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![Page 1: Identifying Criminals History - a short one. Early Criminal Characteristics Ideas How an individual’s physical characteristics were used to predict criminal.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081513/56649ee75503460f94bf7b90/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Identifying Criminals History
- a short one
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Early Criminal Characteristics Ideas
How an individual’s physical characteristics were used to predict
criminal behavior
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Phrenology
• Proposed by Dr. Franz Gall in 1796
• Said a person’s qualities & abilities are traced to a part of the brain
• Thinking changed shape of the skull (bumps)
• Is not true
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Cesare Lombroso
• Italian psychiatrist in the mid-19th century• Studied 7000 criminals to prove criminal types
could be I.D. by physical characteristics• E.g.:
– Swindlers and bandits larger-than-normal heads
– Thieves & highwaymen had thick hair & beards
• Never proved his ideas but invented many instruments to try
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Anthropometry“Man Measurement”
• Proposed in 1883 by Alphonse Bertillon• Concluded no two human beings have the same
measurements• Developed method of identifying criminals by
their measurements• Bertillonage was adapted as a system of I.D. by
France• Was replaced by fingerprinting• Responsible for the precursor of the “mug-shot”
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Fingerprinting History
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William Herschel
• Administrative clerk in India
• Used fingerprints to ID claimants
• Recognized patterns did not change with age
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Dr. Henry Faulds
• Scottish physiologist
• Credited w/ 1st documented crime solved by fingerprint comparison (Tokyo)
• ID’d thief from print left @ scene
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Sir Francis Galton
• 1892 - publishes Finger Prints
• Discusses anatomy of fingerprints & suggests method for recording them
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Juan Vucetich
• 1892 - claimed the 1st official criminal ID using fingerprints to solve a crime– Children of a women named Rojas were
murdered– Blamed a neighbor– Bloody fingerpint found at the scene (doorpost)– Turned out to be her right thumb– She confessed
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Sir Edward Henry
• Used Galton’s work to develop a fingerprint identification system
• His system & Vucetich form the basis of all modern ten-finger fingerprint ID systems
• The basic Henry System, w/ modifications & extensions is utilized by the FBI and other law enforcement agencies in the US
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1903- Will West v. William West
• Showed the fallibility of 3 separate ID systems
• Personal ID-photographs
• Bertillion System - Body part Measurements
• Names
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Process Used to Analyze PrintsACE-V
A – Analysis
qualitative & quantitative assessment of details including pattern, minutia, & presence of scars, breaks, pores, etc.
C – Comparison
comparison of attributes from analysis between 2 fingerprints
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ACE-V cont.
E – Evaluation
decision of 1 of the following:• Match (individualization)
• Non-match
• Insufficient data
V – Verification
independent ACE steps by a 2nd qualified analyst
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The 3 Main Patterns of Prints
Arch- 5% Loop- 60%
Whorl- 35%
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Plain Arch
• Ridges enter from 1 side of the print
• Rise or wave in center• Flow or tend to flow
out the opposite side
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Tented Arch
• Posseses either an angle, upward thrust or 2 of 3 basic loop characteristics
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Loop Patterns
• 1 or more ridges enter from either side, recurve, touch or pass an imaginary line between delta & core and pass out or tend to pass out the same side the ridges entered
• 3 basic characteristics:– Sufficient recurve– Delta– Ridge Count - Across a looping ridge
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Ulnar Loop (Right hand)
• Loops flow toward the little finger of the hand– Ulna Bone
• The direction of the flow applies to the fingers on the hand, not as they appear on the card.
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Radial Loop (Right Hand)
• Loops flow toward the thumb– Radial bone
• The direction of the flow applies to the fingers on the hand, not as they appear on the card.
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Whorls
• The following characteristics are the MINIMUM required for a print to be classified a whorl pattern:– 2 deltas and a recurve in front of each delta– It can be a pattern spiral, oval, circular, or any
variant of a circle
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Plain Whorl
• 1 or more ridges that make or tend to make a complete circuit, w/ 2 deltas, between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, at least 1 ridge within the inner pattern is cut or touched
Deltas
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Central pocket whorl• Consists of at least 1
recurving ridge, or an obstruction at right angles to the line of flow w/ 2 deltas between which, when an imaginary line is drawn, at least 1 ridge within the inner pattern is cut or touched
Deltas
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Double loop whorl
• Consists of 2 separate loop formations, w/ 2 separate and distinct sets of shoulders and deltas
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Accidental Whorl
• Consist of a combination of 2 different types of patterns w/ the exception of the plain arch, w/ 2 or more deltas or a pattern that possesses some of the requirements for 2 or more different types or a pattern which conforms to none of the definitions
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2nd Level of Print Identification
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Minutiae (a.k.a. Ridge characteristics)
• Bifurcation
• Island
• Enclosure
• Short ridge
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Minutiae cont.
• Ridge ending/Abrupt ending
• Bridge
• Trifurcation
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3rd level of identification
Pores
Creases
Scars
Line Shape
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Temporary marks
Wart
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IAFIS• Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification
Service
• Maintained by FBI
• Only allowed so many entrees per day
• Contains over 47 million criminals’ prints
• Computers use algorithms – Some reduce image to specific points or minutia– Some divide print into cells & retain info about
general pattern of ridges (e.g. direction of ridges in cell)