ICT research and innovation in a globalised world

Information Society and Media

ICT research

and innovation

in a globalised world

ISTAG Working Group on

International Cooperation

March 2012

A contribution for thinking strategically the role of international cooperation

in EU ICT research and innovation

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ICT research and innovation in a globalised world

A contribution for thinking strategically the role of international cooperation in EU ICT research and

innovation

ISTAG

Working Group on International Cooperation

March 2012

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Table of Content

1. Why strengthen the International Cooperation? Reasons, objectives & expected

mutual benefits of International Cooperation on ICT for EU

2. Strategic Approach of International Cooperation on ICT for EU - Areas & Instruments 2.1 Strategic Thinking behind International Cooperation

2.2 IPR and International Cooperation 2.3 Standardization & Technological Overview 2.4 Instruments 2.4.1 Simplifying Joint Calls 2.4.2 Deploying EU ICT Technology in external labs 2.4.3 Open European ICT platforms for ICT applications from outside the EU

3. Technological areas of co-operations – European ICT Platforms 3.1 Future Internet 3.2 Cyber Security 3.3 Micro-Electronics 3.4 Wireless Sensor Networks 3.5 Future Urban Mobility/e-Mobility 3.6 ICT for Inclusion and Well-being 3.7 Software – Focus Enterprise Software 3.8 Robotics

4. Country Profiles

4.1 Mature Markets 4.1.1 USA 4.1.2 Canada 4.1.3 Japan 4.1.4 Australia 4.1.5 South Korea 4.1.6 Taiwan 4.2. BRICS-Countries 4.2.1 Brazil 4.2.2 Russia 4.2.3 India 4.2.4 China 4.2.5 South Africa

5. Recommendations

6. List of Authors 7. Bibliography and references

Annex – International cooperation statistics for FP7 – ICT thematic priority

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1. Why strengthen the International Cooperation? Reasons, objectives & expected mutual benefits of International Cooperation on ICT for EU

A central objective of the Europe 2020 Innovation Union flagship is to improving the work with international partners. The strategy calls for a continuation of the EU’s policy to provide open access to its R&D programmes, while ensuring comparable conditions abroad. This implies that the EU and its Member States treat scientific cooperation with third countries as an issue of common concern and develop common approaches to increase the level of international cooperation, while protecting common European interests at the same time.

The Digital Agenda for Europe, the EU’s strategic policy for the ICT domain, seeks to maintain Europe's competitive edge, among others, through an increased focus on ICT research and innovation. International cooperation in ICT research and development shall support this goal, aiming at attracting the best minds to cooperate with Europe, and helping to establish important partnerships for the future.

However, in the current programme phase of the 7th European Research Framework Programme (FP7), International Cooperation (InCo) in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), particularly in ICT research, has not reached an adequate and satisfying level. Though being promoted and supported in various work programmes, participants in FP7-projects have often developed a much broader relationship with international partners in alternative ways, e.g. through direct contacts and collaboration than through InCo activities of the EU. Therefore, ISTAG, the European Commission’s advisory group on European ICT research, has been asked to work on a set of recommendations how to address this challenge in an adequate way and how to improve international cooperation in STI with the EU. Moreover, ISTAG has been asked to identify concrete cooperation opportunities both in terms of technological areas as well as regions to cooperate with. Lastly, this report should also serve to set the InCo RTD priorities for the 2013 ICT FP7 Work Programme.

It must be mentioned at this point that the report covers only the most relevant countries and technologies that show the biggest potential for cooperation in STI with the EU. However, in certain sections reference is also made to other regions and ICT-related topics (e.g. Green IT, Smart Grids or Robotics).

For the proper identification of such priorities specific contexts and conditions need to be taken into account:

• The particular context in which the ICT FP7 WP 2013 will be prepared o the need to deliver on earlier commitments and ensure continuity o the need to bridge from the current research framework programme (FP7), which will

end in 2013, to the successor programme Horizon 2020 o the need for close collaboration and coordination between the ISTAG Working Group on

International Cooperation with the ISTAG Working Group on the 2013 ICT FP7 Work Programme

• Specific information related to International Cooperation in ICT research and development o intelligence about cooperation possibilities with strategic third countries o consideration of the results of recent calls for proposals with an InCo component o relevant technological developments in the EU and in third countries o experience with and views on InCo by the ICT European Technology Platforms (ETPs) o socio-economic and geopolitical evolutions o current political EU priorities in general, and in external relations in particular

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Taking these issues into account, this report will address and focus on the following three main aspects:

First, it will be discussed how a strategic and sustainable approach on international cooperation in ICT-research shall look like. The given history shows that a simple tactical oriented approach will not lead to a sufficient level of international cooperation.

Secondly, it will be discussed which technological areas shall be of specific interest for international cooperation activities. In this context, a particular emphasis is put on European ICT-platforms and how these could be leveraged when cooperating with international partners.

Thirdly, it will be discussed how to cluster the activities with respect to regions and countries. It is obvious that the international partners from different regions are in different stages of maturity and levels of development. Therefore, a “one-fits-all” strategy won’t be adequate and cannot be applied. In this section, emphasis shall also be put on the issue of “competition versus cooperation”.

Finally, a list of recommendations will be provided that should ensure a more strategic and sustainable approach on international cooperation in ICT research with the EU.

In order to get a common understanding for the strategic thinking which is guiding and driving the authors of this report, a summary of the reasons, objectives and expected mutual benefits of International Cooperation in ICT-research is provided in the following. The underlying question in this regard is: “Why should the EU improve international cooperation in the field of R&D with other technology- and R&D-intensive countries?”

International cooperation in science, technology and innovation (STI) presents a number of opportunities and challenges for both those who collaborate and work together in such activities as well as the wider public and economy that benefit from its results and outcomes. In the following section reasons and objectives are presented that shall explain why the EU shall strengthen its activities in the field of international cooperation in ICT-research and why ISTAG supports it. As a conclusion, the guiding principles for a future EU policy on this issue shall be: strategic thinking, proactive action and synergetic outcomes.

Strengthen competitiveness and tackle global societal challenges

International cooperation in STI is an adequate instrument for strengthening the competitiveness of European companies. It gives them access to excellence in third countries and facilitates access to new markets at the same time. In this context, the focus should be on developing industrial partnerships and on creating a level playing field between the EU and its partners.

In addition, international cooperation in STI can help to respond more rapidly and effectively to global societal challenges by providing an infrastructure that enables to work more efficiently on joint solutions. ICT is of major importance in this context due to its enabling and catalytic character.

Respond to the global character of ICT-technology and the market

The ICT-sector is one of the most international and globalized markets world-wide. Main technologies and services are provided on a global-scale, particularly when having a closer look on developments in the web-based field. The basis for economic success of many ICT-technologies is to operate internationally. Examples in this regard are online search engines, mobile communication technologies, social media platforms, and enterprise wide applications. Therefore, the EU should flank these developments with a policy that supports cooperation especially on standards, IPR, regulations, public procurement and open markets.

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In this context, international cooperation in the field of ICT research supports the global character of this technology. It allows for the tracking of future trends at an early stage before they reach the market. Cooperation further is enabling researchers and developers to get access to existing pre-products and supplying components on the international markets thereby supporting the acceleration of own development processes. Lastly, international cooperation in ICT research is helping to assess the level of technology development outside the EU and how this might apply to the European ICT-platform strategy.

Exploit growth and innovation potential

Despite the size of the EU internal ICT-market, its level of output, growth creation and innovation potential is limited to a certain degree, requiring from European ICT-players to further reach out to international markets. In a long-term perspective, it is necessary for European ICT companies to face competition outside the EU to stay competitive, to enter new markets and to keep pace with developments taking place elsewhere. International cooperation is addressing these issues. It can be seen as a mean to secure the leading role of European ICT-companies by fostering knowledge and information exchange thereby enabling them to get a deeper insight on markets, technologies and relevant players outside the EU.

React on ICT research & development trends outside the EU

Reluctance and inactivity in terms of reacting on new global technology trends led to a situation in Europe that certain R&D activities are nowadays carried out outside rather than within the EU. With a view on ICT, special attention must be put in this context on social web technologies, online applications, cloud computing as well as virtualization technologies. European companies missed the chance to shape new developments, now being in the difficult situation to be forced to catch-up. Through international cooperation this trend can be eased and countered. It enables European researchers to get access to new technologies, embedded systems and related components. That way they are able to keep touch with new trends while getting at the same time the possibility to contribute to new ideas and work on complementary technology and supporting services.

Learning from ICT-innovation strategies from outside of EU

A range of ICT-technologies and inventions have their origin in Europe, though the further development of the technology and its final market entrance is taking place elsewhere. A prominent example in this context is the MP3-Player, originating from Germany but further developed and produced in Asia. Through international cooperation lessons could be learnt from why certain non-EU-countries are more successful in creating innovation from inventions. Specific areas of interest for the EU in this regard should be: access to venture capital, the role of public procurement, as well as support public-private cooperation models. As a result, the EU could learn from successful examples in third countries and adapt its own policy accordingly.

Support European ICT-companies to internationalize (especially SMEs)

An effective measure for companies to protect themselves from a severe impact of economic crises is to diversify their sales markets. A German study is proving this assumption, analysing the strategies of different ICT-companies on how to cope with the financial and economic crisis in 2009. As a result, ICT companies operating on a global level were more successful to come through the crisis than companies with a more limited market basis. One of the reasons is that countries and regions got differently hit by the crisis. While the US and EU suffered heavily from the economic downturn, markets like Brazil, South Africa, India and China were less affected. For that reason, ICT-companies, that were present on these markets, were able to react more flexible on the new situation than less internationalized ones.

As a result, the EU should further support European companies in their efforts to internationalize to make them less vulnerable in future crisis situations. The aim must be to

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develop a coherent European approach which simplifies processes of establishing contacts and co-operations, as well as offers possibilities to collaborate in joint programmes and frameworks. A special focus in the development of this policy has to be put on SMEs for whom internationalization is connected with particular economic and competitive risks.

Support development and catch-up processes in less-developed countries

International cooperation in STI is an instrument to support development processes in less-developed countries. It helps them to build up scientific competences and to strengthen their academic and technological basis. Emphasis in this context shall be put on specific economic and social challenges like food and energy security, bio-diversity, poverty-reduction and health. As such, STI-cooperation supports EU External Policies to develop strategic external partnerships with certain regions and countries.

Create mutual benefit

In order to be successful, a core requirement for international cooperation in STI is to guarantee mutual benefits for all participating partners. Each participant has to profit from its engagement into such activities. Therefore, ways of cooperation need to be developed in a joint exercise involving representatives from the EU, the partner countries and regions as well as from the industry and research community in order to develop an effective, functional and sustainable framework for cooperation.

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2. Strategic Approach of International Cooperation on ICT for EU - Areas & Instruments

2.1 Strategic Thinking behind International Cooperation

The EU’s policy in the field of international cooperation in science, technology and innovation (STI) is subject to certain strategic considerations. This section analyses certain thoughts and recommends how to strengthen the EU’s approach.

In general, from a geographic point of view, the EU differentiates between three groups of countries:

• industrialised countries (mature markets) and emerging economies (e.g. BRIC) • enlargement and neighbourhood countries • developing countries

For each group different priorities as well as drivers for collaboration in STI applies. The proposed concept for coming programmes should focus on a more specific and strategic agenda for international cooperation in STI, based on geographic thoughts or thematic considerations. In this context, it is of major importance to assess, why certain regions, countries or companies are of particular interest or importance in terms of potential or know-how for the EU. In order to be able to make these kinds of decisions, it is necessary to make considerable effort in information and intelligence gathering and to conduct strategic assessments of potential partners. The outcomes of such targeted country evaluations shall constitute an important input to the broader discussion, taking place e.g. in joint S&T committees. Aspects to be considered in a country analysis shall include, amongst others:

• the current and prospective STI capacity of the target country • possible synergies between target country’s and European capacities • the current and prospective economic performance of the target country • the market situation in the target country • interests of potential partners in the target country • interests of European partners • added value of EU actions on already existing actions at the national level • added value of EU actions on already existing actions that directly involve stakeholders • prospects of finding the right balance in terms of mutual benefit (including reciprocity) • IPR-related issues, pre-competitive standards and the risk of strengthening competitors • potential mechanisms/instruments for action

In this context, the policy dialogue with third countries merits modification. In future, the discussion should not be limited to science and technology topics but also take other EU priorities into consideration and put emphasis on mutual benefits and the avoidance of fragmentation. The aim should be to use international cooperation in research activities for the promotion of progress on framework conditions for innovation (e.g. IPR, standards, regulations) and strengthening competitiveness (e.g. facilitate access to markets). In addition, international cooperation in STI must be put into connection with the EU’s external policy, due to its significant contribution to development and catch-up processes in less-developed countries (also known as “science diplomacy").

The policy dialogue itself should take place in a more flexible way. A more open approach should be applied which pays greater attention on the actual capacities and innovation potential of the partner countries/regions. The effectiveness of more formal ways of cooperation like association

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or S&T agreements are seen with some scepticism as they often involve an important negotiation burden and the final result often lacks the necessary flexibility. Instead, ad-hoc STI groups for cooperation are seen as an adequate mean for cooperation. At the same time, direct collaboration in policy terms with strategic partners with a large capacity in STI should be considered. The definition of a common research agenda with certain industrialised countries and the BRIC states should be accelerated, including concrete actions at programme level (e.g. coordinated calls, twinning, and participation in JTIs) and a strengthening of links between research and economic cooperation. A similar approach should be applied with associated countries to the EU (pre-accession countries, EEA/EFTA-members as well as EU neighbourhood countries) that have close STI and economic links to the EU and a good track record in the current FP7 programme. For non-EU-members direct collaboration with the EU is of great importance, since it is an indication to them that they are treated as equals, thereby contributing to developing a feeling of mutual trust.

In order to pay attention to different levels of development a customized approach in STI cooperation needs to be applied. Important is that EU-support is given to third countries according to their economic strength. At the same time, the EU should take into account and reflect in its work programmes the economic and market potential certain countries (BRICs) have for the EU and develop targeted joint programmes.

In general, instruments that are envisaged in the new EU research framework programme “Horizon 2020” for international cooperation in STI will include: collaborative research projects, frontier research, mobility grants and infrastructures, large scale projects (EIT-KIC, European Innovation Partnerships, and PPPs) as well as joint programmes with 3rd countries.

2.2 Intellectually Property Rights (IPR) and International Cooperation

Recently a discussion on a ‘Europe centric IP policy’ was triggered by one of the recommendations in the KET report (KET - Key Enabling Technologies). It is clear that in view of International Cooperation between the EU and third countries this recommendation and the European IP policy in general should be addressed.

Due to the exploding cost of research in advanced ICT technologies (both hardware and software), global partnerships are established to tackle the more general/fundamental issues. As such, research is becoming a global activity and can no longer be done in an isolated environment. For that reason it is vital that Europe builds up win-win research partnerships with non-European countries.

BusinessEurope stated very clearly: “The EU must aim at creating growth and jobs within Europe by strengthening the competitiveness of its enterprises and realizing their full innovation potential also through the promotion of a globally competitive IP policy; however this must be implemented in the right way, ensuring that the EU remains an open economy in a globalizing world and continues to advocate free trade.

Stipulating that IP from EU-funded projects needs to first be exploited within the EU is incompatible with the way European companies operating in a global environment are organized and do business. These provisions would discourage the participation of a large fraction of global enterprises in Horizon 2020 and limit opportunities for EU based companies to co-innovate with other partners.”

In a recent press release the EUROTECH Group within EARTO stated that optimal protection of European interests should preclude the grant of exclusive licenses to non-European entities, while fully encouraging productive engagement with leading global players through active knowledge partnerships.

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Europe should set up collaboration with non-European partners in an effort to share not only resources but also the results and aiming at win-win partnerships in existing and new markets. Such open innovation scheme should allow for an efficient protection of background IP of the partners, but also sharing of new foreground IP.

2.3 Standardization & Technology Overview

The use of standards to enable and ensure interoperability of networks and systems, especially in the field of ICT, is today a well known and established mechanism. Globally accepted standards is an essential tool in creating the basis for mass market and hence world market access for our industry. In combination with the widely accepted principle of FRAND1 licensing policies for handling of intellectual property rights it has become an important component for sharing the cost related to the developing of new technologies, which is of key importance in stimulating further investments into R&D. Investments needed to maintain and further strengthening European competitiveness in the globalised economy.

In the past, standards were more related to technical standards and more specifically directly related to product standards, targeting specific infrastructure or an application. This has today changed and we are evolving more towards process and production oriented standards covering a broad range of subjects, not being limited to one area or usage. Standards will to a larger extent only address part of a system rather than the entire system, still continuing to play a crucial role in supporting interoperability of existing and new networks and systems and its usage and implementation within other sectors of our society.

In the globalised economy, where ICT today is being identified as a key enabling technology, we need to ensure that a European standardization system is supporting our Europe 2020 Strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth where globally harmonized standards must keep pace with ever faster product development cycles. In addition being the basis to a proper functioning of the single market and enabler for more innovation and social inclusion.

2.4 Instruments

Regional and Country Specific Opportunities

Open European R&D support programmes for external partners are a key requirement for allowing international cooperation in STI with the EU. Thereby third countries and regions get the opportunity to join promising European projects, and the possibility to bring in their respective potential and know-how. However, differences in development levels call for a customized approach in order to be able to respond to the individual situation in certain countries and regions (e.g. exclusive access to certain programmes for less-developed regions). Also, certain competition issues like IPR, state aid or unfair protection of domestic markets need to be considered when developing an effective international research cooperation policy. Therefore, it is of major importance that framework programmes are developed that address the before mentioned issues, and are equipped with adequate tools and instruments.

Despite the general notion that all R&D programmes shall be open for international cooperation, consultations with international delegations have revealed that certain instruments are regarded as most favourable and best suiting for the support of international research cooperation with the EU. These are:

● Collaborative Research

Collaborative research is regarded as a favourable instrument for supporting international research cooperation because of its flexible nature. The range of tools includes:

1 FRAND – licensing of the patents that form the basis of the standard under fair, reasonable and non discriminatory terms

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o targeted calls and topics that require and/or encourage external participation from third countries; including the promotion of matching funds

o coordinated calls with a common research agenda; including joint calls (with common funding) or parallel synchronised calls (with aligned funding)

o coordinated calls with complementary research agendas and reciprocal funding agreements

o contribution to organisations that manage joint international research programmes in specific areas

● Coordination and Support Actions

In terms of Coordination and Support Actions the EU contributes to international research cooperation through calls that concentrate on twinning existing projects or through the support of certain coordination and joint actions in the Member States (ERA-net, ERA-net+).

● Joint test beds, pilots, innovation calls

With a view on supporting innovation activities, instruments include joint test beds in other markets (South Korea, Australia), joint pilots on strategic themes (e.g. Future Internet) as well as joint innovation calls with user communities focusing on target markets (e.g. Healthcare or Smart Grids).

In the following paragraph, ISTAG recommends additional actions that are regarded as most promising for the support of international cooperation in STI. They shall be included into the list of actions of the upcoming 2013 ICT FP7 Work Programme as well as the EU’s future research framework programme “Horizon 2020”.

2.4.1 Simplifying Joint Calls

Joint calls between EU member states and international partners have proven in the past to be an adequate tool to build up international cooperation partnerships and to achieve real benefits from the joint exercise. However, it is necessary to work on further simplification of the instrument to make international cooperation easier to come into place.

A major bottleneck in this regard is the length of the whole programme development, application and implementation process. At present, it takes about 2 years to develop an EU research work programme. Additional 1 ¼ years are needed to implement such a programme (opening of a call for proposals, application, evaluation and approval of project proposals) before a project can finally start. This time horizon does not match with the actual research to market cycle of the ICT-industry. For example, an iPhone generation has a time horizon of one year. Taking this market and innovation situation in the ICT-industry into account much faster processes are needed to support R&D at the EU-level.

Therefore ISTAG recommends speeding up the whole R&D funding process in the EU. It is necessary that EU support programmes reflect the innovation cycle in the ICT-sector. This includes fast procedures for the development and implementation of work programmes that shall not exceed 9 months from call opening until the final approval of a project. In this context, a “short cut-procedure” should be developed to enable ICT companies to gain real added-value from taking part in EU research projects. In addition, the attractiveness of international cooperation projects must be increased, e.g. by favouring proposals that contain partners from third countries. As a last point, ISTAG calls for regular data gathering and reporting on international cooperation activities in the field of STI at the EU-level (e.g. informing on the participation rate and acceptance quota).

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In this context, with a view on ICT, ISTAG further recommends to develop targeted R&D co-operations on strategic ICT topics with third countries (Taiwan, South Korea) and to strengthen the cooperation with specific regional organizations (APEC, ASEAN, Mercosur etc.).

2.4.2 Deploying EU ICT Technology in external labs

In some countries like South-Korea or Taiwan large technical laboratories (labs) were set up in the last years, larger in size compared to their counterparts in the EU. International cooperation could address this development and create synergies at the same time. While EU-based companies are given access to these labs and the right to deploy their technologies in them, partner countries will benefit from knowledge transfer and exchange with European researchers. In addition, it supports a further exchange between market participants and technology experts and can be used as show-rooms for European technologies and external markets.

2.4.3 Open European ICT platforms for ICT-applications from outside the EU

A new instrument for International cooperation in STI could be the development of strategic alliances which bring together European and third countries’ specific strengths in certain technology fields. While the EU is particularly strong in ICT-platforms for enterprise software or in the field of internet of services, countries like Taiwan or Korea are strong in ICT-applications. By combining these conditions, and opening European ICT-platforms for ICT-applications from outside the EU, European ICT will be leveraged, and could be implemented as standard in the partner countries. In addition, innovation can be created through the further development of the ICT-platforms through the exchange with external ICT-researchers and experts.

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3. Technological Areas of Cooperation – European ICT Platforms

3.1 Future Internet

Scope

ICT is today an enabler to numerous other key areas at the heart of European strategy for economic growth and well-being. The overall global market for ICT and related communication is enormous and Internet has today become a vital part to our daily life and development of our societies; not only as an enabling infrastructure, but even more so as a key driver for our future change. Pace is increasing as ICT and communication becomes an integral part of almost anything we do and as a result - traffic demand is doubling every year together with an increased mixture in traffic, all placing enormously high requirements on the behind systems – We have moved from society of human communication only, into a world of Internet of Things – where machine-to-machine communication will be a large part of future communication.

The need for new developments and use of the Internet bring opportunities for Europe to exploit, not only in terms of new technical architectures but also in the domain of services and applications. There will be need for new architectures enabling flexibility in new services introduction and deployment whilst supporting in hiding technical complexity and interoperability. Technical areas such as flexibility, scalability, efficiency and robustness together with autonomous and self-organising operation, ubiquitous connectivity and services will be key in future operation providing seamless service for the user, being human or machines.

Main Actors

Main actors in the research field are Europe’s large ICT industries and academia organisations, who together carry out both the identification and definition of strategic research areas as well being main drivers within established programs and projects. Through established global forums (e.g. Wireless World Research Forum, WWRF) results and views are exchanged, involving stakeholders from all regions in the world to align not only results achieved but also the way forward.

Even though ICT being a key enabler into almost all sectors of our society, ICT research and innovation programs are today in Europe still to a large extent not integrated as part of cross-sector programs and there is a need for increased interaction between developer and user of technology. Member States could here play a more active role into facilitating early research and innovation programs and the take-up of new technologies in order to stimulate development and growth in targeted sectors.

On-going Activities

Future Internet has been a European focus area for several years, both at European level and Member States level. On-going activities are mainly part of the European Commission pre-competitive research oriented programs (FP7) and cover a broad area of different technical challenges. In addition, the European Technology Platforms (ETP), holding some 1.000 stakeholders, assist in providing strategic views in terms of a European strategic research agenda, also aligned at a global level.

However, there is an increased need for increased technology transfer from research into innovation and market take-up. For this reason, recent activities have been launched to address the innovation phase and trialling of new technologies and concepts for future markets segments. Serving the idea of innovation and market take-up the use of Private-Public-Partnerships (PPP), looks promising, but need a more thorough shaping than of what is today present.

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Benefits of International Collaboration

ICT today is an area where globalization is more visible and present than in perhaps any other area. It is therefore essential that research and development are undertaken with a global perspective, still building on regional and national strengths aligning initiatives into harmonized contributions. Europe has through its EU-wide collaborative research programs a long tradition in pre-competitive research programs, which has played crucial role into establishing technical position for several technical standards, today implemented and used globally. International collaboration not only provides insights into the technical developments worldwide, but also enables to bring key strengths into line with global perspectives and to prepare for new potential markets.

Thus the EU should continue to invest into programs devoted for ICT Future Internet, communication technologies and infrastructure architectures in order to support Europe’s industry (particularly SMEs) and academia for a continued strong position in global markets. Programs should provide for large flexibility over time in terms of content and execution as well as enabling international collaboration. This approach should also include also a stronger alignment of existing instruments for concerted efforts.

3.2 Cyber Security

Scope

Over the last decade, all major entities worldwide, including EU and US institutions, have introduced cyber security policies to protect all aspect of cyberspace. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines cyber security as the collection of tools, policies, security concepts, security safeguards, guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance and technologies that can be used to protect the cyber environment and organization and user’s assets. Organization and user’s assets include connected computing devices, personnel, infrastructure, applications, services, telecommunications systems, and the totality of transmitted and/or stored information in the cyber environment. Cyber security strives to ensure the attainment and maintenance of the security properties of the organization and user’s assets against relevant security risks in the cyber environment, without degrading the user’s experience when using web and ICT networks. The aforementioned definition spans cyber security to a very broad horizon, broader than technology solutions can offer. Therefore a comprehensive approach in R&D is required, including contributions from governance, organisational, legal, operational and educational domains.

The UK Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology2 defines cyber security as referring to the defences against electronic attacks launched via computer systems. They go on to identify a spectrum of possible attacks from small-scale e-mail scams through to major attacks on critical infrastructure (either the information infrastructure or physical infrastructure), attempts at data theft and espionage. In the UK, cyber security has been identified as one of the top four priorities for national security. The government emphasis is on large-scale attacks and this is a common theme throughout the world – the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is running a Cyber Security R&D Centre since March 2004 focussing on these issues.

2http://www.parliament.uk/documents/post/postpn389_cyber-security-in-the-UK.pdf

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Categorization and impact of Cyber threats

Many commentators categorise cyber-attacks into four main kinds3:

• Against individuals and business (cyber crime)

o Cyber crime which is mainly targeted at individuals or companies with a motive of financial gain

o Cyber espionage which is mainly targeted at companies and governments with a motive of data/information theft.

• Against states (cyber warfare)

o Cyber terrorism which is more difficult and controversial to define. o Cyber warfare which involves military operations conducted in cyber space.

This initial segmentation of cyber-attacks can be further complemented by the impact on information, the degree of the disruption of services and networks and the motivation of the attackers4. Nevertheless and regardless their focus cyber-attacks have considerable negative impact on the performance of business, administration and citizen’s everyday life and therefore the availability, integrity, authenticity and confidentiality of cyberspace has turned into a central challenge for the states, business and society both at EU and international level.

Governments are mainly focussed on the last three of these. The DHS published a roadmap for cyber security research at the end of 20095 which identified 11 hard problems:

• Scalable trustworthy systems (including system architectures and requisite development methodology)

• Enterprise-level metrics (including measures of overall system trustworthiness) • System evaluation life cycle (including approaches for sufficient assurance) • Combatting insider threats • Combatting malware and botnets • Global-scale identity management • Survivability of time-critical systems • Situational understanding and attack attribution • Provenance (relating to information, systems, and hardware) • Privacy-aware security • Usable security

We are still at an early stage of addressing these problems and some of them are featured in the remaining calls for the ICT work programme in FP7.

Main Actors

EU governments have an important role to play in this area and their responsibilities are largely discharged through CERTs (Computer Emergency Response Teams) who have responsibility for protection and education and raising awareness. Europe's main partner in cyber-security is the United States. For this an EU-US Working Group on cyber security and cybercrime has been established, and the first joined EU-US cyber-defense exercise has taken place in November 4th 2011. NATO is also one key of the key actors in cyber-security domain. Recently, at 2010 Lisbon Summit NATO identified cyber-attacks as one of the main threats against Alliance members and in June 2011 issued the NATO’s Policy on Cyber Defense.

3 Cyber Probing: The Politicisation of Virtual Attack, Defence Academy of the United Kingdom, 978-1-905962-89-1, September 2010 4 EOS White Paper on Cyber Security, September 2010 (available at http://www.eos-eu.com) 5http://www.cyber.st.dhs.gov/docs/DHS-Cybersecurity-Roadmap.pdf

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Outside Europe there are also significant actors with active cyber-security programs, either state or privately driven. Countries like Russia, Australia, China and other Asian Countries have influence in the cyberspace and their contribution and co-operation for establishing global cyber-security should be taken into account.

The industrial actors include companies that run large infrastructure (utilities, telecoms, mass transportation systems operators); companies that specialise in security and defence solutions and software providers.

The EU research community is also present in this area. Within FP7’s security calls a lot of European Universities and Research centres have conducted research in topics related to cyber-security and protection of critical infrastructure, and from that participation have gained vital experience in cyber-security.

On-going Activities

The first European initiative to deal with cyber threats and specifically with Cyber-Crime is the Budapest Convention on Cyber-Crime. The treaty, issued in 2001 by the European Council is currently ratified by 30 countries (some non EU like USA), provides the first basis of cooperation.

In 2005, EU created the European Network and Information Security Agency (ENISA). ENISA is considered as a centre of excellence for the European Member States and European institutions in network and information security, giving advice and recommendations and acting as a switchboard of information for good practices. Moreover, the agency facilitates contacts between the European institutions, the Member States and private business and industry actors.

In 2009 EU issued the Digital Agenda 2010-20206. One of the Pillars in this Agenda is Trust and Security which has thirteen actions for enhancing cyber-security, and therefore can be used as a guide for conducting R&D in EU level and internationally.


Cyber security is a global concern. The EU has already run joint exercises with the US and the UK recently held a major summit which was attended by delegates from 60 countries including China and Russia.

Since one of the main benefits of Cyberspace is that it is a global and open infrastructure, capable of spreading information, socioeconomic development, essential improvement in social and business life, its global and open nature is a key value. Therefore it is important to find security solutions that protects cyberspace from any malicious activity, within the framework of open, globally available, standards.

The cross-border nature of threats makes it essential to focus on strong international cooperation. Many measures will only be effective if they are aligned or implemented at an international level. Organizations like the EU (Digital Agenda for Europe and the Internal Security Strategy) and NATO (cyber defence policy) can form the basic reference point for developing such co-operations. The results from EU funded projects as well as the EU’s research infrastructures can be utilized by the other countries in order to form a common cyber-security baseline. Joint calls with countries like Australia, USA, Japan, Russia, China and other Asian Countries can reinforce co-operation and produce concrete results in securing cyberspace.

6 http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/pillar.cfm?pillar_id=45&pillar=Trust%20and%20Security

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3.3 Micro-Electronics

Scope

The domain considered comprises both the More Moore (MM) and the More Than Moore (MTM) areas. MM refers to the dimensional and/or functional scaling of components on silicon chips used for microprocessors, memories, logic circuits, while MTM refers to the added functionality by combining other devices like MEMS, sensors, transducers. This domain contains the circuit and system design techniques, the device and process R&D and also the equipment and material development needed to make the 450 mm wafer transition happen. In extension, the domain may also contain the PV (Photovoltaic) area and the LED area as semiconductor materials are used in these fields.

Main Actors

The main actors are companies like Intel (processors), Samsung (memories), TSMC (wafer foundry), Texas Instruments (analog and mixed signal), Toshiba (memories), Qualcomm (wireless), Sandisk (flash memories),and many others like Renesas, Panasonic, Xilinx. Key players in Europe are STM, Infineon, and NXP. Intel has a big fab near Dublin; Global Foundries has a fab in Dresden. European equipment and material suppliers like ASML, ASMI, Aixtron, and Siltronic have an important market share. Other non-European key players are Applied Materials, LAM Research, KLA Tencor, TEL, Nikon, and many other suppliers of resists, gases, materials, metrology tools. European research centers like FhG, imec and LETI are amongst the best in the world.

On-going activities

Europe has several very active industry driven Eureka clusters like CATRENE, ITEA (more ICT services oriented), EURIPIDES (packaging) and ETPs like EPoSS (smart systems). The ENIAC and ARTEMIS JTIs were launched a few years ago and are fully operational. Challenge 3 (“Alternative Paths to Components and Systems”) of the FP7 ICT-theme complements the developments undertaken in these two JTIs. It covers the topics: electronic and photonic components, integrated micro-/nano-systems, multicore computing systems, embedded systems and their monitoring & control and cooperating complex systems.


As R&D in the field of micro-electronics is becoming increasingly expensive, global alliances and consortia have been formed in order to share the cost, the efforts and the results of joint programs. In view of this, Europe should not stay aside but should establish partnerships with companies and countries outside Europe.

3.4. Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices using sensors to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations.

Scope

The development of WSN was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. However, WSN has potential in many industrial and civilian application areas that include machine health monitoring, disaster management, environment monitoring, healthcare applications, home automation, aerospace and aviation, automotive and ambient assisted living.

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WSN commercialisation has already started with applications such as automating meter readings in buildings, and manufacture and process control automation. Smart meters (collecting house meter readings wirelessly) is by far the biggest success of WSN (wherein ZigBee protocol is employed) and is seen as a starting point for home automation (wireless sensors automatically communicating with smart meter).

WSN will grow rapidly from $0.45 billion in 2011 to $2 billion in 2021.WSN business is set to become a multibillion dollar activity but only if there is major progress with standards, technology and device lifetime [1].

In spite of vast amount of research works there are open topics that will have to be addressed specific to the application sectors (mentioned above) for realizing the potential of WSN. Some of the important research areas include promising battery technologies for the next ten years, energy harvesting techniques (photovoltaic, thermoelectric, piezoelectric), real time target tracking sensor networks, green reliable and secure systems, sensor networks and social sensing, sensor- mobile platform integration.

Main Actors

Based on the current geographical spread of development and usage of WSN the main players in WSN are as shown in diagram 1 below7. The most important country by far is the USA, followed by Korea. Only Korea has a nationally coordinated program directed at the future of WSN. East Asia will become a more important territory for WSN in the years to come.

Diagram 1: Global and European Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) main players

The reason for USA to dominate the development and use of wireless sensor network are:

• Heavy funding while other countries invest far less. For example the CENS (Center for embedded networked Sensing) at UCLA alone has got 40 million dollar for the past 5 years of WSN work.

• Creating and funding start-ups is particularly easy in USA. • US industries (like Microsoft, IBM) are particularly interested, as WSN is regarded as next

wave of computing. • US military spends more than all other military forces combined

7 Wireless Sensor Networks 2011-2021, IDTechEx, Dr. Peter Harrop and Raghu Das.

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The main actors in Europe are UK, Germany and Netherlands. Noticeably the WSN research and development activities in Europe is by far less compared to that of USA and also to a certain extent less than that of East Asia (Japan, Korea).

In general the WSN time to market is quick for governments than for the industries as the industries main priorities lie in rapid payback while the governments focuses towards better safety, security etc. The governments created the first main market for WSN in smart meter.

On-going Activities

The on-going WSN activities include EU research programmes, product development and research in companies, activities by research centers and R&D projects. Some of the important activities are mentioned as follows:

European Commision ICT work programme 2011/12 addresses using WSN technology as target outcome for the objectives “Low carbon multi-modal mobility and freight transport”. This programme also addresses using WSN technology for “network monitoring and control” research area for the objective “EU-Brazil international cooperation”.

European companies provide versatile solutions for asset tracking and RTLS (Real Time Location System) in the supply chain using network of smart objects (sensor devices with product information like history and origin). Ambient Systems, Netherland provides a cost-effective solution for real-time monitoring of temperatures (for food and pharma products), as well as security.

The “Living PlanIT” Project8 focuses on making smarter cities by creating an ICT platform through aggregating existing and proven technologies that will be blended into real estate development. They plan to embed huge number of sensors in the “test-city” Portugal and are focusing on stadndardisation, open API, horizontal integration, lifetime and zero maintenance for embedded sensors.


As far as the WSN standards are concerned there is no standard that has emerged as a clear winner. This is because the industry is not gearing towards a more collaborative approach to allow many to win as they have their own proprietary wireless communications which in turn is putting off adoption. Besides customers don’t want to buy proprietary solutions due to scalability issues, considering the fact that multivendor sensors will have to be interoperable. Also concerning scalability, no one has yet tested the performance of WSN with 100’s to 1000’s of sensor nodes.

Another problem is the lack of a total solution that delays adoption. Vendors are providing only hardware or software solutions and require complete solutions to be more successful. Additionally reducing the price and increasing node lifetime are keys to high volume applications.

An international collaboration (industrial partnership) can handle pitfalls like standard adaptation delays, lack of total solution, scalability issues, high costs. Collaborations with the main player USA and also with East Asian countries like Korea can be mutually beneficial and can facilitate access to new market, diversify sales make EU companies less vulnerable to crisis situations.

8 http://living-planit.com/default.htm

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3.5 Future Urban Mobility / e-Mobility

Scope

Future Urban Mobility is part of a larger mega-trend which is linked to growing urbanization world-wide and the emergence need of mega cities and large metropolitan regions:

• Throughout the 20th century, cities all over the world witnessed unprecedented expansion • For the first time in history, more than half of the world’s people now live in urban centers • By 2050, the United Nations predicts that 7 of every 10 people will live in massive urban

centers Cities are top players in their nations’ economies.

China is one of the most striking examples of urbanization:

• China plans until 2025 to increase the city population up to 85% (today less than 50% / end of 2010)

• 100 new cities with more than 1 m inhabitants until 2025 6 new mega cities with more than 10 m inhabitants

• Doubling the cities with 1 m inhabitants up to more than 220 cities • Merging the cities of Guangzhou and Shenzhen to one super mega city (over 40 m

inhabitants)

Also Europe faces a strong trend of urbanization: In 2010 more than 71% of Europe’s population lived in cities. Europe has a current urbanization degree of 72%, which will increase to 78% in 2030. In Germany, Belgium, Netherlands and Denmark this degree is >85%. Europe in general has about 120 Metropolitan Regions with more than 500.000 inhabitants.

Urbanization leads (among others) to high population density, more cars on the roads, overloaded transportation systems and high emission with impact on the environment. Urbanization processes in this context are therefore specifically concerned with crucial mobility questions. Among others they relate to issues like:

• reducing the number of individual cars and emissions in urban agglomerations • developing and applying innovative multi modal integrated transport concepts that are

efficient, secure, emission free and cheap and demonstrate an intelligent mix of individual and public means of transport

• solving the challenge of mobility and transportation in urban areas as one pre-condition for well-functioning urban processes

Possible solutions are new concepts of are integrated transportation systems like car sharing, new mobility chains, intelligent traffic management and information systems, mobility as a service, electro mobility (eCars), smart public transportation systems.

Internationally, there is a fast and strong tendency to develop electro mobility systems with electric vehicles, storage and loading systems on the technology side, as well as new business models and mobility concepts on the complementary side.

The automotive industry and in addition its large supply industry is one of the most important industrial sector for Europe. Of course, Europe is the cradle of automotive technology and industry, the place where the cars were invented, 125 years ago. If the new car is an eCar, Europe has to be on the top of this development. The danger is, that Europe loses its competitiveness in one of its core and future market.

Main Actors

Main actors on country level are China, Japan, USA, Canada, France and Germany. China is planning for 11 million eCars in 2020, USA and Germany are planning for one million, France and

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Japan for two million, all until 2020. Drivers in Europe are mainly Governments in connection with local communities (city and logistic planning), R&D institutes and companies specialized on components of eMobility. Current new urban mobility concepts are more in the stage of test-beds, pilot projects or labs than real market approach. Thus, business cases for eMobility as part of larger new Urban Mobility concepts are still missing or in a development stage. Estimation of the total market size is about 470 billion Euro by 2020 and about 77 million eCars by 2020 worldwide.

From industry side, the main actors are OEMs which have eCars in their present portfolio and ready for the market: Mitsubishi, Opel/General Motors, Citroen, and Peugeot.

On-going Activities

EU-level: Green Cars Initiative – Toward Horizon 2020

The scope of the Green Cars Initiative is to contribute to a smarter, greener, integrated transport system, which is a major societal challenge for Europe. Transport is the largest sector in Europe, requesting a high R&D intensity. To gain visibility, achieve critical mass and obtain tangible results, the scope of the Green Cars Initiative has to concentrate on three dimensions in the road transport context: objectives, technology and process chain.

Here, the focus is on energy efficiency of alternative powertrains, including electrification, hybridization, as well as adaptation to renewable fuels. The other topics, namely safety infrastructures, pure internal combustion engines, fuels, hydrogen, lightweight and also urban mobility and logistics are topics in the scope of the normal Horizon 2020 calls.

Additional on-going activities in Europe today:

ERTRAC, the European Road Transport Research Advisory Council, has agreed to strengthen its cooperation with other technology platforms like EpoSS (ETP on Smart System Integration) to intensify their work on topics like electrification or Smart Grids.

Here the European Green Cars Initiative is in the planning phase to create a new association which fits the requirements for a contractual agreement for a PPP association. It is now in the phase of harmonizing these activities. Based on the ETP’s roadmap, we have also begun to work out the multiannual roadmap as a basis for the annual roadmap for the Horizon 2020 programme.

National-level: individual national promotion activities to promote the development and deployment of electric cars:

• France / The Netherlands: Tax exemption and subsidies for electric cars • Germany: national competition of Electric Car Model Regions (public funding: ~ €180m)


International collaboration in the areas of future urban and e-mobility enables European researchers and companies to participate in ground-breaking activities related to a variety of societal challenges (climate change, mobility, urbanization, growing populations).Through International Cooperation in STI these challenges can be early addressed in regions and countries that already face problems that are expected to reach Europe in the coming decades. These environments offer excellent conditions to test and pilot new concepts and technologies, e.g. innovative mobility solutions for mega-cities. Furthermore, international cooperation in future mobility technologies will enable European companies to benefit from development and catch-up processes in emerging markets that long for modern transport and mobility systems (like India and China).

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3.6 ICT for Inclusion

Scope

ICT for inclusion / e-inclusion is a broad and diverse topic with links to a range of different application area. Topics include: digital literacy, skills, education as well as vulnerable societal groups like elderly, less-literate, disabled or low-income people. E-inclusion shall address these topics and enable the whole society for a digital take-up.

An additional promising area for ICT for Inclusion is e-Health. This includes the spectrum of telemedicine (also known as e-care) which focuses on the delivery of healthcare services through the use of ICT in a situation where the actors are not at the same location9.

ICT technologies are used everywhere now and play an important role in the delivery of better and more efficient healthcare services. This is how Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are helping people, doctor(s), and pharmacist to take better care of patients’ health.

When we talk about telemedicine we need to consider:

• Mobile Technologies • Biosensors and other medical technologies • Image and wireless video transmission enabling remote diagnosis

The results are: Mobile services in healthcare, from delivering the information people need to lead a healthy lifestyle, to making healthcare systems more efficient and responsive and to providing “at home” and mobile healthcare technologies

This is the technological view but the major issues are related to insurance policies, standards, liability.

Health informatics and telemedicine are among the key areas of innovation in the health and social services sector.

Mobile technologies enable new services, with the potential to dramatically improve the efficiency of health organisations’ operations and healthcare delivery practices.

Prevention will have a key role in this future health care scenario. Biosensors and other new medical technologies reduce health care costs and facilitate do-it-yourself home care. Recent advances in image and wireless video transmission enable remote diagnosis such as those already being used, in pilot projects, in ambulances.

Mobile services can have a significant impact on all aspects of healthcare, from delivering the information people need to lead a healthy lifestyle, to making healthcare systems more efficient, proactive and responsive and to providing “at home” and mobile healthcare technologies.

Telemedicine is explicitly presented as a topic within Net! Work10 and the Sensors and monitoing system for leaving bodies monitoring are presented in EpoSS Strategic Agenda11.

Main Actors

Health care organisations, social services (for young, elderly, people with disabilities), local communities are the main responsible organisations. Policy makers and governments are also responsible for coherent policy, implementation and support of measures for helping people to

9 http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/health/policy/telemedicine/index_en.htm 10 www.networks-etp.eu 11 http://cordis.europa.eu/technology-platforms/eposs_en.html

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be active, heath, integrated in the society and to keep the right balance between quality of medical/ social services and costs.

The industrial actors include large and small companies specialised in software and telecommunications providers, hardware providers (sensor networks, robots, data processing, computer interfaces), intelligent houses providers, etc.

On-going Activities

ICT for inclusion / e-inclusion features prominently in the Digital Agenda for Europe, adopted by the European Commission in May 2010. Pillar 6 (Enhancing digital literacy, skills and inclusion) of the Digital Agenda calls for a series of measures to promote take-up of digital technologies of vulnerable groups, such as elderly or less-literate people. An important part of the e-inclusion agenda is also to provide digital access to disabled people as well as to tackle demographic ageing with the help of ICT. As a result a better quality of life for the elderly, reduced costs for care as well as business opportunities in the "silver economy" can be expected. The European Commission is active in these areas and will further reinforce the Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) Joint Program to allow older people and persons with disabilities to live independently and be active in society.


The increasing aging population, the costs of healthcare and of social programmes for inclusion are strong motivation for Europe to continuously work in ICT for Inclusion topics.

In terms of ICT technologies for inclusion and global market Europe would have benefits in international Collaboration. There are some progresses in the area of intelligent houses in USA and also in robotics and personal monitoring (Japan, Korea).

3.7 Software (with a focus on: Enterprise Software)

Scope

The software market encompasses a larger number of software sub-sections as e.g. services (consulting and integration); enterprise software; games, music and media, Internet; data storage and management. Secondly, the European software market is divided in software vendors which produce and sell software products and solutions, and industries which develop their own software for internal use (embedded IT-Systems). For example, the German automotive supply and industrial technology company Bosch plans to expand from currently ca. 450 to a number of 1.000 software developers and IT-experts until 2015. Similar examples can be discovered in large banks as well as logistic and production companies in Europe.

Software as part of IT (Hardware, Telecommunications) has the function of being a cross-cutting or enabling technology which mainly drives innovation and productivity in industry as well as in public sectors like administration, government, health, transportation, energy, education and others. Estimates say, 80% of productivity gains are due to software based processes. This number makes clear that software is a strategic asset for the European industry. The traditional strong industrial sectors in Europe (machinery, automotive, chemicals, and pharmacy) are depending on software to gain productivity enhancing effects to stay competitive and innovative.

Apart from the industrial sector also for the service sector ICT solutions have become crucial for their business. Over the last decade, the service sector has become the biggest and fastest-growing business sector in the world, employing now most people worldwide. In order to safeguard this growth process, services need to become more widely and easily available and should yield higher productivity. A solution provides the vision for next-generation services

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provided via the Internet, also known as the Internet of Services. In the Internet of Services, innovative technological developments drive the creation of new delivery channels for services and entirely new business models. The creation of these services is facilitated by an open platform and interface architecture, as provided by the Enterprise Service-Oriented Architecture (enterprise SOA). The Internet of Services takes the enterprise SOA approach to the next level by making services easy to implement, consume, and trade. In combination with Web 2.0 technologies, the Internet of Services is expected to improve service innovation. Additionally, by bringing events from the real world into the services realm, the Internet of Services will become a cornerstone for the Internet of the next generation (Web 3.0).

Analysis of the European Software Industry Competitiveness The software industry in Europe is a dynamic economic sector, with fast growing number of revenue, jobs, number of enterprises, innovation turnout and an increasing importance of contribution to national GDPs (Germany 3%, Ireland 7%, UK 5%, and France 5% (OECD 2008). However, compared to the US, the European Software-Industry is facing certain weaknesses:

• European Software companies are much smaller than US companies (example: in the German Software-Cluster are 11,000 software companies, more than the Silicon Valley, but except SAP no DAX 30 company. Many of them are hidden champions, and the fact of being “hidden” prevents these companies of reaching critical size, market presence, access to capital and human capital, internationalization. The path is to stay small or to be bought by US companies which have an aggressive merger and acquisition growth strategy.

• European Software companies seem weaker than US companies in a growth and go-to-market strategy, in marketing and communication, in setting standards to the markets, internationalization and up-scaling of products, the “industrialization of software production” (USA: one size fits all”), sometimes over-engineered. Many software products and solutions are tailor-made, highly specialized, market leader in market niches e.g. IT and software security, software for SMEs, virtual and augmented reality and more.

• In some software domains, Europe do not play an important role: search engines, social media platforms, operating systems

• Lack of access to growth and/or venture capital, and lack of access to the European public sector market, no pre-commercial procurement, no innovative public procurement policy.

• High productions (labor) costs which leads to an outsourcing (near and off-shoring) effect to low cost countries (Eastern Europe, Russia, India), which leads to a loss of working places as well as emerging new competition from these regions (India)

A strong point of the European ICT sector is the high engineering capacity of European Software firms which leads to a high level of technological and innovation potential, corresponding with the highly fragmented European industry sector in general. As a consequence, with a market share of 45%, Europe is world market leader in enterprise software.

In 2010, the Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (Dr. Timo Leimbach) published a study in which it compared the 27 EU Member States (plus the USA and Japan) in terms of the competitiveness of its software industry. The so-called “Competitiveness Index for the Software and IT Services Industry in Europe” summarizes this analysis.

Denmark is leading, followed by Ireland, the United States, Sweden, Finland, and the UK, which is slightly back from the leaders. The middle group is led primarily by such central European countries as Germany, France, Austria, and the Netherlands, which are trailed by Southern European countries (Portugal, Italy, Spain) and some Central and Eastern European countries (for example, Czech Republic, Slovenia). Other Eastern European countries, such as Poland, Latvia, and Bulgaria bring up the rear.

Taking the different categories and individual indicators into account, the overall picture looks fairly consistent. While the top countries are ahead in most areas (Ireland/Denmark), the less competitive countries are facing a mix of competitive disadvantages (Poland/Bulgaria). Certain

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countries exhibit distinct strengths and weaknesses, like the UK which leads in the category “economic effects” but is way behind (19th) in the area of Innovation and R&D Activities.

With a view on the U.S. market, top results are achieved in almost all five categories, especially in the areas of Innovation and R&D Activities as well as Framework Conditions for the Software Industry. “Economic effects” is the only category in which the U.S. are having an average score. Japan only makes an average score and is way behind comparable European countries such as Germany and France in some areas. However, it has a very good standing in terms of “Level and Quality of Demand” and “Framework Conditions for the Software Industry”.

Competitiveness Index for the Software and IT Services Industry in Europe12

12 http://www.softwareag.com/corporate/images/Fraunhofer-ISI---Wettbewerbsindex-1.0-englisch_tcm16-76367.pdf

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Composite index of competitiveness and sector size at a glance13

13 http://www.softwareag.com/corporate/images/Fraunhofer-ISI---Wettbewerbsindex-1.0-englisch_tcm16-76367.pdf

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Main Actors

The top eight software companies in Europe are14:

1. SAP, DE 2. SAGE, UK 3. Dassault Systems, FR 4. Software AG, DE 5. MIYS PLC, UK 6. Northgate, UK 7. DICOM Group PLC, UK 8. VISMA ASA, NOR

Here is also the striking the size: the revenue of the Top 25 of the European software companies are about 17,5 bn € (2009), and the R&D investments of the Top 100: 3,6bn. €. Compared to Microsoft: revenue 35,5 bn € and 5,6 bn € R&D expenses. That means, one US company exceeds the KPIs of the largest 25 European software companies regarding innovation power.

On-going Activities

Currently, there are two trends identifiable in this area. On the one hand EU member states implement national promotion policies and thousands of projects, including start-up programs, software research projects, and promotion programs (incubators). On the other hand, innovation is supported through strategic national innovation policies for software, like in Germany the Software-Cluster15.


One of the main benefits for promoting international cooperation in software research and development is that it opens access to emerging and expanding markets. It further consolidates and strengthens the market leader position of the European software industry, specifically in the area of enterprise software. Thirdly, through cooperation with non-EU-partners the exchange of software researchers, developers and experts is facilitated and economies of scale in terms of investments into R&D and innovation can be generated.

3.8 Robotics

Scope

Robotics is strategic for ICT and for Europe. Robotics connects and integrates the world of ICT (hardware and software) with many different technologies and application domains, such as machine tools and automation, materials, services, social innovation, health, Ambient Assisted Living, just to mention a few, thus creating many opportunities for extending the reach of ICT beyond its traditional domains. Robots add to ICT the ability to actively interact with the physical world, including objects and people. Since their initial and then continuous success as machine tools for advanced manufacturing and automation, industrial robotics and automation evolved to become a key industrial sector and a field in which Europe stands as an international leader.

Amongst the actors in this sector it is worth mentioning companies like Kuka in Germany, ABB in Sweden, Comau in Italy, Aldebaran in France which successfully compete with counterparts in other developed countries. The robot cleaner “Roomba” has been already sold in more than 7

14 This ranking is not unique. For instance a similar classification established by Truffle, a venture capital company based on surveys conducted by CXP (http://www.truffle100.com/2011/ranking.php) shows some differences in the companies ranking below 5th, notably the appearance in 7th place of the Polish company Asseco. 15 www.software-cluster.org

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million, and the surgical robot “DaVinci” has been sold in about 2.000. What is extremely attractive for ICT, is that robots benefit from, and at the same time are a major driver for, the development of ICT infrastructures, components and solutions. Therefore, keeping this momentum and continuing to pursue leadership in research and industry is of strategic value for Europe. This goal can be better achieved also through International Cooperation.

On-going Activities

After decades of relatively small funding, research on Robotics has had a tremendous impulse during FP6 and especially in FP7 thanks mainly to the Challenge 2 of the ICT thematic priority, dedicated entirely to promote research on robotics and cognitive systems, and to the FET program. European robotics research is now recognized as possessing international leadership, and as such it is widely respected. This is why most non-European Countries have a strong interest in collaborating with Europe.

The main areas of development of European robotics is in service robotics, betting on the growth (somebody expects a real boom) in such applications as assistance to workers in factories (this being associated with the ageing of workers at work), and assistance to people at home, in hospitals, for personal mobility, in urban environments, for education and entertainment, for rescue. Small and large, cooperating and autonomous flying, sailing and submarine robots are being developed in Europe, with the potential to become real game-changers. The role of ICT inside robots (microcontrollers, MEMS, motors and drivers, etc.) and outside robots (Ambient Intelligence, communication systems, etc.) is recognized as a major factor for successful uptake of robotics technology, since it facilitates the functioning of the robot and at the same time the supervision of the robot from outside, guaranteeing safety and efficiency of operation.

New and large initiatives in Robotics are planned in the final phase of FP7 and, especially, within Horizon 2020, such as a PPP in Robotics, and an application to the Call for FET-Flagships.


The development of an international market for service robots (the one on automation is well established) can very clearly benefit from international collaboration. Issues like acceptability, standards, interoperability, safety, legal requirements, affordability, sustainability, sustainability have to be addressed and solved in order to favour the further deployment of the coming generations of robots.

Therefore, collaborative programs with countries like the US, Canada, Australia, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and China, should be encouraged, with the specific goal of putting together resources and efforts in order to break the remaining barriers (described above) to the massive introduction of robots (and related ICT technologies) to the market. This can be regarded as pre-competitive research and development, and, as such, critical issues as IPR and cooperation-competition can be managed quite reasonably. The European leadership in the field, and the continuous efforts that are expected to be put in Horizon 2020 in robotics to keep and strengthen this research and industrial leadership, together with a clear strategy that should be enforced, are important factors to ensure that international collaboration could be effective and productive for Europe.

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4. Country Profiles

4.1 Mature Markets

The most challenging and interesting markets are those which have been developed very much like Europe. Here, the innovations that should come out of the R&D&I work programme should find an immediate market opportunity. On the other hand, these markets have developed their own ICT industry and in many cases even superior competitors. Thus, cooperation with these participants is likely to be “coopetition” (competition & cooperation) rather than “cooperation”. Nevertheless, many of those leading ICT companies have significant footprints in Europe and often large R&D facilities based there. Thus, in the global economy of today it is hard to classify a company by where the headquarters is formally based.

ISTAG considers the development and adoption of European driven standards as a potential opportunity to justify international cooperation even with countries that provide high competition. As history shows in ICT the need of standards, often de-facto standards, cannot be neglected. The ETPs and PPPs of the current framework could serve as such a base for standards. Furthermore, providing technology platforms which provide “best-in-class” implementation of these new standards could allow for larger innovation adoption and thus better competitiveness of European products and services derived from the R&D&I work programme.

The following subsection will try to capture the key mature markets and the potential cooperation opportunities. Of course, the view will be very limited as each of the countries would deserve a thorough report on its own. We recommend to DG INFSO to conduct regular technology radar screening for each of these countries.

4.1.1 USA – United States of America

Total Market

The United States of America (US) has a population of 311.2 million; the GDP of the US in 2010 was €14,657.8bn. When comparing with EU (population 500 million people and GDP €12,279.0bn) we observe that per capita GDP almost doubles the EU average. There is a strong economic relationship between the EU and the US: they share the largest bilateral trading and investment partnership worldwide, with 33% of world trade in goods and 44% of world trade in services. Although in overall terms the US now trades more with Asia, the EU retains critical importance as an export market.

ICT Market

The US-ICT market is by far the biggest world-wide. A large number of global brands and enterprises in the hard- and software sector have their origin in the US. Still up to now a large number of ICT-market leaders have their headquarters and R&D-Centers in the US. Solely the ICT-cluster in the Silicon Valley encompasses about 7.000 companies with about 500.000 employees and a total annual turnover of over $180 billion. The US market in general is an ICT-market- and technology driver and leading in the global development of ICT-technologies. Current trends include IT- and cyber security, cloud computing, smart applications and broadband.

Technological Strong Points

In the EU’s Innovation Union Scoreboard for Research and Innovation 2010 (published in February 2011) 16, the US retains its top position as against the EU 27. The US is particularly 16 http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ius/ius-2010_en.pdf

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strong in the areas: license and patent revenues, business R&D expenditure, and international publications. In terms of R&D, innovation and ICT, the US is a well regarded international partner with excellence and resources; especially in terms of technological and industrial capacity and strength. Hence there is a win-win situation with increased R&D cooperation. Areas of particular interest are Future Internet, e-Infrastructures, Eco-informatics, e-Health, ICT for sustainable development, complexity science and complex systems, as well as intelligent transport systems (ITS). Besides, the development and promotion of standards must be a of special interest since many de-facto industry standards origin in the US.

Following discussions between the European Commission and the White House in February 2011 a short and medium term agenda was agreed. It covers the following ICT research domains:

• Cyber-Security – follow-up activities of the recently established EU-US joint working group on Cyber-security and cybercrime.

• Cloud computing – identify common approaches for cloud governance. • e-Identity – joint e-ID workshops. • e-Health – (EU-US cooperation on epSOS agenda2, e-Health measurement and data); in the

medium to long term possible cooperation on Virtual Physiological Human (ARGOS). • Open Government (international dimension to be included in technical specifications for the

European data portal). • ICT for energy efficiency – exchange of best practices.

Possible Cooperation Strategy

e-Infrastructures is a domain well covered in the context of existing Research Infrastructures dialogue involving from the US side NSF, NIST and DoE. There will be a joint call with the NSF in 2011-2012. Cooperation with NIST on a roadmap for standards in cloud computing has been launched. There is also cooperation in the field of research networking (Internet2) and e-Science grids. Regarding framework conditions supporting a more widespread use of nanoelectronics, such as environment, health, safety issues, IPR protection, anti-counterfeiting measures, coverage of trade agreements, tariffs are on the agenda of the annual government and authorities' meeting on semi-conductors (GAMS). The international planning working group for nanoelectronics (IPWGN), together with representatives from the EU, USA and Japan, is to define a roadmap for the future, to identify research gaps and to stimulate and enhance interregional cooperation.

Research in the Future Internet domain is well established, as the national US NSF funded GENI/NeTSE initiative is part of our regular interlocutors and joint R&D and experiments are planned with US actors in this field. In relation to future and emerging technologies (FET) long term science-driven ICT research collaboration is important to overcome major technological roadblocks. “Win-win” collaborations around this type of research are facilitated by the low immediate commercial interest and the high pay-off.

The USA is cooperating with the EU as joint members of the Intelligence Manufacturing System Initiative (IMS); interlocutors are the Department of Commerce and NIST. Based on the IntelliDrive Initiative in the USA, and the technical Road Map of Cooperative Systems (DG INFSO), areas have been identified in ICT for transport which benefit from a harmonised approach and which should be addressed by coordinated or joint research. As part of the preparatory work for the ICT-WP2013 and Horizon 2020 the following activities shall be considered. If retained they will be materialised in the form of targeted calls and support actions:

• Emerging research on advanced nanoelectronics devices and their manufacturability: Top-level expertise available in US research institutes and academia. The objective is to develop synergies and networking with European state-of-the-art research centres and push for industrialisation of results in Europe. Extension to other countries (Russia, Taiwan) and linking to training/curricula development to be considered.

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• Assessment of process and metrology equipment for semiconductor manufacturing: This action takes account of global interests of the European equipment suppliers value-chain and would involve also Japan, Taiwan and Korea

• Next generation wafer size: Global and cooperative effort to assist the transition to 450 mm wafer size. Essential for European equipment supply-chain and ultimately manufacturing presence in Europe. Other countries of interest include Japan, Taiwan, and Korea.

• Robotics (standardization, safety, benchmarking, possibly certification): As first step to explore the links and areas for possible cooperation targeting not only US but covering several developed countries (Australia, Japan, Korea, Taiwan)

• Research on Cooperative Systems for safe and sustainable transport: Harmonisation of standards to accelerate take-up of Cooperative Systems; preparation for reference implementations of selected applications; data sharing from Field Operational Tests / Pilots for further analysis of performance, user acceptance and behavioural change. A targeted coordination and support action with a budget of €2 Mio in the upcoming FP7 Work Programme is supported.

• Evaluating and monitoring the silver economy: Evaluating and monitoring the silver economy – fulfilling the widely recognised need to share indicators on the silver economy, on the impact of technologies for active and healthy ageing and their impact on health and care performance. Other countries targeted are Japan and South Korea

• Technology road-mapping, benchmarking and standards: This would take the form of an action supporting dialogues between Commission/EU participants and key partner countries and EU presence in key conferences and fora in the relevant areas

• FET – Future and Emerging Technologies: Promote international participation in FET-flagships that share an ambitious large-scale, science-driven, visionary research agenda, aim at achieving scientific breakthroughs

4.1.2 Canada

Total Market

Canada is the world's second largest country by total area and has a population of just over 34 million people. Its total GDP (2009) was estimated at about €1 trillion. GDP growth rates stood at about 2.5% in 2006 and 2007, but has dropped since reaching -2.9% in 2009. Per capita this is over €28.000, i.e. exceeding the EU average (€22.000). Canada has a diversified economy that is reliant upon its abundant natural resources and upon trade – particularly with the US. Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy.

The EU/Canada goods trade is dominated by high-value goods such as machinery, transport equipment and chemicals, where EU exports were €26.6bn in 2010 against imports from Canada of €20.1bn. In terms of trade in services, the EU exports of services to Canada in 2009 were €10.5bn, whereas EU imports of services from Canada amounted to €8.0bn. Canada's main trading partners are the USA, followed by the EU, China and Japan. From the EU's perspective, Canada is the 11th largest trading partner.

ICT Market

Canada is an advanced industrialized country. It is a leader in many fields, e.g. in aeronautics. In the ICT domain, world leading companies such as Research in Motion, RIM, (smart phones) are Canadian.

Canada’s ICT market generates over $155 billion annually, and accounts for an estimated 5% of the Canadian GDP. The ICT sector consists of approximately 32.000 firms and employs over

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550.000 people. Leading ICT sectors, in terms of profitability, are Telecommunications services, Computer systems & design, ICT manufacturing and software publishing.

Canadian businesses are dedicated to ICT-based R&D. They are among the highest producer of ICT-related journal material as well as on a per capita basis. ICT accounted for 38% of Canada’s total business R&D expenditures totaling $6.2 billion in 2009. The ICT sector accounted for 38.5% of total of private sector R&D spending in 2009. The amount of spending in the ICT sector has been constant over the years and is still the largest R&D performer in Canada. Main R&D investment sectors are: telecommunications services, software and computer services, as well as communication and telecommunications equipment.


With a view on the ICT-sector there are a couple of major segments that have particular potential in terms of growth and revenue. These are:

• Cleantech • Interactive and Digital Media • eHealth • IT Security • Mobile and Wireless Technologies • Photonic • Software and Computer Services


Canada has a well development R&D infrastructure. According to 2006 data the EU(25) leads Canada concerning Corporate Investment in R&D (investments by business as a percentage of GDP – 1.1% EU and 0.9% Canada), whereas the EU and Canadian positions are comparable regarding Government Investment in R&D (0.64% EU and 0.66% Canada). The Canadian and EU ICT research communities have established good and sustainable relations with the active contribution of research funding organizations from both sides. Regarding the number of Science and Technology Researchers (researchers per 1,000 employed), the EU (6.0) lags behind Canada (7.8), and the current trend shows that researcher intensity in the Canada is increasing even faster than in the EU. Canada maintains the CANARIE Research and Information Network (comparable to GEANT).

There is a clear intention from both sides to continue and intensify the existing collaboration. This could take the form of joint calls, coordinating research activities on future emerging technologies. Potential areas for initiating or strengthening further cooperation in the context of the FP7 ICT Theme include: Research Infrastructures, Future Internet (prospect for FP8 are part of the current discussions), ICT Trust and Security, Photonics, ICT for Patient Safety, Micro and nanoelectronics, Quantum Information Processing and Communications. Another area of potential is the cooperation on standards at global level, where both sides could gain of cooperating.

The existing annually bilateral EU / Canada Summit meetings provide a sufficient platform to take stock on general relationship while covering digital economy aspects and ICT amongst all other areas. Formally, DG INFSO takes the lead in the Commission for the EU-Canada Dialogue on Information Society which however at the request of the Canadian side has been dormant for several years, supplemented by ad hoc exchanges amongst administrative experts.

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From the European Commission’s perspective Canada has been an active participant in the ICT program. Good and sustainable relations have been established by the two research communities together with the active involvement/contribution of Communications Research Centre Canada (CRC). However participation has considerably decreased in FP7 compared to FP5 and FP7. In order to let the two communities benefit from research cooperation opportunities awareness raising activities should be encouraged. Positive results have already been achieved in the field of e-Infrastructures, where the project Outgrid (a Worldwide e-Infrastructure for computational neuroscientists) has helped developing links between CANARIE and GEANT.

Two relevant projects that foster S&T cooperation:

• ERA-Can: the European research Area – Canada project joint initiative of the European Commission and seven Canadian research organizations17that has been created with the aim of promoting Canada-EU Science and Technology Cooperation. It is co-financed by the European Commission under the FP7 capacities program.

• Access2Canada: project aiming at increasing awareness in the EU about funding opportunities offered by current Canadian RTD programs to EU researchers, the program is funded by the European Commission FP7, capacities program. An interest to further promote collaboration has also emerged. To this end, DG INFSO took part in the Joint Consultative Committee, being held in Ottawa on 18-19 June 2009, where a breakout session on ICT research has been organized as part of the meeting.18 DG INFSO was similarly involved in the last meeting of the Joint Consultative Committee held in Brussels on 15-16 September 2010. On 15 September, the thematic session on Research Infrastructures/e-Infrastructures organized by DG RTD, was been attended by DG INFSO (F3, A2; review of presenting overall statistics on Canada's participation in ICT-FP7 and e-Infrastructures as well as continuous and planned activities in the field).

A Future Internet dialogue was established with Industry Canada, CRC and NRC that led to INFSO being invited at the NRC innovation summit in October 2010. This theme is particularly relevant in the context of the new Canada "Digital Economy Strategy" and in the context of the new research program that CANARIE (under CRC) will launch from 2012 onwards. R&D relations with Canada are subject of a dedicated high level event in March 2011 and future cooperation in this domain is targeted, either under WP 2013 or under FP8.

In relation to Future and Emerging Technologies it is relevant to highlight importance of collaboration on long terms science-driven ICT research (FET) to overcome major technological roadblocks or filling foundational gaps. "Win-win" collaborations around this type of research are facilitated by the low immediate commercial interest and the high pay-off.

Joint Activities It is in the interest of Europe to be up to date on research activities in Canada; especially with regard to Future Internet Research and Experimentation (FIRE). Therefore, a targeted coordination and support action in the FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013 with a budget of €1.0 Mio is supported.

17 Canada Foundation for Innovation, Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Federal Partners in Technology Transfer, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, National Research Council Canada, National Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. 18 The thematic workshop on “Information & Communication Technologies” was one of the parallel sessions of the last Joint S&T Consultative Committee held in Ottawa on 18-19 June 2009. It included the participation of DG INFSO on the EC side and of several Governmental Research Centres and Agencies on the Canadian side: the National Research Council, the Communication Research Centre and CANARIE (Canada’s Advanced Network www.canarie.ca).

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4.1.3 Japan

Total Market

Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. Japan has the world's second-largest economy by nominal GDP ($5.458trillion in 2010) and the third largest in purchasing power parity ($4.309trillion in 2010). Japan also represents the 2nd largest telecommunications equipment market in the word (estimated €108bn) accounting to 12.8% of Japan's total industrial output.

ICT Market

Japan is the world's fourth largest exporter and fifth largest importer. The EU is not amongst its top-5 trading partners (for export and import), but the EU is an interesting market for Japanese industry and there are significant Japanese investments in the EU. By contrast, there is only a very limited presence of EU ICT industry in Japan and the Japanese market for ICT and related services is perceived as difficult to enter by EU players.

Japan is to the EU at the same time a commercial competitor (notably on global markets) and a potential partner (both sides value the respective technological strength and innovation capacity highly).

Japan is an interesting partner for the EU as one of the leading nations in the fields of scientific research, particularly in the ICT field. Nearly 700,000 researchers share a $130bn research and development budget, the third largest in the world. Japan is a world leader in fundamental scientific research. Research in the wireless domain has notably proved to provide a strong cooperation potential, as both the EU and Japan adopted the same 3G standard in the late 90's. Co-operation in this domain has been on-going for many years. The move of Japan towards "u_Japan", with a social model benefiting from large deployment of wireless sensor networks provides strong opportunities for collaboration.

In terms of technological and industrial policy objectives and despite the EU and Japan competing, both sides share in specific areas a common objective to foster global standardisation process. There is a clear interest from Japan in working with the EU on what they see as common trade issues concerning countries like China and India.


A number of bottom up initiatives for cooperation, originally arising from R&D, have been initiated in specific areas. Their scope covers coordination of R&D activities, joint work on analyzing and coordinating approach to future technology and service trends, cooperation on global standardization efforts, exchange of information (best practices, field trials, etc.).

The specific areas of interest are presently:

• Memorandum signed with METI (February 2009) covering Internet of Things / RFID / sensor networks. In the field of Future Internet high level contacts have been established aiming at ICT cooperation with the flagship FI programme in Japan, Akari. This has been endorsed by multiple EU industry players and the strategy was validated at a high level event in Tampere (2010). The EU and Japan in 2011 re-established the EU-Japan ICT dialogue, and endorsed the FI cooperation with the EU in June 2011, and reconfirmed at a high level event in January 201219. This is paving the way for a coordinated research action to be formalised in the context of the WP 2013 and H2020, under the umbrella of the EU-Japan S&T agreement.

• High performance computing as area of mutual interest as well as research networking across Asia (TEIN).

19 http://www.prime-pco.com/4thJEUsymposium/program_e.html

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• Intelligent Transport Systems (a Memorandum of Cooperation was signed with the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in 2011).

Other areas of potential interest are: Smart Cities, Assisted living, Intelligent Building management, Intelligent transport, e-Health/Virtual Physiological Human (VPH), Green-IT, smart metering, exchange of best practices regarding broad access deployment, etc. Robotics/cognitive systems are also a potential cooperation area.

Globally harmonised standards are essential to support and accelerate the deployment and adoption of Cooperative Systems. The continuous participation of Japan is welcomed in the development of global, open, harmonised standards for Cooperative Systems. DG INFSO is currently cooperating with METI to support further standardisation in this area.

In relation to Nano electronics the objective of the annual international nanotechnology conference (INC) on Communication and Cooperation is to discuss research priorities in nanotechnologies, including Nano electronics, among key EU, Japanese and US policy makers and technologists.


The concrete research activities foreseen in the short term include:

• Further preparation of a coordinated call on Future Internet • Hold a workshop on Cloud computing (policy and research aspects) by Spring 2012 to see

how both sides can work together, and report to the next Dialogue meeting • Strengthen the exchange of information about ICTs for disaster management • Enhanced cooperation on IT security research - exploring the creation of a Joint EU-Japan

IOT expert Group to address IoT architecture, security and privacy

As part of the preparation for WP2013 and Horizon 2020 the following actions are being proposed. If retained they will be materialised in the form of targeted calls and support actions:

• Future Internet / New Generation Network: 6 selected themes for a coordinated call were proposed by Japan which are not covered by the current ICT objectives. They concern network security; optical Networks; wireless technologies; FIRE, experimental test-beds; Internet of Things with service cloud; and green and content centric networks. A coordinated call for the FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013 with a budget of €10 Mio is supported.

• Research on Cooperative Systems in the field of Intelligent Transport Systems: organisation of joint symposia, seminars and meetings with international stakeholders to accelerate take-up of Cooperative Systems; paving the way for trilateral cooperation between EU, USA and Japan

• Robotics (standardization, safety, benchmarking, possibly certification): As first step to explore the links and areas for possible cooperation targeting not only Japan but covering several developed countries (US, Australia, Korea, Taiwan)

• Evaluating and monitoring the silver economy: Evaluating and monitoring the silver economy – fulfilling the widely recognised need to share indicators on the silver economy, on the impact of technologies for active and healthy ageing and their impact on health and care performance. Other countries targeted are the US and South-Korea.

• ICT for Energy Efficiency: cooperation in the area of ICT4EE and in the measurement framework for ICT emissions and footprint reduction being promoted by the EU and ITU. A support action could be vehicular for achieving widespread uptake of the measurement framework and explore its use in ICT applications and data centre leading to international standardisation. A targeted CSA support action in the FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013 with a budget of €2.0 Mio is supported.

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• Technology road-mapping, benchmarking and standards: this would take the form of an action supporting dialogues between Commission/EU participants and key partner countries and EU presence in key conferences and for a in the relevant areas

• eID and privacy : In the area of eID, collaboration with other countries could provide increased privacy protection for EU citizens


4.1.3 Australia

Total Market

Australia is the 6th largest country in the world in size with a population of just 22 million citizens. It is the 13th-largest economy by nominal GDP ($1.236 trillion in 2010) and together with China and Japan the major economic powers in the South-Asian-Pacific hemisphere. The Australian economy is dominated by its service sector which amounts to 68% of the national GDP. Besides Australia is rich in natural resources that attract high levels of foreign investment and include extensive reserves of coal, iron ore, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources.

ICT Market

Australia has according to SECAS about 4000 ICT researchers mostly in academic institutions and universities20. Among the leading ICT research organization are CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation), NICTA (National ICT Australia), University of Queensland, University of New South Wales, and Queensland University of Technology. According to Austrade (Australian Trade Commission) total R&D expenditure by the ICT industry in Australia is around A$ 5 billion per annum (€3.75 billion).


At CSIRO, the research is clustered around National Research Flagships (NRF)21 which are a good reflection of what Horizon 2020 calls “societal challenges” Australia worries about. According to CSIRO, the National Research Flagships Program is delivering scientific solutions to advance Australia’s most pressing national objectives such as

• Climate Adaption • Clean and affordable Energy • Food Futures • Preventative Health • Future Manufacturing • Sustainable Agriculture • Minerals Down Under

The CSIRO ICT Centre is working on novel ICT research and technologies for the above National Research Flagships in Australia, and it is envisaged that a Joint Call research program would further leverage this research including

• Digital Productivity Flagship (to be established in 2012)

The CSIRO through the ICT Centre is developing up a new and very significant program of work addressing national challenges in the digital economy, with the goal being to grow productivity in Australia through frontier services innovation and unlocking the value of broadband

20 http://www.secas.eu/index.php?id=14 21 http://www.csiro.au/partnerships/NRF.html

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communications. The research program is focused on smart secure infrastructure services, broadband wireless communications, business operations & efficiency, health services, government and commercial Services.

NICTA’s charter22 is to aim for being one of the top ten leading research centers. The key research domains are:

• Broadband and Digital Economy • Health • Infrastructure, Transport, and Logistics • Security and Safety.

In a recent document of the Queensland University of Technology entitled “AUSTRALIAN RESPONSE TO THE EUROPEAN UNION COMMON STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK” the societal challenges of Australia and more focused of Queensland are addressed. Among those someone will find:

• Safety and Security • Energy • Urban Development

In summary, we see a consistent set of challenges addressed by Australian institutions that have an overlap with the societal challenges addressed by Horizon 2020. Among those, the focus for international cooperation should be on both common goals and strength provided by the Australian institutions.

In addition, Australian researchers have significantly contributed to framework projects and demonstrated specific knowledge complementing the European research community. Among those we will find themes such as wireless networks, IT security, Business Process Management, and lately Internet of Services and Future Internet.


Taking the most recent interactions between Australia and the European Commission into consideration as well as the strengths of ICT research in Australia and the societal challenges, the following areas seem to be most attractive to consider:

• Application domains o Health and Ageing – including AAL in rural areas o Security and Safety – combining perimeter and cyber security / cyber defence o Urban Development – focussed on transport, logistics, and traffic

• Technology domains o IT Security, Trust Management, Digital Identity o Service Science, Service Engineering, Service Life Cycle o Video analytics, multimedia analytics both 2D and 3D o Future Internet

A special emphasis should be given to the latest societal challenge of Queensland, the new coal seam gas (CSG) and liquid natural gas (LNG) industry. Queensland will become one of if not the largest provider of CSG and LNG in the upcoming decade with significant investments in mining and general infrastructure such as railways, ports, and building. Thus, it could become a huge living lab to deploy many of the new technologies in ICT in the remaining part of this decade, i.e. the Horizon 2020.

22 http://www.nicta.com.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0014/31109/Research_booklet_web_version.pdf

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Australian research institutions, and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) have internationally recognized capabilities and expertise in a broad range of advanced technologies and research capabilities relating to areas that are of potential strategic, tactical or commercial interest to the European Commission (EC). It is proposed to establish a visionary information security research Joint Call that is relevant to building and expanding the critical protection of information assets in Europe and Australia (details see below). The EC has the ability to assist Australia through CSIRO, and the research institutions that will partner CSIRO, in the research and development of information security applications and know how, and thus create impact through conversion of research technologies into highly differentiated and innovative information products and services. The EC and the Australian Government (through the CSIRO-led consortium) believe that through the establishment of this Joint Call, they can create meaningful impact through investment, employment and products for international markets from an Australian base. Currently, proposals are under consideration.

Healthy Ageing – Providing open and flexible solutions for Independent Living Support Services in the Home for the Elderly

The EURASIAPAC project, aims to significantly contribute to the facilitation of ICT related research cooperation between Europe and countries of the Asia-Pacific region: Australia, Japan, New Zealand, and the Republic of Korea. EURASIAPAC held a meeting in Canberra on 16 February 2011. During the open forum session, the development of a joint Australia-EU funding call in the target area ‘Challenge 5: ICT for Health, Ageing Well, Inclusion and Governance’ was discussed. A high level work plan is the direct result of this session "design, develop and trial an ambient assisted clinical decision support (AACDS) platform that enables older people to live longer at home using services that are delivered using national broadband network connectivity. A Coordinated Call for the FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013 with a budget of €3 Mio each from Australia and Europe is supported.

Building User Trust in Broadband Delivered Services: design, develop, demonstrate and field-test an identity authentication system deployed on a wide scale.

The Joint Science and Technology Cooperation Committee (JSTCC) agreed in 2010 to cooperation in the area of Privacy, Trust and Security. Australia will make available its widely deployed identity authentication system enabled by Australia’s National Broadband Network. European eAuthentication framework, in particular industry in Europe is currently working on the definition of interoperable eAuthentication architecture and is looking for an appropriate large scale test environment. The results will contribute to the DAE KA3 & KA16 (eSignature – eIdentity). A coordinated call in the FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013 with a budget of € 3 Mio is supported.

FIRE (Future internet research and experimentation)

Follow up of previous actions on FIRE (One Lab2 and Open Lab project) and IPv6. It is in the interest of Europe to be up to date on research activities in Australia. A dedicated coordinated call or a joining of the Trust & Security coordinated call in the FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013 with a budget of €1.5 Mio is supported.

e-Infrastructure

Current activities comprise the topics OpenAccess, authentication and authorisation infrastructures (eduGAIN), and data repository infrastructure (EUDAT) A coordinated call or a joining of the Trust & Security coordinated call in the FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013, with a budget of €1.5 Mio is supported.

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ICT Security (Cyber Security / Airport of the Future)

Australia is particularly strong in R&D in Cyber Security as well as mobile networks. The growing use of Smart Phones provides a huge playing field for cyber-attacks to both consumers as well as industry. As there are discussions on-going on joint calls, Cyber Security for mobile networks should become a key priority. Moreover, extending it with other security aspects such as described in the largest Australian Research Council (ARC) linkage project “Airport of the Future” provide a test bed for strong cooperation of international reach.

4.1.4 South Korea

Total Market

South Korea has a population of 48 million; its nominal GDP amounted to $1.015 trillion in 2010. It is among the world’s 20 largest economies and the EU’s ninth largest trade partner. In 2010 a Free Trade Agreement with the EU was signed and recently entered into force. South Korea’s economy largely relies upon exports to fuel the growth of its economy, with finished products such as electronics, textiles, ships, automobiles, and steel being some of its most important exports. Korea is further among the world leaders in Information and Communication Technologies, ranked number three in the Global ICT Development Index from the ITU in 2010. The ICT industry amounts to 30-40% of the national GDP. Key products in this respect are: semiconductors, panels and mobile handsets as well as smart phones.

ICT Market

Korea has emerged in the last two decades as a leading country in ICT in general and in robotics in particular. After a period in which a solid research infrastructure (laboratories, researchers) has been built and consolidated, Korea is now rampant in the field and clearly a key player in Asia and worldwide. Manufacturing industry is making extensive use of industrial robots, and industrial robots are also manufactured and increasingly distributed worldwide. Korean companies are now betting on the growing market of service robots.

Most leading multinational equipment manufacturers are operating in Korea including IBM, HP, Cisco, 3Com, Jupiter, Lucent Technology, Motorola, Alcatel, Qualcomm, and Siemens. The major local equipment manufacturers are Samsung, LG, Daewoo, and Hyundai. All local companies rely on imported technologies, parts and components. In computing services, 10 large local systems integration companies (including Samsung SDS, LG CNS and SK C&C) account for about 80% of the total market. The remaining 20% of the market is supplied by foreign companies and local SME’s. Large Korean conglomerates (including Samsung, LG, SK and Hyundai) and local and foreign banks demand most of these computing services.


A strong point of the South Korean economy is its solid and high quality research infrastructure (industrial and academic) as well as its ability to rapidly and successfully convert research results into products.

Areas of special relevance are:

• robotics (industrial, manufacturing, service, education and medical robots) • smart applications (smart home, cars, roads, healthcare, offices and cities) • renewable energy sources (solar cells, smart grids)

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ICT is an area which is in high demand for cooperation between the EU and Korea. For the EU, Korea’s strength in quickly transforming ideas and prototypes into industrial products is in this context of particular interest. On the other side, the EU’s leading role in basic research contains considerable potential for the Korean counterpart.

A segment with biggest potential is the emerging field of service robotics, where Korea is an excellent partner in promoting the development of an international market. Joint initiatives and calls should be considered as well as cooperation in the fields of tests in real settings and standardization. Additional areas for cooperation may encompass joint test beds with regard to Future Internet and Internet of Things as well as the development of a strategic relationship in the fields of smart grids and solar cells (including cooperation in establishing standards) as well as the possibility for European companies to join the Jeju island test-bed, the new smart grid mega project in Korea. An emerging topic with cooperation potential in Korea is the area of “security and safe cities“, with a specific focus on intelligent safe city solution based on cloud computing. Currently, there is already a pilot project implemented with might become an entry points for further collaboration and the development of joint test-beds. As a last point, also the topic of converging IT- and bio-technology is of interest in Korea, providing possibilities to enable ubiquitous health.

Opportunities for collaboration

An entry point for collaboration until recently was the EURASIAPAC project23 which contributed to the promotion of cooperative research and facilitated ICT-related research cooperation between Europe and Asia-Pacific. It ran until the end of 2011 and focused on drafting an EU-Asia-Pacific ICT cooperation strategy to detail the current and emerging priorities for cooperation. Korea was one of its considered target countries, and where the focus was in fields, such as robotics, nano-scale integration, network infrastructure or organic electronics. In Korea and other developed economies of Asia, ICT is becoming a tool to tackle social and environmental problems such as demographic change, arising from increased urbanization or emission control. Europe has the opportunity to learn from the Asia-Pacific region’s efforts in ICT research to prepare for its future challenges. In exchange, Asia-Pacific ICT research environments can benefit from integration into the European research environment. The possibility of holding regular meetings between ISTAG and some target countries would contribute to develop a more elaborate understanding of the strategic value of ICT research cooperation between Europe and Asia-Pacific and facilitate the design of effective and mutually beneficial international research cooperation programs.

In order to strengthen the exchange of researchers, both Korea and the EU are interested that R&D programmes should be opened up. Furthermore, an open innovation approach and the development of strategic relationships among in the area of standardization in certain areas should be promoted. Programmes that provide EU researchers with the opportunity to join the Korean ICT-related research landscape include:

• International Collaborative Research and Development Programme for Needs-driven technology development International (KIAT)

• Collaborative Research and Development Programme for Global market-oriented technology development programme (KIAT)

• Global Research Network Programme (NRF); and Global Research Laboratory (NRF) (some parts ICT-related)

23 http://eurasiapac-fp7.eu/

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Joint Activities

The high-level of the research in the FIRE (future internet research and experimentation) domain in South Korea is of great interest for Europe. Therefore common activities should be envisaged like joint or coordinated calls. In this context the possible inclusion in FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013 of a coordination and support action targeting Korea would seem an appropriate move.

A strategic relationship should be envisaged in the fields of smart grids and solar cells, e.g. through joint collaboration in the Jeju island test-bed in South Korea. Additional potential for cooperation have the topics: security and safe cities, cloud computing and the convergence of IT- and bio-technology (ubiquitous health). Common platforms at institutional, working group and participant level should accompany and prepare joint activities.

4.1.5 Taiwan

Total Market

Taiwan has a population of 23 million; its nominal GDP amounted to $429 billion in 2010. It is the world’s 24th largest economy by nominal GDP and the EU’s 19th largest global trade partner. Exports, led by electronics and machinery, generate about 70% of Taiwan's GDP growth, and have provided the primary impetus for economic development. The island runs a large trade surplus, and its foreign reserves are the world's fourth largest, behind China, Japan, and Russia. Taiwan’s ICT exports are highly concentrated in the ICT intermediate goods, rather than ICT end products.

ICT Market

Taiwan has firmly established itself as a key player in the global ICT industry, as it is leading in strategic ICT industry segments such as:

• The ICT manufacturing industry: mainly PCs and mobile phones (value $220B in 2010)24 • the optoelectronics industry: mainly focusing on display panels (value $53.2B in 2010) • the semiconductor industry: key role in wafer manufacturing (foundries), IC encapsulation,

testing and IC design (total value: $51.2B in 2010) • other industry segments, including networking, components and distribution (value

exceeding $70B in 2010).

Major global manufacturers are eager to benefit from Taiwan’s stable product chains and have gradually handed over e.g. smart phone and tablet production to Taiwan-based companies.

Taiwan’s contribution to the global solar cell production capacity is rather recent, but it is expanding in a spectacular way: from 3 GWp in 4Q09 it is forecasted to be 11 GWp in 4Q11 (19% of global capacity, making it the world’s 2nd largest manufacturer).

Key factors enabling this impressive development are the consistent and effective incentives provided by the Taiwanese government, the large pool of skilled labor provided by world-class universities and research organizations and the availability of ample capital on the domestic equity market.

In 2009, the Taiwanese National Science Council established the five-year National Program for Intelligent Electronics (NPIE) to be carried out from 2011 through 2015. The program will focus on electronic technology in the application areas of “MG+4C”, which stands for (bio)medical, green, automobile (car), computer, communication and consumer applications. Building on the achievements of the former National Program for System-on-Chip (2003-2010), NPIE intends to

24 Data from Taiwan’s Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) and Digitimes research

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cultivate and attract interdisciplinary talents, and establish the capability to create new technology, new application and new market.

The goal of NPIE is to create an integrated electronics technology and applications aimed at rapid industrial product growth. The program will foster interdisciplinary technology integration in order to advance the electronic industry25. At the same time, the program will enhance verification capabilities; promote the legal environment and Taiwan’s participation in international standards and related research, with the aim of “moving up the value chain” and making Taiwan’s electronic industry globally more competitive.

Complementary to the role of the NSC which covers academic innovation, the Ministry of Economic Affairs (MOEA) represents the industrial part of Taiwan´s national innovation system. One of the most prominent characteristics of the MOEA methodology is “open innovation”. Major policy measures were introduced to attract multinational companies to join local innovation system, encourage Taiwan´s RTOs to go for global RDI engagement and support Taiwan´s industry for worldwide deployment in the form of FDI and R&D.

In 2008 Taiwan´s MOEA established a mechanism to support the industry to join multilateral industrial technology collaboration such as FP7. Since Taiwan is a high-income territory, MOEA takes over the corresponding funding parts of the Taiwanese partner when a joint project has been approved by the EC. Until the end of 2011, Taiwan participants have successfully joined several projects, including ZeroWin, LCA to go, Greenerbuildings, E-SPONDER, etc. Among the Taiwanese stakeholders are well-known enterprises such as AUO and UMC. Through experience sharing and consultancy support, an industrial community composed of such stakeholders is paving the way for further followers.


The strong points of Taiwan´s industry include, but not limited to, the ICT-enabled innovation such as ambient assisted living, smart manufacturing, 3D-IC,healthcare services and green ICT.

Areas of special relevance:

• micro and nano-electronics, System on a Chip (SoC), low power components (incl. apps in biomed and cars)

• robotics


Europe’s semiconductor industry has a number of strengths as evidenced by market leadership or key contributions in several segments: (i) automotive components and telecommunications (with such companies as Bosch, Infineon, NXP, and STMicroelectronics); (ii) manufacturing equipment (with ASML in lithography as the most prominent example); (iii) enabling materials (with SOITEC in silicon-on-insulator as the most prominent example).

The ever-increasing complexity of integrated circuits has resulted in the ability to offer increased functionality at the circuit and component level. The semiconductor industry, therefore, has to deal with (i) more complex higher level system functions, and (ii) combinations of various technologies. As value shifts to the higher levels, the semiconductor industry will have to move up as well in order to address new competencies to capture the added value of the new systems. European R&D – e.g. through the Joint Undertaking ENIAC - will pursue leadership in the market by providing controlled access to high-tech, high-quality systems solutions in a timely manner.

25 The development of technology for 3D chips and the planned transition to 450mm wafers illustrate that Taiwan intends to reinforce its leading position in semiconductor manufacturing, while at the same time developing application skills that are aimed at bringing the ICT industry to the next level of competitiveness

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In line with the European Commission’s “Europe 2020” proposed strategy, micro- and nanoelectronics are key enablers and contributors to the three mutually reinforcing priorities:

• Smart growth: developing an economy based on knowledge and innovation26 • Sustainable growth: promoting a more efficient, “greener” and more competitive economy27 • Inclusive growth: fostering a high-employment economy delivering both social and territorial

cohesion28

The High Level Expert Group on Key Enabling Technologies (KETs) recently set out guidelines on giving Europe’s industry a competitive edge. It recommends that – in order to accelerate the market pull - the technology R&D should be extended with R&D performed within the context of pilot lines (for product development) and ramp-up of new processes, technologies and products (in globally competitive manufacturing facilities).

Opportunities for collaboration Striking synergies are perceived between the mission and strategy of Taiwan’s NPIE program, MOEA Technology Development Programs (focus areas) and “Europe 2020” (facilitated by the KET approach). Both aim at enabling the development of new goods and services and the restructuring of industrial processes needed to modernize the industry and make the transition to a knowledge-based and low carbon resource-efficient economy.

More specifically, Taiwan’s intended global collaboration on system design for (bio)medical, “green” and automotive applications presents a unique opportunity for collaboration, as Europe’s strengths are in system design which complements Taiwan’s strong foundation in IC manufacturing and design. Opportunities can also be considered in robotics.

With a view on the respective programs of the EU and Taiwan, opportunities for collaboration could be structured in the following ways:

• Bottom-up cooperation: resulting out of innovative ideas, especially with the Taiwanese industry. Such project leads could be supported by Horizon 2020 and the funding mechanism of MOEA.

• Top-down approach: using targeted joint calls to support the Digital Agenda to tackle the common societal challenges. The goal is to synergize Taiwan’s ICT strength and commercialization speed with Europe’s innovation system and human-centered design approach. Furthermore, the well- established supply chain of the ICT industry in Taiwan could be exploited by the EU ICT industry, especially the SMEs, to explore the Asian markets. Thus, Europe can take the most advantage of Taiwan´s bridgehead position and create win-win collaborations. Collaboration of regional ICT eco-systems: While Europe intends to strengthen ICT innovation in the co-location centres Berlin, Eindhoven, Helsinki, Paris and Stockholm with the establishment of the EIT ICT KIC, Taiwan is in the process of knowledge triangle building by pulling academia, RTOs and the industry together. The aim of the latter is to address the strategic focuses of the MOEA Technology Development Program (see Annex). Through cross-border ICT eco-system collaboration between Europe and Taiwan, the respective innovative strength can be leveraged and thus the Innovation Union supported.

• A field of common interest is green ICT. Taiwan proves to be a competent partner in implementing the strategy of green electronics due to its established and effective supply chain management system. Including Taiwan from the early phase of research,

26 Smart growth: Micro- and Nano-electronics represent 20% of electronic systems content but close to 100% of their performances (including software contribution) and a large majority of industry and service innovation comes from electronic innovation. 27 Sustainable growth: Micro- and nanoelectronics contribute to 10% of the global GDP due to its enabling role both for industry and services. In addition it is key for energy generation, management and efficiency 28 Inclusive growth: Micro- and Nano-electronics are a very high-tech, high added value industry that produces and induces high education level employment and is a key enabler to satisfy new societal needs

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standardization and regulation is mandatory to build a seamless innovation pipeline, which could serve as foundation of a sustainable growth as requested in the EU2020 strategy.

Annex: Highlights of the MOEA Development Program

• “Intelligent Technology” (telematics, 3DIC, smart life technology applications), • “Green Technology” (high-safety lithium-ion batteries to accelerate the development of

intelligent cars, promote domestic electric car R&D alliances and industrial clusters, new generation electricity storage, thin film solar energy manufacturing),

• “Service Innovation” (cloud computing system and application service technology development program, technological service value chain research and promotion program),

• “Health and Well-being” (decentralized health care, rapid prototype medical equipment service centres, high-end visual medical equipment),

• “Manufacturing Sophistication” (new-age intelligent factory control system development program, Metal component sophistication device development program etc.).

Joint Activities

A particular area of interest for collaboration in the short-term is “next generation wafer size (450 mm)”. It is essential for the European equipment supply-chain and for the European manufacturing industry. In this context a joint targeted coordination and support action (together with South Korea and the US) as part of the FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013 with a budget of 0.5 Mio is supported.

A strategic relationship should also be developed in the fields of micro and nano-electronics, green-ICT and robotics. Common platforms at institutional, working group and participant level should accompany and prepare joint activities.

4.2 BRIC-Countries

4.2.1 Brazil

Total Market

Brazil is compared to the world by geography and population (203 million) the 5th largest country. Its economy is the seventh largest in the world by nominal GDP ($2.090 trillion) and the eighth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). Brazil is the largest economy in Latin America and as such one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world.

ICT Market

Brazil is today the 7th largest economy in the world, presenting a global GDP of 2,087 billion USD in 2010 for a population of near 195 million. Following the path of national macroeconomic growth, the ICT market in Brazil has shown an impressive increase in recent years, reaching in 2010 a growth of 8 percent to 102 billion USD. In 2011, the ICT market is expected to grow 7 percent to around 110 billion USD29.

Technological strong points

Brazil is the home of a set of world-class Competitive Enterprises which invest and take advantage of state-of-the-art ICT technology in its production processes. This happens not only in reference vertical markets such as telecommunications and banking, but also smaller sectors such as retail and transport denote a marked growth of IT adoption.

29 http://www.eito.com

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• Telecommunications

Brazil presents a very competitive Mobile Communications environment, with 4 national players: Vivo, Claro, TIM and Oi, for 217 million subscribers (112% mobile penetration).

Broadband development is at the top of the policy agenda of the Brazilian government. In May 2010 it was launched the national broadband plan aiming to bring basic broadband (512 Kbps with download limitations) to approximately 40 million Brazilian households (70% of total households) by 2014. The Brazilian digital TV program is underway with planned complete switchover in June 2016 (technically it was adopted the Japanese standard ISDB-T).

• Semiconductor

The Brazilian government has been made a strategic investment in fostering a Brazilian semiconductor industry. There are currently two semiconductor plants (Semikron and Ceitec), with a third planned but still awaiting funds. Ceitec began production in 2010 (foundry) and is already considering opening a new line for 300 mm fab. Recognizing how critical to the success of the Brazilian semiconductor industry the ability to design ICs, the country is promoting competences in semiconductor design.

• Software

Brazil has a very dynamic software industry. In the area of application software major international vendors, Oracle, IBM, Microsoft and SAP have a strong presence, but local manufacturers, such as Totvs have shown significant levels of growth. Globally this market is operated by approximately 8,520 companies, dedicated to the development, production and distribution of software and services. In 2010 the sector generated a turnover of 19.04 billion dollars, equivalent to near 1.0% of GDP in that year30.

Lighthouses – Institutional and market players

• Large companies o Petrobrás, Electrobrás (Energy) o Bradesco, Banco do Brasil, Itaúsa (Finance) o Vivo, Claro, TIM, Oi (Telecommunications) o CSN-Cia Siderúrgica, Itaúsa (Industry) o Embraer (Industry/Aeronautic) o Grupo Pão de Açucar (Retail) o Vale, Usiminas (Mining)

• Leading R&D institutions o Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) and

Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais are within the top 10 Latin America Universities, with a very high and high classification in the research indicator31

o Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento em Telecomunicações (CPqD) research and development in the area of information and communication services and products

o Escola Superior de Agricultura Luis de Queiroz (ESALQ / USP), a centre of excelence in the research, development and innovation for a sustainable agribusiness

o EMBRAPA, the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation32

• Clusters

Beyond a strong set of industrial clusters as manufacturing, aeronautics, petrochemical, mining industries, pharmaceuticals, agribusiness Brazil has been fostering the development of key 30 http://www.abes.org.br 31 http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings 32 http://www.embrapa.br

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technological sectors and addressing major societal challenges that will be decisive for the future sustainable development of the country. The Ministry of Science and Technology of Brazil, in its 2007-2010 Development Plan33 defined a wide range of initiatives, actions and programs promoting the decisive role of Science, Technology and Innovation in the development of the country. Those development areas ranging from:

• Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, • Information and Communication Technologies, • Agribusiness, • Amazonia and Semiarid Region, • Biodiversity and Natural Resources, • Electric Power and Renewable Energies, • Health Supplies.

Other goals are the programs for the Nuclear and Space, areas for Gas and Coal, Meteorology and Climate Change, National Defence and Security.

Possible cooperation strategy

Previous bilateral meetings identified some areas of collaboration, particularly related to the joint deployment of advanced communication infrastructure for research and experimentation on the Internet of the future, the exploitation in the area of Connected TV Applications that could be adapted to and exploited in the ISDB-T Brazilian and in the European DVB-T markets and Complex Systems Engineering including Network Monitoring and Control. Another identified cooperation topic was the one related with the research of In vitro diagnostic tool for human or animal health that could be used in remote or rural areas.

Work Programme ICT 2011-2012 covered already some of these topics, namely it has included five collaboration priorities that formed the basis for coordinated ICT international collaboration between EU and Brazil, namely: Microelectronics and Microsystems, Networked Monitoring and Control, Future Internet - experimental facilities, Future Internet - security and e-infrastructures.

A next cycle of cooperation could improve these topics, and complement them with new ones namely related with the validation of European technologies and technology platforms by its exposition to new social and usage environments, and with joint initiatives addressing common societal challenges.

In terms of societal challenges and in face of Brazil leading position in the primary sector, with a continued and strategic commitment in Agribusiness and sustainable development, priority should be given to joint initiatives addressing topics as the monitoring the climatic factors, soil monitoring or irrigation supplies.

The exploitation of opportunities for integrating ICT in building joint solutions to address these strategic challenges, seem to be of particular relevance and full aligned with the priorities in the research and innovation agendas of both Brazil and the European Commission.

Joint Activities A coordinated call with Brazil (budget: €5 Mio each) should be envisaged for the FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013 with a focus on cloud computing in sciences as well as sustainable technologies for a smarter society (e.g. green ICT, smart lighting, complex and control systems).

33 http://www.mct.gov.br

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4.2.2 Russia

Total market

The Russian Federation is largest country in the world and ninth most populous nation (142 million people). Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources, and is the world's largest energy superpower. It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water. Russia is the 10th largest economy in GDP (6th largest by PPP).

Russia is the EU’s third biggest trade partner (behind the US and China), with Russian supplies of oil and gas making up a large percentage of Russia’s exports to the EU. The EU is Russia' top ranking export partner.

ICT market

Today, the Russian electronics market is growing rapidly driven by national projects in fields such as human healthcare, education, and construction. For example, the market size in 2008 was close to $10 billion with two thirds dependent upon federal demand and the other third from private consumers.

According to Sullivan&Frost 2010, the ICT market in Russia is about $ 1.2 billion in 2010 and is going to increase up to $ 10 billions in 2015. About 80% of ICs on Russian market are imported.

State programmes for modernisation are focused on 5 directions:

1. Energy Saving 2. Space 3. IT 4. Nuclear Energy 5. Medicine


Russia has an important heritage in semiconductor components and electronic based miniaturized systems dating from the Soviet era. Russia developed very early the area of design and production of microelectronic and integrated circuits. This is still a strong background and a good basis for Europe to collaborate with Russia. Russia’s expertise spans across universities, design and research institutes, and industrial companies.

Today, the Russian electronic industry comprises about 200 organisations - 121 industry organisations, 18 production organisations, and 61 scientific organisations. Amongst them there are 36 federal state unitary enterprises and 164 open joint stock companies. About 57% of parts produced by the Russian electronics industry consist of electronic based components: microchips and semiconductor devices (23%), electronic discharge devices (19%), electrovacuum devices (14%), and optoelectronic devices (1%)34 .

• Semiconductors

The Russian semiconductor sector features a number of strengths, which makes it attractive for European microelectronics companies and research organisations:

• Good educational and theoretical basis of Russian experts • Nanoelectronics applications are being developed and introduced • Comparative level of salaries of Russian experts is less then in Europe

34 www.semidec-ru.eu

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• Strong Russian government support to microelectronics sector • Relatively high growth in the Russian semiconductor market

The Russian government places strong emphasis on developing Russia’s R&D base in electronics and nanotechnology. For example, the government programme “Development electronic component base and radioelectronics for 2008-2015”35 aims to create the indus-trialtechnological basis for producing a new generation of competitive and knowledge-intensive technologies for air and sea transport, automotive transport, engineering and power equipment. The total programme budget is approx 4.1 billion euro. Zelenograd potential: existing factories for 6” and new factory for 8” wafers fabrication was built, assembly and testing facilities; several universities in electronics area.

• Nanotechnology

The government has invested 130 billion roubles (approx 2.9 billion euro) in 2007 to establish the state corporation “RUSNANO”36 for advance Russia in the field of nanotechnologies. The priority of RUSNANO is commercialization of nanotechnology projects with high business potential and/or social benefit. Mikron-Rusnano project for 90nm technology transfer; Licensed from ST; High investments in IC design houses

• Communications

Due to a very dynamic development of the broadband internet market, the Russian telecommunications market as a whole has grown in 2010. Mobile telephony operators also registered a double digit growth of their combined revenues37.

The value of the telecommunications services market in Russia increased by 17.3% year on year to €27.3bn in 2010, from approximately €23.2bn in 2009. The growth rate measured in local currency was lower and amounted to 10%38.

Lighthouses – Insitutional and market player

The main manufacturers of integrated circuits are Angstrem JSC and Mikron JSC, both based in Zelenograd.

Mikron designs and produces integrated circuits for various devices from electronic games, TV sets and watches to space apparatus, supercomputers and multi-dimension control systems haing a production about 30,000 wafers monthly.

• Universities and Research centres o St Petersburg State Polytechnical University; - R&D Institute of Electronic Engineering,

Voronezh; -Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St.Petersburg; -Moscow State Institute of Electronic Technology, with a Multi-Access Centres (MAC) covering the full cycle of electronic production;

o Institute of Semiconductor Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences; - Research Centre "Microsystems & Development Automation" (MicroStyle, Ltd.), Moscow; - Research Centre "Elvees" SPC (Electronic Computerand Information Systems), Zelenograd,

o Research and Production Complex “Technological Centre”

A number of universities and Institutions have their own “clean rooms” to produce and to conduct research and investigation. Among them are MIET, MEPHI, LETI, Taganrog Institute of Technology and Ioffe Physical Technical Institute.

35 http://fasi.gov.ru/fcp/electro/fzp.doc 36 www.rusnano.ru 37 http://www.pmrpublications.com/online_shop/Telecommunications-market-Russia-2011.shtml 38 http://www.ictrussia.com

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In specific research terms, Russian organisations demonstrate strengths relevant to semiconductor research priorities defined by the EU’s ENIAC JTI and FP7 ICT programmes. However the number of research projects (FP6, FP7) is rather limited and there are a only a few specific support actions projects financed by EU in order to create links between Russia and EU organisations.

Possible cooperation strategy

There are previous cooperation projects (FP5, FP6, FP7) and also bilateral project between Russia and EU 27.

The current ICT and NMP FP7 projects are covering topics from Production techniques (SEMINANO „Physics and Technology of Elemental, Alloy and Compound Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Materials and Devices, FP7 FEMTOBLUE – Blue Femtosecond laser implemented with group-III nitrides, FP6 DELILA – Development of Lithography Technology for Nanoscale Structuring of Materials Using Laser Beam Interference) to modeling (FP7 NANOINTERFACE – Knowledge-based multi-scale modelling of metal-oxide-polymer interface behaviour for micro- and nanoelectronics) and training and hands on course activity, etc. .

Russian Federation is involved in HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) BSAP (Baltic Sea Action Plan). It is a plan to restore the Baltic Sea ecological environment by 2021.

Russia is also participating in BONUS program, which aims at integrating the Baltic Sea system into a multinational program in support of the regions sustainable development

The existing projects created partnerships and networks and form a good base for cooperation.

Joint Activities

Programming models and runtime support and other potential topics in Micro and Nano systems and photonics

o Russian expertise in the areas of Programming models and runtime support. There are already two projects running. We are also interested in harsh environmental conditions for Microsystems, optical fibres, lasers, nanostructured materials for optical applications.

o A coordinated call in this domain as part of the FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013 with a budget of €5 Mio is supported.

• Emerging research on advanced Nano electronics devices and their manufacturability o There is top-level expertise available in Russian (and American) research institutes /

academia. The objective would be to establish links and to develop synergies with European state-of-the-art research centres and push for industrialisation of results in Europe.

• ICT for environmental sustainability o It concerns distributed sensor networks, embedded systems for long term

environmental monitoring, data analysis tools (such as data mining, novel ways of data representation in case of large data sets), robotic tools for underwater environmental monitoring (including monitoring under ice), satellite technologies for marine monitoring etc.

• Cross-lingual Linked Open Data o The focus is on linked data as well as on other knowledge and language resources that

support applications in high impact areas such as cross-lingual search, opinion mining and trend discovery.

o Applications domains should include at least one of the following: business intelligence, publishing, news, social media, open government data, digital libraries, archives, e-Commerce and e-Learning.

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o A coordinated call in this domain as part of the FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013 with a budget of max. € 3 Mio is supported.

• Cooperation with most advanced countries in the scientific domains covered by FET-Open: o Research cooperation on leading edge foundational research in scientific topic where

worldwide research community is still emerging and where these collaborations can be beneficial for Europe (e.g. access to complementary knowledge and facilities not available in Europe) and where the upstream nature of the research does not endanger the exploitation potential for Europe.

o Foundational research on topic of global nature that requires global solution and foundational research (e.g. unconventional computing, dynamics of global systems such as climate systems, financial systems and their co-evolution with society)

While Russia is performing below potential in terms of industrial development, it nevertheless is leading in several areas (e.g. space technology, satellite navigation) and enjoys a good R&D capacity and scientific excellence in many fields (e.g. mathematics, software). Provided the internal modernisation effort progresses, Russia has therefore the potential to become an important industrialised country with which the EU would have an interest to cooperate.

4.2.3 India

Total Market

India is the 7th largest country by geography and the second largest nation by population (1.2 billion). Its economy is the eleventh largest in the world by nominal GDP and the fourth largest by purchasing power parity (PPP). It is one of the few countries worldwide currently with a positive, sustainable, GDP growth, with 8.9% in 2010, albeit with a comparatively small GDP per capita (€1100 in 2009, as compared to ~ €22.000 for the EU)

ICT Market

India is one of the largest and fastest growing ICT markets in the world today. India’s ICT sector GDP is 45.18 billion (in 2007-08) with CAGR (Compound annual growth rate) of 21.3%. The ICT manufacturing sector contributes about 0.35% and the ICT services sector contributes 5.52% (Euro 41.8 billion) to the total GDP39.


The challenge in a diverse market like India is to find out the basic wants of the average consumer40. The Indian customers are more price cautious and do not necessarily mind compromising with quality and standards. The main technology strong points of India include telecommunication, software and services and automobile industry.

• Telecommunication

In financial year end 2010, India’s service sector was estimated to account for 56.9% of GDP, while the industrial sector and agriculture sector contributed 28.5% and 14.6%, respectively, to GDP. Within the services sector, the telecom sector has been the major contributor to India’s growth, accounting for nearly 3.6% of total GDP41. With 707 million mobile phone users (characterized by a strong growth), India is the second largest country for mobile communications in terms of absolute numbers after China. The easy access to mobile services in India is the outcome of positive regulatory changes, intense competition among multiple

39 An Overview of the Indian Software Industry Profile, R&D features and Future, Payal Malik,LIRNEasia and University of Delhi India, Brussels, 19-20 October 2011 40 Final Report German and Indian Innovation systems, Fraunhoffer Institute on Arbeitswirtschaft und Organisation (IAO) 41 Enabling the next wave of telecom growth in India, Industry Inputs for National Telecom Policy 2011, Ernst & Young and FICCI

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operators, low-priced handsets, low tariffs and significant investments in telecom infrastructure and networks.

• Software and service

India has developed a remarkable level of S&T excellence (e.g. Bangalore for ICT, Hyderabad for biotechnology) which has translated into significant commercial activities (e.g. software development industry). The country is therefore well placed to become a relevant player to foster the digital economy. The computer software and services exports is estimated to increase to Euro 42.55 billion in 2010/11 and comprises of IT services, BPO, software products and engineering services. India exports software to 95 countries including USA, UK, France, Germany, Japan, China, South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong.

• Automobile industry

India has a very strong components and automotive industry. India’s plans for 2016 is to reach $145bn (10% of the GDP) and employing 25 million people. Green vehicles and road safety are becoming priority in India; the Indian Ministry of Road Transport and Highways drafted a National Road Safety Policy which proposes to make cities the "engine of India's economic growth" by reducing congestion, improving road safety and fostering the use of sustainable technologies.

• Semiconductor Industry

The Indian semiconductor industry is poised to scale new heights in the years to come driven by the demand in the domestic market. The Indian semiconductor design industry (consisting of VLSI design, embedded software development and hardware/board design) is estimated at US$ 7.5 billion in 2010 which is projected to reach US$ 10.6 billion by 2012. Companies like Freescale Semiconductor has set up its India research and development (R&D) centre in Hyderabad to design and manufacture embedded semiconductors for the automotive, consumer, industrial and networking markets42.

Lighthouses – Institutional and market player

• Large companies

The top 20 firms contribute about 63% of Indian ICT revenue. The multinational firms dominate the industry revenue with 12 firms listed among the top 20. The leading 10 companies in terms of revenue are:

o Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) o Wipro technologies o Infosys technologies o HP India o IBM o Cognizant Technology Solutions o Ingram Micro o HCL Technologies o HCL Infosystems o Redington India

• Leading R&D institutions

R&D activities in India are performed mainly by big domestic players and subsidiaries of multinationals. R&D offshoring growth to India is expected to reach $13.1 billion in 2011 at a growth of 11.4 per cent from 2010. In India there is a high share of governmental R&D

42 http://www.ibef.org/industry/semiconductors.aspx

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expenditures and the share of industrial expenditures on R&D is comparatively low. Most of the R&D expenditure in the private sector industries is done by either multinational companies or foreign investors. Wipro is the largest, independent Research and Development (R&D) services provider.

The Indian government is funding the individual research institutes with different levels of funding. The major scientific institutions funded by the central government include:

o Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) o Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) o Department of Biotechnology (DBT) o Department of Defense (DoD) o Department of Science and Technology (DST) o Ministry of Information and Communication Technology (MICT)


On R&D cooperation, the existing opening of the ICT programme should be maintained, but coordinated research activities and even joint calls can be envisaged, since adequate structures exist on the Indian side as well as financial resources. Besides classical ICT topics R&D cooperation could also include an initiative of jointly exploring new forms of innovation policy (e.g. the European "regional research-driven clusters"; the Indian "frugal innovation" approach).

In order to associate industry, the European Business and Technology Center (EBTC, a joint initiatives of the Commission and Euro chambers) can be of help (but is presently not particularly geared towards ICT related activities, as it focuses on biotechnology, energy, environment and transport – the latter 3 bearing a high potential of ICT usage). EBCT has a MoU with the Confederation of the Indian industry (CII).

The size of India suggests aiming at a matching size of collaboration. Initiatives on the Commission's side have been started, but the visibility of ICT is weak. In DG INFSO, a strategy vis-à-vis India needs to be developed after which adequate resources can be made available to follow India (presently mainly covered as for technical cooperation projects in the R&D domain).

4.2.4 China

Total market

China is the largest nation in the world by population and the second biggest economy, with an average annual GDP growth rate of the order of 10% in real terms since its opening to the outside world (1979). At constant prices, China's GDP has quadrupled in the 20 years since 1990, and according to recent IMF estimates, it could overtake both the EU and the US in purchasing power parity (PPP) GDP already from 2016. Its extraordinary economic growth has allowed an unprecedented number of people, in their hundreds of millions, to move out of poverty, as well as the creation of a large urban middle class with significant disposable income.

At the same time, by many standards, China is not yet a developed country. GDP per capita is still well below the global average (around €5000 (PPP) in 2009). Furthermore, all developing economies eventually begin to experience restrictions to their growth, and China suffers from significant limiting factors such as growing urban-rural disparities, lack of natural resources, a rapidly ageing population, deteriorating environmental conditions, under-performing public services.

EU and China represent together over 28% of global trade (2009). China is by far the biggest exporter of merchandise trade to the EU, with some €282bn or 18% of its total imports (2010). About 34% of this volume covers office and telecommunications equipment. However, for the

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same period, exports to China only represented 8.4% of the EU's total exports, i.e. some €113bn, covering mainly machinery (61%).

ICT Market

The Chinese authorities take great interest in the ICT sector, notably to manage the political consequences of its development but also to make industry more competitive and to enable China's economy to move up the value chain. They also seek to use ICTs to facilitate the resolution of societal issues increasingly affecting China, such as poor public service provision and urban problems (congestion, pollution…). This approach is stated in the Decisions to Accelerate the Cultivation and Development of Strategic Emerging Industries (SEI) issued by China's government. These industries are expected to account for 8% of GDP by 2015 and 15% by 2020. One of the seven SEIs is identified as New Generation IT Industry. Rapid development has been supported by unmatched infrastructure investment, a sustained increase in RTD43, and massive technology transfers by foreign companies wishing to enter the local market or to produce in China for export.


The information and communications technology (ICT) industry in China is large and complex, covering a wide range of products. The overall industry and its sub-sectors are enormous in size and China is universally considered the manufacturing hub for most of the world’s electronics. China is currently the world’s fourth largest information technology (IT) market by spend after the United States, Japan and Germany.

• Software

The Chinese software industry has undergone rapid development in the past 10 years. The revenue of the software industry in 2010 reached US$11.1 billion, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14 percent for the period spanning 2007-2010. The total value of the Chinese software market is forecast to reach US$12.9 billion in 2011. As of August 2010, China had 18,843 software enterprises and 67,912 software copyright registrations were handled in China in 2009.

The local market still lacks core technologies to develop, high-end software development talent and consistent high-quality software products. However this is beginning to change as local software developers start to bridge the gap by partnering and licensing foreign technology.

The Chinese market has good prospects for customized software products such as software for fleet management, healthcare, petrol stations, mobile marketing, and applications for farming.

• Hardware

According to BMI, the computer hardware industry revenue grew by 18.7 percent in 2010 to US$62.9 billion, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.4 percent for the period spanning 2007-2010. The roll-out of 3G mobile services by telecommunications network operators stimulated notebook sales. Recent government subsidy programs boosted demand for PC’s in the rural parts of China. According to government figures, around 414,000 computers have been sold under the programme. As the market matures, hardware’s share of the IT market is expected to decline to 65 percent due to the expected increase in IT services and software. China is the second biggest PC market in the world and with low penetration in rural areas, the indication is that there will be strong growth prospects going forward.

43 Although still only 1.7% of GDP, RTD spending has benefitted from the strong growth in the general economy. It is now planned to rise to 2.2% by 2015, i.e. some 80% in real terms (given 9% annual GDP growth

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• ICT production output 2009

Hardware products

Production Volumes (in Mio.)

Share of global productions (in %)

Mobile phones 619 49,9

Computers 182 60,9

Televisions 100 48,3

The main manufacturing areas for ICT hardware products are the Pearl River Delta in South China, the Yangzi River Delta in East China and the Bohai Bay Region in North China.

• Telecommunications

The telecommunications market was restructured in May 2008 in order to make the market more competitive for the upcoming release of 3G technology. The market is large and consists of three main telecom service providers: China Mobile, China Telecom and China Unicom.

The current telecommunications market is dominated by local companies. However, in line with China’s obligations due to WTO accession, sizeable foreign investment has come into China. China Mobile, through its subsidiary ChinaNet, has over 50 percent of the broadband market.

As of June 2010, China had 420 million internet users, 277 million mobile internet users and 115 million broadband subscribers. China had approximately 823 million mobile phone subscribers as of 2009, consisting of 795 million 2G and 28 million 3G subscribers. Despite being dwarfed by 2G, the 3G service has been growing rapidly since its introduction in January 2009.

In 2007, foreign companies were permitted to enter into joint ventures with Chinese telecommunications companies. In theory they are able to hold up to 49 percent of the company shares in mobile and/or fixed line services and a 50 percent stake in value added services. Areas such as data communication are relatively more deregulated than other areas such as fixed line services. However, there are extremely few foreign companies in this sector.

Lighthouses – Institutional and market player

China is a compelling market for EU companies: a much higher proportion of people in China use ICT products than in any other developing country with a similar per capita income. It is already the biggest ICT market in the world (some 830 million mobile phone and 440 million internet users). Its telecom operators are amongst the largest in the world (China Mobile is the largest in subscribers, c. 530 million). Two of the top six telecom equipment vendors by turnover are Chinese (Huawei and ZTE), while many web companies have grown rapidly (Tencent, Sina, Baidou, Youku, Kaixin, etc.), to displace the US incumbents and start to challenge them globally, often on the back of a protected home market.

The only EU operator left in the Chinese electronic communication market is Telefonica's (10% stake in China Unicom). EU equipment manufactures/vendors active in China are: Nokia Siemens, Ericsson and Alcatel-Lucent, competing mainly with local companies Huawei and ZTE.

The overall market share (2009) for mobile equipment in China is Nokia Siemens: 9%; Ericsson: 13.6%; ZTE: 24.9%; Huawei: 26.5%; Alcatel-Lucent: 8.6%; Motorola: 4.2%; Nortel: 0.6%; Samsung: 0.5%; Datang: 5.9%; others: 6.2%.

While EU companies still have a strong position in GSM networks (Eric: 30%, NSN: 20%, HW:20%, ALU: 15% ZTE:5%), they have been rapidly been losing market share in 3G and in fixed telecom

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(TD-SCDMA: HW: 35%, ZTE:35%, NSN:8%, Eric:5%, ALU 3%; W-CDMA: Eric 27%, HW 31%, ALU 9%, NSN 10%, ZTE 22%).

In business software, SAP is moving strongly into China. Its turnover in Asia-Pac (overwhelmingly in China) was some €1.3bn in 2010 (10% of total revenue). In other specific sectors, European ICT companies, e.g. smart cards (Gemalto, Giesecke & Devrient) or medical technology (Philips), possess significant competitive advantages, but their growth in China is affected by regulatory barriers.


The Chinese market is increasingly challenging for EU companies, including in the ICT sector. There is a growing State attention to support local suppliers of high-tech equipment (e.g. high speed trains, telecommunications network equipment, aircraft, space technology) via overarching policies (Indigenous Innovation), including restrictive regulations and practices, which can push foreign companies towards forcible technology transfer, allowing PRC companies to obtain access to foreign technology, amend it, and then sell it under a domestic brand. China's exports are also often accused to be unfairly advantaged by an undervalued Chinese currency, and excessive export credit lines.

Benefits from sharing know-how and resources via RTD cooperation are potentially significant, since the two sides are still often complementary. Generally, Chinese companies and academia suffer from a lack of truly leading-edge innovation, which they can obtain by collaborating with the EU, while EU entities can receive valuable market information and access to copious numbers of high-tech researchers at low labour rates.Efforts to foster open RTD environments in China and equitable IPR handling should be significantly strengthened. China ought to play a constructive role in international standardisation, while PRC standardisation activities should be fully open to EU participants.

At the level of strategic importance there are also specific INFSO topics where collaboration on the basis of mutual interest could be usefully pursued. They include Future and Emerging Technologies; Future Internet/IPv6/IoT; addressing the digital divide15; ICT in Education; ICT in relation to global challenges (Green Cities, e-Health, Smart Transport…); intelligent Manufacturing. Finally, discussions with China on international fora activities (in e.g. ITU, addressing standardisation, radio spectrum…) could be considered.

Current R&D and policy cooperation areas include:

• Chinese participation in the ICT programme: 105 participations in FP6. 29 participations in FP7 thus far (Call 7 excluded), ranking third among non-EEA countries.

• Future Internet / IPv6 / Internet of Things: Expert Groups have been set up to identify joint research and standardisation activities for these topics.

• E-infrastructures: DG INFSO has funded the development of a high-performance link between EU and Chinese researchers via the ORIENT and TEIN projects.

In the context of the preparation work for WP2013 and Horizon 2020 the following actions are being considered. If retained they will be materialised in the form of targeted calls and support actions:

• FIRE (Future internet research and experimentation) and IPv6 good practices: follow up of previous actions on FIRE, IPv6 and standardisation. Develop common standards is in the interest of Europe to be part of the growing ICT in China. A targeted coordination and support action in the FP7 Work Programme for 2013 with a budget of €2.0 Mio is supported.

• ICT for Smart Energy Cities: At the moment the two key players in smart cities are China and the Gulf Cooperation Countries. The FP7 NICE SA project is supporting actions exploring the use of ICT to make cities energy efficient within the initiative of the Covenant of Mayors (CoM - initially European initiative). It is mobilising initial efforts in mapping experiences in

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China and provides opportunities for standardisation that would facilitate access to new markets. In the recent EU-China dialogue the Chinese have expressed a wish to cooperate on green smart cities and measurement of the environmental impact of ICT. Taking these considerations into account, a targeted cooperation and support action in the FP7 ICT Work Programme 2013 with a budget of €2.0 Mio is supported.

• Parallel programming; Heterogeneous Computing; High-end Computing: Based on the outcome of currently running support actions the aim is to align international research roadmaps on specific topics of mutual interest. This action would also involve India and Latin America and the main focus would be placed in exploring the possibilities of existing S&T agreements through International forums and conferences.

• Robotics (standardization, safety, benchmarking, possibly certification): As first step to explore the links and areas for possible cooperation targeting not only China but covering several developed countries (US, Australia, Japan, Korea, Taiwan)


• eID and privacy : In the area of eID, collaboration with other countries could provide increased privacy protection for EU citizens

4.2.5 South Africa

Total market

South Africa with a population of almost 50 million people represents a large percentage of African wealth and economic development. South Africa is ranked 25th in the world in terms of GDP and the only African Member of G20. It is also ranked in the top 10 countries in the world for income inequality with a quarter of the population living on less than $2 a day.

South Africa has a major influence on the African continent, contributing alone to 1/3 of its total GDP and is a strategic entry point for companies and countries looking to do business in Africa. This explains notably the fact that China invited South Africa to formally join the BRIC group in December 2010 (now so called BRICS), despite other emerging markets would better fit the BRIC grouping according to their current GDP (e.g. Indonesia, Mexico, South Korea, Turkey). The strategic continental influence of South Africa (SA) is also the rationale behind the bilateral Strategic Partnership established with the EU in 2007.

The EU is South Africa's most important trade partner accounting for 28% of the value of South Africa trade flows (China comes 2nd with a share of 11.2%); South Africa ranks as the 14th EU international trade partner and is the EU's first trading partner in Africa.

ICT Market

South Africa has demonstrated consistent progress in moving into the electronic age despite limitations in its policy and regulatory environment. ICT diffusion is generally low, but mobile access is similar to that for OECD countries, while the Internet and broadband population is similar in size to developing countries. As regards ICT networks and services, though access to advanced communications such as broadband is limited by lack of effective competition, South Africa has a relatively vibrant private and public ICT sector. The range of new electronic media available provides a reasonably sound foundation for e-business, e-commerce and e-government, including innovations in mobile banking and mobile commerce.

The mobile communications market is dominated by Vodacom with just below 50% market share and MTN with 35% market share. The third entrant, Cell-C (14%) expands aggressively

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focusing on quasi-4G high speed offers. Telkom (fixed incumbent) launched mobile services in October 2010 (1%). The fixed line telecommunications market is represented mainly by the incumbent Telkom and an alternative state-owned Sentech.

The South African ICT market is the largest in Africa based on revenue and customers. Given the current level of national digital divide, its potential for development is considered extremely high. In recent years, the South African government invested substantially for the provision of robust ICT infrastructure in preparation for the 2010 Fifa Soccer World Cup.

As the leader of ICT development in Africa, South Africa is the 20th largest consumer of information technology (IT) products and services in the world. As an increasingly important contributor to South Africa’s gross domestic product, the country’s ICT and electronics sector is both sophisticated and developing. The country’s IT industry is characterized by technology leadership in the field of electronic banking services. South African companies are world leaders in pre-payment, revenue management and fraud prevention systems and in the manufacture of set-top boxes – all exported successfully to the rest of the world.


South Africa invests 1% of its GDP in Research and Development (around €2bn/year). The proportion of business sector R&D accounts for 57.7%, and is still the major performer of R&D in the country. The government, which includes the science councils, performs 21.7% of the total R&D, followed by the higher education sector with 19.4% and the non-profit sector with 1.2%. About 10.7% of South Africa’s R&D is financed from abroad.

ICT research excellence includes remote sensing, high performance computing, research and education networking, human language technologies, user interfaces, low cost wireless technologies, mesh networking, open source software, e-learning, e-inclusion, human factors and enterprise engineering, mobile applications including m-banking.


The significance of South Africa for the EU was consolidated with the establishment of a Strategic Partnership in 2007. The Strategic Partnership has two main pillars: (i) enhanced political dialogue on issues of shared interest like climate change, the global economy, bilateral trade, and peace and security matters and (ii) policy dialogues and sectoral cooperation on a broad range of areas (e.g. environment, science & technology, transport, space, ICT, etc.).

EU development co-operation with South Africa is financed from the EU budget (Development Cooperation Instrument) and has been operational since 1995. For the financial perspectives 2007-2013, the indicative amount assigned by the EU for co-operation with South Africa is €980 million, i.e. €140 million a year. The EU is the most important donor to South Africa by far: the Commission and EU Member States together provide approximately 70% of the total cooperation funds received by South Africa.

In the field of R&D, South Africa is currently the 5th ICT-RI/FP7 international partner. The current cooperation is developed on an opportunistic basis rather than on a strategic one given the absence of SICAs duly including SA as a target country and taking into account SA specific fields of expertise, leveraging bilateral cooperation to facilitate access to African ICT developing markets (R&D needs for adapting technology to local requirements and needs, addressing low ARPUs communities in particular). As a result, the set of ICT/FP7 projects involving South African organizations is very heterogeneous addressing various themes including RFID, nano-electronics,

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environmental management and energy efficiency, networked monitoring and control systems, information security, user interfaces and low cost technologies.

Cooperation has also been extremely successful in the field of e-Infrastructures research and education networking given the national initiatives related to the deployment of SANReN (the South African Research and Education Network) and the CHPC (the National Centre for High Performance Computing). In particular, the South African NReN TENET is a key member of the Ubuntunet Alliance (association of African NReNs). Unbuntunet is a partner in the AfricaConnect initiative for developing a regional high-speed backbone connecting regional NReNs to each other and to GEANT. There is also an excellent cooperation on the field of Grids and e-Science in general (e.g. radio astronomy; biotechnology.

The excellent relationship established with the DST (Department of Science and Technology – South Africa) should be exploited in a more strategic way, based on mutual interests and synergies between the SA national ICT research strategy 2020 and the DAE objectives. This should in particular rely on available FP instruments such as support actions and SICAs. South Africa prioritizes ICT research in the following domains:

• Mobile, Wireless and Satellite Technologies • Computational Science and High-Performance Computing • Geomatics and Spatial Technologies • Open Source, Software Engineering and Software Architecture • e-Education, e-Health • ICT for disability • Human languages technology • e-government and service delivery • ICT in manufacturing • Information security

Besides promoting joint research activities in those domains, cooperation should exploit initiatives to support local innovation and technology take-up, notably in the Living Labs domain. South Africa has notably set-up its national Association of Living Labs (LLiSA = Living Labs in Southern Africa) and cooperation with the European Network of Living Labs (ENoLL) has already been initiated.

Strong potential exists also in the field of research and education networking, given current South Africa national deployments such as SANReN (South Africa National Research and Education Networking) or CHPC (a world class Centre for High Performance Computing), mainly boosted by South Africa's willingness to win the current SKA (Square Kilometre Array) bid, for which South Africa is in competition with Australia.

Joint Activities There is a need to follow-up on projects with South-African involvement as well as to involve European IT key players in actions in South Africa. Special emphasis should be given to the topics Future internet Research and Experimentation (FIRE), IPv6 good practices and Living Labs. Therefore, a coordination and support action as part of the FP7 work programme 2013 with a budget of €1.0 Mio should be envisaged.

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5. Recommendations

1. Strengthen international cooperation in STI in Horizon 2020, including quantifiable and measureable targets

International cooperation in STI only played a minor role within the 7th European Research Framework Programme (FP7). In order to achieve the objectives outlined in the Horizon 2020 programme the EU must strengthen its international cooperation policy in STI. This includes higher levels of budget resources as well as clearly defined and quantifiable targets (number of participant from non-EU countries, joint patents/IP) which can be measured and reported.

2. Develop a new strategy for addressing international cooperation in STI

A strengthened international cooperation policy in STI must be based on a strong strategic approach in order to be sustainable and effective. Therefore, it is necessary to develop criteria for cooperation and define customized goals and instruments for different scientific areas and regions. This includes in depths analyses that focus among others on the STI capacity and economic performance of the target country, possible synergies, interests of the different partners, as well as issues of common concern like IPR, market access and risks.

3. Make the European ICT platforms a dedicated topic in the policy dialogue with 3rd countries

International cooperation in STI has direct impacts on a number of different policy areas. ICT in this context is in many respects a key enabler which provides or at least contributes to effective and smart solutions for a number of political and societal challenges in 3rd countries. Due to these characteristics the EU should include the European ICT platforms that firmly address current and future challenges into its policy dialogues with third countries and develop strategic research agendas with these countries. As additional instruments, ad-hoc STI groups for cooperation as well as direct collaboration with strategic partners that have a large capacity in STI should be considered.

4. Strengthen the EU’s policy on Intellectually Property Rights (IPR)

Protection and enforcement of intellectual property are crucial for the EU's ability to compete in the global economy. At the same time, EU growth and jobs are hampered when European ideas, brands and products are pirated and counterfeited. The aim in international cooperation in STI must be develop win-win partnerships with non-EU countries. This must include not only the sharing of resources but also the exploitation of results. In order to allow such kind of collaboration an open innovation scheme must be developed which not only protect the background IP of the partners, but also makes the sharing of new foreground IP possible. In addition, it must be allowed that IP from EU-funded projects can also be exploited outside the EU if this is beneficial to the European partners.

5. Keep European R&D programmes open for participation from external partners and further simplify the applied instruments

Open European R&D support programmes for external partners are a key requirement for allowing international cooperation in STI with the EU. However, it is important the instruments applied are designed in a simple and functional way. This includes fast procedures for the development and implementation of work programmes that shall not exceed 9 months from call opening until the final approval of a project. The set of cooperation instruments must also consider competition concerns like IPR, state aid or the unfair protection of domestic markets. Instruments for cooperation must include joint test beds outside the EU, joint pilots on strategic themes as well as joint innovation calls with user communities in target markets.

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6. Develop customized ICT-focussed instruments for Horizon 2020

ICT is one of the most globalized technologies in the world. While certain non-EU-countries are strong in the field ICT-applications like Japan (particularly mobile applications) and the US, European companies are leading in ICT-platforms for enterprise software or in the field of internet of services. In order to address this market situation, instruments should be developed that create a win-win situation for both sides, including strategic alliances which bring together European and third countries’ specific strengths in certain technology fields. Besides, there is a need to develop targeted R&D co-operations with regional organizations and third countries on strategic ICT topics. In addition, frameworks should be established that allow for the deployment of European ICT-technology in third countries’ labs.

7. Continue EU intervention into Future Internet activities

In order to support the European industry and academic environment in remaining a strong position in global markets, the EU should continue to invest into programs that are devoted for ICT Future Internet actions, including communication technologies and infrastructure architectures. These programs should demonstrate a large degree of flexibility in terms of content and execution as well as openness for international collaboration. Already existing instruments like the Future Internet PPP should be opened for external participation and be further aligned for concerted efforts. Joint calls should be considered in this context to allow for intensified international cooperation and a broader adoption of the FI PPP results. In addition, the EU should focus on European standards in this field and to further develop them to common/de-facto standards. This shall ensure that the EU maintains its leading position in the field of Future Internet.

8. Make Cyber Security a dominant topic for international cooperation in STI

Cyber Security is a global concern which affects any society in the world. As such solutions are needed that are applicable world-wide while they protect the open and global character of the cyberspace. This cross-border nature of threats makes it essential to focus on strong international cooperation. Many measures will only be effective if they are aligned or implemented at an international level. Therefore a comprehensive approach in R&D is required, including contributions from governance, organizational, legal, operational and educational domains. The EU should therefore make cyber security a dominant topic for international cooperation in STI. Strong candidates for partnership include the US, Australia, and Japan.

9. Support European companies in collaborating with external partners in the field of Micro-Electronics

R&D in micro-electronics is a cost-intensive activity. Therefore global alliances and consortia have been formed in order to share the costs, efforts and results of joint programs and benefit from economies of scale. In view of this, the EU should not lag behind this development and establish partnerships with companies and countries outside Europe. The 450 mm wafer transition would be an excellent example for joint R&D cooperation.

10. Exploit the vast potential of Wireless Sensor Networks

While the development of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) was originally motivated by military applications, in the course of time a range of additional industrial and civilian application areas have emerged, such as machine health monitoring, disaster management, environmental monitoring, healthcare, home automation, aerospace and aviation, automotive and ambient assisted living. The commercialization of WSNs has already started with applications such as automating meter readings in buildings, and manufacture and process control automation. However, there are still open topics that need intensified R&D efforts, for example battery technologies, energy harvesting techniques or sensor networks. Results may contribute to

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solving current and emerging societal challenges. Therefore, the EU should take up this opportunity and increase its R&D efforts in this area. Specific potential for cooperation is present with the US and South Korea who are the leading actors in the field of WSN. International collaboration can further handle pitfalls like standard adaptation delays, lack of total solution, scalability issues and high costs.

11. Active involvement and targeted approach on future urban development and e-mobility

Future urban development and e-mobility are main intervention areas when it comes to global future trends. These technologies contribute to the development of solutions for a number of societal challenges, specifically climate change, urbanization, mobility and growing populations. International cooperation offers possibilities to early address these challenges by testing and piloting new mobility concepts and technologies in challenging environments (mega-cities) and regions that already face problems that are expected to reach Europe in the coming decades. Furthermore, international cooperation in future mobility technologies enables European companies to benefit from development and catch-up processes in emerging markets that long for modern transport and mobility systems. The EU should actively accompany these developments not only with initiatives inside the EU like the European Green Cars initiative but also through an active involvement in strategic regions and countries like China and India as well as Japan and the USA.

12. Intensify cooperation with strategic countries in the field of ICT for inclusion

ICT for inclusion / e-inclusion is a prominent topic within the Digital Agenda for Europe. The wide nature of this subject with connections to topics like digital literacy, ageing and skills as well as to societal groups like elderly or disabled people, create a number of links to ICT technologies and services. Research in ICT in this area contains considerable potential to provide for smart solutions for these challenges, while at the same time for savings potential (e-health / telemedicine) and higher quality of life (disabled / elderly people). In order to reduce R&D costs and risks the EU should intensify collaboration with market leaders in certain fields and cooperate with countries that face similar challenges like the USA and Japan. Common activities should include joint R&D activities as well as joint pilots and deployment actions.

13. Strengthen Europe’s strong global position in Enterprise Software

Among the strongest playing fields in ICT for European industry is enterprise software. The German “Software Cluster” is among the top three leading clusters on enterprise software with a very large number of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). International cooperation should help to give SMEs better access to international markets. Combining this issue with the FI PPP initiative, activities in the Internet of Services spectrum as well as trusted cloud initiatives could create a powerful platform for European software companies to form world leading players in this domain, next to the well established companies like SAP.

14. Intensify collaboration on standards with partners in non-EU industrialized countries

Mature markets, like in the US, Japan, Australia or South Korea are interesting and attractive while at the same time challenging environments for the EU. They provide for immediate market and sales opportunities for European companies but are also highly competitive which make international cooperation in many ways difficult. An area for cooperation is standards. They are regarded as innovation drivers thereby creating mutual benefits for all partners. Therefore, the EU should consider this area as a potential opportunity for justifying international cooperation with these countries and thus reinforce the development and adoption of European driven standards. Connected with this exercise is the regular conduction of technology radar screenings by the European Commission.

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15. Strengthen international cooperation in STI with the BRIC-countries

The BRIC-countries are emerging economies bearing a number of opportunities for European companies. They bear strong growth and innovation potential and allow for rapid development and catch-up processes. These future markets are strategic for the EU and call for stronger European involvement. International cooperation in STI can be seen as door opener to develop joint structures and mutual trust. At the same it is contributing to penetrate new markets. However, certain risks (political and legal environment, industrial espionage) are connected with a stronger presence of the EU in these countries which call for a strong EU policy in areas like IPR-protection, open markets and trade relations.

16. Develop a Communication from the European Commission on international cooperation in science, technology and innovation (STI)

International cooperation in STI is strengthening the EU’s excellence and attractiveness in research and innovation as well as its economic and industrial competitiveness. Besides, international cooperation contributes to tackling global societal challenges effectively and also supports external and development policy objectives of the EU, thereby complementing external and development programs. As these issues concern all EU Member States in a similar way and in order to create biggest impact and added-value for all partners, the EU should address international cooperation in STI in a joint way. Therefore the European Commission should develop a communication in which it defines the benefits and strategic values of international cooperation in this area and outlines a framework for a common European approach.

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6. List of Authors

• Prof. Dr. Lutz Heuser (Vice-Chair ISTAG / Chair ISTAG Working Group on International Cooperation / CEO; AGT Germany / CTO; AGT International)

• Dr. Josef Affenzeller (Director; R&D AVL) • Paolo Dario (Director; Polo Sant’Anna) • Prof. Gilbert Declerck (Executive Officer; IMEC) • Franc Dolenc (CTO; MediaInteractive.tv) • Norbert Eder (Director; Public Affairs and Strategic Positioning AGT

International) • Prof. Wendy Hall (Chair ISTAG / Professor; University of Southampton) • Prof. Dr. Hermann Koeptz (Head; Institute of Computer Engineering; TU Wien) • Prof. Maarja Kruusmaa (Professor; Tallinn University of Technology) • Magnus Madfors (Director; R&D Policy Ericsson) • Dr. Carmen Moldovan (Head of Lab; IMT – Bucharest) • Prof. Ferran Sanz (Director, Research Program on Biomedical Informatics; IMIM) • Luis Miguel da Silva (Director; Technology Evaluation PT Inovacao)

• Ashok Sekaran Chandra (Senior Researcher AGT Germany) • Bernd Sandbrink (Platte-Consult Brussels) • Panajeutis Kikiras (Senior Researcher AGT Germany)

7. Bibliography and references

DG INFSO, "ISTAG INCO Working Group: Terms of Reference"

DG INFSO country profiles – internal document

European Commission, "A Strategic European Framework for International Science and Technology Cooperation – Communication from the Commission to the Council and European Parliament", 2008

Prato, G.; Nepelski, D.; Stancik, J – "Internationalisation of ICT R&D"; JRC Scientific and Technical Reports, Joint Research Centre - Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS – JRC), 2011 Simon, Jean Paul - "The ICT Landscape in BRICS Countries: Brazil, India, China", Joint Research Centre Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS – JRC), 2011

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FP7 – ICT thematic priority of the Cooperation Programme

International Cooperation activities

(Based on data Dec 2011)

N°

projects N°

participations N°

Participants EC Funding

NORTH AMERICA ICT 68 78 59 6.288.123 €

LATIN AMERICA ICT 70 86 65 6.468.891 €

ASIA ICT 99 109 79 8.981.394 €

AUSTRALASIA ICT 31 32 13 1.933.365 €

AFRICA ICT 84 90 55 5.150.973 €

RUSSIA and NIS ICT 57 70 55 6.614.095 €

International Cooperation - funding distribution

NORTH AMERICA18%

LATIN AMERICA18%

ASIA25%

AUSTRALASIA5%

AFRICA15%

RUSSIA and NIS19%

NORTH AMERICA LATIN AMERICA ASIA AUSTRALASIA AFRICA RUSSIA and NIS

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N°

projects N°

participations N°

Participants EC Funding

Canada ICT 20 22 15 469.261 €

United States ICT 48 56 44 5.818.862 €

Argentina ICT 10 12 10 745.329 €

Brazil ICT 20 25 19 3.020.189 €

Chile ICT 8 10 9 581.298 €

Colombia ICT 10 14 10 704.874 €

Mexico ICT 9 9 3 523.924 €

Rest of Latin America ICT 13 16 14 893.277 €

China ICT 38 46 34 4.270.566 €

India ICT 18 28 19 2.280.256 €

Japan ICT 16 17 11 1.105.393 €

Korea ICT 15 15 10 197.589 €

Rest of Asia ICT 30 31 24 1.127.590 €

Australia ICT 24 25 11 1.045.266 €

New Zealand ICT 7 7 2 888.099 €

Mediterranean Partnership ICT 18 21 14 1.433.220 €

South Africa ICT 15 16 8 1.434.237 €

Rest of Africa ICT 51 53 33 2.283.516 €

Russia ICT 25 34 28 5.101.844 €

Other NIS ICT 32 46 27 1.512.251 €

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International Cooperation - Country distribution

1% 16%2%

9%

2%

2%

1%

3%

12%6%

3%

1%

3%

3%

3%

4%

4%

6%

14%4%

3%

1%Canada United States ArgentinaBrazil Chile ColombiaMexico Rest of Latin America ChinaIndia Japan KoreaRest of Asia Australia New ZealandMediterranean Partnership South Africa Rest of AfricaRussia Other NIS

3%

1%Canada United States ArgentinaBrazil Chile ColombiaMexico Rest of Latin America ChinaIndia Japan KoreaRest of Asia Australia New ZealandMediterranean Partnership South Africa Rest of AfricaRussia Other NIS

European Commission

ICT research and innovation in a globalised world

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union

2012 — 72 pp. — 21 x 29,7 cm

ICT research and innovation in a globalised world

Documents

Transcript of ICT research and innovation in a globalised world