Identifying and Understanding North American Carbon Cycle...

Identifying and Understanding Carbon Cycle Implications of NorthAmerican Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbances: 1982-2005

Progress ReportNRA-04-OES-01

Identifying and Understanding Carbon Cycle Implications of NorthAmerican Natural and Anthropogenic Disturbances: 1982-2005

Progress ReportNRA-04-OES-01

Christopher S.R. NeighCompton J. TuckerG. James Collatz

Goddard Space Flight CenterHydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences Laboratory

Code 614.4

Christopher S.R. NeighCompton J. TuckerG. James Collatz

Goddard Space Flight CenterHydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences Laboratory

Code 614.4

Carbon Cycle Carbon Cycle

North American Carbon Sink, What controls it???North American Carbon Sink, What controls it???

Bousquet, et al. 1999, Pacala, S.W., et al., 2001, Caspersen, et al., 2000, Hicke, J.A., et al., 2004Bousquet, et al. 1999, Pacala, S.W., et al., 2001, Caspersen, et al., 2000, Hicke, J.A., et al., 2004

Schematic of Research Objectives

Identifiedcauses ofChange


Identifiedregions ofChange

Identifiedregions ofChange

Identifiedamounts of

Carbon Change

Identifiedamounts of

Carbon Change

NDVINDVI

ClimateClimate

anomalyanomaly

CASABiogeochemistryModel

CASABiogeochemistryModel

Bi-monthlyBi-monthly

CarbonNPPNEPNBP

CarbonNPPNEPNBP

Landsat Land Cover ETM+ 2000TM 1990MSS 1975

Landsat Land Cover ETM+ 2000TM 1990MSS 1975

NDVI = (NIR-VIS)/(NIR+VIS)

VIS = Channel 1 (0.55-0.68µm)NIR = Channel 2 (0.73-1.1µm)

8km pixel resolution1982-> Present

NDVI = (NIR-VIS)/(NIR+VIS)

VIS = Channel 1 (0.55-0.68µm)NIR = Channel 2 (0.73-1.1µm)

8km pixel resolution1982-> Present

GIMMS AVHRR ∆ NDVI Anomaly 1982-1991GIMMS AVHRR ∆ NDVI Anomaly 1982-1991


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Landsat Classification Methods:Landsat Classification Methods:

Geocover OrthorectifiedLandsat TM (i.e., ETM+)

All Bands 1(0.45-0.52µm), 2 (0.52-0.6), 3 (0.63-0.69), 4 (0.76-0.90), 5 (1.551.75) & 7(2.08-2.35)

28.5 m spatial resolutionLandsat MSS

All bands: 1 (0.5-0.6 µm), 2 (0.6-0.7), 3 (0.7-0.8), & 4 (0.8-1.1)57 m spatial resolution

Geocover OrthorectifiedLandsat TM (i.e., ETM+)

All Bands 1(0.45-0.52µm), 2 (0.52-0.6), 3 (0.63-0.69), 4 (0.76-0.90), 5 (1.551.75) & 7(2.08-2.35)

28.5 m spatial resolutionLandsat MSS

All bands: 1 (0.5-0.6 µm), 2 (0.6-0.7), 3 (0.7-0.8), & 4 (0.8-1.1)57 m spatial resolution

Classified using Isodata Clustering & Multidate Tassel Cap Transformation

IGBP Land Cover ClassesNeedleleaf evergreenMixed Needle leaf evergreen Broadleaf DeciduousBroadleaf DeciduousDwarf Trees and ShrubsShort Vegetation GrasslandAgriculture C3 VegetationWaterBarrenClouds and Snow

Classified using Isodata Clustering & Multidate Tassel Cap Transformation

IGBP Land Cover ClassesNeedleleaf evergreenMixed Needle leaf evergreen Broadleaf DeciduousBroadleaf DeciduousDwarf Trees and ShrubsShort Vegetation GrasslandAgriculture C3 VegetationWaterBarrenClouds and Snow

www.landcover.org

Landsat Classification Methods:Landsat Classification Methods:

ISODATAISODATAInterpret/ Recode

Interpret/ Recode

2000 Leaf-on2000 Leaf-on2000 Land Cover2000 Land Cover

Mask Change on 2000 ClassificationMask Change on 2000 ClassificationMultidate Tassel Cap Multidate Tassel Cap

2000B,G,W2000B,G,W

1990B,G,W1990B,G,W

1975B,G,W1975B,G,W

ISODATAISODATA

Identify Change

Clusters

Identify Change

Clusters

20002000

19901990

Landsat Land Cover Results for the Yukon

Note: current results are illustrative and not yet validated

Yukon & Northwest Territories Land Cover

0

1

2

3

4

5

Nee

dlel

eaf E

verg

reen

Mix

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oadl

eaf/N

eedl

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Broa

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f Dec

idou

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Dw

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Shr

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Shor

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C4

Gra

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Agric

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3G

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Wat

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IGBP classes

Hec

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20001990

Yukon & Northwest Territories Land Cover

0

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Nee

dlel

eaf E

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f Dec

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Shr

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Shor

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C4

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Agric

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3G

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Wat

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IGBP classes

Hec

tare

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20001990

20002000

Landsat Land Cover Results for Northern Saskatchewan

19751975


19901990

Northern Saskatchewan Land Cover

012345678

Nee

dlel

eaf E

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Mix

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oadl

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fEv

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f Dec

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Shr

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C4

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Agric

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IGBP classes

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200019901975

Northern Saskatchewan Land Cover

012345678

Nee

dlel

eaf E

verg

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Mix

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eaf/N

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elea

fEv

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Shr

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Shor

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C4

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Agric

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IGBP classes

Hec

tare

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200019901975

Hectares burned for all of Saskatchewan from the Canadian Forest ServiceHectares burned for all of Saskatchewan from the Canadian Forest Service

Saskatchewan Fire Disturbance Trends

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

Year

Hec

tare

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Saskatchewan Fire Disturbance Trends

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

1975

1977

1979

1981

1983

1985

1987

1989

1991

1993

1995

1997

1999

Year

Hec

tare

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Landsat Land Cover Results for Quebec


Quebec Land Cover

0

1

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3

4

5

6

7

8

Nee

dlel

eaf E

verg

reen

Mix

edBr

oadl

eaf/N

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fEv

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Broa

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f Dec

idou

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Dw

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Shr

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Shor

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etat

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C4

Gra

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Agric

ultu

re/C

3G

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Wat

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Barr

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Clo

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Mill

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IGBP classes

Hec

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20001990

Quebec Land Cover

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Nee

dlel

eaf E

verg

reen

Mix

edBr

oadl

eaf/N

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elea

fEv

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Broa

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f Dec

idou

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Dw

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Shr

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Shor

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etat

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C4

Gra

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Agric

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re/C

3G

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land

Wat

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Barr

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Clo

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IGBP classes

Hec

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20001990

20002000

19901990


Newfoundland & Labrador Land Cover

0

1

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4

5

6

Nee

dlel

eaf E

verg

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Mix

edBr

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eaf/N

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f Dec

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Shr

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C4

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Agric

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Wat

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IGBP classes

Hec

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Newfoundland & Labrador Land Cover

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Nee

dlel

eaf E

verg

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Mix

edBr

oadl

eaf/N

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Broa

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Dw

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Shr

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Shor

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C4

Gra

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Agric

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re/C

3G

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Wat

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Clo

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Mill

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IGBP classes

Hec

tare

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Landsat Land Cover Results for Labrador and Newfoundland

20002000

19901990

Land Cover Summary

Observed Land Cover change:Northern Saskatchewan & Quebec

Reduction in needle leaf evergreen forestsRegeneration following fire or logging

Observed Land Cover change:Northern Saskatchewan & Quebec

Reduction in needle leaf evergreen forestsRegeneration following fire or logging

Minimal changes in Land Cover:Yukon/Northwest Territories & Newfoundland/Labrador

Minimal changes in Land Cover:Yukon/Northwest Territories & Newfoundland/Labrador

Carbon, Succession, & NDVICarbon, Succession, & NDVI

After the initial “Disturbance” it has been noted net primary productivity exceeds respired carbon for ~120 years into the future creating a Carbon Pool

After the initial “Disturbance” it has been noted net primary productivity exceeds respired carbon for ~120 years into the future creating a Carbon Pool

8/27/1989, NDVI8/27/1989, NDVI

8/27/1989, 453-RGB8/27/1989, 453-RGB

6/01/2001, NDVI6/01/2001, NDVI6/01/2001, 453-RGB6/01/2001, 453-RGB

Daily Meteorological Station DataDaily Meteorological Station Data

Climate Indices

Temperature Extremes- Number of days above 0 C and 32.2 CEasterling et al. 1997

Growing Season Length – First appearance of five consecutive days above 5 C to the last apperance of five consecutive days below 5 C

Peterson and Folland 2000, Frich et al. 2002 , Robeson et al. 2002

Frost Days – Defined as the number of days in a year with the daily minimum air temperature equal to or below 0 C

Feng et al. 2004, Robeson et al. 2004

Frost Free Days – Defined as the number of days between the last frost day in spring and the first frost day in Autumn of the same year


Extreme Precipitation- Number of Days exceeding 50.8 mm annually (2 inches)Karl 1996

Temperature Extremes- Number of days above 0 C and 32.2 CEasterling et al. 1997

Growing Season Length – First appearance of five consecutive days above 5 C to the last apperance of five consecutive days below 5 C

Peterson and Folland 2000, Frich et al. 2002 , Robeson et al. 2002

Frost Days – Defined as the number of days in a year with the daily minimum air temperature equal to or below 0 C


Frost Free Days – Defined as the number of days between the last frost day in spring and the first frost day in Autumn of the same year


Extreme Precipitation- Number of Days exceeding 50.8 mm annually (2 inches)Karl 1996

Climate TrendsClimate Trends

North West Territories/YukonMarked increase growing season length (90s)& Marked decline in snow depth (80s & 90s)

Warmer

Northern SaskatchewanIncrease in growing season length (80s & 90s)

Decline in precipitation (80s & 90s)Small decline in snow depth (80s & 90s)

Warmer & Dryer

Southern Saskatchewan/DakotasIncrease in growing season length (80s & 90s)

Increase in Precipitation (90s)

Warmer & Wetter

North West Territories/YukonMarked increase growing season length (90s)& Marked decline in snow depth (80s & 90s)

Warmer

Northern SaskatchewanIncrease in growing season length (80s & 90s)

Decline in precipitation (80s & 90s)Small decline in snow depth (80s & 90s)

Warmer & Dryer

Southern Saskatchewan/DakotasIncrease in growing season length (80s & 90s)

Increase in Precipitation (90s)

Warmer & Wetter

Texas/Oklahoma Pan HandleNo Marked Changes

Southern QuebecSlight increase in growing season length (80s & 90s)

Slight decline in snow depth (90s)

Newfoundland/LabradorMarked increase in growing season length (90s)

Decline in snow depth (90s)

Warmer

Texas/Oklahoma Pan HandleNo Marked Changes

Southern QuebecSlight increase in growing season length (80s & 90s)

Slight decline in snow depth (90s)

Newfoundland/LabradorMarked increase in growing season length (90s)

Decline in snow depth (90s)

Warmer

Next Steps (Work in Progress…)

• Quantify Climate Disturbances • Complete Land Cover Maps• Validate Land Cover Maps • CASA Biogeochemical Modeling

• Quantify Climate Disturbances • Complete Land Cover Maps• Validate Land Cover Maps • CASA Biogeochemical Modeling

Theoretical model of Proposed Research Tasks

LCLUCLCLUC

NDVINDVI

ClimateClimate

anomalyanomaly

MrSIDMrSID

Landsat ETM+TMMSS

Landsat ETM+TMMSS

LC19902000

LC19902000

GISSGISS

CMSCMS

LC 200019901975

LC 200019901975

LUC 1990 - 20001975 - 1990

LUC 1990 - 20001975 - 1990

LAIFPARSolar radiationLight utilization efficiencyTemperaturePrecipitationSoil type

LAIFPARSolar radiationLight utilization efficiencyTemperaturePrecipitationSoil type

CASACASA

LoggingLogging

FireFire

Bi-monthlyBi-monthly

By CountyCornSorghumWheat

By CountyCornSorghumWheat

Location

Cause

Amount

LAIFPARLAIFPAR

MonthlyPrecipitationTemperature

MonthlyPrecipitationTemperature

1982 - 20001992 - 20001982 - 1991

1982 - 20001992 - 20001982 - 1991

DailyPrecipitationTemperatureSnow DepthGrowing Season

DailyPrecipitationTemperatureSnow DepthGrowing Season

CarbonNPPNEP

CarbonNPPNEP

1975-20051975-2005

USFSCFSUSFSCFS

Identifiedareas ofChange

Identifiedareas ofChange



Identifiedamounts ofCO2 Change

Identifiedamounts ofCO2 Change

USDACCAUSDACCA

GHCNGHCNDaily

PrecipitationTemperature

DailyPrecipitationTemperature

HectaresHectares Year 1

Year 2

Statistical DataStatistical DataPrimary ObjectivesPrimary Objectives Remote Sensing DataRemote Sensing Data

GIMMS GGIMMS G

Legend

256m256m

28.5m28.5m

8km8km

Conceptual ObjectivesConceptual Objectives Data DescriptionData Description

PrecipitationPrecipitation

TemperatureTemperature

SoilSoilUSDA SURGOUSDA SURGO

NCEP/NCARNCEP/NCAR

0.5 deg0.5 deg

2.5 deg2.5 deg

2 km2 km

AgricultureAgriculture

ChangeNo ChangeChangeNo Change

Direct Input Conceptual Input

250+ Station Observations250+ Station Observations

Short vegetation C4/grassland Agriculture C3/grasslandIrrigated agricultureDwarf trees and shrubsMixed broadleaf & needleleafNeedleleaf-evergreenBroadleaf-deciduous

Short vegetation C4/grassland Agriculture C3/grasslandIrrigated agricultureDwarf trees and shrubsMixed broadleaf & needleleafNeedleleaf-evergreenBroadleaf-deciduous

Geographic locations of Regional Study Sites and Data

Land Cover Validation Dataset ProductionLand Cover Validation Dataset Production

2000 Land Cover2000 Land Cover

Historical Air PhotosHistorical Air Photos

1990 Land Cover1990 Land Cover 1975 Land Cover1975 Land Cover

In Situ Field SamplesIn Situ Field Samples

Isolated Land Cover Change SitesFrom predetermines Sampling Distribution

Isolated Land Cover Change SitesFrom predetermines Sampling Distribution

In situ Aerial GPS PhotographyIn situ Aerial GPS Photography

Validation DatasetValidation Dataset

Air Photo

ETM+ 4,5,3 R,G,B

Validation Example

Stehman et al. 2003 (NLCD)

Validation Example Air Photo

ETM+ 4,5,3 R,G,B

Identifying and Understanding North American Carbon Cycle...

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