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Identification of Tourism Circuits across
India
Interim Report
Uttar Pradesh
February– 2012
Submitted to:
Ministry of Tourism, Government of India
1, Parliament Street,
Transport Bhawan,
New Delhi - 110001
Submitted by:
2nd Floor, Ambience Corporate Tower,
Ambience Mall, NH-8,
Gurgaon, Haryana – 122 001
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Assignment Brief .................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Objectives of the Study ........................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Approach and Methodology.................................................................................................... 1
1.4 Key Findings ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Structure of the Report ............................................................................................................ 5
2. Brief of the State ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Tourism in the State ................................................................................................................ 7
3. Initial Screening of the Circuits .................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Based on Secondary Research .............................................................................................. 13
3.2 Key Parameters ..................................................................................................................... 13
4. Stakeholder Consultations............................................................................................................. 15
4.1 State Government .................................................................................................................. 15
4.2 State Level Consultation ....................................................................................................... 15
4.3 National Level Consultation ................................................................................................. 16
4.4 Ranked List of Circuits ......................................................................................................... 16
4.5 Carrying Capacity Analysis .................................................................................................. 17
4.6 Carrying Capacity Analysis of the Braj-Agra-Fatehpur Sikri Circuit ................................... 22
5. Infrastructure Assessment in Braj-Agra Circuit ............................................................................ 24
5.1 Existing Infrastructure in the Circuit .................................................................................... 25
6. Project Identification, Block Cost Estimate, Implementation and Funding .................................. 31
Annexure – I: Tourist Infrastructure Assessment of Priority Circuit in Uttar Pradesh ......................... 36
List of Tables
Table 1: Tourist Arrival Data and Growth Rate...................................................................................... 7
Table 2: Tourism Circuits listed by Department of Tourism, Government of Uttar Pradesh, 2011 ....... 8
Table 3: Tourist Accommodation in the State ...................................................................................... 11
Table 4: Stakeholders in State Level Consultation ............................................................................... 15
Table 5: Stakeholders in National Level Consultation ......................................................................... 16
Table 6: UDPFI Density Limits ............................................................................................................ 19
Table 7: Physical and Ecological Indicators ......................................................................................... 20
Table 8: Social and Demographic Indicators ........................................................................................ 21
Table 9: Political Economic Indicators ................................................................................................. 21
Table 10: Evaluation Criterion for Physical and Ecological Indicators ................................................ 22
Table 11: Carrying Capacity Assessment for Destinations in Priority Circuit ..................................... 22
Table 12: Identified Projects, Block Cost Estimate, Implementation and Funding .............................. 31
Table 13: PPP Bifurcation of the Proposed Projects ............................................................................. 34
Table 14: Expected Employment Generation ....................................................................................... 35
List of Figures
Figure 1: Study Methodology ................................................................................................................. 2
Figure 2: Administrative divisions in Uttar Pradesh .............................................................................. 6
Figure 3: Road Network in Uttar Pradesh .............................................................................................. 9
Figure 4: Railway Network in the State ............................................................................................... 10
Figure 5: Locations of airports in the State ........................................................................................... 11
Figure 6: Methodology for Carrying Capacity Analysis ....................................................................... 18
Figure 7: Existing Condition of Parikrama Marg ................................................................................. 26
Figure 8: Condition of temples and historic structures in Mathura ...................................................... 27
Figure 9: Condition of Lesser Known Monuments in Agra ................................................................. 28
Figure 10: Existing Facilities at Fatehpur Sikri .................................................................................... 29
Figure 11: Condition of Amenities Available for Tourists ................................................................... 30
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1. Introduction
1.1 Assignment Brief
IL&FS Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd (IL&FS IDC) appointed as the National Level
Consultant (NLC) by Ministry of Tourism, is in the process of identifying tourism circuits across all
the States and UTs (except North-East). These circuits are proposed to be developed during the 12th
Plan, in an integrated manner with Central Financial Assistance and appropriate involvement of State
Governments and private sector. For the first phase, the process has been started with the selection of
existing/new tourist circuits (4 in each state and 2 in Union Territories). These circuits have been
structured considering the length, duration and connectivity.
After the identification and prioritisation of these circuits in Phase I, the next step is to identify the
basic and tourism related infrastructural and promotional needs of the identified circuits, which are to
be implemented on priority basis, along with the tentative cost estimates. These projects should be
related to development of basic as well as tourism related infrastructure. Thereafter, Detailed Project
Reports (DPRs) will be prepared by the State Level Consultant for the projects identified along with
their financial projections.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the present study are:
1) To identify the potential tourist circuits/destinations in Uttar Pradesh.
2) To analyse the potential and carrying capacity of the identified tourist circuits/destinations and
prioritise the same.
3) Assess the existing infrastructure – basic and tourism related - for the circuits/destinations.
4) To assess the interventions for improving the quantity and quality of basic and tourism
infrastructure for prioritized circuits/destinations.
5) Identify infrastructural projects to be initiated by Centre/State/Private sector.
1.3 Approach and Methodology
Figure 1 presents a flow diagram of the approach and methodology used for the present study. Based
on primary and secondary sources, literature search and discussions with key stake holders (State
Govt and local tour & travel industry), the existing tourists‟ flow and orientation were studied. The
existing and future potential and connectivity of the destinations were studied for an initial screening
of the tourist circuits / destinations.
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Figure 1: Study Methodology
After the initial screening, the circuits identified were discussed with the State Government
(Department of Tourism), representatives of Travel & Tourism Industry and other stakeholders. On
the basis of these consultations, tourism circuits have been shortlisted. In order to understand existing
capacity of the shortlisted circuits as well as destinations, a detailed carrying capacity assessment has
been done. This assessment is, primarily, based on the residential and tourist population densities of
the town/cities.
Based on above exercise, four circuits have been identified and prioritized. The circuits have been
prioritized after consultations with the stakeholders and based on the popularity, tourists‟ flow pattern
and perceived need for improvements/investments to basic and tourism infrastructure. In the present
study, the circuit with the highest priority has been taken up for detailed examination.
Initial Screening of Tourist
Circuits
Short listing of the Circuits
Carrying Capacity Assessment
Identified Circuits along with
Priority Circuit
Detailed Infrastructure Gap
Assessment
Identification of Prospective Projects
with Block Cost Estimates
Final Report
Discussion with Department of
Tourism, representatives of
Travel & Tourism Industry and
other stakeholders
Based on
Stakeholder Consultations
Reconnaissance survey
Secondary Research
Potential
Popularity
Connectivity
Parameters
Transport, Roads condition,
Access to modes of transportation,
Utilities, Accommodation, Way
side amenities, Management of
tourist attractions
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Thereafter, detailed infrastructure assessment of the priority circuit is undertaken. The objective of the
said assessment is to understand the significance of the mentioned sites from a tourist perspective and
to map the availability of basic and tourism related-infrastructure. Typical infrastructure being
demanded includes facilities at entry-exit points, accommodation, way-side amenities, physical &
social infrastructure, public utilities as well as health & security. This assessment is based on
reconnaissance survey done along the route, wayside and on site of the priority circuit. Following
infrastructure has been examined to assess the requirements and deficiencies:
1) Modes of Transport- airways, roadways and railways and access thereto
2) Road network
3) Utilities-power, water facility, etc
4) Accommodation
5) Way side amenities
6) Maintenance and management of built heritage/tourist attractions
On the basis of reconnaissance survey, discussions with local community and other stakeholders, gaps
have been identified. Based on these gaps as well as site potential, sustainable projects have been
proposed along with the indicative block costs. These projects proposed are intended to achieve the
following two objectives:
1) Products and activities proposed will attract the tourist inflow and will hold the tourists in the
circuits which will provide socio-economic benefits at a larger level.
2) Sustainable projects will attract different investors and private players to participate in
infrastructure development which will benefit both, Government as well as private sector.
1.4 Key Findings
For Uttar Pradesh, the following four circuits have been identified for integrated development.
Circuit 1: Braj-Agra Circuit
Circuit 2: Buddhist Circuit
Circuit 3: Awadh-Ayodhya Ciruit
Circuit 4: Allahabad-Varanasi Circuit
1) Braj Region
a) Mathura
Since, the Parikrama Marg is a mix of different types of road segments and land uses, pedestrian
walkability is a major issue. Apart from this, lack of information signage, ways finding signages,
utilities, facilities, lack of street lighting are other issues identified along Parikrama Marg. Many of
the sites such as Kans Kila, Digambar Jain Temple, Vishram Ghat temples are in a dilapidated
condition and needs to be restored as well as redeveloped.
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b) Gokul and Nandgaon
These places can also be promoted with the help of required interventions such as landscaping,
signages, public conveniences etc.
c) Vrindavan
The major improvements required in the Vrindavan Parikrama Marg are in terms of street light,
signages, parking facilities, drinking water and public conveniences.
d) Govardhan
Govardhan requires specific improvement in terms of street lighting along Parikrama Marg as well as
restoration of kunds.
e) Barsana
There are nearly 200 steps and steep climb to reach Radha Rani temple which is tiring. Hence, there is
a scope of other mode/alternative to the existing situation.
2) Agra
a) Monuments within Agra City
Parking at heritage destinations such as Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, Sikandra needs to be enhanced as they
are facing serious problem primarily due to lack of land availability. In case of Taj, extension in the
existing parking space is required. There is also a need to provide Tourist Information Centres are
relevant locations.
Basic infrastructure improvement required at lesser known monuments such as Itmad-ud-Daulah,
Chini-ka-Rauza and Chauburji. Restoration of these monuments is also required. Even these
monuments are also needs to be promoted as they are situated in proximity to some of the popular
tourist sites. After the conservation of these monuments, they can also be clubbed in the list of “must
see” sites. There is also a need to develop some good shopping places/activities by utilizing locally
available resources so that tourist stays back at least for a day (night halt).
b) Fatehpur Sikri
Fatehpur Sikri requires high attention on basic facilities and issues rather than tourist related
infrastructure. Security issues are more as local guides start chasing and bothering tourist from the toll
gate itself which leaves a very wrong impression among tourists. It actually hampers income
generation at local level.
Unavailability of drinking water facility is another drawback in the development of this destination.
Though RO water facility has been provided onsite, restricted water supply makes them inefficient.
Continuous Power Supply (available only for 3-4 hours) is another important issue.
Though State Tourism Department has made arrangements at the entrance itself in order to restrict the
private vehicles and take tourists through CNG buses. But due to poor management and compliance,
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tourists drive up to the dargah and hence, create related issues, including pollution. There is also need
of Tourist Information centre at the entrance wherein tourist can get a fair idea about what all places
to visit, how to reach, from where to start etc.
1.5 Structure of the Report
The present report, which covers the priority circuit of Uttar Pradesh, has been divided into following
sections:
Chapter 1: Introduction: This chapter provides the rationale behind the assignment, aims and
key objectives of the study followed by approach and methodology adopted for the same.
Chapter 2: Brief on the State: This section of the report focuses on the profile of the state,
especially in terms of infrastructure, tourism trends and key spots/sites.
Chapter 3: Initial Screening of the Circuits: This chapter is followed by sections explaining the
process of initial screening/short listing of tourism circuits which is largely based on key
parameters like tourist profile, carrying capacity, safety and sustainability, respectively.
Chapter 4: Stakeholders Consultations and Selection of Tourist Circuits: This chapter
provides information on the Stakeholder consultations done at Centre as well as State level and
along with their respective outcome. The latter sections in this chapter also focus on the carrying
capacity analysis done for the tourist circuits.
Chapter 5: Existing Infrastructure Status of the Priority Circuit: This chapter analyses
current status of circuits (based on site study undertaken) and infrastructure gaps identified during
the site visit. Based on this, assessment of the level of adequacy of infrastructure has been
undertaken with respect to the existing infrastructure, increasing tourist inflow, destination
popularity, types of tourists and seasonality.
Chapter 6: The last chapter of the study report provides information on prospective projects in
the circuits that can be taken up for infrastructural upgradation.
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2. Brief of the State
2.1 Introduction
Uttar Pradesh, a state in northern India, is bestowed with a variety of geographical land and cultural
diversities. The state is one of the most ancient cradles of Indian culture and lies largely in the plains
formed by the Ganges and Yamuna rivers. The region was the setting of two great Sanskrit epics, the
Mahabharata and Ramayana, and the scene of the rise of Buddhism after the 6th century BC.
Figure 2: Administrative divisions in Uttar Pradesh (Source: www. tcindia.com)
Uttar Pradesh accounts for about 9 percent of the total geographical area and 16.4 per cent of India‟s
population1. It is divided into 18 divisions and 70 districts in the state with Lucknow as its capital.
According to Census of India, 2011 (provisional), Uttar Pradesh has registered a decadal growth rate
of 20.09 percent during 2001-2011. The state has a total population of 199,581477 which comprises
52.40 percent of males and 47.6 percent of female population. It has a population density of 828
persons per sq.km which is higher than the national average of 314 and sex ratio of 908 which is
comparatively lower than the national average.
1 http://upgov.nic.in
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The economy of the state is largely based on agriculture and agro-processing industries. According to
the estimates available (2008-09), the share of the secondary sector in GSDP was 24.9 per cent and its
growth was driven by manufacturing. On the other side, the tertiary sector‟s share was 46.1 per cent,
hotels and restaurants–the largest sub-group of the sector–registered a growth of 15.2 per cent over
the previous year.
2.2 Tourism in the State
Uttar Pradesh has possibly one of the largest numbers of tourist-worthy spots in any State in India.
The state is not only important for the domestic tourist, it is also famed for being on the World Tourist
Map owing to the presence of the Taj Mahal, considered to be one of the Wonders of the World as
well as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Additionally, it draws a large number of tourists to a host of
other locations for religious purposes, heritage monuments, historical importance, or wildlife as well
as its proximity to other important tourist destination states like Rajasthan, Delhi and Uttaranchal
provides it a competitive advantage.
2.2.1 Trends in Tourist Arrivals
As per recently published statistics available from Ministry of Tourism, in 2010, Uttar Pradesh
contributed 19.6% and 9.4% of domestic and foreign tourist arrivals in the country2. Based on these
numbers, U.P was ranked number 2 in terms of domestic tourist arrivals while in terms of foreign
tourist arrivals, it ranked at number 4.
Table 1: Tourist Arrival Data and Growth Rate
Tourist Arrival Data Growth rate
Year Domestic Foreign Total Domestic Foreign Total
2010-11 144754977 1675123 14,64,30,100 7% 9% 7%
2009-10 134831852 1532573 13,63,64,425 8% -5% 8%
2008-09 124843242 1610089 12,64,53,331 7% 6% 7%
2007-08 116244008 1524451 11,77,68,459 - - -
Source: India Tourism Statistics, 2010
However, one must note that these tourist arrivals occur in either specific pockets or only for religious
purposes. For example, in 2009, more than 60% of the foreign tourist arrivals to UP were to the Agra
circle (Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri). Similarly, the domestic tourists are largely concentrated
around places like Allahabad, Varanasi, Mathura and Ayodhya.
2.2.2 State Level Agencies Associated with Tourism
In order to prepare schemes relating to the development of tourism and to execute them, the
Directorate of Tourism was established in the year 1972. Further, Uttar Pradesh State Tourism
2 India Tourism Statistics,2010
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Development Corporation (UPSTDC) was established and which is now the nodal agency to look
after the commercial activities which are a part of development of tourism.
2.2.3 Available Destinations and Circuits
Uttar Pradesh offers a huge range of destinations and activities to the potential tourist comprising
historical cities, wildlife sanctuaries, pilgrim centers and adventure destinations. Department of
Tourism, Uttar Pradesh has identified some tourist circuits for the purpose of tourist infrastructure
development that have listed as below:
Table 2: Tourism Circuits listed by Department of Tourism, Government of Uttar Pradesh, 2011
S.No Tourism Circuit Destinations
1 Agra Braj Circuit Agra, Mathura, Vrindavan, Fatehpur Sikri, Soor Sarovar, Chambal
2 Buddhist Circuit Kapilavastu, Sarnath, Varanasi, Sravasti, Sankisa, Kaushambi, Kushinagar,
Lumbini, Bodhgaya
3 Bundelkhand Circuit Jhansi, Mahoba, Kakramath, Kalinjar, Deogarh, Samthar, Datia, Khajuraho,
Chanderi, Baruasagar, Orchha
4 Awadh–Ayodhya
Circuit
Lucknow, Kukrail, Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary, Ayodhya, Naimisharnya,
Devasharif, Bithoor
5 Varanasi &
Vindhyachal Circuit
Varanasi, Vindhyachal, Ramnagar, Chunar, Allahabad, Kaimoor Wild Life
Sanctuary, Chandra prabha Wild Life Sanctuary
6 Mahabharata Circuit Hastinapur, Baghpat, Bijnor.
7 Ram Van-Gaman
Yatra Circuit
Ayodhya, Bharatkund, Belha Devi-Pratapgarh, Shrangverpur, Allahabad,
Chitrakoot etc.
8 Circuit related to Ist
War of Independence
in 1857
Jhansi, Meerut, Lucknow, Raibareilly, Unnao, Kanpur, Bithoor, Sitapur,
Badaun, Bareilly, Hathras, Shahjahanpur, Mainpuri, Firozabad, Gorakhpur,
Devaria, Azamgarh, Balia, Varanasi, Allahabad etc.
9 Jain Circuit Shravasti, Kaushambi, Allahabad, Ayodhya, Faizabad, Ronahi, Kampil,
Hastinapur, Sauripur, Agra, Banaras, Kushinagar etc
10 Sikh Circuit Gurudwara Pakki Sangat (Allahabad) - Gurudwara Ahrora, Gurudwara
Chota & Gurudwara Bhuili (Mirzapur) - Gurudwara Nichibagh, Gurudwara
Gurubagh (Varanasi) - Guru Teg Bahadur Ji ki Tapsthali, Chachakpur,
Gurudwara Raasmandal (Jaunpur) - Gurudwara Brahmkund (Ayodhya) -
Gurudwara Ahyiyaganj (Lucknow) - Gurudwara Singh Sabha (Mathura) -
Gurudwara Hathighat, Gurudwara Guru ka Taal (Agra) etc.
11 Sufi Circuit Fatehpur Sikri, Rampur, Badaun, Bareilly, Lucknow, Kakori, Dewasharif
(Barabanki), Bahraich, Kichocha Sharif, Kade Shah - Kada (Kaushambi),
Allahabad, Kantit Sharif (Mirzapur) etc.
12 Christian Circuit Merut-Sardhana, Agra, Kanpur, Lucknow, Allahabad, Varanasi, Gorakhpur
etc.
13 Handicraft Circuit Lucknow, Agra, Aligarh, Firozabad, Rampur, Kanpur, Kannauj, Vrindavan,
Muradabad, Khurja, Varanasi, Bhadohi, Mirzapur, Chunar, Jaunpur,
Gorakhpur etc.
Source: Department of Tourism, Government of Uttar Pradesh
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2.2.4 Tourist Infrastructure and Accommodation
1) Connectivity
a) Roadways
Uttar Pradesh is well connected to its nine neighbouring states and other parts of India through 42
National Highways which accounts for 9.6 percent of the total National Highway network in India.
While the length of total National Highways is 6,774kms, the length of State Highways and District
roads is 9,097 and 105,980, respectively3. The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation
(UPSRTC) is the key agency to provide an economical, reliable and comfortable transport in the state
with connecting services to adjoining states.
Figure 3: Road Network in Uttar Pradesh (Source: www.uptransport.org)
b) Railways
The state is also well-connected to the other states of India by a railway network spanning over 8,890
km. It is the largest railway network in the country. Various parts of the state are catered to by five of
the 16 railway zones in India namely Northern Railways, North Eastern Railways, East Central
Railways, North Central Railways and West Central Railways. Lucknow is the main junction for the
Northern and North Eastern Railways. Intra-state rail network is well-developed, connecting the
towns and the district headquarters of Uttar Pradesh.
3 www.ibef.org
Page | 10
Figure 4: Railway Network in the State (Source: Maps of India)
c) Airways
The state has six domestic airports, located at Agra, Allahabad, Gorakhpur, Kanpur, Lucknow and
Varanasi. International flights operate only from Lucknow and Varanasi airports. New airports have
been proposed at GautamBuddha Nagar, Shrawasti and Kushinagar districts. The Taj International
Airport is the second international airport proposed to be built up in the Delhi-NCR region4.
4 www.ibef.org
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Figure 5: Locations of airports in the State (Source: www.ibef.org)
2) Accommodation
In terms of accommodation infrastructure availability across Uttar Pradesh, statistics (2010) from
Ministry of Tourism indicate the following accommodation available across the State:
Table 3: Tourist Accommodation in the State
Accommodation
Facilities available
2009 2010
No. of Hotels No. of Rooms No. of Hotels No. of Rooms
5 Star Deluxe 9 1297 9 1371
5 Star 7 974 13 1919
4 Star 4 228 5 270
3 Star 19 749 35 1321
2 Star 3 78 6 24
1 Star 1 26 2 76
Apartment Hotel 1 44 1 44
Time Share Resort 0 0 - -
Heritage 1 44 2 65
Unclassified 1 12 - -
Silver & Gold - - 167 618
Guest House - - - -
Total 46 3452 240 5924
Source: India Tourism Statistics, 2010
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As evident from the Table 3, following observations can be made:
1) Carrying capacity of the tourist cities/destinations in the state have increased in 2010 terms of
hotel accommodation, especially, in 5star and 3 Star hotels categories.
2) There are some hotel categories that have no presence in UP, for instance, Time Share Resorts.
Similarly, inspite of possessing many heritage properties, there is only 2 heritage-rated hotel in all
of UP.
3) Major increase can be observed in the Silver and Gold category accommodation.
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3. Initial Screening of the Circuits
3.1 Based on Secondary Research
On the basis of desktop research, informal interaction with the local members of travel and tour
industry in the state as well as State Tourism Development Corporation, following circuits were
identified:
1) Delhi-Mathura-Agra-Jaipur
2) Allahabad-Chitrakoot-Vindhachal-Varanasi
3) Delhi - Lucknow - Sravasti - Kushinagar - Patna - Rajgir - Bodhgaya – Varanasi
4) Delhi - Jaipur - Agra - Khajuraho - Varanasi - Kathmandu - Pokhara - Nagarkot - Kathmandu -
Delhi
3.2 Key Parameters
1) Tourist Profile
Type of tourists visiting a destination depends on the nature of destination. They can be broadly
categorized into domestic and international tourists. This further affects the physical and socio-
economic development of a destination as spending patterns determines the related multiplier effects.
It also governs the type and scale of infrastructure required.
The domestic tourism is higher in the state due to a large number of religious sites like Varanasi,
Allahabad, Ayodhya and Chitrakoot. Generally, bulk of the pilgrims that comes to visit these
locations is low spending. Their average income spending is around Rs.1000/day. This lower
spending is possibly due to lower length of stay or low-income profile of tourists (backpackers).
Partition of Uttar Pradesh is also an important reason as many of the tourist destinations (hill stations)
are now a part of Uttrakhand.
In case of foreign tourists, the scenario is completely different. The average spending is higher i.e.,
Rs.32,000/day. This spending is specific to locations/cities majorly having World Heritage Sites5.
2) Carrying Capacity and Sustainability
The carrying capacity6 assessment and sustainability of tourism in the circuits identified is an
important component of the study as it will form the basis for resource allocation and future
development.
The carrying capacity assessment has been done separately for the circuits, based on city population
(resident), population density and tourist population and density (floating population). The estimation
5 20 Year Perspective Plan for Uttar Pradesh 2002, Department of Tourism, government of India 6 Carrying capacity is defined as maximum number of individuals than a given environment can support without any adverse
impact on it.
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has been done by comparing the total density with the city density norms for small, medium and large
town / cities set by Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation Guidelines (UDPFI).
Only such places have been considered that can offer a sustainable value proposition to the tourists
such that when tourism products are offered in those places, they can be maintained as well.
3) Travel and Tour
Generally, tour operators organize trips in such a way that only popular sites can be covered in a given
period of time which, consequently, creates more pressure on such destinations. Therefore, while
selecting the circuits, attempts have been made to promote the sites situated around these popular
destinations which are relatively less developed. These sites will be promoted by providing adequate
tourist infrastructure and basic amenities.
4) Safety
Tourist safety has been considered and attempts have been made not to incorporate any such
destination which is adversely affected in terms of law and order.
Page | 15
4. Stakeholder Consultations
4.1 State Government
Considering the given mandate, a meeting was held on September1, 2011 in the Chamber of Secretary
Tourism between Secretary (GoUP) and representatives of IL&FS IDC for assisting in identifying
tourism projects during 12th Five Year Plan. During the meeting, following identified tourist circuits
(listed as per priority) was discussed:
1) Braj Circuit: Agra, Mathura, Vrindavan, Fatehpur Sikri, Soor Sarovar, Chambal.
2) Buddhist Circuit: Kapilavastu, Sarnath, Varanasi, Sravasti, Sankisa, Kaushambi, Kushinagar,
Lumbini, Bodhgaya.
3) Varanasi Circuit: Varanasi, Vindhyachal, Ramnagar, Chunar, Allahabad, Kaimoor Wildlife
Sanctuary, Chandraprabha Wildlife Sanctuary
4) Bundelkhand Circuit: Jhansi, Mahoba, Kakramath, Kalinjar, Deogarh, Samthar, Datia,
Khajuraho, Chanderi, Baruasagar, Orchha
Apart from this, location/sites with sufficient land parcel available with the department (Mathura,
Greater Noida and Varanasi) were also discussed as a part of development of Tourism Park.
4.2 State Level Consultation
Regarding the given mandate, a state level consultation has also undertaken at Mathura on 24th
January, 2012, chaired by Vice Chairman, Mathura Vrindavan Development Authority (MVDA).
During this meeting, the key persons and representatives of INTACH, Department of Tourism,
Mathura and MVDA were also present and gave their inputs regarding their perspective on tourism
development.
Table 4: Stakeholders in State Level Consultation S.
No
Stakeholders Designation Location
1 Mr. Ravindra Singh Principal Secretary, Housing & Urban Development Deptt,
UP Govt
Lucknow
2 Mr. Manoj Kumar
Singh
Secretary, Department of Tourism Lucknow
3 Mr. V.K Panwar Vice Chairman, Mathura Vrindavan Development Authority Lucknow
4 Mr. Deepak Goel Conveyor, INTACH Lucknow
5 Mr. Gautam Goel INTACH Mathura
6 Mr. D.K Sharma Tourist Officer, Department of Tourism Mathura
7 Mrs. Deepti Vats Tourist Officer, Department of Tourism Agra
8 Mr. Abhimanyu Senior Research Officer, Department of Tourism Agra
9 Mr. S.P Sharma DFO Mathura
10 Mr. Genda Lal
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S.
No
Stakeholders Designation Location
11 Mr. V.P Singh Assistant
12 Mr. Girish ICD Mathura
13 Mr. A.K Garg P.W.D
14 Mr. A.K Tiwari Jaypee Associate
15 Mr. S.S Johri Water Work Engineer, N.P.P Mathura
16 Mr. J.S U.P Jal Nigam
17 Mr. Rakesh MVDA
4.3 National Level Consultation
During the National-level Stakeholder consultation conducted by the Ministry of Tourism,
recommendations were made that Delhi-Agra-Braj circuit should remain the first priority circuit7.
Suggestions were also there to add Varanasi with the Buddhist circuits of Bihar. Even a new circuit
can be created which will comprise Agra-Khajuraho-Varanasi.
Table 5: Stakeholders in National Level Consultation
S.No Stakeholders Designation Organization Location
1 Shri Bharat Bhushan Director Hotel Association of India New Delhi
2 Shri Gour Kanjilal - Indian Association of Tour
Operators
New Delhi
3 Shri M.D. Kapoor Secretary General Federation of Hotel and
Restaurant Association of India
New Delhi
4 Shri Mandip Singh
Soin
President Eco-Tourism Society of India New Delhi
5 Shri Randhir Brar SVP M/S LE Passage to India Tour
and Travels Pvt Ltd.,
New Delhi
6 Shri Tejbir Singh
Anand
President Adventure Tour Operators
Association
New Delhi
7 Shri Subhash Verma President Association of Domestic Tour
Operator of India
New Delhi
8 Shri Varun Shukla General Manager The Lalit Grand Palace Srinagar
9 Ms. Anju Bhatt Associate Head of Sales The Lalit Grand Palace Srinagar
4.4 Ranked List of Circuits
Based on the discussions with various stakeholders at state and national level, following circuits can
be covered for infrastructural development during 12th Five Year Plan:
1) Braj-Agra Circuit
2) Buddhist Circuit
7 Minutes of Meeting, held at Ministry of Tourism, 19th October,2011
Page | 17
3) Awadh-Ayodhya Ciruit
4) Allahabad-Varanasi Circuit
The consecutive chapter will be more focussed on the detailed description of the destinations covered
during site visit, detailed infrastructure status and related observations. The priority circuit i.e., Braj-
Agra Circuit comprises Agra and Mathura as their main entry-exit points, primarily due to its
connectivity with major urban centres as well as tourist destinations like New Delhi, Jaipur, Lucknow,
Allahabad etc. It comprises 8 destinations named as under:
1) Mathura
2) Gokul
3) Vrindavan
4) Govardhan
5) Barsana
6) Nandgaon
7) Agra
8) Fatehpur Sikri
4.5 Carrying Capacity Analysis
Tourism carrying capacity is defined as „the maximum number of people that may visit the tourist
destination without causing destruction of the physical, economic and socio cultural environment and
an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitors’ satisfaction.‟ (Alvin Chandy, 2009)
Assessment of TCC is based on three major indicators: Physical-Ecological, Socio-Demographic and
Political- Economic.
Physical and Ecological Indicators are based on fixed components (ecological capacity, assimilative
capacity) and flexible components (infrastructure systems like water supply, electricity,
transportation, etc).
Socio-demographic Indicators refer to social and demographic issues and importance to local
communities, as they relate to the presence and growth of tourism. Some of these can be expressed in
quantitative terms but most require suitable socio- psychological research.
Political-economic Indicators refer to the impacts of tourism on local economic structures, activities,
etc. including competition to other sectors.
The objective of the interventions intended by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India is to
improve the quality and quantity of tourism infrastructure at tourist destinations/circuits in a
sustainable manner. Hence, for the purposes of this report the primary focus would be on the Physical
and Ecological Indicators. It is expected that improvement in physical infrastructure at
Page | 18
destinations/circuits would translate into improvements in the socio-demographic and political-
economic conditions of these places.
Figure 6: Methodology for Carrying Capacity Analysis
The methodology for evaluating the available carrying capacity for the tourist destinations of the
circuit is illustrated in Figure 6 and is described below:
I. Calculation of Existing Load (LEXISTING)
This is done by calculating the following:
a) Resident Population Density (βRP): This was derived by dividing the existing resident
population of the tourist town by its area in hectares (ha.)
b) Domestic Tourist Density (βDT ): This was derived as follows:
Step 1. Domestic Tourist Arrival (TD): Domestic tourist arrivals during peak season (days) was
determined.
Step 2. Domestic Tourist stay days in peak seasons (TDSP): Domestic tourist arrival was
multiplied by average number of days of tourist stay at that tourist town.
TDSP = TD * Stay Average Days
Step 3. Average number of tourist staying per day during peak season (αDSP): This was
evaluated by dividing the number of tourist stay days per season by the number of days
comprising the peak season
αDSP = Stay Average Days / Days Peak Season
Step 4. Domestic Tourist Density (βDT): This was evaluated by dividing Average number of
tourist staying per day during peak season by area of tourist town in hectares.
βDT = αPS / Area
Page | 19
c) Foreign Tourist Density (βFT ): This was derived as follows:
Step 1. Foreign Tourist Arrival (TF): Foreign tourist arrivals during peak season (days) was
determined
Step 2. Tourist stay days in peak seasons (TFSP): Foreign tourist arrival was multiplied by
average number of day of stay for tourist at that tourist town.
TFSP = TF * Stay Average Days
Step 3. Average number of tourist staying per day during peak season (αFSP): This was
evaluated by dividing the number of tourist stay days per season by the number of days
comprising the peak season.
αFSP = Stay Average Days / Days Peak Season
Step 4. Foreign Tourist Density: This was evaluated by diving Average number of tourist
staying per day during peak season by area of tourist town in hectares.
ΒFT = αPS / Area
Aggregate Peak Density (APD) = Resident Population Density + Domestic Tourist Density +Foreign
Tourist Density
APD = βRP + βDT + βFT
Existing Load (LEXISTING) = Aggregate Peak Density * Area of the town
LEXISTING = APD * Area
II. Estimation of Carrying Capacity (CC)
a) UDPFI Density (DUDPFI): The Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation
Guidelines (UDPFI, 1996) guidelines classifies the towns on the basis of population as
mentioned in Table 6.
Table 6: UDPFI Density Limits Towns Population Upper Limit Density (PPH)
Small Town Less than 50000 125
Medium Town 50000 - 500000 150
Large City More than 500000 150
Metro Cities 175
Small Hill Town 20000 75
Medium Hill Town 20000-80000 90
Large Hill Town More than 80000 90
Source: UDPFI Guidelines, 1996
The densities suggested by the UDPFI guidelines as shown in Table 6 are for the standard cases.
Tourist towns which vary from highly eco-sensitive sanctuaries to highly dense pilgrimage places
have specific characteristics and carrying capacities. Thus, UDPFI densities need to be adjusted to
account for these factors, which is done with the help of Normalizing Density (№)
Page | 20
Normalizing Density (№)
Normalizing density is evaluated as follows:
i. Sites were evaluated on a normalizing index (Ni) of range -10 to +10
Negative Indices were adopted for sites where densities were to be allowed on a conservative
scale (i.e. for example places which are ecologically sensitive). Positive Indices were adopted
for sites where densities were to be allowed at higher values than prevailing such as
pilgrimage towns etc.
ii. The values of the indices were evaluated based on a qualitative assessment with respect to the
Physical – Ecological indicators. The indicators that were assessed for the category wise
tourist places are summarized in Table 7.
Table 7: Physical and Ecological Indicators
Physical – Ecological
Indicators
Thematic Areas
Coastal
Area
Islands Protected
Areas
Rural
Areas
Mountain
Resorts
Urban,
Historic
Pilgrimage
Place
Biodiversity
Air Quality
Noise Pollution
Availability of Power
Water
Waste Management
Cultural heritage
Tourist infrastructure
Land Availability
Quality of Transport
Infrastructure
Source: Countries,E.(Dec,2001). Defining, Measuring and Evaluating Carrying Capacity in
European Tourism Destinations.Athens.
Normalizing Density (№) was calculated by multiplying a factor of 10pph by the Normalizing
index.
Normalizing Density (№) = 10* Ni
(The value of 10pph was derived by establishing the boundary conditions of lower and upper
sustainable densities for tourist towns of the relevant categories. To establish the lower limit,
Page | 21
reference was made to the capacity norms cited by World Tourism Organization WTO (Inskeep,
1991). The upper limit was established by determining the densities for saturated tourist towns.)
The Normalizing index (Ni) was evaluated as follows: Each of the applicable indicators for the
corresponding thematic area (to which the tourist destination/circuits belong) were ranked on a scale
of 0-10. The average of the indicators would give the value of the Normalizing index (Ni).
Carrying Capacity Density (CCD) was calculated by summing up the Upper Limit of the relevant
UDPFI density with the Normalizing Density.
Carrying Capacity Density (CCD) = DUDPFI + №
Carrying Capacity (CC) was calculated by multiplying the carrying capacity density with the Area
of the respective town in hectares.
Carrying Capacity (CC) = CCD * Area of Town
Available Capacity was finally evaluated by finding the difference between the Carrying Capacity of
the tourist town and the Existing Load in the town.
Table 8: Social and Demographic Indicators Social Demographic
Indicators
Thematic Areas
Coastal
Area
Islands Protected
Areas
Rural
Areas
Mountain
Resorts
Urban &
Historic
Pilgrimage
Place
Demography
Tourist Flows
Social & Behavioral
Aspects
Health & Hygiene
Safety
Source: Countries,E.(Dec,2001). Defining, Measuring and Evaluating Carrying Capacity in
European Tourism Destinations.Athens.
Table 9: Political Economic Indicators
Political -Economic
Indicators
Thematic Areas
Coastal
Area
Islands Protected
Areas
Rural Areas Mountain
Resorts
Urban &
Historic
Pilgrimage
Place
Tourism Earnings
and Investment
Employment
Public Expenditure
and Revenue
Source: Countries,E.(Dec,2001). Defining, Measuring and Evaluating Carrying Capacity in
European Tourism Destinations.Athens.
Available Capacity = Carrying Capacity (CC) - Existing Load (LEXISTING)
Page | 22
Table 10: Evaluation Criterion for Physical and Ecological Indicators
Physical – Ecological
Indicators
Evaluation Criterion
Biodiversity Threatened species, Protected areas as a % of territory and type of ecosystem
Air Quality Population exposure to air pollution - Sox & Nox emission intensities
Noise Pollution Sensitivity to noise pollutions. Allowable decibels limit if specified.
Availability of Power Hours of regular power supply from all energy sources.
Water Intensity of Use of water resources. Drinking water availability @135lpcd.
Waste Management Generation of waste, Movement of hazardous waste, Availability of waste management
system
Cultural & Heritage Listed Buildings and scheduled ancient monuments at risk.
No. of community heritage groups active.
Cultural traditions and communities which are at a risk of getting extinct.
Tourist infrastructure Availability of tourist infrastructure such as on site accommodation, wayside amenities,
signages, restaurants, public convenience, petrol pumps etc.
Land Availability Area of Land available for tourism development.
Quality of Transport
Infrastructure
Inter and Intra city transport connectivity in tourist towns. Availability of Last Mile
connectivity.
Source: White V.,M. G. (2006). Indicators of Sustainibility and Sustainable Tourism: Some Example
Sets. Aberdeen: The Macaulay Institute.
4.6 Carrying Capacity Analysis of the Braj-Agra-Fatehpur Sikri Circuit
Following observations can be drawn from Table 11:
Table 11: Carrying Capacity Assessment for Destinations in Priority Circuit
District Tourist
Town
Destinations Covered Existing
Load
Carrying
Capacity
Available
Capacity
Existing
Load
Carrying
Capacity
Available
Capacity
2010 2020
Mathura Mathura Temples, Kunds,
Ghats & Parikrama
379093 215510 -163583 475113 215510 -259603
Vrindavan Temples, Kunds &
Ghats
72915 49500 -23415 94399 49500 -44899
Govardhan Parikrama & Kund 23235 205425 182190 29245 205425 176180
Barsana Radha Rani Temple 11976 126585 114609 15609 126585 110976
Nandgaon Nandbhavan Temple 12991 72500 59509 17098 72500 55402
Agra Agra TajMahal, Red Fort,
Itmad-ud-Daulah,
Chini-Ka-Rauza,
Chauburji, Sikandra
1717227 2290830 573603 2339822 2290830 -48992
Fatehpur
Sikri
Buland Darwaza, Jama
Masjid, Tomb of Salim
Chisti
46438 152000 105562 74678 152000 77322
Source: Estimations done by Consultant
1) Mathura, Vrindavan, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri have already been saturated and exceeded their
carrying capacity limits.
2) These cities will require planned interventions and more investment in city management and basic
infrastructure rather than any large scale project.
Page | 23
3) Remaining destinations are still growing and have not received the administrative status of city
yet (presently they are Nagar Panchayats). Hence, they have potential for big investments due to
land availability and tourist attractions.
Page | 24
5. Infrastructure Assessment in Braj-Agra Circuit
An assessment of tourism infrastructure between major tourist destinations has been done. Each of the
destinations and their enroute stretches have been assessed and rated on a scale of A, B, C,D and E
wherein, A denotes „Very Good‟, B denotes „Good‟, C denotes „Fair‟, D denotes „Bad‟ and E denotes
„Very Bad‟. The infrastructure assessment sheets are presented as Annexure-I.
Among the selected destinations, while Mathura, Gokul, Vrindavan, Govardhan, Barsana and
Nandgaon are religious destinations, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri are important for heritage tourism. A
brief about these are given below:
1) Braj Region
The major tourist/pilgrim sites in this region include Brajbhoomi, Braj Parikrama, Gokul, Govardhan
(26kms from Vrindavan), Barsana (25kms from Vrindavan), Nandgoan and ISKCON Temple. There
are various temples, ghats and kunds in these destinations which are of mythological and cultural
importance of which Mathura forms the nucleus. These settlements are an integral part of “Braj
Mandal Parikrama Chakra”. Major components of each site have been discussed below:
a) Mathura
This destination comprises kunds, ghats and temples. All these are a part of Mathura Parikrama
which is of 12km length and starts with a dip in Yamuna at Vishram Ghat and then devotees walk
along the route where several temples, ghats and kunds lie. For instance- Rangeshwar Temple,
Bhuteshwar, Kaans Qila, Bhooteshwar Mahadeo, Peepleshwar Mahadeo, and Chamunda Devi.
b) Gokul
It is known as the town where Lord Krishna was brought up in secrecy in the home of his foster
parents. It is nearly 15km from Mathura and is connected by a metalled road.
c) Vrindavan
This is another important place near Mathura which is famous for its kunds, ghats and temples. It
usually takes 2-3 hours to cover this parikrama having a distance of 10 km (6 miles). Places
passed on the way are: Mohana Ter, Kaliya Ghat, Madan Mohan Temple, Imli Tal, Sringara Vat,
and Keshi Ghat. The main day that people do parikrama of Vrindavan is on Ekadasi.
d) Govardhan Parvat
It is an important attraction near Mathura which has religious importance and part of an important
Parikrama. The parikrama starts by taking bath in Manasi Ganga and then one has to take darshan
of Harideva, Manasi Devi and Brahma Kund and have to reach Rinamochana Kund.
e) Barsana
Page | 25
It is the birthplace of Radhaji, situated 21 Kms. to the north of Govardhan. It is connected with a
regular bus service from Mathura to Barsana via Kosi & Govardhan8.
f) Nandgaon
At the foot of a hill 51 km north-east of Mathura is situated the venerable village of Nandgaon. It
is known as the home of Lord Krishna's foster father Nand, in whose memory a temple is erected
on a hill.
According to a pilot survey initiated by Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, the total visitors in
the Braj region for the period of 2005-06 were 60.8 lakhs, which accounts for 34.2% of the total
tourism of the state9. Since, the tourist arrival will be restricted to certain occasions; estimation for the
required infrastructural proposals will be done accordingly.
2) Agra and Fatehpur Sikri
There are more than 200 historical buildings in and around Agra which are centers of tourists‟
attraction for both domestic and foreign. Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, Fatehpur Sikri, Itmad-ud-Daulah,
Akbar's Tomb (Sikandra), Jama Masjid, Chini ka Rauza, Ram Bagh and Keetham Lake are important.
Fatehpur Sikri is also an integral part of this circuit, located at a distance of 37 km from the city which
includes Jama Masjid, Tomb of Shaikh Salim Chisti, Palace of Jodha Bai, Birbal Bhawan, Karawan
Serai and Hiran Minar, Panch Mahal and Diwan-e-Khas.
The profile of tourist visiting Agra-Fatehpur Sikri is different from that of Braj as they comprise
tourists of higher income group (domestic) as well as foreign tourists. Generally, foreign tourist
comes with structured package tour and has registered more inflow during October-March, where as
domestic inflow is more during weekends and special occasions (especially from New Delhi, U.P,
M.P and Gujarat). Both the kind of tourists visit selected monuments and do local shopping from
selected emporiums that beautifully showcase the local handicraft and artisan work.
The presence of local handicrafts, cuisines, and lesser known beautiful sites has an “untapped”
potential of holding tourists to a maximum of 2-3 days stay in the circuit.
5.1 Existing Infrastructure in the Circuit
A detailed assessment of the tourism infrastructure between major points covered in the Braj-Agra
Circuit has been mentioned in Annexure 1. Each of the destinations presented has been rated on a
scale of A, B, C,D and E wherein, A denotes „Very Good‟, B denotes „Good‟, C denotes „Fair‟, D
denotes „Poor‟ and E denotes „Very poor‟. The analysis and observations drawn are discussed below:
8 mathura.nic.in
9 Tourism Master Plan for Braj Region, prepared by IIDC and Braj Foundation, October 2008
Page | 26
1) Braj Region
a) Mathura
Pedestrian Walkability
Since, the Parikrama Marg is a mix of different types of road segments and land uses (gullies,
commercial area etc), it does not possess the character of a heritage trail. The roads are also
characterized by mixed traffic conditions as well as designated segregated vehicular movement,
hence, makes this area is more vulnerable to accidents.
Figure 7: Existing Condition of Parikrama Marg
Lack of Information Signages
Parikrama Marg completely lacks in way finding signage systems regarding route demarcation,
utilities, facilities and destination demarcation. Existing signages are very rudimentary.
Lack of street lighting
Only few stretches of main road have proper street lighting. This has an impact of safety and
security of the tourists.
Drainage, sewerage and solid waste management system
Page | 27
There is no functional drainage system in the city. On Parikrama Marg, raw sewerage floating in
near stagnant open drains has a very detrimental impact on the ambience offered to religious
tourists.
Lack of service facilities
There is only 1 public toilet facility on Parikrama Marg at Vishram Ghat and only 3-4 public
water taps along the 14km stretch. Seating benches are also rarely found.
Dilapidated condition of Ghats, temples and heritage sites
Many sites such as Kans Kila, Digambar Jain Temple, Visham Ghat temples etc are in a very bad
condition and hence, needs to be restored as well as redeveloped.
Figure 8: Condition of temples and historic structures in Mathura
f) Gokul and Nandgaon
Despite of its mythological importance, most of time pilgrim as well as tourist skip this place. Since,
they are situated near Mathura (Gokul) and Kosi Kalan (major diversion route in the region); this
place can also be promoted with the help of required interventions such as landscaping, signages,
public conveniences etc.
g) Vrindavan
The major improvements required in the Vrindavan Parikrama Marg are in terms of streetlight,
signages, parking facilities, drinking water and public conveniences. Ghats in Vrindavan also needs to
be redeveloped, between ISKCON to Kesi.
Page | 28
h) Govardhan
Govardhan requires specific improvement in terms of street lighting along Parikrama Marg as well as
restoration of kunds.
i) Barsana
There are nearly 200 steps and steep climb to reach Radha Rani temple which is tiring. Presently,
people take assistant of small palanquin carriers which is quite costly at a time. Hence, there is a
scope of other mode/alternative to the existing situation.
2) Agra
a) Monuments within Agra City
Parking at heritage destinations
Parking availability for tourist vehicles is a major problem. Sites with high tourist inflow such as
Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and Sikandra are facing serious problem primarily due to lack of land
availability. In case of Taj, extension in the existing parking space is required.
Figure 9: Condition of Lesser Known Monuments in Agra
Page | 29
Promotional Issues
There is a need to promote few lesser-known monuments that are located near the main
attractions but still deprived tourist attention. After the conservation of these monuments, they can
also be clubbed in the list of “must see” sites.
According to Tourist officer, Department of Tourism, Agra, people mostly come to see Taj
(Agra); they visit Fatehpur Sikri and leave for their respective destinations. Hence, there is a need
to promote lesser known monuments amongst tourists. There is also a need to develop some good
shopping places/activities by utilizing locally available resources so that tourist stays back at least
for a day (night halt).
Infrastructure improvement at lesser known monuments
Basic facilities are required at lesser-known monuments such as Itmad-ud-Daulah, Chini-ka-
Rauza and Chauburji. Restoration of these monuments is also required.
Lack of basic infrastructure facilities for tourists at destinations
To facilitate tourist in the city, Tourist Information Centres (TICs) are required at few locations.
Facility of safe drinking water is also required.
Fatehpur Sikri
Fatehpur Sikri requires high attention on basic facilities and issues rather than tourist related
infrastructure. The city face requires kind attention from the respective management authorities in
following areas:
Figure 10: Existing Facilities at Fatehpur Sikri
o Security issues are more as local guides start chasing and bothering tourist from the toll gate
itself which leaves a very wrong impression among tourists. Because of these touts and nasty
behavior of some local people, tourists (especially foreign) generally don‟t spend much time
at starting and ending points (entrance to monument stretch). It actually hampers income
generation at local level.
Page | 30
Figure 11: Condition of Amenities Available for Tourists
o Unavailability of drinking water facility is another drawback in the development of this
destination. Though there are projects at city level for providing water supply in this region
but still it is a major issue here. Though RO water facility has been provided onsite, restricted
water supply makes them inefficient.
o Continuous Power Supply (available only for 3-4 hours) is an important issue. Presently,
Tourist complex (accommodation) is powered by invertors while Archeological Survey of
India (ASI) has its own sources.
o State Tourism Department has made arrangements at the entrance itself in order to restrict the
private vehicles and take tourists through CNG buses. But due to poor management and
compliance, tourists drive up to the dargah and hence, create related issues, including
pollution.
o There is one Tourist Facilitation Centre at Fatehpur Sikri, setup by UPSTDC right near the
entrance gate which comprises dedicated parking for buses and private vehicles, small
canteen, public toilet (managed by Sulabh), drinking water (one small tank and tap) and small
shopping . But there is no Tourist Information centre at the entrance wherein tourist can get a
fair idea about what all places to visit, how to reach, from where to start etc.
Hence, being a UNESCO heritage site, strict regulation and management is required.
Page | 31
6. Project Identification, Block Cost Estimate, Implementation and
Funding
Table 12: Identified Projects, Block Cost Estimate, Implementation and Funding
Projects Indicative Cost
(in Cr.)
Implementing
Agency
Mode of
funding
Existing Schemes
Projects for Braj Region
Mathura Redevelopment of
existing Ghats on western
side of Yamuna
(additional amount
required, 12cr already
sanctioned)
8 Irrigation
Department/
ICD
Public MoT/State Govt
Development of eastern
Ghats of Yamuna across
Vishram Ghat
20 Irrigation
Department/IC
D
Public MoT/ State Govt
Redevelopment of
Balbhadra Kund in
Mathura
2 DoT/ C&DS Public MoT/State Govt
Renovation and
Conservation of Heritage
sites in Mathura
10 MVDA Public MoT/State Govt
Tourism Signages-Braj
region
10 MVDA Public MoT/State Govt
Desilting of Ghats 5 Irrigation
Department/
ICD
Public National River
Conservation Plan
(NRCP), NRCD,
MoEF, GoI
Gokul Restoration of religious
buildings and sites in
Gokul (kunds and ghats)
15 Irrigation
Department/IC
D
Public MoT/State Govt
Vrindavan Redevelopment of Kesi
Ghat
40 Irrigation
Department/
ICD
Public MoT/State Govt/
Theme Park across river
Yamuna (PPP) + Access
road + foot over bridge
(Public)
25 (10+15) Irrigation
Department/
PWD
PPP &
Public
PIDDC/ MoT/State
Govt
Govardhan Development of Parking 10 MVDA PPP MoT/State Govt
Resurfacing of 26km road
stretch form Chatikara
(Vrindavan) to Radha
Kund
13 PWD PPP MoT/State Govt
Resurfacing of 11km road
stretch between
Goverdhan to Barsana
5 PWD PPP MoT/State Govt
Projects for Agra-Fatehpur Sikri
Agra Tourist Interpretation
Centre at Taj (Shilpgram)
2 UPSTDC Public MoT/ UPSTDC
Upgradation of Public
Conveniences at
1 ADA PPP MoT/ UPSTDC
Page | 32
Projects Indicative Cost
(in Cr.)
Implementing
Agency
Mode of
funding
Existing Schemes
Shilpgram
Tourist Information
Centre (UP tourism) at
New Delhi Airport, Jaipur
Airport and Agra Cantt.
Station
0.02 Department of
Tourism
Public MoT/ UPSTDC
Parking at western gate of
Taj (Basement- for
approx. 300 cars)
10 ASI/ADA PPP JnNURM, MoUD,
GoI through UIG &
UIDSSMT sub-
missions
Security and Access
control at Taj and Agra
Fort
10 ASI Public
Ho-Ho Bus service
connecting all major
tourist sites in Agra (10)
5.5 UPSTDC Public
Development of Night
Bazar (Sadar Bazar Area)
5 Agra
Development
Authority
(ADA)
Public JnNURM, MoUD,
GoI through UIG &
UIDSSMT sub-
missions
Restoration and
Conservation (Chauburji,
Chini-ka-Rauza, Ram
Bagh, Mehtab Bagh)
12 ASI Public JnNURM, MoUD,
GoI through UIG &
UIDSSMT sub-
missions
Public conveniences
Chini-Ka- Rauza
0.5 ASI Public JnNURM, MoUD,
GoI through UIG &
UIDSSMT sub-
missions
Improvement/
Development of approach
road to Chauburji
(surfacing the r.o.w.,
street lights)
0.5 ASI/PWD Public JnNURM, MoUD,
GoI through UIG &
UIDSSMT sub-
missions
Waste management
outside Rambagh (bins at
entry gate)
0.05 Urban Local
Body
Public JnNURM, MoUD,
GoI through UIG &
UIDSSMT sub-
missions
Organized Parking
Facility at Agra Fort
5 Agra
Development
Authority
(ADA)
PPP JnNURM, MoUD,
GoI through UIG &
UIDSSMT sub-
missions
Organized Parking at
Itmad-ud-Daulah
3 Agra
Development
Authority
(ADA)
PPP JnNURM, MoUD,
GoI through UIG &
UIDSSMT sub-
missions
Fatehpur
Sikri
Sufi Interpretation and
Information Centre
(Facilities like site
orientation, visual
display/documentary and
maps)
6 UPSTDC PPP MoT/ State Govt
Extension of Existing
Parking
0.75 UPSTDC PPP MoT/ State Govt
Page | 33
Projects Indicative Cost
(in Cr.)
Implementing
Agency
Mode of
funding
Existing Schemes
Museum 2.5 ASI Public Scheme for Financial
Assistance for
`Setting Up,
Promotion &
Strengthening of
Regional and Local
Museums, Ministry
of Culture, GoI
Upgradation of Existing
Underutilized Tourist
Facilitation Centre
(additional facilities like
tourist information office,
internet café, lounge,
better security services,
viewing gallery, good
restaurant, ATM, Forex
and medicine shop)
2.5 UPSTDC PPP MoT/ State Govt
Solid Waste Management
(form entry point to
monument and
surrounding area
0.2 Agra
Development
Authority
(ADA)
Public MoT/ State Govt
Permanent barrier (check
post) near Entrance of
facilitation centre to
restrict vehicles
0.2 PWD/ADA Public MoT/ State Govt
Signages (along route
and visual display at
monument entrance)
0.2 ADA Public MoT/ State Govt
Cultural
Centre/amphitheatre for
Sufi Events (400-500
audience)
5 UPSTDC PPP MoT/ State Govt
Illumination of
monuments (focus lights)
1 ASI Public MoT/ State Govt
Street lighting (solar
lighting with backup)
2 ADA Public MoT/ State Govt
Audio guide
(simultaneous language
translation in Hindi,
English, French and
Spanish)
0.5 UPSTDC Public MoT/ State Govt
Battery Operated vehicles
from facilitation centre to
monument.
8 ADA PPP MoT/ State Govt
Light and Sound show 5 ASI PPP MoT/ State Govt
Landscaping from
Existing Facilitation
Centre to Monument
entrance
0.04 ADA Public UPSTDC
Total 251.46 Cr.
Page | 34
Proposed Breakup of Investments:
Public Sector : 167.21 Crores
Public Private Partnership : 84.25 Crores
Table 13: PPP Bifurcation of the Proposed Projects
Projects Indicative
Cost (in
Cr.)
Mode of
funding
Public
Funds
Private
Investment
Vrindavan Theme Park across river Yamuna
(PPP)
10 PPP 2.5 7.5
Govardhan Development of Parking 10 PPP 2 8
Resurfacing of 26km road stretch
form Chatikara (Vrindavan) to
Radha Kund
13 PPP 2.6 10.4
Resurfacing of 11km road stretch
between Goverdhan to Barsana
5 PPP 1 4
Agra Upgradation of Public
Conveniences at Shilpgram
1 PPP 0.25 0.75
Parking at western gate of Taj
(Basement- for approx. 300 cars)
10 PPP 2 8
Organized Parking Facility at
Agra Fort
5 PPP 1 4
Organized Parking at Itmad-ud-
Daulah
3 PPP 0.6 2.4
Fatehpur Sikri Sufi Interpretation and
Information Centre (Facilities
like site orientation, visual
display/documentary and maps)
6 PPP 1.5 4.5
Extension of Existing Parking 0.75 PPP 0.15 0.6
Upgradation of Existing
Underutilized Tourist Facilitation
Centre (additional facilities like
tourist information office,
internet café, lounge, better
security services, viewing
gallery, good restaurant, ATM,
Forex and medicine shop)
2.5 PPP 0.625 1.875
Cultural Centre/amphitheatre for
Sufi Events (400-500 audience)
5 PPP 1.25 3.75
Battery Operated vehicles from
facilitation centre to monument.
8 PPP 2 6
Light and Sound show 5 PPP 1.25 3.75
Total (in Cr) 84.25 18.73 65.53
Within PPP projects identified, Rs.18.73 Cr can be facilitated from Public Funds while Rs. 65.53 Cr
from Private Investment.
Page | 35
Table 14: Expected Employment Generation
Location Expected Employment Generation
Mathura 42900
Gokul 11700
Vrindavan 50700
Govardhan 21840
Agra 42564.6
Fathepur Sikri 26434.2
Total Expected Employment Generation 196138.8
36
Annexure – I: Tourist Infrastructure Assessment of Priority Circuit in Uttar Pradesh
Route New Delhi to Mathura New Delhi to Mathura New Delhi to Mathura
Destination Mathura Kunds Mathura Ghats Mathura Temples
Enroute/Onsite Parameters Components Rating Remarks Rating Remarks Rating Remarks
Enroute Distance in km - - - - -
Enroute Approach Road
Quality (A-E) D
-
D
-
C
-
Type of Road (metalled,
unmetalled)
Metalled Metalled Metalled
Typology (NH/SH/ MDR) MDR MDR MDR
Lanes 2 2 2
Riding Quality (A-E) D D C
Enroute
Transport Modes Used by tourists Private Vehicles,
Buses
-
Private Vehicles,
Buses
-
Private Vehicles,
Buses
- (more specific to transport
access to tourist destinations
from various parts of city)
Availability (A-E)
-
-
-
Enroute
Wayside Amenities
Restaurants availability D - C Small food stalls are available C Small food stalls are
available
Petrol Pump/ Service Centre
availability
C - C - C -
Public Convenience
availability
C - C - C -
Enroute Direction Signages
(Inside the city to directing
the tourist destinations)
Sufficiency (A-E) E - E - E
Rudimentary signages
(written on walls) Need to
improve
Languages Hindi Need to increase Hindi Rudimentary signages (written on
walls) Need to improve
Hindi
On Site Land Ownership of the Site Government/ Private - Government/ Private - Government/
Private
-
City/Town
Accommodation Type Budget hotels
Dharamshalas etc
-
Budget hotels
Dharamshalas etc
-
- Capacity N.A N.A
Bed Occupancy N.A N.A
Sufficiency (A-E) C C
On Site
Drinking Water facility Availability (A-E) D
-
D
-
D
- Quality(A-E) D D D
37
Route New Delhi to Mathura New Delhi to Mathura New Delhi to Mathura
Destination Mathura Kunds Mathura Ghats Mathura Temples
Enroute/Onsite Parameters Components Rating Remarks Rating Remarks Rating Remarks
On Site Solid Waste Management A-E D - D - D -
On Site Electricity Supply (AC, Gen) AC - AC - AC -
On Site
Parking
Sufficiency (A-E) E
-
E
-
E
-
Availability of Land for
future parking
D D D
Area of this land (approx) N.A N.A N.A
On Site/or in
City
Tourist Information Centers Available(Y/N) N - N
-
N
- Quality (A-E) - - - -
Trained Guides Availability (A-E) D - D D
On Site
Information Signages Sufficiency (A-E) D Required both in Hindi and
English
D Required both in Hindi and
English
D Required both in Hindi and
English
Languages Hindi - Hindi Hindi
On Site
Seating/ Resting Sufficiency (A-E) D Required D Required D Required
Quality (A-E) D D D
On Site Public Convenience Availability (A-E) D Required D Required D Required
On Site
Shops/ Kiosks Sufficiency (A-E) C - C -
-
C -
Quality (A-E) C - C C -
On Site
Street Lighting Sufficiency (A-E) D - D
-
D
- Quality (A-E) C - C C
38
Route Mathura to Govardhan Govardhan to Barsana Barsana to Nandgaon
Destination Parikrama Marg Barsana (Radha-Rani Temple) Nandgaon
Enroute/
Onsite
Parameters Components Rating Remarks Rating Remarks Rating Remarks
Enroute Distance in km 23km - 21km 7km -
Enroute Approach Road Quality (A-E) C Initial 2-3kms stretch from
Mathura to Govardhan
(diversion) is in bad condition
due to heavy traffic and market.
E Road condition is pathetic and
requires resurfacing. Whole stretch
passes through villages and,
therefore, has rural character.
C
-
Type of Road (metalled,
unmetalled)
Metalled Metalled Metalled
Typology (NH/SH/
MDR)
MDR MDR MDR
Lanes 2 2 2
Riding Quality (A-E) D E D
Enroute Transport (more specific to
transport access to tourist
destinations from various
parts of city)
Modes Used by tourists Private vehicles Private vehicles/State tourism
buses drop at Bus stand.
Tourists have to arrange vehicle
from there or else rely on local
modes.
Private vehicle This road is majorly used during
festive seasons and religious
occasions. Whole stretch has rural
character.
Private vehicle
-
Availability (A-E) - - -
Enroute Wayside Amenities Restaurants availability C - E None of these facilities are available E -
Petrol Pump/ Service
Centre availability
D - E E -
Public Convenience
availability
D - E E -
Enroute Direction Signages (Inside the
city to directing the tourist
destinations)
Sufficiency (A-E) C Mainly milestones are there
showing distances
D Mainly milestones are there showing
distances.
C
- Languages Hindi, English Hindi, English Hindi, English
On Site Land ownership of the Site Government/Private - Government/
Private
- Government/
Private
-
City/Town Accommodation Type Hotel/resorts Few hotel/resorts available
between Mathura Govardhan
route.
Ashrams Accommodation facility is almost
absent as people generally doesn‟t
stay at Barsana.
- Not applicable as tourist doesn‟t
stay here and people only come to
see the place where Lord Krishna
spent his childhood
Capacity N.A
-
Bed Occupancy N.A
-
Sufficiency (A-E) N.A -
On Site
Drinking Water facility Availability (A-E) C Packed water bottles are
available.
C Packed water bottles are available. D Packed water bottles are
available. Quality(A-E) C C D
39
Route Mathura to Govardhan Govardhan to Barsana Barsana to Nandgaon
Destination Parikrama Marg Barsana (Radha-Rani Temple) Nandgaon
Enroute/
Onsite
Parameters Components Rating Remarks Rating Remarks Rating Remarks
On Site Solid Waste Management A-E E C - D Required
On Site Electricity Supply (AC, Gen) AC - AC - AC -
On Site Parking Sufficiency (A-E) E C
-
D
-
Availability of Land for
future parking
- -
Area of this land
(approx)
- -
On Site/or in
City
Tourist Information Centers Available(Y/N) N Some of the local people have
taken up the profession of
guiding tourists.
N
-
N
- Quality (A-E) - - -
Trained Guides Availability (A-E) C C E
On Site Information Signages Sufficiency (A-E) D Needs to be increased D Needs to be increased D Needs to be increased
Languages Hindi Hindi Hindi
On Site Seating/ Resting Sufficiency (A-E) C Needs to be increased D Needs to be increased D
- Quality (A-E) D C C
On Site Public Convenience Availability (A-E) D Needs to be increased C Improvement required D Improvement required
On Site Shops/ Kiosks Sufficiency (A-E) C
-
C
-
C
- Quality (A-E) B C C
On Site Street Lighting Sufficiency (A-E) D
-
C Street lights along route were
affected by power supply. Almost
blackout enroute till the immediate
periphery (3kms) from the temple
C
- Quality (A-E) D C
C
40
Route Mathura to Agra Agra City (Taj Mahal to Agra Fort) Agra City (Agra fort to BabyTaj)
Destination Taj Mahal Agra Fort Itmad-ud-Daulah (Baby Taj)
Enroute/On
site
Parameters Components Rating Remarks Rating Remarks Rating Remarks
Enroute Distance in km 58kms - 4kms - 2kms Congested route
Enroute Approach Road Quality (A-E) B Connected to a major road from
SH 62
B Located at Yamuna Kinara Road B Congested route with heavy
vehicular inflow Type of Road (metalled,
unmetalled)
Metalled Metalled Metalled
Typology (NH/SH/
MDR)
SH 62 SH 62 NH 93
Lanes 2 2 2
Riding Quality (A-E) B B B
Enroute Transport (more specific to
transport access to tourist
destinations from various
parts of city)
Modes Used by tourists UPSRTC buses, private
vehicles
Tourist buses are available in
package tours. Private car/taxi
hiring for full day covering all
city monuments is a general
practice
UPSRTC buses,
private vehicles
Tourist buses are available in
package tours. Private car/taxi
hiring for full day covering all
city monuments is a general
practice
Private vehicles It is among one of the lesser
known monuments in the city
Availability (A-E) C C C
Enroute Wayside Amenities Restaurants availability B Since the destination is within the
city, all facilities are available
nearby.
C Distance between Taj and Fort is
very less and conveniences are
available at both the sites
D Situated at very short distance
Petrol Pump/ Service
Centre availability
B C D
Public Convenience
availability
D D D
Enroute Direction Signages
(Inside the city to directing
the tourist destinations)
Sufficiency (A-E) C Increase in number of signages is
advisable.
C Increase in number of signages is
advisable.
C
-
Languages Hindi, English Hindi, English Hindi, English
On Site Land ownership of the Site Government - Government - Government -
City/Town Accommodation Type Deluxe, 3 Star, 2Star,
Budget hotel etc
Good accommodation facility
available within the city.
Renowned hotel groups like
Oberoi-Amarvilas, Trident etc
are present in the city.
Deluxe, 3 Star,
2Star, Budget
hotel etc
Good accommodation facility
available within the city.
Renowned hotel groups like
Oberoi-Amarvilas, Trident etc are
present in the city.
Deluxe, 3 Star, 2Star,
Budget hotel etc
Good accommodation facility
available within the city.
Renowned hotel groups like
Oberoi-Amarvilas, Trident etc are
present in the city Capacity - - -
Bed Occupancy 70-80% 70-80% 70-80%
Sufficiency (A-E) C C C
On Site Drinking Water facility Availability (A-E) B Available on site both packed
bottles as well as water taps with
B Available on site both packed
bottles as well as water taps with
B RO water taps available on site
Quality(A-E) B B B
41
Route Mathura to Agra Agra City (Taj Mahal to Agra Fort) Agra City (Agra fort to BabyTaj)
Destination Taj Mahal Agra Fort Itmad-ud-Daulah (Baby Taj)
Enroute/On
site
Parameters Components Rating Remarks Rating Remarks Rating Remarks
RO water facility RO water facility
On Site Solid Waste Management A-E A Site maintained by ASI A - B Waste management outside
monument is required. Open
drains need to be cover-up
On Site Electricity Supply (AC, Gen) AC - AC - AC -
On Site Parking Sufficiency (A-E) B Needs to increase keeping future
requirement. Land parcel is
available at western gate which
can be developed by Agra
Development Authority (ADA)
D No dedicated parking facility
available.
D No dedicated parking facility
available due to problem of land
availability Availability of Land for
future parking
Defense Land at western
gate
No -
Area of this land
(approx)
- - -
On Site/ or
in City
Tourist Information
Centers
Available (Y/N) N TIC available only at Agra Cantt.
Station and its condition is also
not good.
N TIC available only at Agra Cantt.
Station and its condition is also
not good. Need to provide at Taj
or Fort for onsite assistance.
TIC is available only at Agra
Cantt. Station and its condition is
also not good. Quality (A-E) - -
Trained Guides Availability (A-E) - -
On Site Information Signages
Sufficiency (A-E) A Mostly in English A
-
D
- Languages Hindi, English Hindi, English Hindi, English
On Site Seating/ Resting Sufficiency (A-E) B Limited arrangement done and
maintained by ASI
B Limited arrangement done and
maintained by ASI
C
- Quality (A-E) B B C
On Site Public Convenience Availability (A-E) B Site maintained by ASI B Site maintained by ASI B Site maintained by ASI
On Site Shops/ Kiosks Sufficiency (A-E) B Very costly due to high influx of
foreign tourist
B
-
C -
Quality (A-E) A A C -
On Site Street Lighting Sufficiency (A-E) B
-
B
-
C -
Quality (A-E) B B C -
42
Route Agra City (Baby Taj to Chauburji) Agra City (Chauburji-Chini-Ka-Rauza) Agra to Fatehpur Sikri
Destination Chauburji Cini-ka-Rauza Fatehpur Sikri
Enroute/
Onsite
Parameters Components Rating Remarks Rating Remarks Rating Remarks
Enroute Distance in km 300 m - - - 36 km -
Enroute Approach Road Quality (A-E) B
-
D Encroachment along the
road (enroute)
B Good Quality Approach Road
Type of Road (metalled,
unmetalled)
Metalled Metalled Metalled
Typology (NH/SH/
MDR)
City road City road MDR (SH)
Lanes 2 2 2
Riding Quality (A-E) B B A
Enroute Transport (more specific to
transport access to tourist
destinations from various
parts of city)
Modes Used by tourists Auto Rickshaw, Private
Taxi
-
Auto Rickshaw,
Private Taxi
-
UPSRTC buses
(Jaipur), Private
Vehicles (cab etc)
Convenient destination accessibility only
through Private vehicles or Para Transit. No
Public Transport Connectivity.
Availability (A-E) C C C
Enroute Wayside Amenities Restaurants availability B
-
B
-
D No good quality facilities are available for
tourists
Petrol Pump/ Service
Centre availability
C C C
-
Public Convenience
availability
C C D No facility enroute
Enroute Direction Signages
(Inside the city to directing
the tourist destinations)
Sufficiency (A-E) D
-
D
-
C Needs to be increased in English, Hindi and
Urdu languages
Languages D D English, Hindi
On Site Land ownership of the Site Govt/Private - Govt/Private - Govt/Private -
City/Town Accommodation Type Deluxe, 3 Star, 2Star,
Budget hotel etc
Good accommodation facility
available within the city.
Renowned hotel groups like
Oberoi-Amarvilas, Trident etc
are present in the city.
Deluxe, 3 Star,
2Star, Budget hotel
etc
Good accommodation
facility available within the
city. Renowned hotel groups
like Oberoi-Amarvilas,
Trident etc are present in the
city.
UPSTDC
Accommodation
available in City
-
Capacity - - -
Bed Occupancy 70-80% 70-80% 15-20% in peak season
Sufficiency (A-E) C C
Sufficient as the site is majorly considered as
By-pass destination between Agra and Jaipur
43
Route Mathura to Agra Agra City (Taj Mahal to Agra Fort) Agra City (Agra fort to BabyTaj)
Destination Taj Mahal Agra Fort Itmad-ud-Daulah (Baby Taj)
Enroute/On
site
Parameters Components Rating Remarks Rating Remarks Rating Remarks
On Site
Drinking Water facility Availability (A-E) D It is a lesser known site,
therefore, no proper
arrangement
D It is a lesser known site,
therefore, no proper
arrangement
C Though RO plants available, regular water
supply is a major issue on site. Packaged
drinking water is carried by tourists. Quality(A-E) D D C
On Site Solid Waste Management A-E D No arrangement D No arrangement B Additional waste bins are required especially
at entrance.
On Site Electricity Supply (AC, Gen) AC - AC - AC Continuous power supply is a major issue
onsite as it is available for only 3-4hours
On Site Parking Sufficiency (A-E) D
-
D
-
C Currently, UPSTDC has made parking
facility for tourist vehicles near entrance and
running CNG buses till monument but “it is
not managed properly and not strictly
followed by tourist”, resulting in
unauthorized development nearby.
Availability of Land for
future parking
- - C
Area of this land
(approx)
- - -
On Site/ or
in City
Tourist Information
Centers
Available (Y/N) N TIC available only at Agra
Cantt. Station and its
condition is also not good.
N TIC available only at Agra
Cantt. Station and its
condition is also not good.
N Required TIC. Harassment of tourists by
touts is a major issue right from toll till
monument. This leaves a very wrong
impression amongst foreign (majorly) and
domestic tourist.
Quality (A-E) - - -
Trained Guides Availability (A-E) - - C
On Site Information Signages
Sufficiency (A-E) D Required D Required B -
Languages - - English, Urdu The information Signages are rusting and
peeled off. Some have also fallen off.
On Site Seating/ Resting Sufficiency (A-E) D Monument under ASI, work in
progress
D Monument under ASI. Need
attention
B Currently only open concrete benches are
available. Shaded seating places are needed Quality (A-E) D D B
On Site Public Convenience Availability (A-E) E - E - C Available at existing facilitation centre and
inside monuments. It needs to be improved at
facilitation centre itself as it suffers due to
lack of basic infrastructure like regular water
supply problem.
On Site Shops/ Kiosks Sufficiency (A-E) D
-
D
-
C
Quality (A-E) D D C
On Site Street Lighting Sufficiency (A-E) D
-
D
-
B Many Street lights not functioning. Night
illumination is interrupted due to power
problem which needs to be improved.
Illumination required at monuments.
Quality (A-E) D D
B