimed in the reducti-

on of the need for artificial heating and co-

oling of the building. Each student demon-

strated this in a different way:

Free running building: % of hours for

which internal temperatures were between

18-28 oC and between 20-24 oC.

Building with heating and cooling sys-

tem: reduction in heating and cooling

loads.

For the conditioned dwelling the target was

to limit energy use at the minimum possible

and cover the remaining demand with PVs

installed on the roof.

For the free running dwelling the target was

to achieve:

18-28 oC: for 60% of the time (hours/year)

20-24 oC: for 30% of the time (hours/year)

In both assignments, students had to make a ‘story-

telling’ through which they would show how interventi-

on by intervention their building went from badly per-

forming (reference building) to optimum performing

(final model). The first interventions applied to the re-

ference building were those required through the EPBD

national regulations only. After this was achieved, stu-

dents would try to go beyond EPBD compliance and

apply interventions that were either not required

through the EPBD or were more stringent than those

imposed by the EPBD.

In the project for which the heating and cooling loads

were calculated, the student had to indicate various PV

alternatives that could cover the last remaining loads

while not exceeding the roof area (≤ 48m2).

Finally, students had to position the building in a

sustainable site and explain the benefits of the building

to the surroundings and vice-versa (i.e accessibility to

public transport and other services, improvement of the

microclimate through use of cool materials and increa-

sed vegetation, etc).

Free running With heating/ cooling system

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/register.cfm?goto=eplus

http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/energyplus/register.cfm?goto=eplus


Rotvoll Barn - renovating an old barn building to zero-energy standard

Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway

General Framework

The students designed a range of projects with focus on integrated energy design and interdisciplinary co-

operation between building professionals. Both domestic and non-domestic buildings were addressed, as

well as new and existing building structures. ( Co-operation between the Faculty of Engineering Sciences

and Technology. ) The students learned to integrate energy systems in architectural design, and practice the

interdisciplinary procedures necessary to ensure a successful functioning of these systems in architecture.

The specific topic of the project in Spring 2012 was to develop an attractive concept for the renovation of an

old barn to a nearly zero energy building

Project

The specific topic of the project in Spring 2012 was to develop an attractive concept for the renovation of an

old barn to a near ZEB building. In the program for the building, the future use of the barn is a residential

and working community for people with learning disabilities and special needs, which provides services and

support for work, learning and daily living in close connection with agriculture.

A prominent feature of the design is the thermal water storage tank located at regular intervals within the

sunspace. The result is: ‘service modules’ consisting of the spaces adjacent and above. This system allows a

decentralized approach to be a demand governed service provision as well as reducing piping / ducting dis-

tances, which in turn result in energy and emission reduction over the year.

Students

The three students are part of NTNU’s inter-

national master program in Sustainable Ar-

chitecture – “towards a zero emission built

environment”. Norwegian architecture stu-

dents and exchange students also took part in

the courses and in parallel with the design

studio, there was a co-operation on lectures

and project assignments with students from

the Faculty of Engineering Sciences and

Technology, focusing on relevant assisting

tools for different stages in the IED process.

The project was designed by:

1. Shabnam Arbab

2. Marco Rimensberger

3. Shangyi Sun


Shading, natural ventilation and thermal mass, is employed in the passive cooling strategy of the design.

The retractable shading device is placed externally over the glazed roof elements of the sun space to prevent

direct gain.

Primary energy consumption was calculated using PHPP to 48 kWh /m2. Students were free to choose ener-

gy calculation methods or simulation tools to consider the operational energy impact of their building de-

signs. In assignments and computer workshops students learned to use spreadsheets based on the Norwegi-

an calculation methodology for early design considerations and later PHPP for detailed energy evaluation to

Passive-house standards.


Energy indicators

total energy demand/m2: 33.2 kwh/m2

Heating: 18 kwh/m2

Cooling:1.1 kwh/m2

Ventilation:5.6 kwh/m2

Lighting:1.6 kwh/m2

Appliances in all(including lighting, dish/clothes washing, refrigerating, cooking and small appliances ):8.5

kwh/m2

percentage of on site renewable energy(with primary energy):

(solar+biogas)/total energy demand=69.6%

Teachers evaluation

Teachers group There were sufficient teachers available for the weekly guidance. Students appreciated especially the diffe-rent competencies during the different phases of the design project. In order to deepen the energy aspects, teachers from the Engineering faculty should ideally also be available for guidance during periods. Students group We decided to let the students divide themselves into groups and not to change the groups during the se-mester. However, due to some illness/family tragedy not all groups could work effectively. Group 1 was as all the other groups consisting of architects and engineers. They succeeded in developing a solution that works well from the engineering point as well as the architectural design and effective use of space and technology. Seminars All seminars did work well and are considered to turn into a book that can be used as a compendium. Some-times the seminar lasted too long, a rescheduling should be considered. Recording the seminars and publis-hing them as podcasts could be evaluated. Assignments connected to the seminars should be considered (written summary, report, etc.) Tools Ecotect is an early design tool. When it comes to refurbishment and passive house design, it reaches its li-

mits of usefulness. PHPP was therefore introduced early in the semester. A more focused use of PHPP and

more resources on teaching were considered by hiring a certified Passive House designer and planner. A clo-

ser collaboration with the CPD course on Passive Houses (AAR6030) should be considered. A more systema-

tic link to the German Passive House Institute and its competence in education and courses seems logical

and natural. We will make contacts and try to further systematize courses.


Students evaluation

The seminars and lectures in the IED-courses spanned a great diversity and scope, with researchers presen-

ting up-to-date research, architects and building professionals from the outside presenting projects and lec-

tures with faculty staff that focused on more in-depth topics. Some seminars were theory based lectures fo-

cusing on the central course curriculum, while others outlined the broad range of themes related to ZEBs

and cultural heritage conservation. The many seminars had an inspirational character and proved helpful to

the design project, but some students mentioned in reference meetings that advice and connection to cour-

se literature could be more articulated.

At the presentation in the design course there were people from community present, giving the projects the

sense of a client to address. The clients also brought valuable input to the groups and were helpful to answer

questions and to give background information at the field trips. This integration of social aspects enabled

students to think more holistically and design technical solutions that integrate into sustainably sound ar-

chitecture.

Timing is one central issue that we experienced with interdisciplinary student corporation and guidance

with experts from different fields. The integration of different issues and tools during the semester is not

always optimal for the individual groups, and students learned that different considerations needed to be

addressed throughout the design progression. Having guidance with the same lecturers as in the theory

course compensated for some of the gap between theory and design practice, as it was possible to get more

specific advice on the application of IED design theory and building physics, for instance. The involvement

of several professionals also gave a broader critique to the presentations and successfully complemented the

overall course experience.


+Hytte Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway

General Framework

Mountain cabins - or hytte (s.) /hytta (pl.) in Norwegian – “represent for many Norwegians the necessary

tool for conducting a life close to pristine nature, outside modernity”. Until only twenty years ago these

small buildings were generally characterized by a high degree of austerity. Today a new tendency of trans-

forming hytta into proper second houses has led to “a steady rise of energy consumption and related CO2

emissions in this sector, shifting the desire to live close to nature from a core tenet of Norwegian culture to

an unsustainable threat to nature” (Berker T., Gansmo H.).

Project

A mountain cabin independent from the grid thanks to the passive and active use of natural resources

would not only strength the desired feelings of distance from modern society and symbiosis with nature, but

also lower the environmental impact of the second house sector. Strong of this belief we initiated together

with our MSc students in Sustainable Architecture an integrated design process aiming at developing a pro-

totype of energy positive hytte. In a competition internal to the Master program four different proposals we-

re developed by the students.

graphic elaborations by Luca Finocchiaro


Students

The Master of Science in sustainable architec-

ture at NTNU aims at educating students and

professionals in shaping highly energy effici-

ent buildings and use competitive methods

and solutions for lowering gas emissions in a

life-cycle perspective. Stundent groups invol-

ved both architects and engineers coming

from all around the world.

Group 1 Alise Plavina (MSc), Latvia. Arjun Basnet (BA), Nepal. Elisabeth Lilleby (BA), Norway. Lin Du (BEng), China. Maria Coral Ness (MA), Spain. Group 2 Elisabetta Caharija (BA), Italy. Mila Shrestha (BA), Nepal. Vegard Heide (MSc), Norway. Pablo Alarcó González BA, Spain. Ole Kristian Kråkmo (BA), Norway. Group 3 Nigar Zeynalova (BA), Azerbaijan. Isabelle Davoult (BEng energy) France. Ivan Kalc (MA), Serbia. Michael Gruner (BArts), Germany. Thea Hegstad Foss (BA) Norway. Group 4 Noora Alinaghizadeh (BA), Iran. Chenchen Guo (BEng), Denmark. Kristof Lijnen (Beng), Belgium Bjarte Lykke (BA), Norway. Nico Dürr (MArts), Switzerland. graphic elaborations by Luca Finocchiaro


.

+hytte can be also attached to “detached

wooden houses”, representing the most energy

thirsty architectural typology in Norway and

compensate energy effifficiency lacks of the

existing building stock.

graphic elaborations by Luca Finocchiaro


Evaluation

The prototype has been developed with great enthusiasm and a positive competitiveness among the diffe-

rent groups of students. Each concept presented a markedly different character and solved the issues arisen

in a different way. Groups recurred to different tools and methodologies according to their abilities and

background. In choosing the winner, priority was given not only to design excellence but also to the poten-

tial of the prototype for future development. In the chosen concept, called “Flex-box”, the spatial flexibility

of the plan aimed at enhancing the market viability of the prototype giving the possibility of adjusting the

building features to different users and desires. We found that its flexibility could have been implemented

shaping a versatile construction system able to solve many other issues like climate adaptability, constructi-

on and transport. The selected concept was thus further developed by a smaller group of students in one

week of intensive work where ideas coming from other concepts were, when possible and convenient, inte-

grated. The resulting prototype was finally discussed again with all the students, which could recognise the

project as representative of the whole course. We believe that this feeling of attachment will be positive for

the future development of the prototype.

Building futures

Extendable

Flexible

Easily assembled and dissassembled

Energy positive

Thanks to the use of both passive and active

means for the use of naturally available re-

sources (passive solar heating, natural venti-

lation + PV)


Energy sustinable multifuctional centre

Politecnico di Torino, Italy

General framework

The aim of the project was to rehabilitate a whole area in order to create a new urban space in which diffe-

rent commercial activities are set. The parcel was divided up into 3 blocks, each one developed by a team of

students. The work has been divided into two major parts: during the first semester the group carried out a

survey of the previous buildings in order to evaluate the particularities which needed to be preserved during

the rehabilitation. The second semester was dedicated to the whole integrated design process. A sub-team

of two students worked especially on the building physics developing energy saving strategies.

Project

The project is constituted by three different buildings; a bar, a beer factory and a multifunctional building.

The energetic analysis has been carried out for the last one. The building is developed onto three storeys in

the north side and onto two storeys in the south side. The two parts constituting the building are separated

by a sunroom system.

Students

The project has been developed by a team of 13 master students of the course of “Integral Building Design” during a whole academic year: Alessi Martina Alovisi Isabella Camperchioli Gianni Cavallaro Mariano Frigerio Anna Marta Grasso Matteo Paolotti Riccardo Rosada Laura Rotta Loria Alessandro Serra Chiara Sigaudo Alessio Tabacchi Fabrizio Viola Valentina


HVAC Heat is provided by a condensing boiler of 220 kW power while the cooling relies onto an absorption refrig-

eration unit. The system is an air duct system, which provides both conditioning and ventilation. Solar pan-

els on the roof are used both in winter and in summer. In heating mode panels are connected to the AHU

providing 40% of the heating energy demand while during the summer a strategy of solar cooling provides

hot water (100°C) to the chiller. Heat pipe panels were chosen in order to overheat the water to be suitable

for solar cooling. Both in heating and cooling mode solar panels are used for the production of DHW, cover-

ing the 70% of the overall demand. PV panels are placed on the roof as well in order to meet the Piedmont

requirement of half of energy supply coming from renewable sources.

Envelope design Particular stress has been put into the enve-

lope design: an external partition of Gas-

beton® is hidden by a semi-ventilated system

made of coloured glass louvers which can be

opened in front of the windows. The overall U

-value of the envelope is 0.17 W/m2K.

Sunroom The sunroom is designed in order to cover

the whole height of the building. It has two

different operating modes: winter and sum-

mer. During the winter ventilation is pro-

vided for each storey and pre-heated air is

injected into the building. During the sum-

mer, floors between storeys are open, gener-

ating a flow, which removes part of the solar

load from the façade. Adjustable louvers

avoid overheating phenomena and low emis-

sive coating provides optimal insulation of

the façade.


Evaluation

Holistic approach to the task

Interesting and sometimes problematic team work experience (13 people working on the same project is

a difficult situation to manage)

software calculation for energy balance and interaction with other courses during second semester (e.g.

Building Physics)

Energy indicators

Primary energy demand for heating is 6.47

kWh/m3/year (40% from solar heating)

50% of electric supply coming from PV

panels


Odoo—project Solar Decathlon Europe 2012 Budapest University of Technology and economic, Hungary

General Framework

The Solar Decathlon Competition is an international innovation competition between the best universities

all around the world, organized by the U.S. Department of Energy and the Spanish Government since

2002.The main goal of the contest is to popularize the usage of solar energy in architectural solutions, to

call into being the social and market support of green technologies, to raise awareness among students for

renewable energy and energy-efficient structures and the aesthetic and organic integration of solar techno-

logies into building structures. Odooproject from Budapest University of Technology and Economics, the

first ever Hungarian team competing on the Solar Decathlon Europe international competition ended up on

the 6th place after all in the ranking of the 18 houses in the international field. French, Spanish, Italian and

German teams were ahead of the Hungarian team, and the other twelve teams from Spain, Romania, Den-

mark, China, France, Brazil, Japan, Italy and Portugal were behind.

Project

In the competition every team’s task is to design and build a solely solar-powered, energy-efficient, cost-

effective, light structured house with the collaboration of the market representatives. 20 teams submitted a

successful tender, including the team of Budapest University of Technology and Economics. The participa-

ting teams’ performance will be juried on the basis of ten criteria: Architecture, Construction and Enginee-

ring, Energy Efficiency, Electrical Energy Balance, Comfort Conditions, House Functioning, Communication

and Social Awareness, Industrialization & Market Viability, Innovation and Sustainability.

Students

Because of this complex criteria-system the open-mindedness of

teams are essential; that the team members represent various

scientific areas; and of course every participant needs to do his/

her best in favour of a successful project. Our team is a project

organization that has almost 70 student members, who are un-

der mentoring of the Dean of the Faculty of Architecture, Dr.

Gábor Becker. During the implementation of the project not only

architect students participate in, but taken advantage on the Un-

iversity’s unique feature, students from five other faculties are

involved in the work as well. The Solar Decathlon BME Team’s

main aim is to present: the use of solar energy can be aesthetic,

convenient and affordable. The students in cooperation with

their professors and sponsors are working for one and a half year

on the creation of a solar house that uses innovative self-

developed and used architectural and technical solutions, which

later can be successful on the market, thus move forward the

spread of sustainable green energy and approach in Hungary.



Our university considers every initiative that serves Research and Development, we believe that scientific

development is one of the most significant conditions of competitiveness and sustainable development. As a

research university our mission is to coordinate and develop all the skills, competences and intellectual

capacity centered at the university by the students and educational members, and serve the expectations of

the society and the professional requirements. Odooproject is a unique sample of combination of teamwork,

and self-organizing, autodidactic, mentored education. The students from almost all fields of the university

(coming from 6 of the 8 faculties) create something new together, they realize a new form of cooperation,

the different professions are forced to make decisions together and the students learn how to take

responsibility. As professors, we believe that this kind of cooperation based on interdisciplinarity is the

future of an innovative education, when the educator and the educated person can develop themselves

together.


We'd suggest to all the students in the university: during your studies participate in a complex project like

this one. Look around on your professional field, look for the programme that suits your competences and

interests the best. Develop yourself, step out from the everyday education-routine, and get the professional

and life-experience you'll use in your whole life, and you can enter the labour market with self-confidence.

Participate in teamwork where you can develop yourself, not just professionally, but your personal skills,

and where you can have unforgettable experiences which will lasy a lifetime.

Energy indicators

The energy consumption is 5.775 kWh/ year

The production of energy by PV cells is 13.301 kWh/ year

Odoo on the campus of BUTE (photo:BME-OMIKK)


Project

The main goal of the contest is innovation in all fields: to popularize the usage of solar energy in architectu-

ral solutions, to call into being the social and market support of green technologies, to raise awareness

among students for renewable energy and energy-efficiency. As the name of the competition "decathlon"

represents: the final result consists of 10 different categories, in which Odooproject won several awards,

such as "engineering and construction" 2nd place, "comfort conditions" 2nd place, "energy efficiency" 3rd

place, "sustainability" honourable mentioned 4th place, and the project got two honourable mentions in

"interior design" and "artificial lighting" categories. On the public's favourite choice the project won the 4th

place.

In the end of the competition the house and the team returned to Hungary, and the students reassembled

their work in the campus of the university. Odooproject has been awarded in Hungary as well: with the

"Junior Prima Prize" in two categories: architecture and environmentalism, and the team was honoured with

the Rector's praise of the university. On the "Media's Architectural Prize" event Odooproject was presented

by two architects of the team, and finished on the second place on the award.

The house will be researched and the project will be integrated in the education of the different cooperating

faculties of BUTE, and of course it's been open for the interested visitors in Budapest, who have been con-

stantly asking the students about the built in technologies, and materials.


Odooproject, Solar Decathlon 2012, results in Madrid


Pierre de Roncay project University of La Rochelle, France

General Framework

To built sustainable future buildings, HVAC ,civil Engineers and architects must all cooperate. Civil Engi-

neering students from the University of La Rochelle have worked on the Pierre de Roncay project, merging

the contributions of both construction building and design office actors. The main goal (and first objective)

of this project was to design a low-energy residential building focusing on air heating, ventilation and hot

water systems with respect of wall composition regulatory calculations (especially regarding the treatment

of thermal bridges). The second objective was to perform a feasibility study comparing the impact of diffe-

rent regular and innovative strategies on the energy consumption impact.

Project

Two residential buildings close to La Rochelle.

Team works like real study office on the limit

of losses, choose the insulation location, the

window types, the thermal bridge treat-

ments ,do a comparison of different ventilation

systems. Moreover, a comparison between se-

veral kinds of energy systems was done like

French law of construction need for the kind

of structure. It’s named FAE (feasibility study

in energy supply).

Student

Pierre Martin is a student on Technical

Equipment in energies (one of the two opti-

ons of master class on building engineering)>

he collaborated with 5 colleagues on his class

and 6 of the structure class. They come from

the Master 1 building engineering of Univer-

sity of La Rochelle.


Evaluation by student

It was an experience very enriching that we hope will be useful in our future professional life. To start with

a concept at the beginning and following it until construction with visits on site is a good thing. We have

seen the major parts of our HVAC specialties with the help of the fluid office. Dimensioning real installation

and comparing it to real project allows a peak into the complexity that exists between architects and Engi-

neers. Collaboration with structure engineers has been complementary for the treatment of the issues and

resulted into an optimized solution for the production, distribution and regulation in HVAC. Pertinences

questions were may (who don’t appear by fluids).

Energy indicators

The main goal of the project is to have a low energy

label (French BBC label, equivalent at 50 kWh/m².year)

using renewable energies for hot water production.

(solar panels produce 40% of annual solar needs).

The second objective is to build a HVAC system with

low CO2 emissions.


Self Sufficient Living Cell

University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

General Framework

The ultimate goal was self sufficiency and mobility of the Cell. Therefore it consists of five modules, each

with its own uniqe role: residential unit, bedroom in the attic, sanitary unit with shower and toilet, techno-

logy unit with kitchen, solar heating and photovoltaic systems and rainwater collection and supply system

and the attic of the technological unit with a hot air solar heating system. All units are made by timber fra-

mes. Several insulation materials were used such as mineral wool, cellulose and vacuum panels. Students

were involved in all building phases, including workshops organized by industrial partners.

Students profile

Students from the Faculty of Mechanical

Engineering, the Faculty of Architecture

and the Faculty of Health Sciences Univer-

sity of Ljubljana participated in the project.

http://www.ee.fs.uni-lj.si/cell/

Technical concept

The cell is heated by three different solar heating systems while for the power supply a photovoltaic system

is installed. A system for collecting rain water is also added, waste water is treated in a constructed wetland.

Therefore, the unit is not connected to any public municipal system. Cell was built from five functionally

related units, which provides the required mobility. All units have been designed with energy systems, in

collaboration with more than twenty industrial partners, on the polygon in the Middle Gameljne near Ljubl-

jana. At the end of May all units were transported to a location in the park at Trnovo near Finžgarjeva Street

in Ljubljana.

http://www.ee.fs.uni-lj.si/cell/


Energy indicators

The Energy end use demands for all oper-

ating end uses (heating, cooling, lighting,

ventilation, appliances,...) is 40 kWh/m2a

(Qf + Wf ).

Energy needed for heating: QNH = 28

kWh/m2a (at min. Tindoor = 17.5°C,

internal gains 4 W/m2)

The fraction of total annual operating en-

ergy (from E2) provided by on-site renew-

able energy production is 100%.

Since the opening in May 2012, the project

was presented in several articles and TV

shows and at international and domestic con-

ferences. Even more important is that Cell

attracts very different visitors: from general

public to experts, from primary school pupils

to professional scholars and university stu-

dents, from Slovenia as well as from abroad.

The base of the Cell mobility is its modular de-

sign. Cell consist of five modules, each with its

own role: residential unit (1); bedroom in the

attic (2); sanitary unit with shower and toilet

(3); technological unit with kitchen (4) where

heating and photovoltaic system and rainwater

collection system is situated; and the attic of

the technological unit (5) with a hot air solar

heating system.


Integrated building services

Each of the modules was equipped with systems of building installations before transportion to the final loca-

tion. This enables "plug-and-play" operation of all systems, after the installation of residential units on the

final location. Installations between modules are equipped with technology of "quick connectors". Only the

largest elements were transferred separately, for example rainwater tank and batteries of the photovoltaic

system.

Heating system

The basic heating system is a solar ther-

mal system with flat-plate solar collectors

(1), which are a source of heat for floor

and wall heating of the living unit and

heating radiator of the sanitary unit. The

living unit is additionaly heated with an

air solar collector (2), which is a part of

the ventilation system of this unit. Living

unit is also heated with a “solar radia-

tor"(3), a mobile receiver in which the

heat is stored in paraffin during phase

change. The sanitary unit is also heated

with the air vacuum solar collector (4). In

addition the electricity, which is stored in

batteries of the PV system, could be used

for heating water used in the floor heating

system.

Ventilation

In addition to natural ventilation, two mechanical ventilation sys-

tems are used in the Cell. Natural ventilation of the living area and

the attic is designed separately and is used out of heating season.

The window on the facade has smaller parts, which can be left

open even when it rains or when there are no residents in the Cell.

The roof window has a ventilation cavity with protection against

precipitation. Due to large height differences between windows,

natural ventilation is more intense than usual.


Teacher's evaluation

At the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, we revised curricula to include a series of innovations. Among

other things, we believe that the "modern engineer", in addition to their expertise, already during the study

at our faculty, needs to gain the ability to co-operate with colleagues in other disciplines. Equally important

is the collaboration with industrial development departments. This applies to all areas of engineering, in-

cluding energy engineering. So I am pleased that our students are also involved in the project and that

they've designed the technologies of sustainable energy supply. The project confirms my belief that the work

of our graduates is important for Slovenian society and economy.

Smart monitoring

Is a user interface with free access. It is

adjusted for monitoring energy flows in

the Cell. The data shown by SmartMonitor

are generated in the controller, which sets

up a website. The user connects his mobi-

le device to the SmartMonitor with wire-

less WI-FI connection.

Student’s evaluation

Aleksandra: decided to participate on this project already at its first presentation. For students of architec-

ture such opportunities, when at the end a building is actually standing, are rare. The idea to build a resi-

dential building that isn’t connected to any of the public supply systems was very interesting. During the

design process we have learned a lot about the thermal comfort requirements. We were wondering if we

would be able to meet the requirements and if the real performance measurements would confirm our cal-

culations. I'm glad that our building is placed in the centre of Ljubljana where everybody can visit it.

Uroš: The workshop immediately caught my attention. I saw an opportunity to learn about new construc-

tion technologies and use them in architectural solutions. Our building was designed as a self-sufficient one,

supplied by its own production of heat, electricity and water, as well as responsible waste and waste water

management. The project is aimed not only as a study of environmentally friendly construction, but we also

want to acquaint the general public with these issues and our solutions.


Net zero energy buildings in Mediterra-nean climate University of Minho, Portugal

General Framework

This project was done in the framework of the Master Course in Sustainable Construction and Rehabilitati-

on and started in September 2012 and had to be completed during the first semester of the curricular year

2012/13. Students were asked to develop a project of a detached single-family house with three bedrooms

and a small working space that, on a yearly base, reaches a zero energy balance for heating, cooling and do-

mestic water heating. There were no restrictions about other resources consumption such as water or mate-

rials. Passive design, envelope optimization, efficient systems and on-site renewable energy harvesting had

to be evaluated and used in an integrated way, regarding not only their impact on the energy performance

of the building but also their life cycle costs.

Background

Transition from the current way of building to NZEB requires a significant effort, especially where standards

for low energy buildings are still not common. In Portugal, social resistance to change, the economic diffi-

culties and the persistent accommodation to low levels of comfort, are expected additional barriers.

Objective

Demonstration of the technical feasibility of a nearly zero energy single familiy building in portuguese

mediterranean climate, using only currently available technologies as well as their economic viability if

focus is placed in buildings’ life cycle and global costs and not only in initial investment costs.

Students

The students who worked on the project were:

Marco Ferreira (Architect)

Ana Carlota (Civil Engineer)

Thaís Shaetta (Bachelor Architect)


Energy performance optimization of a building requires an integrated design approach to minimize the

building's energy consumption while meeting all the occupants' needs. Design strategies such as building

orientation and architectural features to minimize solar gains in summer and maximize the availability of

usable daylighting combined with accurate control of the heating, ventilating, air-conditioning, and lighting

systems is an example of an integrated design approach to optimize the building's energy performance.

Integrated design considers and optimises the building as an entire system including its technical

equipment and surroundings and for the whole lifespan. This means that architects and specialists like

mechanical, civil, and HVAC engineers, energy experts and installers should work together in

multidisciplinary teams from the very beginning of the design phase, requiring an extra effort of the parties

involved and not only the know-how, but especially skills.

In this context, a nearly zero energy building has been developed as part of a design course organised by

these 15 European universities and this poster presentation ilustrates the work developed by University of

Methodology

The choice of the best package of

measures integrating efficiency and

conservation measures, and in-situ

renewables harvesting is supported in

Cost Optimal methodology as proposed

by EPBD recast, applied to a single

familiy building developed according to

minimum standards of Portuguese

thermal regulation.


When focus is on optimization of life cycle costs regardless the values of energy needs, best results are

achieved for variants using a very eficiente gas boiler for heating and DHW. The optimal variant with this

equipment is achieved with a U-value of 0.58 for walls, 0.42 for roof, 0.43 for floor and 2.3 for windows. Main

facade is facing south and windows área is aproximately 10% of room área. In three of the six systems tested,

the optimal variant is found for a primary energy use between 90 and 100 kWh/m2 per year. Values of 40

and 60 kWh/m2 per year are achieved with variants using a biomass boiler and a very efficient heat pump,

but their initial costs, replacement costs and maintenance costs lead to significantly higher global costs. The

most cost effective variant that delivers a solution with zero energy balance introduces small variations in

the hierarchuisation of the systems for heating, cooling and DHW. But relevant changes in the definition of

the envelope occur, with the optimal variant being now achieved with a U-value of 0.31 for walls, 0.31 for

roof, 0.43 for floor and 2.3 for windows.

Energy indicators

Energy use:

Heating: 44.29 kWh/m2.a

Cooling: 6.36 kWh/m2.a

DHW: 25.76 kWh/m2.a

PV panels providing the equivalent to 100% of

primary energy used for heating, cooling and

DHW.

175,000 €

177,000 €

179,000 €

181,000 €

183,000 €

185,000 €

187,000 €

189,000 €

191,000 €

193,000 €

195,000 €

0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

Heat Pump 2.8 and DHW Gas Heater

Heat Pump 4.0

Gas Boiler 0.93

Gas Boiler 1.07

HVAC and Electric DHW

Gas Boiler 0.93 and Biomass

Life cycle global cost optimization for zero energy target (Net presente value)

In this graphic, each mark represents global

costs for heating, cooling, DHW and on-site

renewable energy harvesting for a possible

building variant with an annual balance of

zero energy for heating, cooling and DHW.

For each combination of building systems and

envelope solution, the remaining energy

needs are compensated by on-site renewable

energy harvesting in order to achieve a

primary energy neutral balance in a year.

Primary energy (kWh/m2 per year)

Global costs (Net presente value)



“This project has been a very interesting and rewarding experience where students, with different

backgrounds and interests, worked together in a collaborative way for a common objective. The different

skills of the students allowed achieving a good project and, in the end, all recognized that collaborative

work is an added value in these kind of projects.”


Marco Ferreira: “This work allowed exploring current constructive solutions potential, combined with inte-

grated manner passive techniques with on-site energy from renewable sources harvesting systems, without

recurring to more sophisticated components of technology or innovation, and realizing that ZEB are feasible

in Portugal even with strong financial constraints.”

Ana Carlota: “This work may be seen as a small contribution to the mentalities’ change about energy effi-

ciency in buildings, especially in what concerns solutions and their cost effectiveness. It may give some in-

formation about a possible path towards the nZEB buildings in Portugal.”

Thaís Shaetta: “This work allowed to understand that with common energy efficiency measures it is possible

to achieve more efficient buildings. It is an interesting work and a way to develop skills in the Portuguese

thermal regulation.”

175,000 €

177,000 €

179,000 €

181,000 €

183,000 €

185,000 €

187,000 €

189,000 €

191,000 €

193,000 €

195,000 €

35.00 55.00 75.00 95.00 115.00 135.00

Heat Pump 2.8 and DHW Gas Heater

Heat Pump 4.0

Gas Boiler 0.93

Gas Boiler 1.07

HVAC and Electric DHW

Gas Boiler 0.93 and Biomass

Primary energy (kWh/m2 per year)

Global costs (Net presente value) Graphic — Life cycle global cost optimization

In this graphic, each point

represents global costs and annual

energy consumption for heating,

cooling and DHW for a possible

building variant. Building variants

are created with different

combinations of building envelopes

(several levels of insulation in walls,

roof and floor, different window

systems, different orientations of

the building, different windows

áreas) and different building

systems for heating, cooling and

DHW (heat pumps, gas boilers,

HVAC, electric water heater and

biomass boiler).


Energy efficient building refurbishment University of Zagreb, Croatia

General framework

This project of energy efficient and sustainable building refurbishment was created as a student assignment

at the Architectural Design Workshop held October 2011- February 2012 as a part of the Master's level

graduate course at the Faculty of Architecture in Zagreb. The main goal was to create a contemporary

housing project by refurbishing an old 1964 apartment building in the Trnsko development, located at the

southern outskirts of Croatia's capital Zagreb.

Project

The apartments are modernized by creating an open living area with glass conservatories added on both

sides of the building thus creating an additional room or winter garden and contributing to the insulation,

acoustic insulation and ventilation. The project proposes a construction of three penthouse appartments on

the presently unused roof terrace. Moreover, a part of the roof is organized as a greenhouse with an

adjacent green roof and a rainwater supply for irrigation, to be used as an all year round vegetable garden.

As a solar mapping analysis of the Trnsko development has already been done, an installation of solar

photovoltaics is also possible, in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as well as energy costs.

Student

The author of this student assignment Ivana

Benkovic, is a Master's level graduate course

student at the Faculty of Architecture at the

University of Zagreb.


Evaluation by student

The main goals of obtaining high standards in energy efficiency, sustainability and accesibility were fulfilled

by modernising the apartments and allowing them to be flexible, by adding thermal insulation where nee-

ded, green walls and roofs that reduce the solar reflectance of a structure and provide additional insulation

and natural cooling and by incorporating simple but effective technical solutions such as the trombe wall.

In addition to the classic thermal insulation and vertical gardens

on the east and west facade, a „trombe wall“ system is suggested

on the south facade as the external walls are massive precast

concrete walls with high capacity of heat absorbtion. During

winter, it contributes to the heating and thermal insulation of the

building, while in summertime it allows air circulation similar to

the thermal chimney system. The main goals of obtaining high

standards in energy efficiency, sustainability and accesibility were

fulfilled by modernising the apartments and allowing them to be

flexible, by adding thermal insulation where needed, green walls

and roofs that reduce the solar reflectance of a structure and

provide additional insulation and natural cooling and by

incorporating simple but effective technical solutions.

Energy indicators

The Energy end use de-

mands for all operating

end uses is 34,1 kWh/

m2a.

The fraction of total an-

nual operating energy

provided by on-site re-

newable energy produc-

tion is 20%.


Passive housing in redevelopment project Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania

General framework

The assignment was to implement a passive housing conception in the redevelopment and renovation of

multi-storey residential buildings from the 1970s by using the Passive House Design Multicriteria Analysis

System. This was assigned in the autumn semester 2012 in a course of Renovation of the Built Environment

within the master study programme Construction Technologies and Management.

Project

A large block construction dwelling house located at Zirmunu

Str. 116 in Vilnius, built in 1968 on the basis of a standard project

I‑464A. It is a 5-floor house with 60 apartments; it has been in

operation for 40 years already.

The renovation concerned the external walls, windows, stairs,

outer doors, roof of the house, loggia-type balconies were equip-

ped and inner and outer engineering networks were modernised,

territory surrounding the house was transformed.

Students

The project was done by two master students

Ieva Jackutė (right) and Edita Girkantaitė

(left) The project duration was four months.

Energy indicators

After renovation the delivered energy (space

heating + domestic hot water) is 28 kWh/

m2a.



Ieva Jackutė: “I really enjoyed the experience of being a participant of Renovation of the Built Environment

module. Team work was not new, but very useful for me. I learned some new skills that will definitely help

me in my current and future work.”

Edita Girkantaitė: “It was invaluable experience. During team work we discussed, tried to find best solu-

tions, and divided work. I can summarize that in team work you can reach better results than in individual

work. This task was very useful and valuable for me.”

Methodology

Much data had to be processed and evaluated in carrying out the multivariant design and multiple criteria

analysis of a house and its components. Numbers of feasible alternatives can be as large as 100,000. The

greater the number of alternative versions that are investigated before making a final decision, the greater

is the possibility of achieving a more rational end result. The derived information and the PHDMA System

formed the basis making it possible to perform a multiple criteria analysis of the composite parts of the

house (walls, windows, roofs, floors and the like) and to select the most efficient versions. Thereafter the

received compatible and rational composite parts of a the house were joined into renovation project.


Revitalisation Faculty Building in Warsaw Warsaw University of Technology, Poland

General framework

Students from Warsaw University of Technology had brought together their ideas and used their skills to

improve energetic quality of an existing building, built in 1965. The base level for calculation was the state

of the building in 2005. The first step of revitalisation was implementing PV panels at the buildings envelo-

pe. In 2008 the scientific team from WUT proposed the improvement direction based on the integrated de-

sign process implemented into pre-design stage of the project.

Project

Based on documentation and earlier calculations made by specialists working at WTU students created their

own vision of building. The major aim was to reduce energy consumption and heat loss during the heating

period and make internal conditions better especially in the summer when temperatures inside rise signifi-

cantly. Another goal was to making the existing shell more pleasant for the eye by creating new facades and

green roofs. Emphasis was put on connecting both aims together in the easiest way.

Main aim was to improve energy performance of the existing building. It was realized by conventional solu-

tions such as external wall isolation, installing PV cells, solar panels and creating green roofs and shades on

the facades.

Students

Anna Rokicka Environmental Engineering. MSc degree student

Katarzyna Wawer Architecture, MSc degree student Agnieszka

Lewandowska Environmental Engineering. MSc degree stu-

dent.

Building location

Central district of Warsaw within histori-

cal city block of Warsaw University of

Technology main camp.

Building structure

Prefabricated concrete frame with prefa-

bricated slabs.


Evaluation by team members

Taking part in this project was a great experience.

We had a chance to use our imagination and re-

create an existing building by using simple but

not common solutions. We are convinced that

this cooperation increased our skills and knowled-

ge in sustainable building design and teamwork.

The whole building comprises of two wings -

11 and 8 floors respectively plus underground

level. Top and underground floors contain

technical rooms and some laboratories. Main

functions of the rest of the building are labo-

ratories/ learning rooms and office type

rooms. The building’s depth and glazing al-

lows good daylighting.

Solutions: PV cells installed at the southern

façade and solar panels at the roof of the buil-

ding. Intelligent façade with shades which

will open and close automatically.

Energy indicators

The energy enduse demand is 82,3 kWh/m2a

for heating, cooling was not required.

The fraction of total annual operating energy

provided by on-site renewable energy pro-

duction is planned to be 54%.


Bent to the sun Zuyd University , Heerlen, the Netherlands

General Framework

The students had to design a building for the District of Tomorrow in which living and

working is integrated. The building has to be zero-energy on a yearly base. This is for hea-

ting, cooling, ventilation, lighting and appliances. On a district level the site has to be zero-

water. Therefore different measures must be taken on building level so this can be realised.

For materials the demand was that 25% of the building materials must be renewable buil-

ding materials which can grow back in maximum of 50 years time.

The District of Tomorrow

The Districtof Tomorrow is an innovative programme were education, research, business and government

create an inspiring environment together, for the transition to a sustainable built environment in the Euro-

pean Science and Business Park Avantis in Heerlen / Aachen. In this innovative programme sustainable

techniques will be designed, studied and tested, which can be applied in the existing cities and neigbour-

hoods in the Euregion. In ‘The District of Tomorrow’, four building objects will be developed, produced, ex-

hibited, exploited and monitored by students, researchers and companies. Zuyd works in this project toge-

ther with 60 regional companies.

Student’s profile

The assignment was for the thesis for the ba-

chelor students from Built Environment.

Their speciality is Building Technology or Ar-

chitecture. About 50 students worked on the

assignment that year (2008). The teachers

nominated 5 designs, which were judged by a

proffesional external jury. The winning design

was “Bent to the Sun”. This building was the

First building which was realised at the

“District of Tomorrow”. The designers are

Addo Frints & Kaj Seegers.


Evaluation

The students started the assignment with the

idea of making a energy efficient building wit-

hout looking like one. After a few weeks and

some calculations they came to the conclusi-

on that it is quite impossible to realize a net

zero building without an integral design.

This was a good learning moment for the

young architects.

Energy indicators

Energy demand for space heating, 13 kWh/

(m2a) PV panels providing the equivalent to

100% of primary energy used for heating, co-

oling and DHW.


Energy exchange

1. Mechanical ventilation system with heat recovery

2. Horizontal ground exchanger: small tubs are horizontally put under the parking ground, so they can

be used as a source for the heatpump.

3. Floor heating, the heating and cooling is done by integrated Floor heating which is used for heating

and cooling. In the wooden floors, a “dry” system is used.

4. Night ventilation: In summer the heat recovery of the mechnical ventilation is turned of in the night,

so that cool night air can enter the building. The warm air inside is extra ventilated by thermal diffe-

rences in the stairwell, and an automatic hatch in the roof.

5. Smart grid: all the buildings are connected to a smart grid on site. The produced energy on site is dis-

tributed and divided between the buildings. The smart grid is connected to the electricity grid to ex-

change overproduction, and use electricity when there is not enough electricity produced on site.

Energy saving design

The building has a very low energy demand for space heating, 13 kWh/(m2a), which makes it a “Passive

House”. This is done by a compact design, passive solar gain in winter by big openings in the south facade,

Sun shading in summer by the fixed overhang, and the sloped south facade, well insulated facades and roof.

The facades are made out of wooden frameworks with insulation in between and insulation on top, wooden

window frames with triple glazing and a thermal bridge in the middle of the frame, the basement is made

out of concrete which is insulated on the outside, the concrete is made out of 90% rubble granulate, because

of the high mass of this Construction the temperatures will not be to high in summer in the office, windows

in the back facade and solar tubes in the front, ensure the basement of enough natural daylight.

Night ventilation


Water

There are five types of water flows in the building:

1. Drinking water (1)

2. Rain water is used for toilet flushing and cleaning. Rainwater from the roof is stored in a buffer under

the ground (2). This buffer has an overflow to the infiltration pound (5) on site.

3. Grey waste water (from sinks and shower) will be purified in a natural filter of reed plants on site

(5). This purified water is also re-used for toilet flushing and cleaning.

4. Yellow waste water: urine from the toilets. This is collected by a special toilet with a seperate drain

for urine. Yellow waste water contains a lot of phosfor , which can be used as a fertilizer. On site this

will be extracted (3). The firtilizer will be used in the green house on top of another building.

5. Black waste water (other waste from the toilets) will be used for production of biogas (4), what will

be used on site.

Energy storage

Layered heat storage vessel: This vessel is

used to store hot water, and contains two

zones. The zone in the top has a higher

temperature and stores the hot tapwater

from the solar collectors. The other zone

stores a lower temparutre water for indoor

heating from the heatpump.

Energy production

1. Solar collectors: There are two solar collectors on the roof for hot tapwater and indoor heating.

2. PV panels are aprtially integrated in the roof for Electricity. These are hig efficiency panels from a lo-

cal PV producer (Solland, Sunweb).

3. Windturbines: raywavers, an integrated design of windenergy, solar energy production and street

lighthing.

4. Heatpump with horizontal ground exchanger.


Zuyd University of Applied Sciences P.b. 550 6400 AN Heerlen, the Netherlands www.zuyd.nl [email protected] Colofon Editor Wendy Broers Lay out Marlou Koelman Faculty of Bèta Sciences and Technology July 2013

Disclaimer The sole responsibility for the contents of this report lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible to any use that may be made of the information con-tained therein.

IDES-EDU Zero Energy Buildings Design-Course

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