Identifying Function-Based Interventions
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Identifying Function-Based Interventions
Chris Borgmeier, [email protected]
Sheldon Loman, [email protected]
Portland State University
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Function Based Interventions
Maintaining Consequence & Function
Problem Behavior
Antecedent
FUNCTIONAVOIDING DIFFICULT TASK
PreventMake task
less difficult to avoid
difficult task
Alternate behavior
Must allow student to
avoid difficult task
Consequence(+) Reinforce (a) alternate
behavior w/ oppt’y to avoid task & (b) desired behavior
(effort on task)
(-) problem behavior should not result in avoiding task;
redirect to Alt. behavior
When generating interventions we use Function to develop ideas to change A, B & C
Targeted Routine
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Function Based Interventions
Maintaining Consequence & Function
Problem Behavior
Antecedent
FUNCTIONGETTING ADULT ATTENTION
PreventProvide adult Attention in advance &
often
Alternate behaviorMust give student
access to adult attention
Consequence(+) Reinforce both alternate behavior & desired behavior
w/ adult attention(-) problem behavior should not result in adult attention;
redirect to Alt. behavior
When generating interventions we use Function to develop ideas to change A, B & C
Targeted Routine
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Competing Behavior Pathway
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Essential Characteristics of a Replacement / Alternate Behavior An appropriate Replacement Behavior:
Serves the same function as the problem behavior
Is easier to do and more efficient than the problem behavior
Alternate Behaviors require less physical effort & provide quicker, more reliable access to desired outcome/response than problem behavior
Is socially acceptable
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Activity 1 With a partner, identify 2-3 pot’l Alternative
Behaviors & complete the Desired Behavior & Consequence boxes
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Developing Function-Based Interventions
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Teaching BehaviorInterventions
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Teaching Behavior
1. First teach the Alternate Behavior
What are the critical
features of Teaching
Interventions?
Does Alt. Beh.:a) Serve same
Function?b) Is it Easier?c) Socially
acceptable?
Yes or No?
Why?
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Example: Teaching Behavior
A B C Teach Dexter to raise his hand & ask for a break, instead of
engaging in negative behavior.
*By teaching Dexter an easier alternate behavior to get what he wants, we’re making the problem behavior Inefficient.
Dexter will need frequent practice, precorrections, and prompts to help him get in the habit of using the alternate behavior
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Teaching Interventions: Desired Behavior
Achieving the Desired Behavior most often requires a sustained, focused teaching effort to build missing skills
Academic deficits (often related to Avoiding difficult tasks) Example: student avoids reading because 3 grade levels behind in reading… requires
intensive reading instruction to close gap
Social Skills deficits (often related to seeking attention) Example: student seeks negative attention due to isolation from peers and adults
resulting from aggressive behavior and limited social skills… requires sustained, targeted social skill instruction generalized to natural context
Communication deficit Example: student screams and rocks vigorously back and forth due to limited
communication skills which might result in getting a snack… requires teaching communication skills (PECS, sign language, etc.)
Organizational/school skills deficits
Example: student doesn’t complete homework due to limited scheduling and organization strategies which might result in (a) task avoidance due to limited background knowledge or (b) avoiding negative interactions with teacher because homework is frequently not done… requires teaching school skills
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2. Next, teach content
required to support student to achieve the
Desired Behavior
What do we need to teach student to achieve the
desired behavior?
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Proactive (PBS) InterventionsAttention Seeking
B - TEACH Behaviors to use instead of the problem behavior
Teach student more appropriate ways to ask for adult attentionIdentify and teach specific examples of ways to ask for attention -Raise hand and wait patiently for teacher to call on you -likely need to differentiate (large group, small \ group, work time, etc.)
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Proactive (PBS) Interventions Avoid Task
B - TEACH Behaviors to use instead of the problem behavior
Teach student more appropriate ways to ask for help from teacher or peersProvide additional instruction on skill deficitsIdentify and teach specific examples of ways to ask for help -Raise hand and wait patiently for teacher to call on you -teach student to use a break card -likely need to differentiate (large group, small \ group, work time, etc.)
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Proactive (PBS) Interventions Avoid Task
B - TEACH Desired Behaviors
Provide academic instruction/support to address student skill deficits
-More focused instruction in class - Additional instructional group - Special Education support for academic deficit - additional support and practice at home -additional assessment to identify specific skill deficits
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With a partner identify
intervention options for
teaching the Alternate &
Desired Behaviors
Activity 2
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Antecedent Interventions
Prevent & Prompt
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Antecedent Interventions
Preventing Problem Behavior
Prevention- Change the trigger that sets off the
problem behavior
(A) Examine the Antecedent & Function of the Problem Behavior
(B) Change the antecedent so student will no longer need to use
problem behavior (make the problem behavior Irrelevant) The best choices for Antecedent changes:
1. Directly address the identified antecedent
2. must address the function the problem behavior is serving
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Antecedent Interventions Directly address the identified antecedent
Antecedent = Asked to read aloud in class Potential options that more directly address the antecedent
Do not ask student to read aloud in class Give student passage in advance to practice pre-reading Let student read 1 sentence directions they are familiar with,
instead of entire paragraphs from the text
Non-examples (do not directly address antecedent) Move student closer to the teacher Attend a counseling group about anger management Check-in with teacher before reading group
Now, why is Function important?
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Antecedent interventions must address the
function the problem behavior serves
Antecedent = Asked to read aloud in class + Function = Avoid any public presentation (not
about reading difficulty; more related to social anxiety)
Does the Intervention address the Function of Behavior Do not ask student to read aloud in class (or respond publicly) Give student passage in advance to practice pre-reading Let student read 1 sentence directions they are familiar with,
instead of entire paragraphs from the text
Does the intervention address the function of behavior?
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Antecedent Interventions
A B C Instead of giving Dexter the class math assignment of
multi-digit multiplication & division problems, let’s give him an assignment he can be more successful with (e.g. 4 single digit mult/div problems for every 1 multi-digit problem)
*By changing A, we can PREVENT Dexter’s need to engage in negative behavior, making it Irrelevant
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2. Next, identify ways to prompt/
precorrect the alternate &
desired behavior
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Proactive (PBS) InterventionsAttention Seeking
A - PREVENTIONInterventions occurring before the behavior occurs
Prevention (give attention early for positive)Check-in – provide adult attention immediately upon student arrivalGive student leadership responsibility or a class ‘job’ that requires the student to interact w/ staffPlace student in desk where they are easily accessible for frequent staff attentionGive student frequent intermittent attention for positive or neutral behaviorPreCorrect - Frequently & deliberately remind student to raise their hand and wait patiently if they want your attention
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Proactive (PBS) InterventionsAvoid Task
A - PREVENTIONInterventions occurring before the behavior occurs
Prevention (modify task or provide support)Modify assignments to meet student instructional/skill level (adjust timelines,
provide graphic organizers, break in to smaller chunks, etc.)Assign student to work with a peerProvide additional instruction/supportProvide visual prompt to cue steps for completing tasks student struggles withProvide additional support focused on instructional skills (Homework Club, study
hall, etc.) PreTeaching contentPreCorrect - Frequently & deliberately remind student to ask for help
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With a partner identify
Antecedent intervention options to
Prevent the Problem
Behavior & Prompt
Alternate & Desired
Behaviors
Activity 3
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Consequence Interventions
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Consequence InterventionsReinforcing Behavior
Reinforcement should focus on 2 different sets of behaviors Alternative Behavior & Desired Behavior
1. Reinforcing the Alternative Behavior When the student engages in the alternative behavior,
quickly provide the student with an outcome that matches the outcome/ function of the problem behavior
E.g. if student raises hand to request an easier, substitute assignment; in order to escape difficult tasks then quickly provide the student with the easier assignment
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Consequence InterventionsReinforcing Behavior
2. Reinforcing the Desired Behavior(s), or approximations of the desired behavior
The ultimate plan is to have the student move beyond the alternative behavior to using the desired behavior
Reinforcing this progression should start from the beginning of the intervention
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Consequence InterventionsReinforcing Behavior
Considerations for Reinforcing Desired Behavior
The goals & expectations for desired behavior must be reasonable
Reasonable expectations of student behavior EXAMPLE: on a daily basis the student is out of seat & off task
the entire period & has not turned in any work the entire term
Probably NOT a Reasonable Expectation = student to be in seat the whole class period and turn in completed worksheets
More Reasonable approximations (Start Small & Build on Success):
Turns in assignments 50% completed On task and trying to complete work for 15 minutes each
period
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Consequence InterventionsReinforcing Behavior
Considerations for Reinforcing Desired Behavior The timeframe for goals & expectations for desired behavior must be
reasonable
In the Beginning try to Reinforce Every occurrence or approximation
Reasonable timeframes for Reinforcement Probably NOT Reasonable Timeframes for reinforcement
If student turns in all worksheets for week 1, he will earn 15 min. in skate park on Friday
If student is in seat and on-task for the entire period, he will earn a candy bar
More Reasonable Timeframes for reinforcement If student completes 5 problems, he can choose 3 problems to cross off the
worksheet If student is on task for 10 min., he will earn 4 min. of computer time
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Consequence InterventionsReinforcing Behavior
Considerations for Reinforcing Desired Behavior The reinforcer must be valued by the student
The function of behavior is a good place to start when identifying valued reinforcers
e.g. If the function of behavior is to Gain Peer Attention, the reinforcer should give access to Peer Attention
e.g. if the function of behavior is to Avoid Difficult Task the reinforcer could be a “Free Homework Pass”
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With a partner identify
Consequence interventions to Reinforce the
Alternate & Desired (or
approximations of) Behaviors
Activity 4
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Consequence InterventionsResponding to Problem Behavior
Responding to Problem Behavior should focus on 2 things:
Redirecting to the Alternative Behavior Active Extinction of the Problem Behavior
Do NOT let the problem behavior be effective in giving the student what they want
1. Redirecting to the Alternative Behavior When the student engages in the alternative behavior, quickly
provide the student with an outcome that matches the function of the problem behavior This should also help to prevent escalation
E.g. if student raises hand to request an easier, substitute assignment; in order to escape difficult tasks then quickly provide the student with the easier assignment
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Consequence Interventions Responding to Problem Behavior
2. Active Extinction of the Problem Behavior Make sure the problem behavior no longer works
for the student… If using a consequence as a response to negative behavior, make sure the consequence is not providing the desired function for the student
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Example: Consequence Interventions
A B C We must refuse to (C) let Dexter avoid difficult math tasks by (B)
engaging in disrespectful behavior & Instead prompt him to raise his hand and (C) reward him for (B) raising his hand & asking for a break (Alternate Behvior)
*By not providing Dexter w/ what he wants when he engages in disrespectful behavior we are making the problem behavior Ineffective.
It is important that we work hard to Reinforce Dexter for engaging in the alternate behavior, or he is likely to go back to & escalate the problem behavior
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PBS InterventionsAttention Seeking
RESPONSE TO BEHAVIOR Intervention occurs after (in response to) positive
or negative behavior
Respond quickly if student asks appropriate for adult attentionGive the student frequent adult attention for positive behaviorStudent earns ‘lunch w/ teacher’ when student earns points for paying attn in class & asking appropriately for attentionEliminate/minimize the amount of attention provided to a student for engaging in problem behavior
•Limit verbal interaction – create a signal to prompt the student to stop the problem behavior•Avoid power struggles
C -
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PBS InterventionsAttention Seeking
CSometimes students need additional encouragement to engage in the desired behavior…When using additional incentives to encourage student positive behavior
If students desire adult attention, use it as an incentive-lunch with teacher-1:1 game with favorite staff, etc.-special teacher assistant
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PBS Interventions Avoid Task
RESPONSE TO BEHAVIOR Intervention occurs after (in response to) positive
or negative behaviorRespond quickly if student asks for help or for a breakReward students for on task, trying hard, work completion & for asking for a break or help appropriately
Eliminate/minimize the amount of missed instructional time or work provided to a student for engaging in problem behavior
•However, need to make sure student is capable of doing work… or provide support/instruction so student can complete the work
C -
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PBS Interventions Avoid Task
CSometimes students need additional encouragement to engage in the desired behavior…When using additional incentives to encourage student positive behavior
If students is attempting to avoid tasks, you might use free homework passes or reduced numbers of problems as an incentive
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With a partner identify
Consequence interventions for Responding to
Problem Behavior :
Prompt the Alternate
Behavior & Extinguish the
Problem Behavior
Activity 5
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With a partnerrate the attached
intervention using the
scoring rubric provided
Activity 6