Idbe final
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Transcript of Idbe final
NOT ALL PLACES CAN
BE ON STEROIDS…
NOT ALL PLACES CAN BE ON STEROIDS
Dr Nicola Headlam@networknicola
Heseltine Institute for Public Policy & Practice
University of Liverpool
IDBE Summer SchoolUniversity of Cambridge
15th July 2013
This lecture
i. introduction ii. Reflexivity and place iii. The urban industry iv.Sociological Forms of organisation – market hierarchy & networkv. Meeting societal challenges
i. introduction
Making the link between structure and agency – changing structures mean changing roles and changing roles mean changing structures
The degeneration of regeneration
Intransitive verbs – no subject no object“Big tent” 3rd way urbanism and the post-
politicalUrban strategic milieu - policy not politics*
State as conundrum (problematic) Urban “industry” & panjandrum
Spatially extended product: “Brand, plan & strategy”
Place marketing – symbolic and visible
– NEUTRALITY NON-OPTIONPURPOSIVE ACTIVITIES –
PERSONAL/PROFESSIONAL/ETHICAL
ii. Reflexivity & place
Reflexivity & place
Urbanism and industrialisation - modernitySpecialisation – professions – hierarchies
A sociological imagination and the built environment
POWER – always and everywhereChanges to the policy process
(Hobbes)Bourdieu’s 2-hands
iii. Urban industry
Exquisite paradox of “localism”
“WELL THAT’S NOT THE WAY, BUT THAT’S NOT THE WAY THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT
DOES THINGS, (Y’KNOW) THERE’S NOTHING ABOUT “DO IT THIS WAY”, IT’S ABOUT CRUDELY, WE’LL CONTINUE TO
MAKE YOUR LIFE SO UNPLEASANT UNTIL YOU CAN FIGURE YOURSELF
INTO A WAY IN WHICH WE FIND ACCEPTABLE, IF I WERE BEING CRUDE ABOUT IT, (LAUGHTER) ERM BUT WE WON’T TELL YOU WHAT THAT IS.”
(INTERVIEW MAY 2013)
Chris Hood
Long boom : austerity localism
neo-liberalism squared “debate”“people not place” hands of the state
right punishes / left strokesAusterity localism
exit strategy for the state barnet ‘graph of doom’ – scripts - technologies
postcards from the urban renaissance
00
MasterclassesInvited real world experts - discursive tutorial format
James ReesRupert Greenhalgh
Sarah LonglandsJulian Dobson
Theme : wither urban regeneration policy?
iii. Forms of organisation
R.A.W Rhodes
MARKET HIERARCHY NETWORK
Normative basis Contract – property
rights
Employment
relationship
Complementary
strengths
Means of communication Prices Routines Relational
Means of conflict resolution Haggling – resort to
courts
Administrative
Flat – supervision
Reciprocity reputational
concerns
Degree of flexibility High Low Medium
Amount of commitment
among parties
Low Medium High
Tone or climate Precision and/ or
suspicion
Formal bureaucratic Open-ended mutual
benefit
Actor preferences or choices Independent Dependent Interdependent
bureaucracy
Perhaps there was a time when the term bureaucracy had a settled meaning and the institutions it defined had a standard purpose. If so this time has passed. In its place has emerged a variety of bureaucracies, temporary and fixed, public and private... this profusion of bureaucracies raises important questions concerning the work that bureaucrats do (Considine and Lewis, 1999, p. 467).
‘Pure’ markets
Conditions for pure markets Associated failuresI All prices are comparable; everything is traded
1 inability of market to deal with externalities2 problem of public and merit3 existence of good without price4 transaction costs of exchanges
II market entry is without barriers – multiple providers and purchasers
5 barriers exist to market entry6 inequalities exist7 failures of confidence exist
III maintenance of high volume of transactionsIV market participants perfectly informed 8 Practical obstacles V Economy and polity separated 9 Powerful interests created by 5 & 6
become insiders
Variegated neo-liberalisation
Yes and no…
Hierarchy, generally, is losing its legitimacy while partnership is in the ascendant as different interest groups flex their muscles and individuals start to take back control of their lives from organizations and governments. (Handy, 2004: 98)
A definition
Governance refers to the processes through which organisations and institutions articulate interest, mediate differences, formulate and implement policy, exercise rights and obligations, manage resources and perform functions. Ultimately, governance is about people: structures, institutions, policies and, above all, relationships.
Another definition
Governance can be defined as the capacity of a country’s institutional matrix (in which individual actors, firms, social groups, civic organisations and policy makers interact with each other) to implement and enforce public policies and to improve private sector co-ordination (Ahrens 2002)
(yet) another definition
Governance is an emergent set of practices and processes based on a set of assumptions;
a redefinition of patterns of legitimacy and effectiveness
a redefinition of scales of public action
co-evolution of the institutional context for public action
Who might the state act with?
KEY QUESTION 3 : IN PURSUIT OF ITS ’ PUBLIC POLICY OBJECTIVES…
Figure 1 Combination of market, hierarchy and network (Thompson et al, 1991pg 17)
H
N
M
Figure 1 Network encompassing market and hierarchy (Thompson et al, 1991pg 18)
N H
M
Mixed models? More stable?
The distinctive problems of hierarchy, markets and networks provide an account of three forms of partnership failure...our model therefore implies that it is only by mixing hierarchical, market and network forms of co-ordination that it is possible to avoid the crippling dysfunctions associated with the pure forms (Entwistle, Bristow et al. 2007) pp 68
Jessop is not hopeful
governance is the cycle of modes of co-ordination. All modes are prone to dilemmas, contradictions, paradoxes, and failures but the problems differ with the mode in question. Markets, states, and governance fail in different ways. One practical response to this situation is to combine modes of policy-making and vary their weight over time – thereby shifting the forms in which tendencies to ‘failure’ are manifested, and creating room for manoeuvre. The rediscovery of governance could mark a fresh revolution in this process – a simple cyclical response to past state failures
Manuel Castells
Networks constitute the new social morphology of our societies, and the diffusion of networking logic modifies the operation and outcome in process of production, experience power and culture (Castells 1996)
They are all around us, We rely on them. We are part of them Networks shape our world, but they can be confusing; no obvious leader or centre, no familiar structure and no easy diagram to describe to them. Networks self organise, morphing and changes as they react to interference or breakdown. Networks are the language of our times but our institutions are not programmed to understand them (DEMOS, 2004 pg 3)
A mix, then?
The existing literature on policy networks and network governance also includes a wealth of material on how governments seek to govern in an era when the certainties and solidities of modernity are perceived as melting into air. (1) strategies for co-ordination in terms of political economy (2) the changing role government relations in an environment
if complex systems(3) the re-aligning of formal and informal relations between
and within trans-national, national and sub-national levels and
(4) the emasculation of traditional mechanisms of command and control as government shifts form hierarchy to heterarchy. The literature points to the emergence of new patterns of governance, and especially a mix of hierarchy, networks and markets” (Bevir and Richards, 2009 pp 139)
Networks; from “light” to “heavy” explanatory use.
1 network-ing inter-personal and virtual2 policy networks3 Market -Hierarchy-Network mix 4 Networked Community Governance ; poly-centricity and diffusion5 “Second Generation” “Networked” Governance Mechanisms/Instruments
Good thing? Raco thinks not
(i) Local Government (ii) Local Governance
Bureaucratic
Democratic
Centralised
Collectivised
Municipal
Pursuit of Social/ Welfare Goals
Flexible and responsive
Post-democratic
Decentralised
Privatised
Entrepreneurial
Pursuit of Market Goals
Different types of networks
brokerage
“significance within networks is given to individuals that act as connectors within a network, boundary spanners who connect networks, information brokers and people who are peripheral to the network” (Granovetter, 1975)
Karen Stephenson
And having the networks mapped does not tell you about the cultural terrain you have to cross in order to lead effectively; the map is most certainly not the territory.
Rather it is the lack of a coordinated leadership network within a network of hierarchies that produces the lurches, lunging and sputtering we frequently experience in government.
Planning for networks
In planning theory, project planning is part of a certain regulatory system in public administration generally referred to as network governance. It developed as a consequence of new public management reforms that have been implemented in public organisations in most western european countries () Planning is increasingly exercised in a fragmented governance system consisting of numerous policy networks that stretch across public and private boundaries (horizontal governance) and across levels of public decision making (vertical governance)
further
… urban planning is increasingly in a situation where interactive forms of governance supplement and sometimes supplant traditional government institutions and representative democracy. Under these circumstances a top-down comprehensive urban planning system based on subordination, control and detailed deregulation is becoming increasingly difficult to achieve.
Hybrid planner as
Values and orientation
Knowledge combination
Collaboration and governance network forms
Metagovernance forms
Professional strategist
Professionalism Architecture + urban planning communication
Political/adminmanagement closed and elite
Network framing political and professional
Manager Implementation political fit
Urban dev + politics + policy communication
Formal elistist
Legal formationNetwork design
Market planner
Market, competition, financially feasible
Urban and economic development communication
Contractors etc.Closed elitist
Limited political framing financial regulation
Process planner
Establishment of communities and consensus. democratic
Urban development + organisationscommunication
Wide political and adminOpen and plural
Politcal goalsDiscursive frames participation and design
2 Examples
1) Professor Nick Crossley2) Christakis and Fowler3) Krebs and Holley4) Malcolm Gladwell
Social network analysis
“Network methods are seen as a means of mapping roles comprehensively, so allowing “real” qualities of social structures to be delineated …the basic presumption of SNA is that sociograms of points and lines can be used to represent agents and their social relations. The pattern of connections among these lines in a sociogram represents the relational structure of a society or social group” (Knox, 2006)
Prof. Nic Crossley
Post punk music scenes Comparison with London and Manchester2 time intervals19761980Argues that brokerage function for/of is
integral to development of music scene
Medium Polarization
Types of Modules
Complete Polarization
A module (“community”) is a groups of people with many ties to each other and few ties to other groups. The more modular a network is, the more polarized it is.
High Polarization
Low Polarization
Activism Goes OnlineYou might think increased discussion would bring us politically closer but this map of political blogs in America shows otherwise.
Online social networks appear to be strongly homophilous and polarized.
The Effects of Online Social NetworksThis figure of the Iranian political blogosphere shows that the government allows a wide range of political discourse -- even criticisms of the government!
Network Weaving
4 phasesScattered FragmentsHub and SpokeSmall WorldsIntegrated
Other key terms : Structural hole
UK Examples
Local GovernanceCabinetManchesterResilience
Matthew Taylor
Social networks are important; understanding and using them can make a significant contribution tapping into civic capacity and meeting public policy goals. Social networks are complex and the way they operate unpredictable.
An emphasis on social networks changes not just the focus and design of public policy, but the whole way we think about success and failure.
Knowing and knitting
Building sustainable communities through improving their connectivity – internally and externally- using network ties to create economic opportunities.
Improved connectivity is created through an iterative process of knowing the network and knitting the network
Appalachian centre for Economic Networks
v. Meeting societal challenges
‘Deep green’ environmentalism - 3 planet livingSpirit level type arguments : inequalities giniDecroissance movement (slow food – etc.)Anti-capitalist anti-globalisation formations :
occupyRadical roots of town planning…
But unease and alternate discourses counterpoint industrialisation / urbanisation forever
environmentalism
inequality
Anti-capitalism
political
Spatial consequences