INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

ERWIN MARLON R. SARIOINSTRUCTOR

HISTORY OF COMPUTERCOUNTING DEVICES

The Salamis TabletThe oldest surviving counting board used by the Babylonians circa 300 B.C. discovered on the island of Salamis in 1846.

The Roman Hand Abacus or Roman Counting Board 300 C.E. was the first portable counting board. It was thought that early Christians brought it to the east.

Chinese Abacus or Suan Pan was first chronicled circa 1200 C.E. in China. The device was made of wood and metal reinforcement.

Schoty is a Russian Abacus invented in the 17th Century and still used today in some parts.

A Quipu, or knot-record (also called Khipu) 900 C.E., was a method used by the Incas and other ancient Andean cultures to keep records and communicate information.

The Soroban is an abacus developed in Japan. It is derived from the ancient Chinese Suanpan, imported to Japan in the 14th century. Like the Suanpan, the Soroban is still used today, despite the proliferation of practical and affordable pocket electronic calculators.

Napier's bones is a manually-operated calculating device created by John Napier of Merchiston for calculation of products and quotients of numbers.

Pascaline, also called Arithmetic Machine, the first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used. The Pascaline was designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644.

The step reckoner (or stepped reckoner) was a digital mechanical calculator invented by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz around 1672 and completed in 1694. The name comes from the translation of the German term for its operating mechanism, Staffelwalze, meaning 'stepped drum'.

The Jacquard loom is a power loom, invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard, first demonstrated in 1801, that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with such complex patterns as brocade, damask and matelassé.

The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, a design for a mechanical computer.

The Tabulating Machine was an electromechanical machine designed to assist in summarizing information and, later, accounting. Invented by Herman Hollerith, the machine was developed to help process data for the 1890 U.S. Census.

The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC), called Mark I by Harvard University’s staff, was a general purpose electromechanical computer that was used in the war effort during the last part of World War II.The original concept was presented to IBM by Howard Aiken in November 1937.

Colossus was the name of a set of computers developed by British codebreakers in 1943-1945 to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Colossus used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) to perform Boolean and counting operations. Colossus is thus regarded as the world's first programmable, electronic, digital computer, although it was programmed by switches and plugs and not by a stored program.

THE AGE OF VACUUM TUBES: FIRST GENERATION Alternatively referred to

as an electron tube or valve and first developed by John Ambrose Fleming in 1904. The vacuum tube is a glass tube that has its gas removed, creating a vacuum. Vacuum tubes contain electrodes for controlling electron flow and were used in early computers as a switch or an amplifier.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was the world's first general-purpose computer. ENIAC was designed and built for the United States Army to calculate artillery firing tables. 1946

UNIVAC is the name of a line of electronic digital stored-program computers starting with the products of the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Later the name was applied to a division of the Remington Rand company and successor organizations. UNIVAC is an acronym for UNIVersal Automatic Computer. 1951

SECOND GENERATION: THE ERA OF TRANSISTOR

A transistor is a semiconductor device with at least three terminals for connection to an electric circuit. The vacuum-tube triode, also called a (thermionic) valve, was the transistor's precursor, introduced in 1907.

An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit (also referred to as an IC, a chip, or a microchip) is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece (or "chip") of semiconductor material, normally silicon. An IC can be made much smaller than a discrete circuit made from independent electronic components - a modern chip may have several billion transistors in an area the size of a human fingernail.

THIRD GENERATION: INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

A microprocessor is a computer processor which incorporates the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven, register based, programmable electronic device which accepts digital or binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results as output. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic. Microprocessors operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary numeral system.

FOURTH GENERATION: MICROPROCESSOR