Ideology and the Ideological State Apparatuses

Ideology and the Ideological State ApparatusesLouise AlthusserThe StateThe theory of the state (Marx)The State Apparatuses

in order to advance the theory of the state it is indispensible to take into account not only the distinction between state power and state apparatus, but also another reality which is clearly on the side of the (repressive) state apparatus, but must not be confused with it. I shall call this reality by its concept: the Ideological State Apparatuses.The ideological State Apparatuses

The repressive: the army, Police the courts, the prisons etc. The ideological: a certain number of different realities which present themselves to the immediate observer in the form of distinct and specialized institutions.Ex: the church, schools, family, press etc. What constitutes the difference?The repressive state apparatus functions by violence. (public)The ideological state apparatuses function by ideology. (private)all the state apparatuses function both by repression and by ideology, with the difference that the (repressive) State Apparatus functions massively and predominantly by repression, whereas the Ideological State Apparatuses function massively and predominantly by ideology.The Dominant Ideologyno class can hold state power over a long period without at the same time exercising its hegemony over in the State Ideological Apparatuses

Ideology Was coined by Destutt de Tracy 1796, in the period of the French revolution, as a label for his science of ideas.

a system of ideas that dominates the mindideology is a representation of the imaginary relationship of individuals to their real conditions of existence. Ideology has a material existenceIdeology always exists in an apparatus

I shall therefore say that, where only a single subject (such and such an individual) is concerned, the existence of the ideas of his belief is material in that his ideas are his material actions inserted into material practices governed by material rituals which are themselves defined by material ideological apparatus from which derive the ideas of that subject.Fundamental notionsSubjectConsciousnessBeliefActionThere is no practice except by and in an ideology;There is no ideology except by subject and for subjects;Ideology interpellates individuals as subjects.InterpellationThere is no practice except by and in an ideology. Meaning:There is no ideology except for concrete subjects, and this destination of ideology is only made possible by the subject: meaning, by the category of the subject and its functioning.

The functioning of ideology exists in a double constitution.

the category of the subject is only constitutive of all ideology insofar as all ideology has the function (which defines it) of constituting concrete individuals as subjects.Ideology is nothing but its functioning in the material forms of existence of that functioningWe all live spontaneously in ideology

the man is an ideological animal by natureit is in the Logos St Paul.

Its obvious, we can never fail to recognize itExample of pre-acquaintance Recognition this recognition only gives us the consciousness of our incessant (eternal) practise of ideological recognitionWhy the category of the subject is constitutive of ideology?All ideology hails or interpellates concrete individuals as concrete subjects by the functioning of the category of the subject.Example: PolicemanThe process of interpellation insures:A free subjectivity, a centre of initiatives, author of and responsible for its actions;A subjected being, who submits to a higher authority, and is therefore stripped of all freedom except that of freely accepting his submission.Discussion The question of subjectivity

we need to know how volunteers are designated in this recruitment (p. 150)Main critics of Althussers notion of subjectivity in interpellationTherbornMladen DolarSlavoj iek Judith ButlerBourdieu Forms of Capitalcapital can present itself in three fundamental guises: as economic capital, which is immediately and directly convertible into money and may be institutionalized in the forms of property rights; as cultural capital, which is convertible, on certain conditions, into economic capital and maybe institutionalized in the forms of educational qualifications; and as social capital, made up of social obligations (connections), which is convertible, in certain conditions, into economic capital and maybe institutionalized in the forms of title and nobility.Cultural capital The embodied stateThe objectified stateThe institutionalized stateQuran TranslationsTranslation and Commentary on The Holy Quran (2000), by ZohurulHoque.The Tajwidi Qur'an (2003) by NooruddeenDurkeeThe Quran with an English Paraphrase (2003), by Sayyid Ali QuliQara'iThe Qur'an: A New Translation (2004) by Thomas Cleary.The Qur'an (2004), by M.A.S. Abdel-HaleemThe Sublime Qur'an (2007) by LalehBakhtiarThe Qur'an (2007), by Alan JonesThe Qur'an with Annotated Interpretation in Modern English Quran Made Easy: Complete English Translation with Inline Commentary (2007) by Mufti Afzal Hoosen EliasThe Meaning of the Noble Qur'an (with Explanatory Notes in two volumes) (2007) by Maulana Muhammad TaqiUsmani.The Gracious Qur'an: A Modern Phrased Interpretation in English (2008) by Dr. Ahmad ZakiHammadThe Qur'an: A New Translation (2008) by TarifKhalidiQuran: A Simple English Translation (2009) by MaulanaWahiduddin KhanThe Holy Qur'an in Today's English (2010) by Yahiya EmerickThe Qur'an (2011), by Nazeer AhmedThe Glorious Qur'an (2011) by Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri.Quran in English: Clear and Easy to Read (2012) by TalalItaniWhat is in the Quran? Message of the Quran in Simple English (2013) by Abdur Raheem Kidwai

17 cases: 16 cases that have various components of selection (mostly religious expertise embodied in a form of an institutionalized state) and 1 case of translational expertise only.

The predominant concern was religious expertise The secondary concern is transitional expertise

Correspondence Cultural capital (institutionalized state: academic qualifications) Social capital (the case of Bakhtiar)