ICSTI 2014 October 21, 2014 (Tue) 1130 1200 At …...CiRA iPS eng. / 2010 P 2 Gurdon initializing...

Eiichi YAMAGUCHI

Kyoto University

Kyoto, Japan

Structures of creating

breakthrough innovation

ICSTI 2014

October 21, 2014 (Tue) 1130 – 1200

At Miraikan, Tokyo

1. General Theory for Breakthroughs

2. Academic Landscape

3. Comparison of SBIR between U.S. and

Japan on Academic Landscape

4. Comparison of SBIR Bio-medical

Industry between U.S. and Japan

CONTENTS







Copyright © 2014 Prof. YAMAGUCHI Eiichi, Kyoto University

Soil

Knowledge Creation

(Research)

Kn

ow

led

ge

em

bo

dim

en

t

(Develo

pm

ent)

A (Existing

Technology）

Abduction

P (Created

Knowledge)

Innovation Diagram

A’ (Paradigm

Sustaining

Innovation)

Deduction

S (Existing

Knowledge）

A* (Paradigm

Disruptive

Innovation)

ASPA*=

Breakthrough

Type 1 Field of

Resonance

Induction


Science

(crystal-

lography)

Akasaki:

Challenge to lattice-

mismatched crystal

growth (paradigm

disruption). / 1970s

Amano &

Akasaki: Realize

p-GaN（LEEBI

method）. /1988

Nakamura et al.:

Develop InGaN LED /1992

Nakamura et

al.: Integrate

three.

Matsuoka et al.:

Challenge to InGaN

growth.

Matsuoka et al.:

Realize InGaN

growth. /1989

Paradigm

sustaining

innovation

ZnSe LED

Amano &

Akasaki:

Realize GaN

growth (AlN

buffer

method)

/1985

Nakamura：

By 2 flow

method /1990

Nakamura: Realize

GaN growth （GaN

buffer method.

/1991 Nakamura &

Iwasa:

Realize p-GaN

（Anneal

method）./199

1

Nakamura:

descend to

the “Soil”.

/1989

Akasaki: Challenge

to p-type GaN

growth.

Existing

technology

for LED (IR

and red)

All major farms

withdrew

/1995-1997

Shimizu et al.:

Realize White LED

/ 1996 Ogawa (CEO of

Nichia Corp.):

Decide to invest

/1993

Kn

ow

led

ge e

mb

od

imen

t

Innovation diagram: Blue LED

~ 200B$ light

industry / 2020

Bu

sin

ess m

od

el

Soil

Knowledge creation

A (Existing

Technology)

A’ (Paradigm

Sustaining

Technology)

A* (Paradigm Disruptive

Technology)

B’

P

P2

S

A2*

B

Type 3

Type 2

Type 1

Soil

Road-mappable

Type 0

General Theory for Breakthrough

Field of

Resonance

Ded

ucti

on

Abduction


Ded

ucti

on

Abduction

Innovation Diagram: iPS Cells

A

Empirical

biology

Wilmut

Cloned

sheep

/ 1996

Evans

Discovery

of ES cells

/ 1981

P3

New innovation of

bio-industry / 201?

A2*

iPS regenera-

tive medicine

/ 201?

Yamanaka:

Human iPS /

2007

Watson & Crick

Discovery of

DNA / 1953

P

Physics

S

Empirical

medicine

Biogenetics

Bio-

informatics

A*

Study of

differentiation /

2006 Thomson:

Human ES

cells

/ 1998

Yamanaka:

Discovery

of iPS cells

/ 2006

P4

Yamanaka:

Initializing

cells by EST

database/

1999

CiRA

iPS eng. /

2010

P2

Gurdon

initializing

cells by

nuclear

implantation / 1962

Embryology







CONTENTS








Psychology

Economics Philosophy

Business Study

Geography

Linguistics

Archaeology

Literature Politics

Sociology

Anthropology

Information Eng.

Electronics Eng.

Mechanical Eng.

Chemical Eng.

Biotechnology

Earth Science

Geology

Academic

Landscape

Physics

Life Science

Ecology

Dentistry

Dietetics

Anatomy

Pharmacy

Physiology

Household

Medicine

Biology

Nursing

Biochemistry

Mathematics

Commercial

Science

Science Humanity

biotic

abiotic Unconscious Conscious

by Y. Fujita, M. Kawaguchi and E. Yamaguchi

Pedagogy

Agriculture

Chemistry

Electrical Eng.

Informatics

Law


One decagon of 9 (+1) core

disciplines which provides

mutual hub are surrounded by 5

clusters.

Psychology


Business Study

Geography

Linguistics

Archaeology

Literature Politics

Sociology

Anthropology

Information Eng.

Electronics Eng.

Mechanical Eng.

Chemical Eng.

Biotechnology

Earth Science

Geology

Academic

Landscape

Physics

Life Science

Ecology

Dentistry

Dietetics

Anatomy

Pharmacy

Physiology

Household

Medicine

Biology

Nursing

Biochemistry

Mathematics

Commercial

Science

Science Humanity

biotic



Pedagogy

Agriculture

Chemistry

Electrical Eng.

Informatics

Law


D

E

A

B

C

A=Social/Human cluster

B=Management cluster

C=Geo-science cluster

D=Engineering cluster

E=Bio-science cluster

Core

Psychology


Business Study

Geography

Linguistics

Archaeology

Literature Politics

Sociology

Anthropology

Information Eng.

Electronics Eng.

Mechanical Eng.

Chemical Eng.

Biotechnology

Earth Science

Geology

Physics

Life Science

Ecology

Dentistry

Dietetics

Anatomy

Pharmacy

Physiology

Household

Medicine

Biology

Nursing

Biochemistry

Mathematics

Commercial

Science

Academic

Landscape

Science Humanity

biotic



Pedagogy

Agriculture

Chemistry

Electrical Eng.

Informatics

Law








CONTENTS








U.S. started the SBIR program in 1982.

Federal must set aside 2.5 percent of R&D

funds for SBIR ($2 billion / year).

the process consists of three phases.

Japan started its own SBIR program in 1999

inspired by the American SBIR

It is not mandatory for ministries.

It is just one of the subsidization programs for

SME.

What is SBIR Program? : U.S. and Japan


http://www.sbir.gov/

0.53

68.23

1.33

0.64

0.48

Engineering

Graduate

Undergrad.

Master degree

3.46

Graduate

High

School and

tech.

college

20.58

1.39

3.36

Psychology


Business Study

Geography

Linguistics

Archaeology

Literature Politics

Sociology

Anthropology

Pedagogy

Information Eng.

Electronics Eng.

Mechanical Eng.

Chemical Eng.

Earth Science

Geology

Physics

Life Science

Ecology

Dentistry

Dietetics

Anatomy

Pharmacy

Physiology

Household

Medicine

Biology

Agriculture

Nursing

Biochemistry

Mathematics

Commercial

Science

Chemistry

Science Humanity

biotic


In Japan, leading-edge knowledge produced under the soil has no

linkage to the innovation initiated by SBIR since 1999.

PhD of Principal Investigator

for SBIR start-ups

Japan 1998-2010 Unit: %

Total 3559

Unknown 1663

Biotechnology

Electrical Eng.

Informatics

Law


11.16 3.41

6.20

0.31

1.40

10.54

0.78

Other engineering

6.20

2.95

2.95

2.79

0.78

6.98

0.62

3.10

2.79

0.62

6.20 3.26

0.31

Psychology


Business Study

Geography

Linguistics

Archaeology

Literature Politics

Sociology

Anthropology

Information Eng.

Electronics Eng.

Mechanical Eng.

Electrical Eng.

Biotechnology

Earth Science

Geology

Physics

Life Science

Ecology

Dentistry

Dietetics

Anatomy

Pharmacy

Physiology

Household

Medicine

Biology

Agriculture Nursing

Biochemistry

Mathematics

Commercial

Science

Informatics

Science Humanity

biotic



for SBIR start-ups

U.S. 2011 Unit: %

Total 1034

Unknown 389

In U.S., leading-edge knowledge produced under the soil have been

systematically converted to the innovation by SBIR since 1982.

Pedagogy

Chemical Eng.

Chemistry

12.09

Graduate

Undergrad.

Master degree

14.26

Law


Psychology


Business Study

Geography

Linguistics

Archaeology

Literature Politics

Sociology

Anthropology

Information Eng.

Electronics Eng.

Mechanical Eng.

Electrical Eng.

Biotechnology

Earth Science

Geology

Physics

Life Science

Ecology

Dentistry

Dietetics

Anatomy

Pharmacy

Physiology

Household

Medicine

Biology

Agriculture Nursing

Biochemistry

Mathematics

Commercial

Science

Informatics

Science Humanity

biotic



for SBIR start-ups

U.S. 1983 - 2012 5639 within

total 46354

In U.S., most principal investigators put pivot legs on life sciences and

other legs on core sciences since 1982.

Pedagogy

Chemical Eng.

Chemistry

Law








CONTENTS








Source: JETRO, Trade statistics database

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

12 000

14 000

16 000

Exports

Imports

(Year)

(100M JPY)

Drug export and import in Japan

Phase

transition

Deficit of 1trillion

yen/year

Imports

Exports

by S. Yamamoto and E. Yamaguchi Copyright © 2014 Prof. YAMAGUCHI Eiichi, Kyoto University

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

30000019

86

19

87

19

88

19

89

19

90

19

91

19

92

19

93

19

94

19

95

19

96

19

97

19

98

19

99

20

00

20

01

20

02

20

03

20

04

20

05

20

06

20

07

20

08

20

09

20

10

20

11

20

12

SBIR/STTR (Phase II)

SBIR/STTR (Phase I)

Non-SBIR/STTR (1982-)

Non-SBIR/STTR (-1981)

An

nu

al R

even

ue /

US

$ M

illio

n

SBIR/Japan version

Non-SBIR/Japan version (1999-)

Non-SBIR/Japan version (-1998)SB

IR/J

apan

ver

sion

Japan

Prescription drugs sales: Revenue

U.S.

U.S.：Total revenue of

SBIR start-ups =

$ 317 billion

Japan：Total

revenue of

SBIR start-ups

= $ 107 million


0%

500%

1000%

1500%

2000%

2500%

3000%

3500%

4000%

4500%

5000%

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

1000000

SBIRグラント金額累計(A) 付加価値額累計(B) SBIR Total Award by HHS (I) Revenue + M&A (R)

US SBIR: Return on Investment A

mo

un

t (M

illi

on

US

$)

Retu

rn o

n In

vestm

en

t R

/I


-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

US SBIR awardees

US matching firm

JP SBIR awardees

JP matching firm

Avera

ge c

hang

e in s

ale

s (

M$)

Comparison in growth of SBIR awardees

米国 ’85’95

Lerner

Japan ’06’11

Inoue

SB

IR

SB

IR

No

n S

BIR

No

n S

BIR

J. Lerner, J. Business, 72(3), ’99.

We proved that the Japanese SBIR policy is a complete failure. It is

necessary to reorganize the innovation policy in Japan from scratch.

H. Inoue and E. Yamaguchi,

MPRA 53898.

mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/53898/


1. To realize the 21st innovation model as I proposed, it is needed

to encourage the “abduction and transilience” for innovators.

2. The U.S. has succeeded in making the innovation eco-systems

consisting of “abduction and transilience” mechanism for

innovators by enforcing SBIR since 1982. Especially, the

SBIR has given rise to a remarkable effect on creating bio-

medical industry in U.S.

3. On the other hand, Japan has failed to make the innovation

eco-systems, although it has operated SBIR since 1999. This

is because the Japanese SBIR has no thought at all to

encourage the “abduction and transilience” for innovators.

4. Japan must encourage the scientists to be entrepreneurs by

enforcing exactly the same SBIR as American one.

Conclusion


ICSTI 2014 October 21, 2014 (Tue) 1130 1200 At …...CiRA iPS eng. / 2010 P 2 Gurdon initializing...

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