ID 1

 

THE INTERNATIONAL DATING VIOLENCE STUDY

•The work was supported by National Institute of Mental Health grant T32MH15161 and the University of New Hampshire.

•

 A STUDY OF UNIVERSITY STUDENTS IN 34 COUNTRIES

ID 2

ID 3

PURPOSE 1: MEASURE FOUR KINDS OF VIOLENCE: PHYSICAL ASSAULT

INJURY FROM ASSAULT SEXUAL COERCION PSYCHOLGICAL AGGRESSION

FOR EACH TYPE OF VIOLENCE: PREVALENCE (%) SEVERITY CHRONICITY (How often)

ID 4

COVERAGE OF THE VIOLENCE

LATIN AMERICA AND CARRIBEAN Brazil Mexico Peru NORTH AMERICA Canada – French (3 sites) Canada – Anglo (4 sites) USA – Mexican American USA – Histor.Black College USA - Three other sites EUROPE Belgium England Finland Germany Iceland Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Poland Portugal Russia Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland - French site Switzerland - German site

INTERNATIONAL DATING STUDY MIDDLE EAST Iran Israel Turkey AFRICA Botswana Kenya Namibia South Africa ASIA China – Hong Kong] China - Shanghai India (2 sites possible) Japan Korea Pakistan Philippines Singapore AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND Australia New Zealand

ID 5

PURPOSE 2: TEST THEORIES ABOUT THE CAUSESOF VIOLENCE AGAINST PARTNERS

EXAMPLES

ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITYALCOHOL ABUSEANGER MANAGEMENT SKILLDOMINANCE OF ONE PARTNERCOMMUNICATION PROBLEMSCRIMINALITYGENDER HOSTILITYGENDER INEQUALITYSOCIAL INTEGRATIONSOCIAL STRESSVIOLENT CHILD REARINGVIOLENT CULTURAL NORMS

ID 6

SOME FINDINGSON RATES OF ASSULT AND INJURY

ID 7

MEASURE OF PHYSICAL ASSAULT  

Minor Physical Assault:        Threw something at partner that could hurt       Twisted my partner’s arm or hair       Pushed or shoved my partner       Grabbed my partner       Slapped my partner Severe Physical Assault:

        Used knife or gun on partner on my partner        Punched or hit my partner with something that could hurt       Choked my partner       Slammed my partner against a wall       Beat up my partner       Burned or scalded my partner       Kicked my partner coefficient of reliability = .86.  

ID 8

Figure 1: ASSAULT TOTAL

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

USA, New Hampshire

USA, Texas Mex Am

er

USA, Texas Non-Mex

USA, UtahCanada, Ham

ilton

Canada, Winnepeg

Canada, Montreal

Mexico, Juarez

Brazil

Swiss, FrenchSwiss, Germ

anPortugalChina, HongKongIsrael

Pe

rce

nt

Male

Female

North America Latin America Europe Asia & Middle East

ID 9

Figure 2: ASSAULT SEVERE

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

USA, New Hampshire

USA, Texas Mex Am

er

USA, Texas Non-Mex

USA, UtahCanada, Ham

ilton

Canada, Winnepeg

Canada, Montreal

Mexico, Juarez

Brazil

Swiss, FrenchSwiss, Germ

anPortugalChina, HongKongIsrael

Pe

rce

nt

Male

Female

North America Latin America Europe Asia & Middle East

ID 10

CTS2

ID 11

INJURY RATES AT 14 UNIVERSITIES IN 8 COUNTRIES

RANGE FROM 2% TO 16%

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

ASSAULT RATE14 UNIVERISTIES FROM LOW TO HIGH

%INJURED

N

 

ID 12

CTS2

ID 13

Figure 3: SEXUAL COERCION TOTAL

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

USA, New Hampshire

USA, Texas Mex Am

er

USA, Texas Non-Mex

USA, UtahCanada, Ham

ilton

Canada, Winnepeg

Canada, Montreal

Mexico, Juarez

Brazil

Swiss, FrenchSwiss, Germ

anPortugalChina, HongKongIsrael

Pe

rce

nt

Male

Female

North America Latin America Europe Asia & Middle East

ID 14

Figure 5: SEXUAL COERCION FORCE

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11P

erc

en

tMale

Female

North America Latin America Europe Asia & Middle East

ID 15

CONCLUSIONS•HIGH RATES OF ASSAULT AND SEXUAL COERCION IN ALL COUNTRIES

• THE INJURY DATA SHOWS THAT MANY ASSAULTS ARE NOT TRIVIAL

•RATES OF PERPETRATION BY WOMEN AND MEN ARE SIMILAR, EXCEPT MEN CAUSE MORE INJURY

• MORE MEN PHYSICALLY FORCE SEX • RESULTS ARE CONSISTENT WITH OTHER STUDIES OF STUDENTS

• CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ARE PRESENT BUT NOT USUALLY VERY LARGE

ID 16

SOME FINDINGS ON RISK FACTORS FOR VIOLENCE AGAINST A DATING PARTNER

ID 17

ID 18

ID 19

SOCIAL INTEGRATION SCALE ITEMS

Commitment I have goals in life that I try to reach I give up easily on difficult projects (R) Criminal Beliefs It’s all right to break the law as long as you don’t get hurt (R) To get ahead, I have done some things which are not right (R) Delinquent Peers I spend time with friends who have been in trouble with the law.(R) I have friends who have committed crimes (R) Involvement I attend a church, synagogue, or mosque once a month or more I rarely have anything to do with religious activities (R) Kin Network Availability I have family members who would help me out if I had a problem I share my thoughts with a family member

ID 20

S O C I A L IN T E G R A T IO N O F M E X IC A N A M E R I C A N A N D N O N - M E X IC A N

W H IT E S T U D E N T S A N D A S S A U L T S O N D A T I N G P A R T N E R S

Ig n a c io L u is R a m ir e z

T e x a s T e c h n o lo g ic a l U n iv e r s i t y

0

0 .0 5

0 .1

0 .1 5

0 .2

0 .2 5

0 .3

0 .3 5

2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9

S o c ia l In t e g r a t io n S c o r e

Prob

abilit

y of A

ssau

ltN o n - M e x ic a n M e x ic a n A m e r ic a n

ID 21

ID 22

ID 23

CRIMINAL HISTORY SCALE ITEMS PROPERTY CRIME VIOLENT CRIME EARLY ONSET CRIME

Before age 15, I stole or tried

to steal something worth more than $50.00

Before age 15, I stole money

(from anyone, including family)

Before age 15, I physically

attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them

Before age 15, I hit or threatened to hit my parents

LATER CRIME

Since age 15, I have stolen or

tried to steal something worth more than $50.00

Since age 15, I have stolen

money (from anyone, including family)

Since age 15, I physically

attacked someone with the idea of seriously hurting them

Since age 15, I hit or threatened to hit someone who is not a member of my family.

ID 24

ID 25

RISK FACTORS FOR PSYSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION

(VERBAL ATTACKS)

* RISK FACTORS ARE SIMILAR TO RISK FACTORS FOR PHYSICAL ASSAULT

* PROBABLY BECAUSE PSYCHOLGICAL AND PHYSICAL ATTACKS ARE HIGHLY

CORRELATED

ID 26

CTS2

ID 27

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00

Relationship Length (in months)

Pre

dic

ted P

robability P

sych A

ggr

Tota

l

Males

Females

THE LONGER THE RELATIONSHIP, THE GREATER THE PROBABILITY OFPSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION

ID 28

CONCLUSIONS•VIOLENCE AGAINST DATING PARTNERS HAS MANY “CAUSES” (“RISK FACTORS”)

•THE “CAUSES” OF VIOLENCE AGAINST PARTNERS ARE SIMILAR FOR MEN AND WOMEN

•EACH ADDITONAL RISK FACTOR INCREASE THE PROBABILITY OF VIOLENCE, BUT NONE GUARANTEE IT

•MOST OF THE RISK FACTORS ARE THINGS THAT CAN BE CHANGED

ID 29

THE PERSONAL AND RELATIONSHIPS PROFILE (PRP)

A MULTI-SCALE TOOL TO IDENTIFY RISK FACTORS FOR INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE

PSYCHOLOGICAL RISK FACTORS ASP ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY BOR BORDERLINE PERSONALITY CH CRIMINAL HISTORY DEP DEPRESSION GHM GENDER HOSTILITY TO MEN GHW GENDER HOSTILITY TO WOMEN NH NEGLECT HISTORY PTS POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER SD SOCIAL DESIRABILITY RESPONSE BIAS SI SOCIAL INTEGRATION SUB SUBSTANCE ABUSE STR STRESSFUL CONDITIONS SAH SEXUAL ABUSE HISTORY VA VIOLENCE APPROVAL VS VIOLENT SOCIALIZATION SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP RISK FACTORS (BEHAVIOR TOWARDS OR BELIEFS ABOUT THE PARTNER) AM ANGER MANAGEMENT CP COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS CON CONFLICT DOM DOMINANCE JEL JEALOUSY NA NEGATIVE ATTRIBUTION RC RELATIONSHIP COMMITMENT RD RELATIONSHIP DISTRESS FURTHER INFORMATION: Murray A. Straus, Family Research Laboratory, Univ. of New Hampshire HTTP://PUBPAGES.UNH.EDU/~MAS2

ID 30

ST0P

ID 31

RISK FACTORS FOR ASSAULTS ON DATING PARTNERS

IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

THE INTERNATIONAL DATING VIOLENCE STUDY

THE REVISED CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES (CTS2)

LOCALLY SALIENT MEASURE EXAMPLES THE PERSONAL AND RELATIONSHIPS PROFILE (PRP)

SUMMARY OF STRENGTHS OF THE IDV STUDY

FURTHER INFORMATION

(HTTP://PUBPAGES.UNH.EDU/~MAS2

ID 32

STRENGTHS OF THE IDV STUDY WELL-VALIDATED INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE

INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE – THE CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES OR CTS. USED IN OVER 40 COUNTRIES WITH RESPONDENTS OF ALL SOCIOECONOMIC LEVELS, INCLUDING LOW EDUCATION RURAL AND URBAN POPULATIONS AND UNIVERSITY STUDENTS.

UNUSUALLY WIDE RANGE OF RISK FACTORS. THE

PERSONAL AND RELATIONSHIPS PROFILE OR PRP MEASURE 22 VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH PARTNER VIOLENCE (SEE APPENDIX 1)

PROCEDURES FIELD TESTED WITH MORE THAN 1,000

STUDENTS AT THREE DIFFERENT UNIVERSITIES IN THE USA AND IN CIUDAD JUAREZ IN MEXICO.

30 NATIONS PROVIDES THE OPPORTUNITY TO

EXAMINE THE EFFECT OF SOCIO-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ON RISK FACTORS FOR DATING-VIOLENCE, INCLUDING SITES IN ALL MAJOR WORLD REGIONS.

LOCALLY SALIENT ISSUES FOR EACH SITE. EXAMPLE:

EL PASO TEXAS SITE -- LEVEL OF ACCULTURATION FOR A PREDOMINANTLY MEXICAN AMERICAN SAMPLE.

ID 33

THE REVISED CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES (CTS2) PHYSICAL ASSAULT INJURY SEXUAL COERCION PSYCHOLOGICAL AGGRESSION NEGOTIATION LOCALLY SALIENT MEASURE EXAMPLES ACCULTURATION FAMILISM RELIGIOSITY

ID 34

THE CONFLICT TACTICS SCALES

PHYSICAL ASSAULTINJ

ID 35

FORMAT AND TESTING TIME

RESPONSE CATEGORIES TESTING TIME

RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE PRP

RELIABILITY VALIDITY CRIMINAL HISTORY COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS GENDER HOSTILITY SOCIAL INTEGRATION

RELIABILITY OF THE PRP

MEAN ALPHA COEFFICIENT

437 STUDENTS = .74

102 OFFENDERS = 69PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF ALPHA COEFFICIENTS

FOR STUDENT AND OFFENDER SAMPLES 

ALPHA STUDENTS OFFENDERS< .59 -- 13%.60 TO .69 29% 40%.70 TO .79 38% 40%.80 TO .87 33% 7%

  MEAN .74 .69