Doron Garfinkel , M.D., Svetlana Zludkov , M.D ., Sameira Jamal, R.N., Ronit Har-Noy , R.N .
IDENTIFYING A NURSING PROBLEM, PURPOSE, AND LITERATURE REVIEW AMENABLE TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH...
-
Upload
beatrice-rodgers -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
1
Transcript of IDENTIFYING A NURSING PROBLEM, PURPOSE, AND LITERATURE REVIEW AMENABLE TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH...
IDENTIFYING A NURSING IDENTIFYING A NURSING PROBLEM, PURPOSE, AND PROBLEM, PURPOSE, AND
LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
AMENABLE TO QUALITATIVE AMENABLE TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH STUDIESRESEARCH STUDIES
CLASS 3CLASS 3JUDITH ANNE SHAW, Ph.D., R.N.JUDITH ANNE SHAW, Ph.D., R.N.
September 30, 2009September 30, 2009
REMINDER
QUALITATIVE RESEARCHQUALITATIVE RESEARCH
SIMULTANEITYSIMULTANEITY
PARADIGMPARADIGM
AIMAIMQUALIATIVE RESEARCHQUALIATIVE RESEARCH
TO UNDERSTAND THE INDIVIDUAL’S TO UNDERSTAND THE INDIVIDUAL’S MEANING OF THE WHOLE MEANING OF THE WHOLE
OFOF
THEIRTHEIR HUMAN EXPERIENCE HUMAN EXPERIENCE
QUALITATIVE RESEACHERQUALITATIVE RESEACHER
The instrumentThe instrument
The bricoleurThe bricoleur
CORE ACTIVITIESCORE ACTIVITIESQUALITATIVE RESEARCHQUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Identifying question about the phenomenonIdentifying question about the phenomenon Literature reviewLiterature review Explicating researcher’s beliefsExplicating researcher’s beliefs
BracketingBracketing Setting for data collectionSetting for data collection Selection of participantsSelection of participants SaturationSaturation Data analysisData analysis
RESEARCH TOPICSRESEARCH TOPICS
FOCUS ON CURRENT CONCERNS AND FOCUS ON CURRENT CONCERNS AND ISSUESISSUES
CONCEPTS OR BROAD PROBLEM CONCEPTS OR BROAD PROBLEM AREASAREAS
IDENTIFYING IDENTIFYING
A NURSING PROBLEM A NURSING PROBLEM
Broad Problem AreasBroad Problem Areas
Contain countless potential research problemsContain countless potential research problems
WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR THE WHAT DOES THIS MEAN FOR THE NURSE RESEARCHER?NURSE RESEARCHER?
Nursing research topics focus on:Nursing research topics focus on:
areas controlled by nursingareas controlled by nursing
areas that will influence nursing practiceareas that will influence nursing practice
Research ProblemResearch Problem
““A situation in need of: A situation in need of: a solution,a solution, an improvement,an improvement, alteration” alteration” (Adebo, 1974, p. 53)(Adebo, 1974, p. 53)
greater understanding of thegreater understanding of the phenomenon phenomenon (Speziale & Carpenter, 2007)(Speziale & Carpenter, 2007)
Research ProblemResearch Problem
May be simply defined as:May be simply defined as:
what is and what should be from the what is and what should be from the perspective of those experiencing the perspective of those experiencing the phenomenonphenomenon
what is the meaning of the phenomenon what is the meaning of the phenomenon of interestof interest
Questions to ask to identify a Questions to ask to identify a problemproblem
What ….What …. is wrongis wrong is a concernis a concern known/not knownknown/not known knowledge is neededknowledge is needed
Where…Where… are discrepanciesare discrepancies
Would…Would… another process be another process be
more empoweringmore empowering
WHERE CAN YOU FIND NURSING WHERE CAN YOU FIND NURSING RESEARCH PROBLEMS?RESEARCH PROBLEMS?
NURSING PRACTICENURSING PRACTICE RESEARCHER AND PEER INTERACTIONRESEARCHER AND PEER INTERACTION LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
replication of studiesreplication of studies THEORYTHEORY RESEARCH PRIORITIESRESEARCH PRIORITIES
A RESEARCH PROBLEM SHOULD A RESEARCH PROBLEM SHOULD INDICATE:INDICATE:
practice experiencepractice experience
a gap or inconsistent finding in the literaturea gap or inconsistent finding in the literature
an interest in an untested theoryan interest in an untested theory
limited understanding of a phenomenonlimited understanding of a phenomenon
REFINING THE PROBLEM REFINING THE PROBLEM STATEMENTSTATEMENT
Refinement- Refinement-
the researcher’s thinkingthe researcher’s thinking
Refining Refining Researcher’s ThinkingResearcher’s Thinking
Defining a specific problem areaDefining a specific problem area
*Review of relevant literature *Review of relevant literature (*varies with qualitative approach)(*varies with qualitative approach)
Examine the problem’s significance to nursingExamine the problem’s significance to nursing
Pragmatically examine the feasibility of the research Pragmatically examine the feasibility of the research problemproblem
Problem StatementProblem Statement
Crux of the research projectCrux of the research project
Involves reflection and creativityInvolves reflection and creativity
Refinement of the researcher’s thinkingRefinement of the researcher’s thinking
Six ElementsSix ElementsProblem StatementProblem Statement
1.1. Information about what provoked the studyInformation about what provoked the study2.2. Scope of problemScope of problem3.3. Why important to study the problemWhy important to study the problem4.4. Benefit to nursing scienceBenefit to nursing science5.5. General characteristics- population of General characteristics- population of
interestinterest6.6. Overall study goal/aim or question to be Overall study goal/aim or question to be
answeredansweredThomas, 2000Thomas, 2000
Characteristics of a Good Characteristics of a Good Problem StatementProblem Statement
#1#1Clearly identify:Clearly identify:
o phenomenonphenomenono culture culture o concepts under considerationconcepts under considerationo variables (*generally quantitative variables (*generally quantitative
research) research)
Characteristics of a Good Characteristics of a Good Problem StatementProblem Statement
#2#2
Clear and conciseClear and concise
Characteristics of a Good Characteristics of a Good Problem StatementProblem Statement
#3#3 Justification of needJustification of need
o gap in the literaturegap in the literatureo conflicting findingsconflicting findingso omission of a group omission of a group o limited understanding of the phenomenonlimited understanding of the phenomenon
KEY PHRASESKEY PHRASES
Little is known about….Little is known about….
Findings of previous studies are conflictingFindings of previous studies are conflicting
Few studies of this have been doneFew studies of this have been done
HOW MUCH MILEAGE HOW MUCH MILEAGE CAN YOU GETCAN YOU GET
FROM YOUR PHENOMENOM FROM YOUR PHENOMENOM OF INTEREST?OF INTEREST?
Researchers have developedResearchers have developeda personal research program a personal research program
lasting throughout their career,lasting throughout their career,
based on a select phenomenom of interest.based on a select phenomenom of interest.
Purpose APurpose APurpose BPurpose B
Phenomenon Phenomenon Purpose CPurpose C of of Purpose DPurpose D
Interest Purpose E Interest Purpose E
How much time is required to specify the How much time is required to specify the research problem, within the research research problem, within the research
process?process?
Specifying Specifying The ResearchThe Research
Problem Problem
Summary About the Research Summary About the Research ProblemProblem
Identifying a problem is the initial and one of Identifying a problem is the initial and one of the most important steps in the research the most important steps in the research process.process.
A research problem should indicate:A research problem should indicate: a practice experiencea practice experience a gap or inconsistent finding in the literaturea gap or inconsistent finding in the literature an interest in an untested theoryan interest in an untested theory limited understanding of a phenomenonlimited understanding of a phenomenon
RESEARCH QUESTIONRESEARCH QUESTION
Interrogative statementsInterrogative statements
(who, what, which)(who, what, which)
RESEARCH QUESTIONRESEARCH QUESTION
Focus: Focus: What is to be describedWhat is to be described
phenomenonphenomenon concepts concepts (such as, culture),(such as, culture), variablesvariables
relationships among themrelationships among them
WHAT IS A RESEARCH WHAT IS A RESEARCH PURPOSEPURPOSE
Statement of the specific goalStatement of the specific goalor aim of the studyor aim of the study [concise & clear].[concise & clear].
IncludesIncludesthe phenomenon, concepts/variables,the phenomenon, concepts/variables,
population and setting for a studypopulation and setting for a study
The purpose usually indicates the The purpose usually indicates the type of study to be conducted.type of study to be conducted.
The purpose of this qualitative study was to The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand the lived experience of……understand the lived experience of……
The purpose of this study was to understand The purpose of this study was to understand the meaning of…. the meaning of….
PURPOSEPURPOSE
WhyWhy
investigator is conducting the investigator is conducting the studystudy
PURPOSEPURPOSE
Generated from the problemGenerated from the problem
clearly focuses the development of the clearly focuses the development of the studystudy
not to be confused with the problemnot to be confused with the problem
PROBLEM versus PURPOSEPROBLEM versus PURPOSE
PROBLEMPROBLEM WHAT WHAT [research question to [research question to
be answered]be answered]
PURPOSEPURPOSE WHYWHY [the study is being [the study is being
conducted]conducted]
Observation of real world situationsObservation of real world situations(Nursing Practice)(Nursing Practice)
Identify research topicsIdentify research topics
Generate QuestionsGenerate QuestionsNonresearchableNonresearchableQuestionsQuestions
Review of Review of RESEARCH PROBLEM RESEARCH PROBLEM Input Input literature Clarification & refinementliterature Clarification & refinement others others
RESEARCH PURPOSE RESEARCH PURPOSE
Objectives, questions, or hypotheses Objectives, questions, or hypotheses
RESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESS
Problem StatementProblem Statement
Purpose StatementPurpose Statement
RESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESS
Problem Statement:Problem Statement:
identifies gap in the knowledge in a identifies gap in the knowledge in a select area.select area.
RESEARCH PROCESSRESEARCH PROCESS
Purpose Statement:Purpose Statement:
clarifies knowledge to be generated in a clarifies knowledge to be generated in a
particular studyparticular study
How do You Formulate the How do You Formulate the Research Questions?Research Questions?
PROBLEM PROBLEM STATEMENTSTATEMENT
Includes: Includes:
The nature of the problemThe nature of the problem The context of the problemThe context of the problem The significance of the problemThe significance of the problem
PROBLEM PROBLEM STATEMENTSTATEMENT
Terms and concepts often indicate Terms and concepts often indicate the select research approachthe select research approach
Possible Terms and ConceptsPossible Terms and Conceptsin Problem Statement in Problem Statement
Phenomenology – lived experiencePhenomenology – lived experience
Grounded Theory- social processGrounded Theory- social process
Ethnography- meaning ofEthnography- meaning of
Literature ReviewLiterature Review
WHAT IS A WHAT IS A LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
An examination of research sources An examination of research sources to generate a picture of what is to generate a picture of what is knownknown and and not knownnot known about a about a clinical problem to determine if the clinical problem to determine if the knowledge is ready for use in knowledge is ready for use in practicepractice
LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW QUALITATIVE QUALITATIVE
RESEARCHRESEARCH
Purpose and Timing-Purpose and Timing-vary according to thevary according to thetype of study to betype of study to beconducted.conducted.
LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research
Researchers differ about the extent of an Researchers differ about the extent of an initial literature reviewinitial literature review
LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
Phenomenological Study: after data Phenomenological Study: after data collection & analysiscollection & analysis
Ethnographic Study- cursory review, early Ethnographic Study- cursory review, early in the research/ general understanding or in the research/ general understanding or background for conducting the studybackground for conducting the study
LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
Grounded Theory Study- minimal review at Grounded Theory Study- minimal review at the beginning, with more in-depth review the beginning, with more in-depth review during data collection & analysisduring data collection & analysis
Historical Study- initial review to select a Historical Study- initial review to select a research topic and to develop a research research topic and to develop a research question and is a source of data in the studyquestion and is a source of data in the study
PURPOSEPURPOSELITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW
QUALITATIVE RESEARCHQUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Varies for each Qualitative Approach Varies for each Qualitative Approach
((MUST MUST determine when is the determine when is the appropriate time to review literature)appropriate time to review literature)
PURPOSEPURPOSE LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW
QUALITATIVE RESEARCHQUALITATIVE RESEARCH may bemay be::
to determine current knowledge of a to determine current knowledge of a phenomenonphenomenon
to raise philosophical questionsto raise philosophical questions to explain, support, and extend the generated to explain, support, and extend the generated
theorytheory to provide a background for conducting the to provide a background for conducting the
studystudy
may bemay be:: to verify the significance of the research to verify the significance of the research
problemproblem to specify the purpose of the research to specify the purpose of the research
problemproblem
to clarify questionsto clarify questions
to develop a study oto develop a study orientationrientation
to select research designto select research design
to direct data collection and analysisto direct data collection and analysis
to interpret findingsto interpret findings
Common Nursing Research Common Nursing Research JournalsJournals
Canadian Journal of Nursing ResearchCanadian Journal of Nursing Research Journal of Nursing ScholarshipJournal of Nursing Scholarship Nursing ResearchNursing Research Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing PracticeScholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice Western Journal of Nursing ResearchWestern Journal of Nursing Research Advances in Nursing ScienceAdvances in Nursing Science Applied Nursing ResearchApplied Nursing Research Research in Nursing and HealthResearch in Nursing and Health
LEVELS OF READINGLEVELS OF READING
Skimming SourcesSkimming Sources
Comprehending SourcesComprehending Sources
Analyzing SourcesAnalyzing Sources
How You Review the How You Review the Research LiteratureResearch Literature
Three StagesThree Stages
STAGE ONESTAGE ONELITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
Identify literature sources:Identify literature sources:. . Ask professors working in the areaAsk professors working in the area
. Ask reference librarian. Ask reference librarian
. Check textbooks, appropriate . Check textbooks, appropriate discipline’s abstracts, and journals discipline’s abstracts, and journals
STAGE ONESTAGE ONELITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
Identify literature sources:Identify literature sources:
• Select databases to searchSelect databases to search
• Select keywordsSelect keywords
STAGE ONESTAGE ONELITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
LimitLimit
Your SearchYour Search
STAGE TWOSTAGE TWO LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW
Summarize the read research study. Summarize the read research study.
Answer the questions:Answer the questions:
. . Who?Who?
. What?. What?
. Where?. Where?
. When?. When?
STAGE TWOSTAGE TWOLITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
Write a statement about the Write a statement about the quality of the studyquality of the study
..Was the study sound?Was the study sound?
. Merit of findings?. Merit of findings?
. Key article?. Key article?
STAGE THREESTAGE THREE LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW
Integrative ReviewIntegrative Review
ofof
FindingsFindings
INTEGRATIVE REVIEWINTEGRATIVE REVIEW
Ask are reported findings:Ask are reported findings:
ConsistentConsistent
Supportive ofSupportive of
Contrary to othersContrary to others
CRITIQUING CRITIQUING
THETHE
LITERATURE REVIEWLITERATURE REVIEW
ASK:ASK: Are relevant studies identified and Are relevant studies identified and
described?described? Are the studies critiqued by the researcher?Are the studies critiqued by the researcher? Are the references current? (What is Are the references current? (What is
“current”?)“current”?) Is a summary of current knowledge Is a summary of current knowledge
provided?provided?
LITERATURE REVIEW LITERATURE REVIEW SUMMARYSUMMARY
The end product of the literature review:The end product of the literature review:
--the generation of a written report the generation of a written report
that summarizes what is that summarizes what is knownknown and and
not knownnot known about a phenomenon. about a phenomenon.
GROUP WORKGROUP WORK
Determining the Feasibility Determining the Feasibility of a Studyof a Study
Time CommitmentTime Commitment Money CommitmentMoney Commitment Researcher’s ExpertiseResearcher’s Expertise Availability of SubjectsAvailability of Subjects Availability of Facility and EquipmentAvailability of Facility and Equipment Cooperation of OthersCooperation of Others Ethical ConsiderationsEthical Considerations
Determining the Feasibility Determining the Feasibility of a Studyof a Study
Time CommitmentTime Commitment
Money CommitmentMoney Commitment
Determining the Feasibility Determining the Feasibility of a Studyof a Study
Researcher’s ExpertiseResearcher’s Expertise
Availability of SubjectsAvailability of Subjects
Availability of Facility and Availability of Facility and EquipmentEquipment
Determining the Feasibility Determining the Feasibility of a Studyof a Study
Cooperation of OthersCooperation of Others
Ethical ConsiderationsEthical Considerations
PRAXIS:PRAXIS: Nursing Scholarship and Nursing Scholarship and
PracticePractice
In In MotionMotion