SIFAT FISIK MINERALSIFAT FISIK MINERAL

Pick Your MineralPick Your Mineral

WhatWhat you’ll learn you’ll learnDescribeDescribe physical properties used to physical properties used to

identify minerals.identify minerals.

IdentifyIdentify minerals using physical minerals using physical properties such as hardness and streak.properties such as hardness and streak.

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties

Mineral appearance HardnessLusterSpecific gravityStreakCleavage and fracture

Mineral appearance Mineral appearance

How it looks like How it looks like What What colorcolor is it? is it?Which one of the following is gold? Which one of the following is gold?

Identify by appearance.Identify by appearance.

IDENTIFIKASI MINERALIDENTIFIKASI MINERAL

WarnaWarnaCeratCeratKilapKilapBelahan dan PecahanBelahan dan PecahanKekerasanKekerasanBentuk KristalBentuk KristalSifat lainSifat lain

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ColorColor

Idiochromatic – The color of the mineral Idiochromatic – The color of the mineral seldom varies, and is therefore diagnosticseldom varies, and is therefore diagnostic

Allochromatic – Color varies due to Allochromatic – Color varies due to impurities, or viewing angleimpurities, or viewing angle

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IdiochromaticIdiochromatic

SulfurSulfur

99

AllochromaticAllochromatic

Tourmaline Tourmaline (watermelon)(watermelon)

Warna Warna

The many colors of CalciteThe many colors of Calcite

The many colors of QuartzThe many colors of Quartz

Streak (Cerat)Streak (Cerat) Black - Graphite Black - Graphite Black - Pryite Black - Pryite Black - Magnetite Black - Magnetite Black - Chalcopyrite Black - Chalcopyrite Gray - Galena Gray - Galena Limonite - Yellow-Limonite - Yellow-

brown brown Hematite - Red-brown Hematite - Red-brown

Streak adalah warna mineral ditumbuk halus. Streak lebih dapat diandalkan dibandingkan warna dan sangat penting untuk beberapa mineral.

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Streak ColorStreak Color

Color obtained by rubbing a mineral across an Color obtained by rubbing a mineral across an unglazed porcelain plate, known as a streak unglazed porcelain plate, known as a streak plateplate

Streak plates are usually white, but may be Streak plates are usually white, but may be blackblack

Color is due to a powder, with many crystals Color is due to a powder, with many crystals oriented in random directions, and is much more oriented in random directions, and is much more consistent than color in hand specimenconsistent than color in hand specimen

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Streak Color ImageStreak Color Image

Varieties of HematiteVarieties of Hematite Photos by Pamela Photos by Pamela

GoreGore

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Streak Color ImageStreak Color Image

Quartz, whether it is Quartz, whether it is smoky (left) or smoky (left) or amethyst (right), amethyst (right), always gives a white always gives a white streakstreak

What is wrong with What is wrong with this image?this image?

academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/mineral_id...

Streak Example: Same Streak Example: Same Mineral!Mineral!

LUSTERLUSTER (KILAP): (KILAP):refleksi mineral dalam menangkap sinar: refleksi mineral dalam menangkap sinar:

ada dua yaitu metalik dan non-metalikada dua yaitu metalik dan non-metalik

Non metalik: kilap kaca, tanah (earthy) dan tidak memantulkan sinar (dull)

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LusterLuster

Reflection of light from a mineral’s surfaceReflection of light from a mineral’s surfaceObserve on a freshly broken, untarnished Observe on a freshly broken, untarnished

surfacesurfaceBroad categories: metallic, semi-metallic Broad categories: metallic, semi-metallic

and non-metallicand non-metallicNon-metallic, the most common, is split Non-metallic, the most common, is split

into a number of sub-categoriesinto a number of sub-categories

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Metallic LusterMetallic Luster

Left - Gold, 3cm tall, California Left - Gold, 3cm tall, California Right - Copper, 10 cm across, Bolivia Right - Copper, 10 cm across, Bolivia

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SubmetallicSubmetallic

Euxenite, Wyoming, Euxenite, Wyoming, 2cm across 2cm across

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Non-metallicNon-metallic

AdamantineAdamantine VitreousVitreous SubvitreousSubvitreous ResinousResinous PearlyPearly

SilkySilky GreasyGreasy WaxyWaxy Dull or earthyDull or earthy

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Non-meallic: AdamantineNon-meallic: Adamantine

Diamond, Zaire 1 Diamond, Zaire 1 cm. cm.

Having the hard, Having the hard, sparkly look of a sparkly look of a diamonddiamond

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Non-metallic: VitreousNon-metallic: Vitreous

Pollucite 3cm. Pollucite 3cm. across across

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Non-metallic: ResinousNon-metallic: Resinous

Sphalerite, 4 cm Sphalerite, 4 cm across, Spain across, Spain

Having the look of Having the look of amber – not quite amber – not quite glassy glassy

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Non-metallic: PearlyNon-metallic: Pearly

Stellerite, Pakistan, Stellerite, Pakistan, 2 cm across 2 cm across

Having the iridescent Having the iridescent look of mother-of-look of mother-of-pearl (though usually pearl (though usually just barely)just barely)

Often found on the Often found on the cleavage face of a cleavage face of a mineral having mineral having perfect cleavage perfect cleavage

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Non-metallic: SilkyNon-metallic: Silky

Gypsum, variety Gypsum, variety satin spar, 10cm satin spar, 10cm across across

Silky, having the Silky, having the look of silk, fine look of silk, fine parallel fibers of parallel fibers of mineral – such as mineral – such as chrysotile chrysotile "asbestos" "asbestos"

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Non-metallic: Greasy or OilyNon-metallic: Greasy or Oily

Nepheline and Nepheline and cancrinite (yellow) 2cm cancrinite (yellow) 2cm across, Maine across, Maine

Having the look of an Having the look of an oil-coated substance oil-coated substance

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Non-metallic: DullNon-metallic: Dull

Anglesite, 2 cm Anglesite, 2 cm across, Wisconsin across, Wisconsin

Having a plain Having a plain looking surface that looking surface that is not submetallicis not submetallic

Note: oxidized Note: oxidized metallic minerals are metallic minerals are called dull metallic called dull metallic

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Non-metallic: EarthyNon-metallic: Earthy

Kaolinite after orthoclase,Kaolinite after orthoclase,England, 2cm across England, 2cm across

Having the look of soil or Having the look of soil or clayclay

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Luster ModifersLuster Modifers

SplendentSplendentShiningShiningDullDull

www.ironorchid.com/minerals/

LUSTERLUSTER

Metallic Luster - GalenaGalena has the real metallic luster, with every fresh face like a mirror.

Glassy or Vitreous Luster - QuartzQuartz sets the standard for glassy (vitreous) luster, especially in clear crystals

like these.

Adamantine Luster - DiamondDiamond shows the definitive adamantine luster (extremely shiny, even fiery), but only on a clean crystal face or fracture surface. This specimen has a luster better described as greasy.

Metallic Luster - GoldGold has a metallic luster, shiny on a clean face and dull on a worn face like this nugget.

Submetallic Luster - HematiteHematite has a submetallic luster in this specimen, although it can also be dull.

Adamantine Luster - RubyRuby and other varieties of corundum can display an adamantine luster owing to its high index of refraction.

Cleavage (Belahan)Cleavage (Belahan)

Mengikuti Mengikuti bentuk bentuk kristalkristal

Cleavage is the way a mineral breaks. Many minerals break along flat planes, or cleavages—some in only one direction (like mica), others in two directions (like feldspar), and some in three directions (like calcite) or more (like fluorite). Some minerals, like quartz, have no cleavage. Cleavage is a profound property that results from a mineral's molecular structure, and cleavage is present even when the mineral doesn't form good crystals. Cleavage can also be described as perfect, good or poor.

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Cleavage Causes Cleavage Causes

In some minerals, bonds between layers In some minerals, bonds between layers of atoms aligned in certain directions are of atoms aligned in certain directions are weaker than bonds between different weaker than bonds between different layerslayers

In other minerals, the number of bonds per In other minerals, the number of bonds per unit area (bond density) is lowunit area (bond density) is low

In these cases, breakage occurs along In these cases, breakage occurs along smooth, flat surfaces parallel to those smooth, flat surfaces parallel to those zones of weakness zones of weakness

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Multiple Cleavage DirectionsMultiple Cleavage Directions

In some minerals, a single direction of In some minerals, a single direction of weakness exists, but in others, two, three, weakness exists, but in others, two, three, four, or as many as six may be present four, or as many as six may be present

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Cleavage AnglesCleavage Angles

Where more than one direction of Where more than one direction of cleavage is present, it is important to cleavage is present, it is important to determine the angular relation between determine the angular relation between the resulting cleavage surfaces: are they the resulting cleavage surfaces: are they perpendicular to each other (right angle), perpendicular to each other (right angle), or do they meet at an acute or obtuse or do they meet at an acute or obtuse angle? angle?

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Cleavage Cleavage IllustrationIllustration

Various types of Various types of cleavagecleavage

One directional One directional cleavage is cleavage is sometimes called sometimes called “basal” cleavage“basal” cleavage

CleavageCleavage

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Basal CleavageBasal Cleavage

Cleavage in biotite Cleavage in biotite micamica

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2-D@602-D@60ºº

AmphiboleAmphibole

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2-D@902-D@90ºº

OrthoclaseOrthoclase

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3-D not @ 903-D not @ 90ºº

CalciteCalcite Picture also Picture also

illustrates double illustrates double refractionrefraction

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American and British SystemsAmerican and British Systems

AmericanAmerican PerfectPerfect GoodGood Fair Fair PoorPoor

BritishBritish EminentEminent PerfectPerfect DistinctDistinct ImperfectImperfect

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PerfectPerfect

MicaMica

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GoodGood

Fluorite – 4 Fluorite – 4 directionsdirections

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FairFair

Augite, a type of pyroxeneAugite, a type of pyroxene

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PoorPoor

ApatiteApatite

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PartingParting

Similar to cleavage but not present in all Similar to cleavage but not present in all specimensspecimens

Usually due to a defect, such as twinningUsually due to a defect, such as twinning

Fracture (Pecahan)Fracture (Pecahan)

Yaitu bentuk permukaan antar Yaitu bentuk permukaan antar atom penyusun mineral saat atom penyusun mineral saat mineral pecah atau hancurmineral pecah atau hancur

Pecahan: Pecahan: beraturan (regular) beraturan (regular) tidak beraturan (irregular)tidak beraturan (irregular)

Permukaan pecahan: Permukaan pecahan: Kasar (splinterry) Kasar (splinterry) Halus (smooth)Halus (smooth) berbentuk kurva berbentuk kurva

(conchoidal): seperti gelas (conchoidal): seperti gelas saat pecah. saat pecah.

Fracture is breakage that is not flat. The two main kinds of fracture are conchoidal (shell-shaped, as in quartz) and uneven. Metallic minerals may have a hackly (jagged) fracture. A mineral may have good cleavage in one or two directions but fracture in another direction.

Fracture (Pecahan)Fracture (Pecahan)

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FractureFracture

Mineral breakage other than along a Mineral breakage other than along a cleavage or parting planecleavage or parting plane

Several typesSeveral types ConchoidalConchoidal Fibrous or splinteryFibrous or splintery HacklyHackly UnevenUneven

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ConchoidalConchoidal

QuartzQuartz

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FibrousFibrous

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SplinterySplintery

Actinolite, a type of amphiboleActinolite, a type of amphibole

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HacklyHackly

Native copperNative copper

www.ironorchid.com/minerals/

Kekerasan Kekerasan

Use the 10-point Mohs hardness scale. The important hardnesses are between 2 and 7. For this you'll need your fingernail (hardness about 2), a coin (hardness 3), a knife or nail (hardness 5.5)

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Hardness Hardness

Hardness may be measured in several Hardness may be measured in several waysways Moh’s scale – developed by Austrian Moh’s scale – developed by Austrian

mineralogist Friedrich Mohs in 1824mineralogist Friedrich Mohs in 1824 Absolute scales – Brinell, Knoop, Rockwell, Absolute scales – Brinell, Knoop, Rockwell,

Vicker’sVicker’s

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Practical ScalePractical Scale

Fingernail 2.2Fingernail 2.2Copper penny 3.2Copper penny 3.2Pocket knife 5.1Pocket knife 5.1Glass 5.5Glass 5.5Steel file 6.5Steel file 6.5Streak plate 7Streak plate 7

Mohs Hardness Scale:Mohs Hardness Scale:a relative scale used to determine the a relative scale used to determine the

mineral’s hardnessmineral’s hardness

Fingernail Penny Iron Nail Glass Streak Plate

2.5 3.5 4.55.5

6.5

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Moh’s Moh’s Scale Scale

Versus Versus Absolute Absolute HardnessHardness

Crystal Shape Crystal Shape (Bentuk Kristal)(Bentuk Kristal)

KubikKubikPrismatikPrismatikTabular Tabular

(berlembar)(berlembar)MenjarumMenjarumHexagonalHexagonalPiritohedronPiritohedron

Crystal Crystal HabitHabit Habits are the distinctive form that minerals may take in different geologic Habits are the distinctive form that minerals may take in different geologic

settings, for instance when growing in a free space or in a particular settings, for instance when growing in a free space or in a particular environment. Often a mineral's habit is a strong clue to its identity. Here are environment. Often a mineral's habit is a strong clue to its identity. Here are examples of some of the most useful mineral habits.examples of some of the most useful mineral habits.

Amygdaloidal HabitAmygdaloidal means almond-shaped, but it refers to the former gas bubbles in lava called amygdules, cavities that have become filled with various minerals.

Fibrous HabitRutile is typically prismatic, but it can form whiskers as in this rutilated quartz. Curved or bent fibrous minerals are called capillary or filiform instead.

Dendritic HabitDendritic means "like branches." It can refer to flat crystals, like those of manganese oxides, or three-dimensional forms like this specimen of native copper.

Drusy HabitDruses are openings inside rocks that are lined with projecting crystals. Amethyst, cut from geodes, is commonly sold in rock shops for its pretty drusy habit.

MagnetismMagnetismMagnetism is a distinctive property in a few minerals. Magnetite is the prime example, but a few other minerals may be weakly attracted by a magnet, notably chromite (a black oxide) and pyrrhotite (a bronze sulfide). Use a strong magnet. Another way to test magnetism is to see if the specimen attracts a compass needle.

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Density ( Masa Jenis)Density ( Masa Jenis)

Massa jenis merupakan perbandingan Massa jenis merupakan perbandingan massa terhadap volume zat. Secara massa terhadap volume zat. Secara matematis ditulis :matematis ditulis :

p = m/vp = m/v Mass/volumeMass/volume

SI units: kg/mSI units: kg/m33

Common units: g/cmCommon units: g/cm33

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Specific GravitySpecific Gravity

Ratio of the weight of the mineral, divided Ratio of the weight of the mineral, divided by the weight of an equal volume of waterby the weight of an equal volume of water

SG suatu zat dapat diperoleh dengan SG suatu zat dapat diperoleh dengan membagi kerapatannya dengan 103 membagi kerapatannya dengan 103 kg/m3 (kerapatan air pada suhu 4o C).kg/m3 (kerapatan air pada suhu 4o C).

SG tidak memiliki satuan dan SG tidak memiliki satuan dan dimensi.Dimensionlessdimensi.Dimensionless

Specific GravitySpecific GravityThe specific gravity of a mineral is the The specific gravity of a mineral is the

ration of its weight ration of its weight comparedcompared with the with the weight of an equal volume of water.weight of an equal volume of water.

Gold has specific gravity of Gold has specific gravity of 1919 It means gold is It means gold is 19 times heavier19 times heavier than than

water.water.

19 times heavier

►HOW TO CALCULATE THE specific gravity OF A MINERAL

2) The amount of water displaced is 20ml = 20cc (920-900)3) Divide 155.8g/20cc = 7.79 g/cc.

So, the SG of the mineral is 7.79g/cc.

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SG ExamplesSG Examples

Modifier Mineral SG

Light Sulfur, graphite 1-2

Medium Gypsum, Quartz 2-3

Medium Heavy Fluorite, beryl 3-4

Heavy Corundum, most metal oxides

4-6

Extreme Native gold, platinum

19+

academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/mineral_id...

Specific gravitySpecific gravity

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DiaphaneityDiaphaneity

The transmission of light through a mineralThe transmission of light through a mineralSometimes called transparencySometimes called transparencyCategoriesCategories

TransparentTransparent TranslucentTranslucent OpaqueOpaque

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TransparentTransparent

Heulandite, Moonen Heulandite, Moonen Bay, Duirinish, Isle Bay, Duirinish, Isle of Skyeof Skye

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TranslucentTranslucent

FluoriteFluorite

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OpaqueOpaque

Almandine, Mt. Lemmon, Arizona Almandine, Mt. Lemmon, Arizona

Sifat LainSifat Lain

FeelFeel - Some minerals, notably talc and - Some minerals, notably talc and graphite, feel greasy or slippery when graphite, feel greasy or slippery when you rub your fingers over them. The you rub your fingers over them. The greasiness occurs because bonds are greasiness occurs because bonds are so weak in one direction that your finger so weak in one direction that your finger pressure alone is enough to break them pressure alone is enough to break them and to slide planes of atoms past and to slide planes of atoms past neighboring atomic layers neighboring atomic layers

HeftHeft is how heavy a mineral feels in the is how heavy a mineral feels in the hand, an informal sense of density. hand, an informal sense of density. Most minerals are about three times as Most minerals are about three times as dense as water, that is, they have a dense as water, that is, they have a specific gravity of about 3. Make note of specific gravity of about 3. Make note of a mineral that is noticeably light or a mineral that is noticeably light or heavy for its size. Galena, on the right, heavy for its size. Galena, on the right, is distinctly heavy. Sulfides and oxides is distinctly heavy. Sulfides and oxides tend to be dense.tend to be dense.

Taste Taste - Geologists use as many - Geologists use as many senses as possible in describing and senses as possible in describing and identifying minerals. Taste is one of identifying minerals. Taste is one of the last tests to be conducted, the last tests to be conducted, because some minerals are because some minerals are poisonous. Some minerals taste salty-poisonous. Some minerals taste salty-most notably halite (salt). Sylvite, a most notably halite (salt). Sylvite, a mineral similar in all other properties to mineral similar in all other properties to halite, tastes bitter. Taste is thus a halite, tastes bitter. Taste is thus a diagnostic property because it diagnostic property because it distinguishes between these minerals. distinguishes between these minerals. NEVER TASTE A MINERAL UNLESS NEVER TASTE A MINERAL UNLESS INSTRUCTED TO! INSTRUCTED TO!

Reaction with Dilute Hydrochloric Reaction with Dilute Hydrochloric Acid Acid - This is actually a chemical - This is actually a chemical property rather than a physical property rather than a physical attribute of a mineral. Minerals attribute of a mineral. Minerals containing the carbonate anion containing the carbonate anion (C03)2- effervesce ("fizz") when a drop (C03)2- effervesce ("fizz") when a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on of dilute hydrochloric acid is placed on them. Carbon dioxide is liberated from them. Carbon dioxide is liberated from the mineral and bubbles out through the mineral and bubbles out through the acid, creating the fizz. This test is the acid, creating the fizz. This test is best performed on powdered minerals. best performed on powdered minerals. Calcite (calcium carbonate) will Calcite (calcium carbonate) will effervesce readily in either massive or effervesce readily in either massive or powdered form, but dolomite (calcium-powdered form, but dolomite (calcium-magnesium carbonate) reacts best as magnesium carbonate) reacts best as a powder. a powder.

academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/geology/leveson/core/linksa/mineral_id...

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Other Other Mineral PropertiesMineral Properties

SIFAT LAINSIFAT LAIN

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TenacityTenacity

BrittleBrittleDuctileDuctileElasticElasticFlexibleFlexibleMalleableMalleable

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IridescenceIridescence

Left - Covellite develops a deep blue iridescence, 4cm Left - Covellite develops a deep blue iridescence, 4cm across, Montana  across, Montana 

Right - Iridescent pyrite, 4cm across, Australia Right - Iridescent pyrite, 4cm across, Australia

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Play of ColorsPlay of Colors

Labradorite, 20cm Labradorite, 20cm wide, Madagascar, wide, Madagascar, Seaman Museum Seaman Museum specimen specimen

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OpalescenceOpalescence

Precious opal Precious opal cabochons (largest is cabochons (largest is 15mm), Australia15mm), Australia

These are triplets, These are triplets, formed with a dark formed with a dark background layer, a background layer, a middle layer of precious middle layer of precious opal and a surface layer opal and a surface layer of quartz to help protect of quartz to help protect the softer opal from the softer opal from wear and tear.  wear and tear. 

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Source of OpalescenceSource of Opalescence

Scanning electron Scanning electron micrograph of amorphous micrograph of amorphous silica spheres closest silica spheres closest packed in an Australian packed in an Australian fire opal showing red fire opal showing red interference colorsinterference colors

Sphere size is ~2500 Sphere size is ~2500 ÅngstomsÅngstoms

Photo courtesy of Hans-Photo courtesy of Hans-Ude NissenUde Nissen

Cover of Reviews in Cover of Reviews in Mineralogy vol. 29 "Silica" Mineralogy vol. 29 "Silica" 

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FluorescencFluorescencee

Upper - rare fluorescent mineral Upper - rare fluorescent mineral Hardystonite Hardystonite

Lower - rare fluorescent mineral Lower - rare fluorescent mineral esperiteesperite

Both from Franklin, New JerseyBoth from Franklin, New Jersey

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Acid ReactionAcid Reaction

When acid is placed on the surface of certain minerals, carbon When acid is placed on the surface of certain minerals, carbon dioxide is released, producing a “fizz”dioxide is released, producing a “fizz”

The strength of the response should be notedThe strength of the response should be noted

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TasteTaste

Must be used carefullyMust be used carefully Poisonous mineralsPoisonous minerals DiseasesDiseases

CategoriesCategories Salty – HaliteSalty – Halite Bitter – SylviteBitter – Sylvite

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OdorOdor

Smell of a fresh specimenSmell of a fresh specimen Lab specimens are usually contaminated, so this Lab specimens are usually contaminated, so this

test is not usually used for lab specimens, test is not usually used for lab specimens, although streak plate odor may be diagnosticalthough streak plate odor may be diagnostic

ExamplesExamples Sulphurous (rotten egg) sulfur, pyrite, sphaleriteSulphurous (rotten egg) sulfur, pyrite, sphalerite Earthy hematite, limoniteEarthy hematite, limonite

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MagnetismMagnetism

A few minerals are strongly attracted to a A few minerals are strongly attracted to a magnetmagnet

ExamplesExamples MagnetiteMagnetite PyrrhotitePyrrhotite

A hand magnet or the needle of a Brunton A hand magnet or the needle of a Brunton compass may be used to test for compass may be used to test for magnetismmagnetism

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LodestoneLodestone

Lodestone is a Lodestone is a naturally magnetic naturally magnetic variety of magnetitevariety of magnetite

The iron filings cling The iron filings cling to the rockto the rock

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RadioactivityRadioactivity

Some minerals contain Some minerals contain radioactive elementsradioactive elements

Placing the sample next to Placing the sample next to the radiation meter will the radiation meter will produce an audible signal, produce an audible signal, as well as a deflection of the as well as a deflection of the meter, if the sample is meter, if the sample is emitting radioactivityemitting radioactivity

Mineral

Number

Luster

(M / NM)

Color Streak Hardness

Number

Cleavage

(Yes/No)

Mineral

Name

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Mineral Collection Chart

Group Names: ______________________ ______________________

______________________ ______________________

Adapted From : (Badders, 2003)

Mineral Identification KeyAdapted From : (Badders, 2003)

Luster

(M / NM)

Color Streak Hardness

Number

Cleavage

(Yes/No)

Mineral

Name

M Silver, Gray Gray 1-2 Yes (3) GALENA

M Brassy

Yellow

Greenish Black 6-9 No PYRITE

NM Light green, white, gray

White 1-2 Yes (1) TALC

NM Colorless, White, Pink

Colorless 6-9 No QUARTZ

NM Colorless, silvery, black

Colorless 1-2 Yes (1) MICA

NM Yellow White 1-2 Yes (3) SULFUR

NM Colorless

White

White 1-2 Yes (3) HALITE

NM Colorless,

White, yellow

White 3 Yes (3) CALCITE

M Gray-green Greenish

Black

3 No COPPER

SULFIDE

NM White, pink, gray White 6-9 Yes (2) FELDSPAR