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Ujc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd Urhak0^crlmrghfi @usthbc, EclcfehfiEcgmbraby

^rml. Er. Ocatrhbc ec Iraal, Khcsoctj vaf ecrJchec, Raohfc Yafgadcr & Eaaf Yciicgafs 

HBBU _cscarbj ^apcr@ufc ?>12

Mf ?5 Auiust ?>1?, tjc `ueics ml tjc Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt passce tjchr lhfak vcrehbt hf tjc basc ml AfecrsOcjrhfi Orchvhd, ecbkarhfi Orchvhd brhghfakky safc afe kciakky rcspmfshokc lmr tjc dhkkhfi ml 99 pcmpkc eurhfi

tjc omgohfi ml imvcrfgcft ouhkehfis hf Mskm afe tjc sjmmthfi sprcc mf tjc hskafe ml Stúya mf ?? @uky

?>11. Ujhs HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr cxaghfcs tm wjat cxtcft tjc Orchvhd trhak attahfce tjc imaks

ml brhghfak `usthbc0 rctrhouthmf, prcvcfthmf, rcstmrhfi ecgmbrathb mrecr afe upjmkehfi tjc rukc ml kaw.

Lurtjcrgmrc, ht ahgs tm ectcrghfc hl tjc trhak bmftrhoutce tm tjc fcce lmr bkmsurc hf smbhcty. Ujc papcr

bmfbkuecs tjat tjc trhak ehe hfecce javc a pmshthvc hgpabt mf tjc bmphfi gcbjafhsgs hf Fmrwcihaf

smbhcty afe tjat gmst Fmrwcihafs vhcwce tjc trhak as a pmshthvc bmuftcr-wchijt tm tjc orutakhty ml

Orchvhd‘s abts.  Mvcrakk, tjc trhak was vhcwce as af cxagpkc ml `usthbc afe as a trhak tjat upjcke tjc

ecgmbrathb vakucs ml Fmrwcihaf smbhcty ‒ hf stard bmftrast tm Orchvhd‘s vakucs. 

8/16/2019 ICCT de Graaf Et Al the Anders Behring Breivik Trial August 2013

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Aomut tjc Autjmrs

Ocatrhbc ec Iraal hs ^rmlcssmr ml Bmflkhbt afe Rcburhty hf Jhstmrhbak ^crspcbthvc at tjc Bcftrc lmr Ucrrmrhsg afe

Bmuftcrtcrrmrhsg (BUB) ml Bagpus Ujc Jaiuc - Kchecf Sfhvcrshty, afe a _cscarbj Lckkmw at tjc Hftcrfathmfak

Bcftrc lmr Bmuftcr Ucrrmrhsg  ‒ Ujc Jaiuc. Rjc hs a gcgocr ml tjc cehtmrhak omare ml Rtuehcs hf Bmflkhbt afe

Ucrrmrhsg, ^crspcbthvcs mf Ucrrmrhsg, @murfak ml Curmpcaf Hftckkhicfbc Rtuehcs4 afe tjc Pchtsbjrhlt lûr

Auswårthic ufe Rhbjcrjchtspmkhthd. Ec Iraal hfhthatce a rcscarbj tjcgc irmup mf tjc tmphb ml 'Ucrrmrhsg Urhaks',wjhbj ecaks whtj tjc whecr smbhak afe pmkhthbak bauscs afe bmfscqucfbcs ml tcrrmrhsg trhaks hf tjc Ycst.

Khcsoctj vaf ecr Jchec hs a rcscarbjcr afe kcbturcr at Bcftrc lmr Ucrrmrhsg afe Bmuftcrtcrrmrhsg (BUB), Kchecf

Sfhvcrshty- Bagpus tjc Jaiuc. Jcr rcscarbj bcftcrs armufe kmfc wmkl tcrrmrhsg, scburhthzathmf hf Hftcrfathmfak

_ckathmfs afe tjc pmkhthbak, `uehbhak afe smbhak hgpabt ml tcrrmrhst trhaks. Rjc hs a gcgocr ml tjc omare ml tjc

Eutbj-Lkcghsj Fctwmrd lmr Ucrrmrhsg _cscarbjcrs, a gcgocr ml tjc _cscarbj Rbjmmk ml ^mkhthbak Jhstmry afe

tcabjcs bmurscs lmbushfi mf Rcburhty hf Jhstmrhbak ^crspcbthvc afe ^cabc afe Yar at Kchecf Sfhvcrshty  ‒ Bagpus

Ujc Jaiuc.

Raohfc Yafgadcr  hs emhfi jcr ^jE hf Bkhfhbak ^sybjmkmiy at tjc Crasgus Sfhvcrshty _mttcreag. Jcr tjcshs

lmbuscs mf a fcw bmifhthvc trcatgcft lmr psybjmpatjmkmiy4 a wmrdhfi gcgmry trahfhfi. Mtjcr stuehcs ml jcr arc

aomut bmphfi afe trauga. Hf tjc Afecrs Orchvhd trhak sjc stuehce tjc cllcbt ml tjc trhak mf bmphfi.

Eaaf Yciicgafs hs a rcscarbjcr afe kcbturcr at tjc Bcftrc lmr Ucrrmrhsg afe Bmuftcrtcrrmrhsg (BUB), Kchecf

Sfhvcrshty- Bagpus tjc Jaiuc. Jc bmfeubtce rcscarbj hf Mskm mf tjc Afecrs Orchvhd trhak. Carkhcr puokhbathmfs

lmbusce mf raehbakhzathmf, fcw tcbjfmkmihcs afe bmuftcrtcrrmrhsg gcasurcs. Burrcftky jc hs rcscarbjhfi tjc rmkc

ml tjc pmkhbc hf ecraehbakhzathmf prmirags. Lmr tjc Ucrrmrhsg _cscarbj Hfhthathvc (U_H) Yciicgafs hs bmuftry

bmmrehfatmr afe a gcgocr ml tjc omare ml tjc Eutbj-Lkcghsj Fctwmrd lmr Ucrrmrhsg _cscarbjcrs.

Aomut HBBU - Ujc Jaiuc

Ujc Hftcrfathmfak Bcftrc lmr Bmuftcr-Ucrrmrhsg (HBBU)  ‒ Ujc Jaiuc hs af hfecpcfecft dfmwkceic bcftrc tjat

lmbuscs mf hflmrgathmf brcathmf, bmkkathmf afe ehsscghfathmf pcrtahfhfi tm tjc prcvcftathvc afe hftcrfathmfak

kciak aspcbts ml bmuftcr-tcrrmrhsg. Ujc bmrc ml HBBU‘s wmrd bcftrcs mf subj tjcgcs as ec - afe bmuftcr-

raehbakhsathmf, jugaf rhijts, hgpufhty, tjc rukc ml kaw afe bmggufhbathmf hf rckathmf tm bmuftcr-tcrrmrhsg.

Lufbthmfhfi as a fubkcus whtjhf tjc hftcrfathmfak bmuftcr-tcrrmrhsg fctwmrd, HBBU  ‒ Ujc Jaiuc cfecavmurs tm

bmffcbt abaecghbs, pmkhbygadcrs afe prabththmfcrs oy prmvhehfi a pkatlmrg lmr prmeubthvc bmkkaomrathmf,

prabthbak rcscarbj, cxbjafic ml cxpcrthsc afe afakyshs ml rckcvaft sbjmkarky lhfehfis. Oy bmffcbthfi tjc

dfmwkceic ml cxpcrts tm tjc hssucs tjat pmkhbygadcrs arc bmflrmftce whtj, HBBU  ‒ Ujc Jaiuc bmftrhoutcs tm tjc

strcfitjcfhfi ml omtj rcscarbj afe pmkhby. Bmfscqucftky, avcfucs tm fcw afe hffmvathvc smkuthmfs arc

hecfthlhce, wjhbj whkk rchflmrbc omtj jugaf rhijts afe scburhty.

Bmftabt

HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc

Dmfhfihf @ukhafapkchf 1>

^.M. Omx 12??:

?3>1 CC, Ujc Jaiuc

Ujc Fctjcrkafes

U +21 (>)9> :>> 8321

C hflmNhbbt.fk 

 Akk papcrs baf oc emwfkmaece lrcc ml bjaric at  www.hbbt.fk 

Rtay up tm eatc whtj HBBU, lmkkmw us mfkhfc mf Labcommd , Uwhttcr afe  KhfdceHf 

© HBBU ‒  Ujc Jaiuc ?>12 

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1HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ec Iraal, vaf ecr Jchec, Yafgadcr & Yciicgafs

 

1.  Hftrmeubthmf

Mf ?5 Auiust ?>1?, tjc `ueics ml tjc Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt passce tjchr lhfak vcrehbt hf tjc basc ml Afecrs

Ocjrhfi Orchvhd. Lrmg tjc mutsct ml tjc trhak, tjc stratciy ml tjc icfcrak prmscbutmrs Hfia Oc`cr Cfij afe

Rvchf Jmkecf was tm ahg lmr af hfsafhty pkca afe javc Orchvhd scftcfbce tm thgc scrvce hf a psybjhatrhb

labhkhty. At lhrst, Orchvhd afe jhs eclcfbc bmufsck aejcrce tm tjc sagc stratciy ufthk Orchvhd was akkmwce

abbcss tm tjc gceha hf jhs jmkehfi labhkhty hf katc Ecbcgocr ?>11. Ruoscqucftky, Orchvhd ehe fmt waft tm

oc pmrtrayce as a gaegaf afe tjc eclcfbc tcag ecbhece tm bjafic hts stratciy. Aksm, tjc hfsafhty-

stratciy ehe fmt gatbj tjc prcemghfaft vhcw hf smbhcty, wjcrc gmst Fmrwcihafs lckt Orchvhd was hf labt

safc afe rcspmfshokc lmr jhs abts. Hf tjc lhfak vcrehbt, a ufafhgmus ecbhshmf was rcabjce0 @ueic Ycfbjc

Ckhzaoctj Arftzcf ecbkarce Orchvhd brhghfakky safc afe kciakky rcspmfshokc lmr tjc dhkkhfi ml 99 pcmpkc

eurhfi tjc omgohfi ml imvcrfgcft ouhkehfis hf Mskm afe tjc sjmmthfi sprcc mf tjc hskafe ml Stúya mf ??

@uky ?>11. Jc was scftcfbce tm ?1 ycars hf prhsmf, out whtj a ‛prcvcfthvc ectcfthmf‗ bkausc tjat baf

cxtcfe jhs thgc hf `ahk as kmfi as jc hs eccgce a tjrcat tm smbhcty. Ht hs ufkhdcky jc whkk cvcr oc rckcasce.1 

Aktjmuij tjc hftcrfathmfak prcss rcabtce whtj surprhsc ‒ afe at thgcs cvcf hrrhtathmf ‒ tm tjc cxtcfshvc

puokhbhty tjc trhak mllcrce Orchvhd, tjc gahf rcabthmf tm tjc vcrehbt whtjhf Fmrway was rckhcl, omtj agmfi

vhbthgs afe tjc whecr smbhcty. Lmkkmwhfi tjc vcrehbt, Stúya survhvmr Lrhea Jmkg Rdmikufe, ?> ycars mke,

sahe0 ‛H‘g imhfi tm lukky khvc tjc lhrst eay ml tjc rcst ml gy khlc‗.? Ujhs rcscarbj papcr lmbuscs mf tjc rcsukts ml tjc Orchvhd trhak hf Fmrway, tjrmuij tjc kcfs ml tjc

HBBU Ucrrmrhsts mf Urhak  prm`cbt tjat was hfhthatce oy ^rml. Er. Ocatrhbc Ec Iraal hf ?>1>.2 At tjc jcart ml

tjc prm`cbt khcs tjc heca tjat tcrrmrhst trhaks ‒ `ust as mtjcr trhaks ‒ scrvc spcbhlhb imaks4 tjcsc hfbkuec tjc

bkasshbak `uehbhak ahgs (trutj lhfehfi, rctrhouthmf, rcjaohkhtathmf afe rchftcirathmf), out aksm tjc

rcquhrcgcft tm gcct smbhctak afe pmkhthbak fcces (rcstmrathmf ml smbhak pcabc, prcvcfthmf afe

ectcrrcfbc, bkmsurc mr sathslabthmf lmr tjc vhbthgs). Urhaks, afe hf parthbukar tcrrmrhst trhaks, arc

 pcrlmrgathvc spabcs0 tjcy rc-hgaihfc afe bmftcst abts ml tcrrmrhsg hf tjc `uehbhak prmbccehfis afe tjc

vcrehbt as wckk as tjrmuij tjc gceha afe smbhcty. Oclmrc sctthfi mut a bmfbcptuak lragcwmrd hf wjhbj

tjc Orchvhd basc whkk oc afakysce, a bavcat hs hf mrecr0 tjc autjmrs arc fmt kciak sbjmkars afe tjhs hs fmt a

prhgarhky `uehbhak papcr. Ujc Orchvhd trhak hs apprmabjce lrmg a pmkhthbak afe smbhak sbhcfthst‘s pcrspcbthvc,

hf mrecr tm pkabc tjc trhak whtjhf tjc karicr ecoatc mf trauga, kaw, afe pmkhthbak rcspmfshohkhty hf tjcbmftcxt ml (bmuftcr-) tcrrmrhsg. Rubj pmkhthbak rcaehfis ml kciak ehsbmurscs afe `uehbhak trhaks rcbmifhsc

tjc ‛prmeubthvc pmwcr ml kciak ariugcfts‗ afe tjc way hf wjhbj ‛kciak ariugcfts arc cgoceece hf afe

rcprmeubc eccpcr-kyhfi smbhak afe sygomkhb strubturcs‗.5  Ucrrmrhsg trhaks arc dcy pkabcs wjcrc tjc

sbmpc, kcihthgaby afe gcafhfi ml tcrrmrhsg kaws arc hgpkcgcftce afe bmftcstce.

Ujhs papcr cxaghfcs jmw tjc Orchvhd trhak ecakt whtj tjc traehthmfak imaks ml brhghfak `usthbc0

rctrhouthmf, prcvcfthmf, rcstmrhfi ecgmbrathb mrecr afe upjmkehfi tjc rukc ml kaw. Um afswcr tjhs

qucsthmf, tjc rcscarbjcrs ml tjhs papcr bmfeubtce a bmgohfathmf ml quakhtathvc afe quafthtathvc

rcscarbj. A fugocr ml quakhtathvc hftcrvhcws wcrc jcke whtj abtmrs hfvmkvce hf tjc trhak afe ?3>

qucsthmffahrcs wcrc ehstrhoutce mf tjc strccts ml Mskm, tm asbcrtahf pcmpkc‘s mphfhmfs ml tjc trhak. Hf tjhs

arthbkc, tjc hfhthak lhfehfis ml tjc rcscarbj arc afakysce afe ehsbussce, kcaehfi tm smgc prckhghfary

bmfbkushmfs rciarehfi tjhs tcrrmrhsg trhak afe hts smbhctak cllcbts mf bmphfi gcbjafhsgs, atthtuecstmwares scburhty afe ecgmbrathb vakucs.

1 Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt, ‛Kcs emggcf h ??. `ukh-sadcf, avsait ?5 auiust h Mskm thfirctt‗, Lhfak vcrehbt hf tjc ??

fe ml @uky

trhak (?5 Auiust ?>1?), jttp0//www.emgstmk.fm/upkmae/EA/Hftcrfctt/emgstmk.fm/Adtuckt/?>1?/tmskm-?>11-

1::<?9-?5.pel . ? G. Umwfscfe, ‛Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd‘s ?1-ycar `ahk tcrg bkmscs Fmrway‘s eardcst bjaptcr‗, Ujc Iuarehaf (?5

Auiust ?>1?), jttp0//www.iuarehaf.bm.ud/wmrke/?>1?/aui/?5/afecrs-ocjrhfi-orchvhd-vcrehbt-fmrway-utmya . 2 Fctjcrkafes Hfsthtutc lmr Aevafbce Rtuey (FHAR), ‛Fubkcus0 Ucrrmrhsts mf Urhak. Ujc Bmurt _mmg as a Rtaic hf tjc

Rtruiikc lmr ^uokhbhty, ^uokhb Ruppmrt afe Kcihthgaby‗ (?>1>),

jttp0//www.fhas.dfaw.fk/^aics/FHA/?5/938.oILuPz1LUdb.jtgk. 5 Y.I. Ycrfcr, ‛Ujc Bjafihfi Labc ml Cfghty0 Bark Rbjghtt‘s Hftcrfathmfak Ujcmry afe tjc Cvmkuthmf ml tjc Kciak

Bmfbcpt ml Yar‗, Hftcrfathmfak Ujcmry ?, fm. 2 (?>11), pp. 231-:>. Rcc aksm0 M. Dcsskcr afe Y.I. Ycrfcr,

‛Cxtra`uehbhak Dhkkhfi as _hsd Gafaicgcft‗, Rcburhty Ehakmiuc, fm. 28 (?>>:), pp. ?:8-2>:.

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?HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ujc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd Urhak0 ^crlmrghfi @usthbc, Eclcfehfi Ecgmbraby

Lhrst, tjc gctjmemkmiy ml tjc rcscarbj whkk oc suggarhsce. Rcbmfe, tjc pcrlmrgafbc, ocjavhmur

afe stratcihcs usce hf bmurt oy tjc gahf parthcs hfvmkvce hf tjc trhak (tjc prmscbutmrs afe tjc eclcfbc

tcag) whkk oc ecsbrhoce. Ujcsc stratcihcs whkk tjcf oc afakysce hf rckathmf tm tjc bkasshbak imaks ml a

brhghfak trhak. Lhfakky, tjc papcr whkk aksm aeercss tjc bmffcbthmf octwccf tjc trhak afe hts bkasshbak imaks

as pcrbchvce oy smbhcty at karic. Ujc papcr ahgs tm ectcrghfc hl a trhak baf jckp a smbhcty hf bmghfi tm

tcrgs whtj subj af atrmbhmus attabd.

?. _cscarbj Ecshif

Ujhs papcr whkk, lhrst ml akk, gap afe cxpkmrc tjc stratcihcs aemptce hf bmurt oy tjc parthcs hfvmkvce hf tjc

Orchvhd trhak. Jmw ehe tjcy ecpkmy tjchr stratcihcs hf rckathmf tm tjc aomvc-gcfthmfce bkasshbak imaks ml

brhghfak trhaks= Um ufecrstafe tjc rckathmfsjhp octwccf bmphfi gcbjafhsgs afe tjc varhmus

pcrlmrgathvc stratcihcs, tjc rcscarbj tcag ecshifce afe ehstrhoutce a qucsthmffahrc tm tjc icfcrak

puokhb hf tjc vhbhfhty ml tjc bmurtrmmg eurhfi tjc Orchvhd trhak. ‛Rtratcihcs‗ jcrc rclcrs tm tjc

pcrlmrgafbc ml tjc rcspcbthvc parthcs mr tjc gcssaics tjcy bmggufhbatc afe tjc gmohkhshfi pmwcr ml

tjmsc gcssaics. Ujcrc arc scvcrak auehcfbcs tjat baf oc aeercssce tjrmuij tjc trhak, fmt `ust tjc whecr

puokhb out aksm bcrtahf irmups whtjhf smbhcty ‒ af abtmr hf tjc trhak baf tjcrclmrc bmggufhbatc gcssaicstm ehllcrcft auehcfbcs aomut tjchr vcrshmf ml `usthbc afe tjc trutj.

Ec Iraal ariucs tjat tcrrmrhsg trhaks mllcr af cxbcpthmfak mppmrtufhty lmr ufecrstafehfi afe

bmuftcrhfi tcrrmrhsg, ocbausc tjcy arc tjc mfky pkabc wjcrc akk abtmrs hfvmkvce gcct0 tcrrmrhsts, statc

rcprcscftathvcs, tjc `uehbhary, tjc auehcfbc, survhvhfi vhbthgs, tcrrmrhst sygpatjhscrs, ctb.3 Lurtjcrgmrc,

tjc gceha whkk sbruthfhsc afe ormaebast tjchr pcrlmrgafbcs. As a fcxus ml tcrrmrhsg vhmkcfbc, kaw

cflmrbcgcft afe puokhb mphfhmf, tcrrmrhsg trhaks tjus mllcr af hecak mppmrtufhty tm sjmwbasc `usthbc hf

prmircss afe ecgmfstratc jmw tjc kaws ml tjc bmuftry ecak whtj tcrrmrhst suspcbts. A trhak prmvhecs a

tjcatrc, hfvhthfi varhmus abtmrs tm pkay mut tjchr rmkcs afe bmfvhfbc afe gmohkhsc tjc puokhb tm aevafbc

tjchr farrathvcs ml (hf)`usthbc.

Ujc `uehbhak imaks rclcr tm tjc bkasshb prhfbhpkcs ml a lahr trhak0 abjhcvhfi `usthbc afe upjmkehfi tjc

rukc ml kaw, as kahe emwf hf tjc twm pcfak imaks ml 1) rcjaohkhtathmf afe ?) prcvcfthmf< ‒ as wckk as tjctjrcc hflmrgak imaks ml a trhak 2) trutj lhfehfi, 5) rc-cstaokhsjhfi staohkhty hf smbhcty afe rcstmrhfi tjc

ecgmbrathb rukc ml kaw, afe 3) prmvhehfi hf tjc fcce lmr bkmsurc. Ujcrc arc gafy rcasmfs lmr tjhs

rcscarbj tm lmbus mf tjc ‛pcrlmrgathvc cllcbt‗ ml varhmus abtmrs hf tjc bmurt rmmg mf puokhb mphfhmf0

Orchvhd‘s trhak prmvhece jhg a ikmoak staic afe was a gceha spcbtabkc wjhbj hfvmkvce afe gmohkhsce gafy

Fmrwcihafs as wckk as spcbtatmrs aormae. Ujc rcscarbj was tjcrclmrc ecshifce whtj af apprmabj tjat

fmt mfky gaps tjc stratcihcs ml ehllcrcft abtmrs, out aksm hfvcsthiatcs jmw tjcsc stratcihcs allcbtce

bmphfi gcbjafhsgs hf smbhcty.

Bmphfi hs eclhfce as tjmuijts afe ocjavhmur tjat pcmpkc usc tm gafaic tjc hftcrfak afe

cxtcrfak ecgafes ml shtuathmfs tjat arc apprahsce as strcssluk.9 Bmphfi hs a bmgpkcx, gukthehgcfshmfak

prmbcss tjat hs scfshthvc tm tjc cfvhrmfgcft afe hts ecgafes afe rcsmurbcs, tm pcrsmfakhty ehspmshthmfs

tjat hflkucfbc tjc apprahsak ml strcss afe rcsmurbcs lmr bmphfi, afe tjc rckathmfsjhp octwccf tjcsc. Ujcrcscarbj lmbuscs mf jmw a trhak baf ahe bmphfi gcbjafhsgs as trhaks arc a gcafs ml trutj lhfehfi4 tjcy

aksm jckp tm rc-cstaokhsj staohkhty afe jckp tjmsc hfvmkvce tm bmgc tm tcrgs whtj tjc pcrpctratce

mllcfbc. Ht hs tjus `usthlhce tm cxpkmrc jmw a trhak khdc tjhs allcbts bmphfi gcbjafhsgs whtjhf tjc puokhb

emgahf. Ujc Orchvhd trhak hs af cxbckkcft cxagpkc tm tcst tjhs jypmtjcshs as ht was bkcar lrmg tjc start

wjat jappcfce, jmw ht jappcfce afe wjm tjc pcrpctratmr was. Lmr rcscarbj purpmscs, tjc puokhb spabc

was farrmwce emwf tm tjc parthbhpafts prcscft hf afe armufe tjc bmurtrmmg hf Mskm eurhfi tjc eays

oclmrc afe altcr tjc trhak.: 

3 O. ec Iraal, ‛Ucrrmrhsts mf Urhak0 A ^crlmrgathvc ^crspcbthvc‗, HBBU Cxpcrt Gccthfi _cpmrt  (?>11),

jttp0//www.hbbt.fk/emwfkmae/lhkc/HBBU-ec-Iraal-CG-^apcr-Ucrrmrhsg-Urhaks-as-Ujcatrc.pel . <

 B. Dckd, Jafeommd Gatcrhak Brhghfak @usthbc (Agstcreag0 Dkuwcr, ?>>3), p. ?1.9 _.R. Kazarus afe R. Lmkdgaf, Rtrcss, Apprahsak, afe Bmphfi ( Fcw Xmrd0 Rprhficr, 18:5), p. 13>.: Jcfbc tjcsc rcsukts arc khghtce tm tjc rcspmfecfts hf mur sagpkc. Ht bmfbcrfs gahfky hfjaohtafts lrmg Mskm, tjc

sagpkc was mf avcraic ymuficr, pmmrcr afe lrmg gmrc ehvcrsc ctjfhb oabdirmufes tjaf tjc Fmrwcihaf

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2HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ec Iraal, vaf ecr Jchec, Yafgadcr & Yciicgafs

 

?.1 ^arthbhpafts

Lhrst, quafthtathvc rcscarbj was ufecrtadcf oy ehstrhouthfi survcys cfquhrhfi aomut pcmpkc‘s mphfhmfs

afe atthtuecs tmwares tjc Orchvhd trhak. Ujc survcys wcrc ehstrhoutce mf tjc strccts ml Mskm eurhfi twm

eays, ?2 afe ?3 Auiust ?>1?, tjc eay oclmrc afe tjc eay altcr tjc lhfak vcrehbt.8 Ujc tmtak fugocr ml

rcspmfecfts was ?5<, 1?5 (3>%) ml wjmg wcrc lcgakc afe 81 (29%) wcrc gakc (tjc rcgahfhfi 12% ehe

fmt spcbhly). Ujc parthbhpafts‘ avcraic aic was 2> afe tjcy wcrc apprmabjce at scvcrak kmbathmfs0 hf abcftrak squarc hf Mskm, at a suoway-stathmf, at tjc bcftrak trahf stathmf, hf a gakk, hf a pard afe mf tjc

bagpus ml Mskm Sfhvcrshty.

Ujmsc survcyce wcrc asdce tm hfehbatc wjctjcr tjcy wcrc prcscft hf Stúya mr Mskm mr wjctjcr

tjcy dfcw lrhcfes/laghky wjm wcrc prcscft (gmst hfvmkvce) mr wjctjcr tjcy lmufe mut aomut tjc

attabds tjrmuij tjc gceha (kcast hfvmkvce) tm cstaokhsj tjchr kcvck ml hfvmkvcgcft. Ujc rcsukts baf oc

lmufe hf Uaokc 1. Ujc rcsukts hfehbatc jmw hftcfscky pcfctrathfi tjc Orchvhd attabds wcrc lmr tjc

rcspmfecfts hf mur sagpkc. Ujhs hs aksm truc lrmg a gabrm-pcrspcbthvc0 a bmuftry whtj a rckathvcky sgakk

pmpukathmf (5,9 ghkkhmf), wjhbj saw sm gafy pcmpkc dhkkce (99) mr hf`urce (?5?) hf tjc attabds. Ujc

rcspmfscs hfehbatc tjat gafy pcmpkc hf mur sagpkc dfcw smgcmfc hf pcrsmf wjm was prcscft afe/mr

sullcrce lrmg tjc attabds.

A fugocr ml quakhtathvc hftcrvhcws whtj parthcs ehrcbtky hfvmkvce hf tjc trhak wcrc aksmbmfeubtce, lmr cxagpkc whtj vhbthgs, cxpcrt whtfcsscs, `murfakhsts, afe gcgocrs ml tjc ??

fe  ml @uky

Bmgghsshmf,1>

  wjhbj was hfstakkce tm rcvhcw afe kcarf lrmg tjc attabds. Yc javc sckcbtce tjcsc

rcspmfecfts oasce upmf tjchr cxpcrthsc chtjcr lrmg mur mwf fctwmrds mr vha a sfmwoakk-sagpkhfi-

gctjmemkmiy. Eurhfi tjcsc hftcrvhcws, a fugocr ml icfcrak qucsthmfs rckathfi tm tjc stratcihcs hf bmurt

afe tjc cllcbts ml tjc trhak mf smbhcty wcrc asdce.

Yjcf tjc attabds jappcfce…

(gukthpkc afswcrs pmsshokc)

Stúya sjmmthfi

hfbhecft

Mskm omgohfi

attabd

H was prcscft >.3% 1?%

H jae a lrhcfe/laghky gcgocr wjm was tjcrc 15% ?5%

H was mf tjc pjmfc (mr smbhak gceha) whtj

smgcmfc wjm was tjcrc 2% 11%

H dfcw smgcmfc wjm was tjcrc 2?% ?<%

H was at tjc pkabc(s) wjcrc tjc hfbhecfts

jappcfce whtjhf 2 jmurs altcr ht jappcfce ?% :%

H jcare ht tjrmuij a lrhcfe/laghky gcgocr ?5% 2?%

H saw ht mf U\ <:% <<%

H saw ht mf tjc hftcrfct 3<% 3?%

H jcare ht mf tjc raehm ?9% ?8%

Uaokc 10 Hfvmkvcgcft hf tjc cvcfts ml ?? @uky ?>11

pmpukathmf. Eata lrmg0 jttp0//www.hfecxgufeh.bmg/fmrway/ecgmirapjhbs]prmlhkc.jtgk, 

jttp0//www.zhkkmw.bmg/kmbak-hflm/GF-Mskm-pcmpkc/r]189:</ afe mur survcy. 8 Ujc trhak ml Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd startce mf 1< Aprhk afe kastce ufthk ?? @ufc ?>1?. Ujc trhak was fhbd-fagce

altcr tjc eay ml Orchvhd‘s attabds0 tjc ??fe

 ml @uky trhak. Ujc lhfak vcrehbt was rcae mf ?5 Auiust ?>1? hf tjc Mskm

ehstrhbt bmurt. Mur survcy rcscarbj was barrhce mut tjc eay oclmrc afe tjc eay altcr tjc lhfak vcrehbt afe tjc

hftcrvhcws tmmd pkabc tjc wccd oclmrc tjc lhfak vcrehbt.1>

 Ujc hfecpcfecft bmgghsshmf gafeatce tm rcvhcw afe kcarf lrmg tjc tcrrmrhst attabds mf tjc imvcrfgcftbmgpkcx hf Mskm afe mf Stúya Hskafe mf ?? @uky ?>11. Ujc Bmgghsshmf suoghttce hts lhfak rcpmrt tm Fmrwcihaf

^rhgc Ghfhstcr @cfs Rtmktcfocri mf Gmfeay, 12 Auiust ?>1?. Rcc lmr gmrc hflmrgathmf0

jttp0//www.rci`crhficf.fm/sgd/jtgk/??`ukhdmgghs`mfcf/??@SKHDMGGHR@MFCF]FM/CF.JUG. 

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5HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ujc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd Urhak0 ^crlmrghfi @usthbc, Eclcfehfi Ecgmbraby

?.? Rurvcys afe prmbceurc

^arthbhpafts rcspmfece tm a survcy cfthtkce Ujc ??fe 

  ml @uky Urhak Rtuey .11

  Hf tjc hftrmeubthmf, tjc

rcscarbj tcag was hftrmeubce afe spcbhlhbakky gcfthmfce tjat tjc qucsthmffahrc rckatce tm tjc Afecrs

Ocjrhfi Orchvhd trhak. Ujc qucsthmffahrc bmfshstce ml 2: qucsthmfs hf shx batcimrhcs0

1. Icfcrak hflmrgathmf (ecgmirapjhbs)4?. Hfvmkvcgcft (qucsthmfs rckathfi tm pjyshbak afe cgmthmfak hfvmkvcgcft hf tjc attabds afe tjc

trhak)4

2. Imaks ml a lahr trhak (qucsthmfs rciarehfi tjc hgpmrtafbc ml lmrgak afe hflmrgak imaks ml a lahr

trhak afe tjc cxtcft tm wjhbj tjcsc imaks wcrc rcabjce hf tjhs trhak)4

5. Cgmthmfs (qucsthmfhfi pcmpkc aomut tjchr cgmthmfs rckathfi tm tjc trhak)4

3. Bmurt vcrehbt (sathslabthmf rciarehfi tjc lhfak vcrehbt)4 afe

<. Atthtuecs tmwares tcrrmrhsg (cfquhrhfi aomut atthtuecs mf hssucs ml scburhty gcasurcs afe

tcrrmrhsg).

Gmst htcgs wcrc afswcrce mf a 2 mr 3-pmhft Khdcrt sbakc whtj pmsshokc afswcrs rafihfi lrmg 1 (tmtakky

aircc) tm 3 (tmtakky ehsaircc).

2. Ujc ??fe

 ml @uky Urhak ‒ ^crlmrgathvc Rtratcihcs

Ujc tcf-wccd Orchvhd trhak was mfc ml tjc ohiicst tcrrmrhsg trhaks hf tjc jhstmry ml gmecrf bmfthfcftak

Curmpc whtj rcspcbt tm wmrkewhec gceha bmvcraic. Ujc lhrst eay ml tjc trhak was ormaebast khvc oy gafy

ehllcrcft tckcvhshmf stathmfs afe wcoshtcs lrmg akk mvcr tjc wmrke. Hf Fmrway, csbaphfi lrmg tjc bmfstaft

bmvcraic ml tjc trhak prmvce tm oc akgmst hgpmsshokc ‒ ecsphtc tjc bmurt‘s ecbhshmf tm okmbd tjc

ormaebasthfi ml Orchvhd‘s tcsthgmfy afe tjc vhbthgs‘ statcgcfts. Ujc mfky ‚Orchvhd-lrcc‘ zmfc hf Fmrway

eurhfi tjc trhak was tjc wcoshtc ml tjc fcwspapcr Eaiokaect  wjcrc tjc rcaecr bmuke okmbd akk Orchvhd-

rckatce bmftcft whtj mfc bkhbd ml tjc gmusc. Hf tjc survcy, parthbhpafts wcrc asdce wjctjcr tjcy wcrc

sathslhce whtj tjc agmuft ml gceha attcfthmf surrmufehfi tjc trhak. Uaokc ? sjmws tjc rcsukts ml tjhs

qucsthmf.

Ujc gceha pahe…

Umm khttkc attcfthmf >%

Khttkc attcfthmf ?%

Cfmuij attcfthmf 2?%

Gubj attcfthmf 23%

Umm gubj attcfthmf 21%

Uaokc ?0 Gceha attcfthmf armufe ??fe

 ml @uky trhak

Ocbausc gceha attcfthmf was sm pcrvashvc, ht hs khdcky tjat tjc stratcihcs hf tjc trhak aemptce oy

tjc gahf parthcs ‒ tjc prmscbuthmf afe Orchvhd‘s eclcfbc tcag ‒ wcrc dfmwf tm gmst hf (tjc vhbhfhty ml)

tjc bmurtrmmg hf Auiust. Ujcsc stratcihcs whkk lhrstky oc ecsbrhoce afe tjcf tjc pcrbcpthmf ml tjcsc

stratcihcs hf mur sagpkc whkk oc cxpkmrce.

Yjcf Orchvhd cftcrce tjc bmurtrmmg mf tjc lhrst eay ml tjc trhak mf 1< Aprhk ?>1?, tjc `ueics ‒

prcshehfi @ueic Arftzcf, @ueic Arfc Kyfi afe tjrcc kay `ueics1?

 ‒ as wckk as tjc rcst ml tjc auehcfbc

whtfcssce Orchvhd‘s sakutc0 a rhijt-whfi icsturc gadhfi a lhst whtj jhs rhijt jafe, tmubjhfi jhs jcart afe

11 A bmpy ml tjc qucsthmffahrc baf oc rcqucstce lrmg tjc autjmrs.

1? Mfc ml tjc kay `ueics, Ujmgas Hfercoú, was rcpkabce altcr tjc scbmfe eay oy Affa Yhskúll altcr ht jae ocbmgc

apparcft tjat Hfercoú jae occf aevmbathfi a ecatj scftcfbc lmr Orchvhd a eay altcr tjc attabds mf Labcommd.

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3HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ec Iraal, vaf ecr Jchec, Yafgadcr & Yciicgafs

 

tjcf cxtcfehfi jhs arg. Lmkkmwhfi tjhs sakutc, puokhb prmscbutmr Hfia Oc`cr Cfij wakdce tmwares Orchvhd

afe sjmmd jhs jafe.12

 Katcr tjat eay Orchvhd statce tjat jc ehe fmt abdfmwkceic tjc kcihthgaby ml tjc

bmurt sayhfi, ‛H em fmt rcbmifhsc tjc Fmrwcihaf bmurts. Xmu javc rcbchvce ymur gafeatc lrmg pmkhthbak

parthcs wjhbj suppmrt gukthbukturakhsg‗.15

 Jc spcbhlhbakky ecfhce tjc autjmrhty ml @ueic Arftzcf, wjmg

jc abbusce ml ochfi ohasce sayhfi sjc was ‛a lrhcfe ml Irm Jarkcg Orufetkafe‘s shstcr‗ ‒ tjc lmrgcr

Fmrwcihaf prhgc ghfhstcr, out gmrc hgpmrtaftky, a lmrgcr Kaomur ^arty kcaecr wjmg jc jae waftce tm

dhkk at Stúya Hskafe. Jmwcvcr, Orchvhd rclrahfce lrmg gadhfi a lmrgak asscrthmf.Ujcsc vhvhe cxagpkcs lrmg tjc trhak‘s lhrst eay rcvcak hgpmrtaft ckcgcfts ml tjc  pcrlmrgathvc 

stratcihcs ml tjc parthcs hfvmkvce.

2.1 ^rmscbuthmf stratciy

Lrmg tjc mutsct ml tjc trhak, tjc prmscbuthmf mptce lmr af hfsafhty-pkca stratciy, ecsbrhohfi Orchvhd‘s

abthmfs afe gmthvathmfs oy lmbushfi mf tjc labts afe pmtcfthak lkaws hf tjc stmrhcs jc jae prcscftce

eurhfi tjc trhak afe hf jhs gafhlcstm (cfthtkce ?>:20 A Curmpcaf Ecbkarathmf ml Hfecpcfecfbc) hf wjhbj

Orchvhd sjarcs jhs pmkhthbak hecas afe vhshmf lmr a bukturak bmfscrvathvc rcvmkuthmf. Yjhkc cxpkhbhtky tryhfi

fmt tm jughkhatc Orchvhd tjc prmscbutmrs ahgce tm pmrtray jhg as a khar, afe tjus as eckushmfak. Oy

lmbushfi mf tjc ectahks, afe tjc lkaws, rckathfi tm Orchvhd‘s ‛ghkhtaft uktra-fathmfakhst‗ farrathvc, tjchr

pcrlmrgafbc was hftcfece tm omtj bmfvhfbc mtjcrs ml Orchvhd‘s eckushmfak statc afe rckhcvc Orchvhd ml jhspmtcfthak jcrm status, hfjhohthfi mtjcr rhijt-whfi raehbaks hf pcrbchvhfi jhg as a rmkc gmeck.

Af hgpmrtaft cxagpkc ml tjhs stratciy was tjc prmscbuthmf‘s attcgpt tm rclutc tjc cxhstcfbc ml

tjc hftcrfathmfak Bjrhsthaf ghkhtary mriafhsathmf ‛tjc Dfhijts Ucgpkar‗, wjhbj Orchvhd bkahgce tm ockmfi

tm. Yjcf Orchvhd rclusce tm ihvc ectahks aomut tjc lmufehfi scsshmf ml tjc mriafhsathmf hf Kmfemf hf

?>>?, Oc`cr Cfij asdce jhg hl tjc gccthfi jae tadcf pkabc at akk. Ujhs was hf khfc whtj mfc ml tjc

prmscbuthmf‘s mpcfhfi statcgcfts hf wjhbj tjcy bmfbkuece tjat, ecsphtc tjc labt tjat imvcrfgcft eata

bmflhrgce Orchvhd‘s prcscfbc hf Kmfemf at tjat thgc, tjc mriafhsathmf, as ecsbrhoce oy Orchvhd ‛emcs fmt

cxhst‗.13

 

Um lurtjcr aevafbc tjchr stratciy ml pmrtrayhfi Orchvhd as a eckushmfak, kmfc mpcratmr, tjc

prmscbutmrs aksm lmbusce mf Orchvhd‘s akkcice trhp tm Khocrha. Ujcy statce tjat Orchvhd wcft tm Khocrha tm

ict sm-bakkce okmme ehagmfes, hfstcae ml purpmrtceky gccthfi a Rcrohaf warkmre wjm bmuke tcabj jhgjhs ghkhtaft-fathmfakhst tabthbs, as Orchvhd asscrtce. Orchvhd rcspmfece tm tjhs stratciy oy sayhfi ‛em fmt

try tm rhehbukc gc‗. Ujc rcspmfsc ml prmscbutmr Oc`cr Cfij was bjarabtcrhsthb0 ‛H‘g fmt tryhfi tm rhehbukc

ymu‗, sjc sahe, ‛H ag tryhfi tm sjce khijt mf tjc gattcr‗.1<

 Ujcsc qumtcs hkkustratc tjat Orchvhd pcrbchvce

tjc prmscbutmr‘s stratciy as gmrc mr kcss bmrrcbt0 as af attcgpt tm strhp jhg ml jhs brcehohkhty. Ecsphtc

Orchvhd‘s prmtcstathmfs, prmscbutmr Jmkecf bmfthfuce jhs labtuak rcvhcw ml tjc attabds afe Orchvhd‘s

carkhcr khlc.

Ujc gmst bmftrmvcrshak part ml tjc prmscbuthmf‘s stratciy agmuftce tm tjchr rcbmggcfeathmf

tjat Orchvhd sjmuke oc bmflhfce tm psybjhatrhb barc hfstcae ml hgprhsmfgcft. Ujc prmscbuthmf aeghttce

tjat tjcy wcrc fmt bcrtahf Orchvhd was hf labt psybjmthb eurhfi jhs abts. Jmwcvcr, shfbc tjcy wcrc hf

emuot tjcy ariuce ht wmuke oc wmrsc tm scfe af hfsafc pcrsmf tm prhsmf tjaf tm bmgght a safc pcrsmf

tm a gcftak jcaktj barc hfsthtuthmf.19

 Hf hts stratciy, tjc prmscbuthmf waftce tm aeercss tjc atrmbhmus cvcfts tjat jappcfce, wjhkc at

tjc sagc thgc asphrhfi tm prmbcce hf a `uehbhak, labtuak gaffcr. Ujc cxbjafic ml jafesjadcs whtj

Orchvhd ‒ hfhthatce oy prmscbutmrs Oc`cr Cfij afe Jmkecf ‒ hkkustratce tjhs fmrgakhsce apprmabj. Yjhkst

12 OOB Fcwsfhijt, ‛Bjhcl prmscbutmr hf tjc trhak ml Fmrwcihaf dhkkcr Afecrs Orchvhd, Hfia Oc`cr Cfij‗ (1? Mbtmocr,

?>1?).15

 OOB, ‛Orchvhd trhak0 Dcy gmgcfts ml mpcfhfi eay‗ (?>1?), jttp0//www.oob.bm.ud/fcws/wmrke-curmpc-19922:<8. 13

 F_D, ‛_cttsadcf ‒ Eai 1‗, Bmurt trafsbrhpt  (18 Aprhk ?>1?), jttp0//www.frd.fm/??9/eai-lmr-eai/rcttssadcf-]-

eai-1-1.:>9:5?1. 1< Hohe.

19 \crecfs Iafi, ‛^ãtakcgyfehijctcf gcfcr Orchvhd hddc daf strallcs‗ (?>1?),

jttp0//www.vi.fm/fyjctcr/hffcfrhds/??-`ukh/rcttssadcf/arthddck.pjp=arthe71>>3:58: .

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<HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ujc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd Urhak0 ^crlmrghfi @usthbc, Eclcfehfi Ecgmbraby

tjc hftcrfathmfak gceha ecsbrhoce tjc jafesjadc as ‛a ohzarrc prmtmbmk‗ afe a ‛rarc shijt‗,1:

 Oc`cr Cfij

 `usthlhce tjc apprmabj oy cgpjashshfi tjc hgpmrtafbc ml trcathfi omtj tjc trhak afe tjc suspcbt,

rciarekcss ml tjc abbusathmfs, abbmrehfi tm tjc fmrgak stafeares, tjcrcoy ufecrkhfhfi tjc hgpmrtafbc ml

tjc rukc ml kaw. Ujc prmscbutmrs aksm jae tm tadc tjc cgmthmfs ml tjc vhbthgs hftm abbmuft. Ujcy

tjcrclmrc prcscftce a jhijky ectahkce abbmuft ml tjc bmursc ml cvcfts mf ?? @uky afe ecsbrhoce tjc

vhbthgs hf ircat ecptj, payhfi trhoutc tm tjc trauga afe cgmthmfs sullcrce oy tjc vhbthgs afe oy smbhcty

at karic. Ujhs abbmuft was, jmwcvcr, strmfiky pkabce whtjhf tjc `uehbhak bmftcxt ml tjc trhak.Hf prabthbc tjhs apprmabj gcaft tjat eurhfi tjc trhak bmfshecraokc attcfthmf was pahe tm tjc

stmrhcs afe pcrspcbthvcs ml Orchvhd‘s vhbthgs afe tjchr laghkhcs. Mf tjc lhrst eay, prmscbutmr Oc`cr Cfij

rcae tjc fagcs afe bauscs ml ecatj ml 99 vhbthgs afe farratce tjc ectahks aomut tjc hf`urce.18

  Ujc

prmscbutmrs ecsbrhoce tjc bhrbugstafbcs hf wjhbj tjc vhbthgs wcrc cxpmsce tm Orchvhd‘s vhmkcfbc hf a

vcry ectahkce gaffcr.?>

 Ujc cvhecfbc ormuijt lmrtj oy tjc prmscbuthmf, oy gcafs ml BBU\ lmmtaic afe

pjmfc bakk rcbmrehfis lrmg omtj tjc vhbthgs afe Orchvhd jhgsckl, sjmbdce tjc bmurtrmmg. Altcrwares

Jmkecf statce tjat ht was ehllhbukt tm ecak whtj tjcsc rcbmrehfis. Mvcr tjc bmursc ml tjc trhak, survhvmrs

afe vhbthgs‘ laghkhcs wcrc mllcrce tjc mppmrtufhty tm tcsthly. Eurhfi scvcrak eays tjcy ecsbrhoce tjc

pkhijt tjcy jae cfeurce afe jmw tjc attabds afe altcrgatj allcbtce tjcg. \arhmus rcpmrts aomut tjc

omgohfi vhbthgs hf Mskm afe tjc pcmpkc mf tjc Hskafe ml Stúya wcrc aksm rcae mut hf bmurt.

2.? ^crbcpthmf ml tjc prmscbuthmf‘s stratciy

Mur rcscarbj sagpkc ehe fmt sccg tm apprmvc ml tjc prmscbuthmf‘s hfsafhty stratciy0 a karic part ml tjhs

sagpkc ehsaircce whtj tjc heca tjat Orchvhd sjmuke rcbchvc psybjhatrhb trcatgcft hfstcae ml a prhsmf

scftcfbc0

H ockhcvc Orchvhd hs

safc

H ockhcvc Orchvhd hs

abbmuftaokc

H aircc whtj tjc

prmscbuthmf‘s stratciy

Aircc ?5 % <> % 1< %

Ehsaircc 5? % 12 % 38 %

Uaokc 20 Mphfhmf mf Orchvhd‘s safhty / abbmuftaohkhty

Hf af hftcrvhcw whtj `murfakhst Ocf Gb^jcrsmf, cehtmr ml tjc fcwspapcr Ujc Lmrchifcr , prmscbutmr Oc`cr

Cfij rcspmfece tm tjhs puokhb scfthgcft oy sayhfi tjat sjc ufecrstmme tjat pcmpkc jae strmfi lcckhfis

aomut jmw tm rcabt tm Orchvhd, out tjat tjc prmscbuthmf‘s stratciy fccece tm rckatc tm tjc Fmrwcihaf

kciak lragcwmrd0 ‛Mtjcrwhsc jc‘s wmf. Afe ymu dfmw, jc waftce tm bjafic Fmrwcihaf smbhcty afe H‘g

surc jc‘e lcck ht was a vhbtmry hl wc iavc up mur prhfbhpkcs. _hijt at tjc gmgcft wc‘rc ochfi tcstce ‒ baf

wc jmke mf tm mur prhfbhpkcs=‗.?1

 Rjc aksm suiicstce tjat cvcf tjmuij gafy Fmrwcihafs ehsaircce whtj

tjc prmscbutmrs aomut jmw Orchvhd sjmuke oc pufhsjce, tjat sjmuke fmt hflkucfbc tjchr wmrd, stathfi

‛tjcf wc bmuke `ust as cashky javc put ht tm a puokhb vmtc‗.??

 Ujcrclmrc, sckkhfi tjhs heca tm tjc puokhb jae

ocbmgc a part ml tjc stratciy. Oc`cr Cfij lmr cxagpkc ariuce0 ‛Yc javc gurecrcrs wjm javc occfscftcfbce tm a psybjhatrhb labhkhty wjm whkk prmoaoky fcvcr ict mut aiahf‗.

?2 Ujc prmscbutmrs, jmwcvcr,

aksm cgpjashsce tjat tjcy wcrc bmgghttce tm jugaf rhijts afe tjat scrhmus emuot as tm a eclcfeaft‘s

1: D. _httcr, ‛Afecrs Orchvhd Urhak0 Ruspcbt Eclcfes Fmrway Gassabrc, Hfshsts Jc Ymuke Em Ht Aiahf‗, Ujc Jullhfitmf

^mst  (?>1?),

jttp0//www.jullhfitmfpmst.bmg/?>1?/>5/19/afecrs-ocjrhfi-orchvhd-tjmgas-hfercomc]f]152>5:2.jtgk . 18

 Ujhs was aksm emfc oy tjc `ueics eurhfi tjc eay ml tjc vcrehbt.?>

??fe

 ml @uky Bmurt Urafsbrhpt, ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?->5-1<‗, Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt  (?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/trafsbrhpts/afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-trafsbrhpt-?>1?->5-1<-khvc-rcpmrt . ?1

 O. Gb^jcrsmf, ‛^rmscbuthfi Orchvhd‗, Ujc Lmrchifcr  (9 @uky ?>1?),jttp0//tjclmrchifcr.fm/paics/bmkugfs/prmscbuthfi-orchvhd/. ??

 Hohe.?2

 Hohe.

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9HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ec Iraal, vaf ecr Jchec, Yafgadcr & Yciicgafs

 

gcftak jcaktj sjmuke fmt kcae tm a prhsmf scftcfbc. Ujc prmscbuthmf tjus stubd tm tjchr ariugcft tjat

Orchvhd was a eckushmfak kmfc mpcratmr afe sjmuke oc bmfvhbtce abbmrehfiky.

Ujc prmscbutmrs lckt tjat tjcy jae sullhbhcftky rcspmfece tm tjc vhbthgs‘ fcces afe tjc iravhty ml

tjc attabds oy pmshthmfhfi tjc vhbthgs‘ stmrhcs bcftrakky hf tjchr ariugcfts. Aktjmuij 38% ml tjc

rcspmfecfts ehe fmt aircc whtj tjc prmscbutmrs‘ lhfak ariugcft (tjc hfsafhty pkca), af hgprcsshvc 95% ml

tjc parthbhpafts survcyce hfehbatce tjcy lckt tjc icfcrak prmscbutmrs lufbthmfce wckk.

Hf sjmrt, wjcf rckathfi tjc prmscbuthmf‘s stratciy oabd tm tjc imaks ml a lahr trhak, ht bmuke ocariuce tjat tjc prmscbuthmf aejcrce tm tjc imak ml trutj lhfehfi, spcfehfi a kmt ml thgc rcbmfstrubthfi

Orchvhd‘s brhgcs. Bmfbcrfhfi tjc imak ml rctrhouthmf, af hftcrcsthfi tcfshmf cgcrice0 hf a way, tryhfi tm

javc Orchvhd ecbkarce hfsafc afe scft tm a gcftak hfsthtuthmf wmuke javc occf ‛tjc ukthgatc

jughkhathmf‗, as Orchvhd jhgsckl aeghttce. Ujus, tjc hfsafhty stratciy bmuke javc scrvce tjc imak ml

rctrhouthmf hf tjc scfsc tjat Orchvhd wmuke javc rcbchvce cxabtky wjat jc ehe fmt waft. Jmwcvcr,

Fmrwcihaf smbhcty strmfiky mo`cbtce tm tjc hfsafhty bkahg afe gmst pcmpkc lckt Orchvhd dfcw cxabtky

wjat jc was emhfi wjcf jc barrhce mut jhs abts afe tjcrclmrc ecscrvce a khlc scftcfbc, barryhfi lukk

rcspmfshohkhty lmr jhs abthmfs. As lmr tjc imak ml rcstmrhfi smbhak pcabc, tjc prmscbuthmf sccgce fmt tm

bmfshecr tjhs ihvcf tjc whecsprcae mo`cbthmf hf Fmrwcihaf smbhcty tm tjc hfsafhty pkca stratciy.

Jmwcvcr, rciarehfi tjc imak ml upjmkehfi tjc ecgmbrathb rukc ml kaw, tjc prmscbuthmf‘s aejcrcfbc tm

lahr trhak stafeares wcrc sjarce afe rcspcbtce oy tjc ga`mrhty ml tjc rcspmfecfts hf tjhs rcscarbj. Hf tjccfe, tjc bmkkcbthvc lcckhfi was tjat ecsphtc tjc prmscbuthmf‘s stratciy, tjc trhak htsckl afe tjc way hf

wjhbj Orchvhd was trcatce, was tjc ukthgatc bmuftcr-wchijt tm Orchvhd‘s abts.

2.? Orchvhd‘s stratciy

Orchvhd ehe fmt rckatc jhs stratciy tm tjc bkasshbak imaks ml a brhghfak trhak at akk, out hftcfece tm

gafhpukatc tjc trhak lmr jhs mwf, hehmsyfbrathb purpmscs. Oclmrc barryhfi mut jhs attabds, Orchvhd was

awarc tjat a trhak bmuke prmvhec jhg whtj a staic tm tjc wmrke. Jc wrmtc hf jhs gafhlcstm0 ‛Hl ymu lmr

smgc rcasmf survhvc tjc mpcrathmf ymu whkk oc apprcjcfece afe arrcstce. Ujhs hs tjc pmhft wjcrc gmst

jcrmhb Dfhijts wmuke bakk ht a eay. Jmwcvcr, tjhs hs fmt tjc basc lmr a @usthbhar Dfhijt. Xmur arrcst whkk

gard tjc hfhthathmf ml tjc prmpaiafea pjasc. Xmur trhak mllcrs ymu a staic tm tjc wmrke‗.?5

 

Lmr jhs ‛prmpaiafea pjasc‗ ht was fmt mfky tjc attabds, out cvcf gmrc sm a suoscqucft trhakwjhbj wmuke cfaokc jhg tm bmggufhbatc whtj khdc-ghfece pcmpkc lrmg akk mvcr tjc ikmoc. Hkkustrathvc ml

tjhs hftcfthmf was jhs rcqucst tm wcar jhs sckl-gaec ufhlmrg ‒ bmvcrce whtj gceaks ml jmfmur,

pmrtrayhfi jhgsckl as a ghkhtary war-jcrm.?3  Orchvhd ehe fmt try tm ‛whf‗ tjc trhak hf tcrgs ml avmhehfi

hgprhsmfgcft ‒ altcr akk, jc ehe fmt ecfy pcrpctrathfi tjc attabds ‒ out usce tjc trhak tm whf mvcr gmrc

sygpatjhscrs lmr jhs ghsshmf. Jc waftce tm icfcratc a ‛gaxhgug agmuft ml sygpatjhscrs afe

suppmrtcrs‗.?<

 Fcwspapcr \crecfs Iafi puokhsjce cxtrabts ml a kcttcr Orchvhd scft lrmg jhs bckk hf wjhbj

tjc eclcfeaft ufecrsbmrce tjhs pmhft0 ‛Ujc prmbcss kmmds khdc a bhrbus whtj 53> abbrcehtce `murfakhsts

lrmg akk mvcr tjc wjmkc wmrke. H baffmt say H kmmd lmrware tm ht, out ht hs bcrtahfky a ufhquc mppmrtufhty tm

cxpkahf tjc heca ml ?>:2 Trclcrrhfi tm jhs gafhlcstmW‗.?9

 

Attmrfcy Ichr Khppcstae, wjm kce Orchvhd‘s eclcfbc tcag, aircce whtj Orchvhd lrmg tjc start tjat

jc wmuke mfky bmvcr tjc kciak hssucs rciarekcss ml Orchvhd‘s pmkhthbak afe bmggufhbathmfak agohthmfseurhfi tjc trhak.

?:  As a bmfscqucfbc, tjc eclcfbc pkaffce tm pursuc af hfsafhty pkca, tryhfi tm javc

Orchvhd ecbkarce gcftakky hkk afe tjus fmt rcspmfshokc lmr jhs abthmfs. Orchvhd hfhthakky jae fm mo`cbthmfs tm

tjhs. At tjc sagc thgc, tjc bmurt hfhthatce a psybjhatrhb cvakuathmf ml tjc pcrpctratmr. Mf ?8 Fmvcgocr

?>11, tjc lmrcfshb psybjhatrhsts Umrichr Jusoy afe Ryffc Rúrjchg eckhvcrce tjchr rcpmrt bmfbkuehfi tjat

?5 A. Orchvhd, ?>:20 A Curmpcaf Ecbkarathmf ml Hfecpcfecfbc (Kmfemf, ?>11),

jttp0//www.las.mri/prmirags/tap/]embs/?>:2]-]A]Curmpcaf]Ecbkarathmf]ml]Hfecpcfecfbc.pel . ?3

 ‛Orchvhd h avjúr0 - Rkhd var ghf pmgpúsc ufhlmrgsokúll‗, Eaiokaect  (13 Aprhk ?>1?),

jttp0//www.eaiokaect.fm/?>1?/>5/13/fyjctcr/orchvhd/afecrs]ocjrhfi]orchvhd/tcrrmrafircpct/hffcfrhds/?11115.

2>/. ?<

 A. Orchvhd, A Curmpcaf Ecbkarathmf (?>11), p. 11>5.?9 ‛Orchvhds cifc mre lra lcfiscksbckkcf‗, \crecfs Iafi (?>1?), jttp0//www.vi.fm/fyjctcr/hffcfrhds/??-

 `ukh/arthddck.pjp=arthe71>><5988. ?:

 I. Khppcstae, Ect daf vh stã lmr  (Mskm0 Asbjcjmui & Bm., ?>12), p. 5?.

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:HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ujc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd Urhak0 ^crlmrghfi @usthbc, Eclcfehfi Ecgmbraby

Orchvhd sullcrce lrmg  parafmhe sbjhzmpjrcfha, afe tjat jc was  psybjmthb eurhfi tjc attabds afe eurhfi

tjc pcrhme ml moscrvathmf altcrwares. Fmt surprhshfiky, tjc qucsthmf ml Orchvhd‘s gcftak bmfehthmf

rcbchvce ircat puokhb hftcrcst afe was whecky bmvcrce oy tjc gceha. Ujc psybjhatrhb asscssgcft jae a

prmlmufe hgpabt mf tjc stratcihcs ml Orchvhd afe jhs eclcfbc.

Ecsphtc tjc labt tjat Orchvhd dfcw jhs tcag was wmrdhfi lmr a bmgpuksmry gcftak jcaktj barc

vcrehbt, lmr jhg tjc rcpmrt bagc as a sjmbd. Hf mrecr tm lukky gmohkhsc suppmrt, Orchvhd was aeagaft tjat

jc sjmuke fmt oc eccgce hfsafc. Jcfbc, jc was mutraice oy tjc lhrst psybjhatrhb rcpmrt‘s bmfbkushmftjat jc was a parafmhe sbjhzmpjrcfhb. Hf a 2: paic kcttcr wrhttcf hf `ahk afe scft tm varhmus Fmrwcihaf

gceha, jc sahe tjat ht was tjc ‛wmrst tjat bmuke jappcf T…W as ht wmuke oc tjc ukthgatc jughkhathmf. T…W

Rcfehfi a pmkhthbak abthvhst tm a gcftak jmsphtak hs gmrc saehsthb afe bruck tjaf dhkkhfi jhg! Ht hs a latc

wmrsc tjaf ecatj‗.?8

  Hl jc waftce tm hfsphrc luturc icfcrathmfs ml vhmkcft rhijt-whfi cxtrcghsts, jc

fccece tm oc pcrbchvce as a rathmfak abtmr afe rmkc gmeck ml akk ml tjmsc sthkk mf tjc lrhfics. Afmtjcr

labtmr tjat hflkucfbce Orchvhd‘s vhcw ml jhs eclcfbc stratciy was tjc abbcss tm gceha jc was ihvcf mf 12

Ecbcgocr ?>11, wjhbj kce jhg tm bmfbkuec tjat jhs ecsbrhpthmf hf tjc gceha ehe fmt khvc up tm jhs

cxpcbtathmfs.2>

  As a bmfscqucfbc, Orchvhd rcqucstce jhs kawycr mf ?2 Ecbcgocr ?>11 tm bjafic tjc

eclcfbc stratciy afe aoafemf tjc hfsafhty pkca tm csbapc a kmfi prhsmf scftcfbc.21

 _cluthfi tjc hfsafhty

kaock ocbagc tjc fcw prhgary imak ml tjc eclcfbc.

Orchvhd bkahgce tjat :>% ml tjc hflmrgathmf rciarehfi tjc hftcrvhcws tjat lmrgce tjc oashs mltjc lhrst psybjhatrhb rcpmrt wcrc ‛lhbthmfak, gakhbhmus mr vcry smpjhsthbatce khcs‗.

2? Abbmrehfi tm jhg, jc

jae lmufe ?>> crrmrs hf tjc rcpmrt afe qucsthmfce tjc hftcirhty ml tjc rcscarbjcrs stathfi tjat ‛tjchr

pmkhthbak vhcws gaec tjcg molusbatc tjc abbmufts ml tjchr scsshmfs T...W‗. Orchvhd ariuce tjat tjchr ahg

was quhtc bkcarky tm brcatc tjc prcghsc tjat wmuke suppmrt tjc ehaifmshs tjcy rcabjce carky mf‗.22

 Ujc

scbmfe gcftak jcaktj asscssgcft, wjhbj was mrecrce oy tjc bmurt, was prcscftce hf Aprhk ?>1? afe

arrhvce at tjc mppmshtc bmfbkushmf, stathfi tjat Orchvhd was lmufe tm oc safc at tjc thgc ml tjc attabds.

Orchvhd was sahe tm oc ‛sathslhce whtj tjc lhfehfis afe jae bmuftce mf ht‗.25

  Umwares mtjcrs wjm

qucsthmfce jhs safhty, Orchvhd rcspmfece oy qucsthmfhfi tjchr prmlcsshmfakhsg.23

 

Orchvhd kmst gubj thgc afe cfcriy lhijthfi tjc hfsafhty bjarics, wjhbj hfjhohtce jhs rcak ahg, tm

prcscft jhgsckl as a rhijt-whfi vafiuare hf ‛tjc oattkc aiahfst Hskaghsg afe hts eclcfecrs‗. Jc lckt

bmgpckkce tm upiraec jhs status as a pmkhthbak abthvhst oy bakkhfi upmf ehllcrcft lar-rhijt abthvhsts aswhtfcsscs. Yhtj tjcsc whtfcsscs tjc eclcfbc trhce tm ecgmfstratc tjat Orchvhd was fm kmfc kufathb, out

hfecce rcprcscftce a ormaecr burrcft ml pmkhthbak cxtrcghsg. Orchvhd‘s stratciy tjus hfbrcashfiky bagc tm

lmbus mf bmfvhfbhfi tjc auehcfbc ml jhs safhty hf mrecr tm prcscft jhgsckl as a scrhmus abthvhst.

A bcftrak part ml tjhs stratciy bmfshstce ml rcpcatceky prmbkahghfi tjc shifhlhbafbc ml tjc (luturc)

fugocr ml aejcrcfts tm jhs hecmkmiy. Ujhs thce hf whtj jhs gafhlcstm, hf wjhbj jc jae bmfstrubtce af

auehcfbc, rcak mr hgaihfathvc, tm wjmg jc bmuke aeercss jhs gcssaic. Lmr cxagpkc, Orchvhd lrcqucftky

usce tjc bmkkcbthvc ‛wc‗ hf jhs gafhlcstm afe eurhfi jhs trhak tm rclcr tm tjmsc wjm sjarce jhs rhijt-whfi

hecas.2<

  At tjc sagc thgc, jc pmrtrayce pcmpkc jc ehsaircce whtj as hifmraft mr wcad. Orchvhd‘s

?8 ‛Kcs eckcr av hffkcefhficf h Orchvhd-orcv‗, \crecfs Iafi (5 Aprhk ?>1?), jttp0//www.vi.fm/fyjctcr/hffcfrhds/??-

 `ukh/arthddck.pjp=arthe71>>583:54 scc aksm _cutcrs, ‛ Ehaifmshs ml hfsafhty wmuke oc ‚wmrsc tjaf ecatj‘, Fmrwaydhkkcr says‗, Ujc Ikmoc afe Gahk  (5 Aprhk ?>1?),

jttp0//www.tjcikmocafegahk.bmg/fcws/wmrke/ehaifmshs-ml-hfsafhty-wmuke-oc-wmrsc-tjaf-ecatj-fmrway-dhkkcr-

says/arthbkc?2813:2/. 2>

 U. O`mrim afe B. Jcgghfioy, ‛Rtratcihcs hf bmurt0 Ujc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd-basc‗, ^rcscftathmf eurhfi HBBU

Cxpcrt Gccthfi mf tjc Orchvhd basc (Ujc Jaiuc, 11 Aprhk ?>12).21

 ‛@ci jar hddc sfaddct gce Orchvhd shecf vh avskuttct sadcf‗, Eaiokaect  (?1 Fmvcgocr ?>1?),

jttp0//www.eaiokaect.fm/?>1?/11/?1/fyjctcr/hffcfrhds/ichr]khppcstae/tcrrmrafircpct/tcrrmr/?55<89>9/.  2?

 \crecfs Iafi (5 Aprhk ?>1?).22

 Hohe.25

 J. Khkkcas & U. Kcppcrme, ‛Khppcstae0 Rkhd Orchvhd trmeec‗, Fcttavhscf (1> Aprhk ?>1?),

jttp0//www.fcttavhscf.fm/fyjctcr/arthbkc229?5?3.cbc.  23

 ??fe

 ml @uky Bmurt Urafsbrhpt, ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?-><->:‗, Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt  (: @ufc ?>1?),jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/trafsbrhpts/afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-trafsbrhpt-?>1?-><->:-khvc-rcpmrt . 2<

 Ujhs heca ml ockmfihfi tm a spcbhlhb ‛hf-irmup‗ ghijt lufbthmf as a pukk-labtmr lmr ae`usthfi mfc‘s (smbhak) hecfthty.

Rcc lmr hfstafbc G. Raicgaf, Sfecrstafehfi tcrrmr fctwmrds (^jhkaeckpjha0 Sfhvcrshty ml ^cffsykvafha ^rcss,

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8HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ec Iraal, vaf ecr Jchec, Yafgadcr & Yciicgafs

 

farrathvc mllcrce pcmpkc af mppmrtufhty tm ockmfi tm af akkhafbc, wjhbj whkk cvcftuakky whf tjc

‛Curmpcaf bukturc war‗. Hf jhs lhfak statcgcft hf bmurt, Orchvhd mfbc aiahf appcakce tm jhs hgaihfary

auehcfbc ml pmtcfthak suppmrtcrs afe sygpatjhscrs. Yhtj jhs statcgcft ml rcirct ‒ but sjmrt jaklway

tjrmuij oy af hrrhtatce @ueic Artfzcf ‒ jc waftce tm apmkmihsc tm ‛akk ghkhtaft fathmfakhsts hf Fmrway

afe hf Curmpc lmr fmt javhfi dhkkce gmrc trahtmrs‗.29

 

Jc prcscftce jhgsckl mvcr afe mvcr aiahf as tjc Baubashaf jcrm wjm bagc tm tjc rcsbuc mf

ocjakl ml a supprcssce Curmpcaf pcmpkc. Jc eclcfece jhs attabds as tjc mfky way tm prcvcft afHskaghsathmf ml tjc bmfthfcft, sayhfi jc wmuke em ht akk aiahf, ocbausc jc was ‛tryhfi tm prcvcft bhvhk war

hf Fmrway hf tjc luturc. H afe mtjcrs hf Curmpc arc bmfvhfbce wc baf avcrt a ga`mr bhvhk war. Hl wc waht

afmtjcr ?>-2> ycars, ctjfhb Curmpcafs whkk oc hf tjc ghfmrhty‗. Hf Orchvhd‘s mphfhmf, jhs abthmfs wcrc

‛oasce mf immefcss, fmt cvhk‗2:

 afe jc was abthfi ‛mut ml fcbcsshty‗.28

 Orchvhd abdfmwkceice tjat tjc

?? @uky attabds wcrc oaroarhaf ‒ out mfky ml khghtce sbakc bmgparce tm tjc abts ml a luturc bhvhk war as

bausce oy Curmpc‘s hfcvhtaokc Hskaghsathmf. Jc cvcf wcft as lar as ecsbrhohfi jhs ecces as ‛irucsmgc‗.

Jc jae ‛abtce aiahfst jugaf faturc‗, afe jc apmkmihsce lmr hffmbcft basuakthcs, rclcrrhfi tm tjmsc

whtjmut pmkhthbak bmffcbthmfs. Jc aksm sahe tjat jc ufecrstmme tjc kmss hflkhbtce mf tjc vhbthgs‘ laghkhcs,

as jc jae kmst jhs lrhcfes afe laghky altcr tjc attabd as wckk.5>

 At tjc sagc thgc jmwcvcr, jc ehe fmt

sjmw afy cgmthmf mr rcgmrsc. Eurhfi tjc lhrst eays ml tjc trhak, Orchvhd ecsbrhoce jhs attabds as ‛tjc

gmst spcbtabukar smpjhsthbatce pmkhthbak abts hf Curmpc shfbc tjc Rcbmfe Ymrke Yar‗.Aktjmuij tjc vhbthgs‘ afe survhvmrs‘ kawycrs rcbchvce gafy gcssaics ml prmtcst lrmg pcmpkc

wjm lckt Orchvhd‘s statcgcfts wcrc cxtrcgcky mllcfshvc afe ecsphtc tjc labt tjat tjc `ueics trhce tm khght

jhs ragpaics, Orchvhd ecgafece tm bmfthfuc hf mrecr tm cxpkahf jhs gmthvcs. Jhs kciak bmufsck Ichr

Khppcstae abdfmwkceice tjc vhbthgs‘ sullcrhfi, afe ufecrstmme tjat tjcy ehe fmt waft tjc bmurt tm turf

hftm a tjcatrc sjmw. Jmwcvcr, tjc eclcfbc tcag ehe fmt hfjhoht tjchr eclcfeaft hf vmhbhfi jhs bkahgs,

sayhfi ‛jc jas a rhijt as a eclcfeaft hf Fmrwcihaf kaw tm ihvc a statcgcft, afe aksm a jugaf rhijt‗.51

 

Hf jhs lhfak statcgcft Orchvhd aiahf rc-htcratce tjat jc ehe fmt rcbmifhsc tjc bmurt ocbausc ml hts

‛gafeatc lrmg pmkhthbak parthcs tjat suppmrt gukthbukturakhsg‗.5?

 Jc aeece tjat0

Oy ehsbarehfi gy akkciathmfs ml tjc prhfbhpkc ml fcbcsshty afe scftcfbhfi a

rcprcscftathvc ml tjc Fmrwcihaf rcshstafbc gmvcgcft ymu javc shece whtj tjcgukthbukturak ga`mrhty hf parkhagcft afe tjcrclmrc ymu aksm cxprcssce suppmrt lmr tjc

gukthbukturakhst hecmkmiy.

Rhfbc H em fmt rcbmifhsc tjhs bmurt H baffmt kcihthghsc tjc Mskm ehstrhbt bmurt oy

abbcpthfi tjhs scftcfbc. Hf gy vhcw tjhs scftcfbc afe `ueigcft hs hkkcihthgatc afe at tjc

sagc thgc H baffmt appcak aiahfst tjc `ueicgcft ocbausc oy appcakhfi H wmuke

kcihthghsc tjc bmurt.52

 

?>>5)4 U. O`úrim, afe @. Jmriaf, ces., Kcavhfi tcrrmrhsg ocjhfe0 Ehscfiaicgcft lrmg pmkhthbak vhmkcfbc (Fcw Xmrd0

_mutkceic, ?>>8)4 @. Jmriaf, ‛^sybjmkmihbak labtmrs rckatce tm ehscfiaihfi lrmg tcrrmrhsg0 Rmgc prckhghfary

assugpthmfs afe asscrthmfs‗, hf B. Ocfare, ce., A luturc lmr tjc ymufi0 Mpthmfs lmr jckphfi Gheekc Castcrf Xmutjcsbapc tjc trap ml raehbakhzathmf (Rafta Gmfhba, BA0 _AFE Bmrpmrathmf, ?>>3),

jttp0//www.rafe.mri/puos/wmrdhfi]papcrs/Y_235/. 29

 ??fe

 ml @uky Bmurt Urafsbrhpts, ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?->:-?5‗, Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt  (?5 Auiust ?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/trafsbrhpts/afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-trafsbrhpt-?>1?->:-?5-khvc-rcpmrt . 2:

 Hohe.28

 ??fe

 ml @uky Bmurt Urafsbrhpt, ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?-><-??‗, Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt  (?? @ufc ?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/embugcfts/afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-statcgcft-?>1?-><-?? TFmtc0 hf tjc

trafsbrhpt ‛fcbcsshty‗ hs wrmfiky trafskatce as ‛sckl-eclcfbc‗W.5>

 ??fe

 ml @uky Bmurt Urafsbrhpt, ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?->5-?2‗, Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt  (5 Aprhk ?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/trafsbrhpts/afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-trafsbrhpt-?>1?->5-?2-khvc-rcpmrt . 51

 F_D, ‛Khppcstae0 \urecrcr ã oc mg utscttcksc av sadcf‗ (1< Aprhk ?>1?), jttp0//www.frd.fm/??9/eai-lmr-

eai/lmrsvarcrfc-vhk-dafsd`c-utscttc-1.:>9<?1<. 5? ??

fe ml @uky Bmurt Urafsbrhpt, ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?->:-?5‗, Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt  (?5 Auiust ?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/trafsbrhpts/afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-trafsbrhpt-?>1?->:-?5-khvc-rcpmrt . 52

 hohe.

8/16/2019 ICCT de Graaf Et Al the Anders Behring Breivik Trial August 2013

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/icct-de-graaf-et-al-the-anders-behring-breivik-trial-august-2013 12/22

 

1>HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ujc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd Urhak0 ^crlmrghfi @usthbc, Eclcfehfi Ecgmbraby

Oasce mf jhs statcgcfts afe ocjavhmur hf bmurt, Orchvhd‘s pcrlmrgathvc stratciy rcockkce aiahfst tjc

Fmrwcihaf `uehbhak systcg hf wjhbj jc was lmrbce tm parthbhpatc oy gcafs ml jhs mwf trhak. Ht sccgs bkcar

tjcrclmrc tjat eckcihthghshfi tjhs systcg jae ocbmgc af hftcirak part ml jhs rhijt-whfi cxtrcghst

bmggufhbathmfs.

2.2 ^crbcpthmf ml Orchvhd‘s stratciy

Ujc survcy asdce parthbhpafts wjctjcr tjcy tjmuijt tjc gceha pahe tmm gubj, cfmuij mr tmm khttkcattcfthmf tm Orchvhd eurhfi tjc trhak. Ujc rcsukts (scc Uaokc 5) hfehbatc tjat gmst pcmpkc hf tjhs rcscarbj

lckt tjat tjc gceha pahe cfmuij attcfthmf tm Orchvhd‘s pcrspcbthvc. Fmfctjckcss, gmrc tjaf a tjhre ml

rcspmfecfts lckt tjcy pahe tmm gubj attcfthmf tm jhs pcrspcbthvc.

Umm khttkc attcfthmf Cfmuij attcfthmf Umm gubj attcfthmf

3% 5:% 29%

Uaokc 50 Gceha attcfthmf ml Orchvhd‘s pcrspcbthvc hf tjc gceha 

Mfc spcbhlhb rcabthmf tm Orchvhd‘s pcrlmrgathvc stratciy was tjc puokhb‘s rcabthmf hf tjc squarc hf lrmft ml

tjc bmurt ouhkehfi. Eurhfi tjc trhak, gafy pcmpkc iatjcrce tm shfi tjc _ahfomw Rmfi, a smfi tjat Orchvhd

jae rclcrrce tm hf bmurt as af cxagpkc ml jmw Fmrwcihaf stuecfts wcrc ochfi orahfwasjce oy Garxhst

prmpaiafea.55

 Ehspkays ml bmkkcbthvc gmurfhfi afe tjc ehrcbt rcspmfsc oy tjc icfcrak puokhb tm Orchvhd‘s

statcgcfts eurhfi tjc trhak aksm sjmwce tjc hfvmkvcgcft ml tjc Fmrwcihaf puokhb hf tjc trhak. Ujhs bmuke

oc hftcrprctce as smbhcty tryhfi tm scfe a gcssaic tm tjc imvcrfgcft, Orchvhd afe jhs pmsshokc (luturc)

lmkkmwcrs. Ht sccgce tm strcss, hf khfc whtj tjc ariugcft put lmrtj oy ^rhgc Ghfhstcr @cfs Rtmktcfocri,

tjc fcce lmr a ecgmbrathb rcspmfsc tm tjc attabds. Rhghkarky, tjc survcy hfehbatce tjat rcspmfecfts

waftce a strubturce afe hfbkushvc ecoatc aomut tjc Fmrwcihaf ecgmbrathb systcg afe rclutce tjc

cxbkushmf ml bcrtahf cxtrcghst irmups lrmg smbhcty mr lrmg puokhb ecoatc.

Orchvhd‘s ahg tm usc tjc trhak tm lurtjcr jhs mwf cxtrcghst gmthvcs was rcbmifhsce oy tjc puokhb

prcscft hf afe mutshec tjc bmurtrmmg. Ujrmuijmut tjc trhak, tjc agmuft ml thgc Orchvhd rcbchvce tm

gadc jhs mwf statcgcfts was a bmftcstce hssuc hf tjc Fmrwcihaf gceha. Ujc ehsbusshmf bcftrce armufetjc pmsshokc cllcbt0 ht bmuke omtj hfsphrc afe sct mll pmtcfthak lmkkmwcrs mr aejcrcfts tm rhijt-whfi

cxtrcghsg. Ujc bmpy-bat cllcbt ml Orchvhd‘s pcrlmrgathvc stratciy ocbagc apparcft hf tjc altcrgatj ml

tjc trhak wjcf a scrhcs ml cvcfts wcrc hf smgc way mr afmtjcr bmffcbtce tm Orchvhd. Lhrst ml akk, Orchvhd‘s

gafhlcstm was trafskatce hftm gafy kafiuaics, hfbkuehfi _usshaf, Eutbj afe Icrgaf. Aksm, tjhrtccf

gmftjs altcr Orchvhd‘s attabds, a ‛_usshaf Orchvhd‗ was arrcstce hf Gmsbmw lmr sjmmthfi afe dhkkhfi shx

bmkkcaiucs afe rckcashfi a jatc gafhlcstm mfkhfc.53 Mfky a wccd katcr, a ?8-ycar-mke gaf hf tjc Bzcbj

_cpuokhb was bjarice mvcr a Orchvhd-stykc pkmt, ushfi tjc fagc Orchvhd mfkhfc afe pkaffhfi a karic attabd

whtj cxpkmshvcs.5<

 Hf Fmvcgocr ml tjat sagc ycar, ^mkhsj autjmrhthcs arrcstce a raehbak fathmfakhst wjm

was pkaffhfi tm okmw up tjc ^mkhsj parkhagcft ouhkehfi afe wjm khfdce jhgsckl tm Orchvhd.59

 

Lhfakky, Orchvhd rcbchvce gafy kmvc kcttcrs,5:

  as wckk as bmrrcspmfecfbc afe erawhfis lrmg

bjhkercf.58 Hf a kcttcr jc wrmtc tm Uafha, a wmgaf wjm jae wrhttcf jhg, jc says0 ‛A kmt ml pcmpkc armufetjc wmrke javc cxprcssce tjchr suppmrt lmr gc, hf suggary, H javc rcbchvce mvcr ?3> kcttcrs, gmst ml

55 Orchvhd Urhak Bmurt Urafsbrhpt, ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?->5-?>‗, Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt  (?> Aprhk ?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/trafsbrhpts/afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-trafsbrhpt-?>1?->5-?>-khvc-rcpmrt . 53

 A. Kmozhfa, ‛‚_ussha‘s Orchvhd‘ suspcbt bjarice whtj gass gurecr‗, Ujc Gmsbmw Fcws (11 Auiust ?>1?),

jttp0//tjcgmsbmwfcws.bmg/kmbak/?>1?11>:/18>:?:?98.jtgk . 5<

 ‛Bzcbj pmkhbc bjaric gaf mvcr ‚Orchvhd-stykc‘ pkmt‗, Orhthsj Ormaebasthfi Bmrpmrathmf (1: Auiust ?>1?),

jttp0//www.oob.bm.ud/fcws/wmrke-curmpc-182>5:15. 59

 E. Kcszdmwhbz afe G. Imctthi, ‛^mkafe arrcsts omgo pkmttcr khfdce tm Fmrway‘s Orchvhd‗, _cutcrs (?> Fmvcgocr

?>1?), jttp0//www.rcutcrs.bmg/arthbkc/?>1?/11/?>/us-pmkafe-attabd-heSRO_C:A@>JQ?>1?11?> . 5:

 ‛Orchvhd icts kmvc kcttcrs lrmg 1<-ycar mke ihrks‗, Ujc Kmbak  (1: @ufc ?>1?),jttp0//www.tjckmbak.fm/?>1?><1:/orchvhd-icts-kmvc-kcttcrs-lrmg-1<-ycar-mke-ihrks . 58

 ‛Bjhkercf wrhtc kcttcrs tm Orchvhd‗, Ujc Fmrehb ^aic (1: Ecbcgocr ?>1?),

jttp0//www.tfp.fm/fmrway/pafmraga/2552-bjhkercf-wrhtc-kcttcrs-tm-orchvhd . 

8/16/2019 ICCT de Graaf Et Al the Anders Behring Breivik Trial August 2013

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/icct-de-graaf-et-al-the-anders-behring-breivik-trial-august-2013 13/22

 

11HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ec Iraal, vaf ecr Jchec, Yafgadcr & Yciicgafs

 

wjhbj arc ohkks, KMK TshbW. Aomut <>% ml tjc kcttcrs hs TshbW pmshthvc, 1>% hs TshbW lrmg pcmpkc wjm waft gc

tm lhfe @csus, afe 2>% lrmg tjmsc wjm jatc gc‗.3>

 

Jmwcvcr, mvcrakk ht sccgs Orchvhd‘s prmpaiafea jas kce tm ehllcrcft mutbmgcs. Ga`mr

fcwspapcrs rc`cbtce jhs arthbkcs, afe scvcrak afth-Hskaghb hecmkmiucs jc aeghrce, subj as ^cecr Arc

Fústvmke @cfscf (dfmwf as L`mregaf), rclusce jhs prmpmsaks lmr bmmpcrathmf.31

  Aksm, ratjcr tjaf

hfsphrhfi a fcw icfcrathmf ml lmkkmwcrs mr spardhfi a lar-rhijt-cxtrcghst rcvmkuthmf hf Curmpc, jhs puokhb

pcrlmrgafbc eurhfi tjc trhak appcars tm javc jae tjc mppmshtc cllcbt. Aktjmuij Curmpcaf wjhtcfathmfakhst gmvcgcfts, ml wjhbj Orchvhd rcprcscfts af cxtrcgc lrhfic, javc occf mf tjc rhsc mvcr tjc

kast ycars, tjc pmpukar oabdkasj aiahfst Orchvhd afe jhs hecmkmiy jas put tjcg mf tjc eclcfshvc. Lar-rhijt

gmvcgcfts subj as tjc Cfikhsj Eclcfbc Kcaiuc ecfhce khfds, akkcice hecmkmihbak bmffcbthmfs afe afy

hecmkmihbak mvcrkap whtj Orchvhd.3?

  Yjcf lar-rhijt parthcs jcke a gass rakky hf Ecfgard hf Aprhk ?>1?,

mppmshfi prmtcstcrs abtuakky mutfugocrce tjcg.32

 

Lhfakky, tjc trhak was vhcwce oy gafy as fmt scfehfi Orchvhd‘s gcssaic, out hfstcae, cllcbthvcky

ecgmfstrathfi tjc Fmrwcihaf systcg ml brhghfak `usthbc tm tjc wmrke. ^rmlcssmr Ujmgas Gatjhcscf ml

Mskm Sfhvcrshty was qumtce sayhfi tjat ‛tjc Fmrwcihaf systcg hs fmt aomut rcvcfic, out smocr,

ehifhlhce trcatgcft‗ ml cvcf tjc wmrst brhghfaks.35

 

Hf sjmrt, Orchvhd‘s pcrlmrgathvc stratciy was hggcehatcky rcbmifhsce as subj afe vcjcgcftky

rc`cbtce oy smbhcty at karic. Ujc shfihfi ml tjc _ahfomw Rmfi afe fathmfak ehsbusshmf hf tjc gceharciarehfi tjc agmuft ml attcfthmf mf Orchvhd eurhfi tjc trhak ufecrsbmrce afe eclcfece tjc hgpmrtafbc

tjc Fmrwcihaf pcmpkc attrhoutc tm tjc ecgmbrathb systcg afe tjc rukc ml kaw. _cspcbt lmr omtj, a lahr

trhak as a bmrfcrstmfc tm a lufbthmfhfi ecgmbrathb systcg, afe lmr af hfbkushvc ecoatc ecgmfstratce tjc

Fmrwcihaf puokhb‘s prhmrhthsathmf ml tjc `uehbhak imaks ml staohkhsathmf afe upjmkehfi tjc ecgmbrathb rukc

ml kaw gubj gmrc tjaf a pkahf ycarfhfi lmr rctrhouthmf mr icfcrak prcvcfthmf.

5.  Ujc Orchvhd Urhak as a Bmphfi Gcbjafhsg=

Ujhs kcaes us tm tjc tjhre afe lhfak qucsthmf0 jmw jas tjc trhak jckpce tjc Fmrwcihaf pcmpkc prcscft hf

afe mutshec tjc bmurtrmmg hf bmphfi whtj tjc irhcl afe strcss bausce oy Orchvhd‘s attabds=Ujc qucsthmffahrc asdce wjhbj imaks ml a lahr trhak pcmpkc lhfe hgpmrtaft, afe wjctjcr tjcy lcck

tjcsc wcrc attahfce hf tjc Orchvhd trhak. Ujc jypmtjcshs hs tjat hl af hgpmrtaft imak jas occf attahfce oy

tjc trhak tjat tjhs tjcf gay javc jckpce rcspmfecfts tm bmpc octtcr. Ujc imaks khstce hf tjc survcy wcrc

gmrc ectahkce tjaf tjc lhvc bkasshbak (lmrgak afe hflmrgak) imaks ml brhghfak `usthbc whtj aeehthmfak

spcbhlhbathmfs aeece0

1. _cvcfic4

?. ^rcvcfthfi tjc suspcbt lrmg bmgghtthfi afmtjcr brhgc (spcbhlhb prcvcfthmf)4

2. ^rcvcfthfi mtjcrs lrmg bmgghtthfi subj a brhgc (icfcrak prcvcfthmf)4

5. Urutj-lhfehfi4

3> ‛Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd Kcttcr 13->1-1? tm Uafha‗, Ujc Orchvhd Arbjhvc (13 @afuary ?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/kcttcrs/afecrs-orchvhd-kcttcr-1?->1-13. 31

 @.A. _avfeak, ‛A ^mst-Urhak ml Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd‗ (?8 Mbtmocr ?>1?), jttp0//www.btb.usga.ceu/pmsts/a-pmst-

trhak-prmlhkc-ml-afecrs-ocjrhfi-orchvhd. 3?

 G. Lhsjcr, ‛Yjat Agcrhba baf kcarf lrmg Fmrway‘s Afecrs Orchvhd trhak‗, Ujc Atkafthb (1: Aprhk ?>1?),

jttp0//www.tjcatkafthb.bmg/hftcrfathmfak/arbjhvc/?>1?/>5/wjat-agcrhba-baf-kcarf-lrmg-fmrways-afecrs-

orchvhd-trhak/?3<><</. 32

 ‛Curmpcaf lar-rhijt irmups sccd tm ouhke afth-Hskaghb fctwmrd, gcct prmtcsts‗, _cutcrs (? Aprhk ?>1?),

jttp0//okmis.rcutcrs.bmg/lahtjwmrke/?>1?/>5/>?/curmpcaf-lar-rhijt-irmups-sccd-tm-ouhke-afth-hskaghb-fctwmrd-

gcct-prmtcsts/. 35

 A^, ‛Afecrs Orchvhd trhak ehspkays Fmrway‘s lmrgak kciak systcg‗, Yasjhfitmf ^mst  (19 Aprhk ?>1?),jttp0//www.wasjhfitmfpmst.bmg/wmrke/afecrs-orchvhd-trhak-ehspkays-fmrways-lmrgak-kciak-systcg-as-bmflcssce-

dhkkcr-icts-tm-cxpkahf-lafathbak-vhcws/?>1?/>5/19/iHQA3t:dMU]stmry.jtgk . 

8/16/2019 ICCT de Graaf Et Al the Anders Behring Breivik Trial August 2013

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/icct-de-graaf-et-al-the-anders-behring-breivik-trial-august-2013 14/22

 

1?HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ujc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd Urhak0 ^crlmrghfi @usthbc, Eclcfehfi Ecgmbraby

3. Cfaokhfi akk tjc hfvmkvce parthcs tm prcscft tjchr pcrspcbthvcs4

<. _cstmrhfi staohkhty hf smbhcty4

9. _callhrghfi tjc rukc ml kaw afe ecgmbrathb vakucs4 afe

:. ^rmvhehfi bkmsurc.

Uaokc 3 prcscfts tjc rcsukts ml tjcsc qucsthmfs.

Hgpmrtaft Attahfce

_cvcfic :% 5%

^rcvcfthmf 93% 3<%

Rygomkhb Lufbthmf 3<% ??%

Urutj lhfehfi 58% 28%

^rcscft pcrspcbthvcs 5>% 58%

_cstmrc staohkhty 52% ?8%

Ecgmbrathb vakucs <1% 39%

^rmvhec bkmsurc 3<% 55%

Uaokc 30 @uehbhak imaks0 hgpmrtaft afe attahfce

Mfc hftcrcsthfi rcsukt hs tjc vcry sgakk fugocr ml chijtccf parthbhpafts (:%) wjm vhcwce rcvcfic as af

hgpmrtaft imak hf a lahr trhak. Cvcf tjmuij rcvcfic, mr rctrhouthmf, hs mfc ml tjc bkasshbak imaks upmf

wjhbj brhghfak `usthbc hf tjc wcstcrf wmrke hs oasce, ht sccgs tjat lmr gmst ml tjc parthbhpafts hf tjhs

rcscarbj, tjhs `uehbhak imak was fmt tjat hgpmrtaft. Kahka Omdjarh, gcgocr ml tjc ??fe ml @uky Bmgghsshmf

tjat hfvcsthiatce tjc Orchvhd attabds afe tjc imvcrfgcft‘s pcrlmrgafbc, bmggcftce upmf tjhs kabd ml

lcckhfis ml rcvcfic hf Fmrwcihaf smbhcty0

Hl ymu kmmd at tjc wmrehfi hf bmurt lrmg tjc vhbthgs, ht hs fmt aomut jhg TOrchvhdW mr

aomut rcvcfic. Hf a scfsc, tjhs hs fmt aomut Orchvhd jhgsckl. ^cmpkc em fmt waft jhg tm

javc a rmkc hf smbhcty. Ujc wmre rcvcfic jas vcry sckemg bmgc mut. Rm rctrhouthmf hf

tjhs trhak hs fmt sm gubj aomut rcvcfic, out gmrc aomut putthfi oabd wjat hs rhijt afe

wrmfi afe lmbushfi mf jmw baf wc prcvcft smgctjhfi khdc tjhs lrmg jappcfhfi aiahf

hf tjc luturc= Afe tjat hs aksm part, H tjhfd, ml tjc bmphfi gcbjafhsgs0 kmmdhfi lmrware,

afe fmt kmmdhfi oabd.33

 

Rpcbhlhb prcvcfthmf (prcvcfthfi Orchvhd lrmg bmgghtthfi afmtjcr brhgc) afe ecgmbrathb vakucs (rcstmrhfi

tjc rukc ml kaw afe ecgmbrathb vakucs) wcrc vhcwce as tjc gmst hgpmrtaft imaks ml a lahr trhak. Ujc kattcr

was aksm bmflhrgce oy gafy ml tjc hftcrvhcwccs. Hf icfcrak, tjc trhak htsckl was vhcwce as smbhcty‘s

afswcr tm Orchvhd‘s (ufecgmbrathb) prhfbhpkcs afe wmrkevhcw. Gmst parthbhpafts (39%) lckt tjat tjc imak

ml upjmkehfi ecgmbrathb vakucs jae occf abjhcvce tjrmuij tjc trhak. Ujc trhak cfece whtj a vcrehbt tjat

ecbkarce Orchvhd safc afe kciakky rcspmfshokc lmr jhs abts. Jc was scftcfbce tm ?1 ycars hf prhsmf out

whtj a ‛prcvcfthvc ectcfthmf‗ bkausc akkmwhfi lmr jhs thgc hf `ahk tm oc cxtcfece as kmfi as jc hs eccgce

a tjrcat tm smbhcty.

_ciarehfi icfcrak prcvcfthmf, tjc trhak aksm scrvce af hgpmrtaft purpmsc. Mf a (hftcr-)fathmfak

pmkhby kcvck, tjc ecvckmpgcfts afe tjc bmfbcrfs rckathfi tm ‛kmfc-wmkl‗ tcrrmrhsts khdc Orchvhd rcvcakce

tjc fcce lmr scrhmus sbruthfy ml fathmfak scburhty stratcihcs. Ujc ?? fe ml @uky Bmgghsshmf jae akrcaey

33 Kahka Omdjarh (gcgocr ml tjc ?? @ukh Dmgghs`mfcf), hftcrvhcw oy autjmrs, Mskm, ?2 Auiust ?>1?.

8/16/2019 ICCT de Graaf Et Al the Anders Behring Breivik Trial August 2013

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/icct-de-graaf-et-al-the-anders-behring-breivik-trial-august-2013 15/22

 

12HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ec Iraal, vaf ecr Jchec, Yafgadcr & Yciicgafs

 

bmfbkuece oclmrc tjc cfe ml tjc trhak tjat ‛TaWkk hf akk, @uky ?? rcvcakce scrhmus sjmrtlakks hf smbhcty‘s

cgcricfby prcparcefcss afe aohkhty tm avcrt tjrcats T...W Ujc bjakkcfics turfce mut tm oc asbrhoaokc tm

kcaecrsjhp afe bmggufhbathmf tm a lar ircatcr cxtcft tjaf tm tjc kabd ml rcspmfsc pcrsmffck‗.3<

 

Ujc heca tjat (rhijt-whfi) kmfc wmkl tcrrmrhsg pmsce a fcw scrhmus tjrcat kcae tm af hfbrcasce

cgpjashs, omtj hfshec afe mutshec Fmrway, mf bmggufhbathmf hf thgcs ml brhshs, tjc gmfhtmrhfi ml rhijt-

whfi cxtrcghsts, out aksm mf tjc pmkhbhcs tjat rckatc tm tjc purbjashfi afe pmsscsshfi ml bcrtahf

abbcssmrhcs tjat bmuke oc usce lmr tcrrmrhst attabds. @affc Drhsthafscf, lmrgcr jcae ml tjc ^mkhbc RcburhtyRcrvhbc ‒ Fmrway‘s emgcsthb hftckkhicfbc orafbj ‒ sahe tjat Orchvhd rcprcscftce a fcw paraehig. ‛A kmfc

wmkl wjm jas occf vcry hftcft mf stayhfi ufecr tjc raear ml tjc scburhty scrvhbcs oy kcaehfi a kawluk

khlc‗, aeehfi tjat tjc ufbmffcbtce tcrrmrhst hs ‛mfc ml tjchr ohiicst wmrrhcs‗.39

  Hf tjc Sfhtce Dhfiemg,

puokhb lhiurcs khdc Jmgc Rcbrctary Ujcrcsa Gay afe mfc ml tjc lmufecrs ml tjc Bcftrc lmr Lasbhst, Afth-

Lasbhst afe ^mst-Lasbhst Rtuehcs at Uccsshec Sfhvcrshty, Gattjcw Lckegaf, jhijkhijtce tjc irmwhfi

tjrcat ml a Orchvhd-stykc attabd hf Orhtahf. Gay statce tjat tjcrc jae occf af ‛hfbrcasce lmbus mf rhijt-

whfi irmups hf tjc kast ycar mr sm, parthbukarky shfbc tjc Orchvhd hfbhecft hf Fmrway. T...W Ht‘s sthkk tjc basc

tjat wc‘rc khdcky tm scc a kmfc abtmr mf tjc oashs ml rhijt-whfi cxtrcghsg‗.3:

 Lckegaf bmfbkuece tjat

smgcmfc khdc Afecrs Orchvhd whkk oc mf tjc raear ‛smmfcr mr katcr‗.38

 

Jmwcvcr, tjc gmst hgpmrtaft imak tjc trhak sccgce tm scrvc, hf tjc cycs ml tjc rcspmfecfts afe

as suppmrtce oy gceha rcpmrts, was tjc imak ml bkmsurc, bkmscky bmffcbtce tm tjc trhak as a sygomk lmr tjceclcfbc ml tjc Fmrwcihaf ecgmbrathb systcg. Mfc ml tjc hftcrvhcwccs, Kahka Omdjarh, sahe0

Ujcrc jas occf a kmt ml ehsbusshmf hf tjc gceha wjctjcr Orchvhd‘s trhak was abtuakky

prcvcfthfi mr hfsphrhfi mtjcrs afe aomut tjc rmkc tjc gceha jas pkayce. Yjat wmres ehe

tjcy usc tm ecsbrhoc jhg, wjat phbturcs ehe tjcy sjmw ctb. Hf a way, a kmt ml pcmpkc ariuce

tjat `ust oy jcarhfi jhs wmres, jc wmuke abtuakky lakk lrmg jhs statuc ocbausc cvcrymfc

bmuke scc lmr tjcgsckvcs tjat jhs statcgcfts em fmt gadc scfsc. At tjc sagc thgc, tjcrc

jas occf a rhshfi awarcfcss tjat wc, as bhthzcfs, fcce tm oc cfiaice hf tjat ehsbusshmf, hf

tjc gceha, hf pmkhthbak parthcs, hf ymutj irmups, tm bmuftcr jhs prhfbhpkcs. Lmr cxagpkc0 jc

usce tjc bjhkercf‘s smfi, tjc _ahfomw Rmfi, tm sjmw jhs ehsiust whtj gukthbukturakhsg afe

wjat was mur rcabthmf= Cvcrymfc gct up hf tjc squarc afe safi tjat smfi. Gayoc tjat hsa brazy tjhfi lmr pcmpkc tm em out H tjhfd ht hs aksm part ml mur bmphfi gcbjafhsg afe

sayhfi0 md, wc javc ihvcf jhg jhs pkatlmrg out at tjc sagc thgc, tjat ecgafes us tm oc

abthvc bhthzcfs afe rcspmfe tm jhs vhcws.<>

 

3. Ucrrmrhsg Urhaks afe Bmphfi

A traugathb cvcft hs eclhfce hf Ujc Ehaifmsthb afe Rtathsthbak Gafuak ml Gcftak Ehsmrecrs H\  (ERG) as af

cvcft hf wjhbj omtj ml tjc lmkkmwhfi wcrc prcscft0 1) tjc pcrsmf cxpcrhcfbce, whtfcssce, mr was

bmflrmftce whtj af cvcft mr cvcfts tjat hfvmkvce abtuak mr tjrcatcfce ecatj mr scrhmus hf`ury, mr atjrcat tm tjc pjyshbak hftcirhty ml sckl mr mtjcrs4 afe ?) tjc pcrsmf‘s rcspmfsc hfvmkvce hftcfsc lcar,

jckpkcssfcss, mr jmrrmr. Ht fmtcs hf bjhkercf, tjhs gay oc cxprcssce hfstcae oy ehsmriafhsce mr aihtatce

ocjavhmur.<1

 

3< ?? `ukh Dmgghs`mfcf (1> @afuarh ?>12), jttp0//??`ukhdmgghs`mfcf.fm/cf. 

39 Y. Omstmf, ‛Fmrway Attabds0 Ujc Ymrryhfi _hsc ml tjc Kmfc-Ymkl Ucrrmrhst‗, Uhgc (?: @uky ?>11),

jttp0//www.thgc.bmg/thgc/wmrke/arthbkc/>,:388,?>:3<3:,>>.jtgk . 3:

 _.-@. Lmre _m`as, ‛_hsd ml ‚kmfc wmkl‘ tcrrmrhst attabd irmwhfi‗, Ujc Eahky Uckcirapj (15 @afuary ?>12),

jttp0//www.tckcirapj.bm.ud/fcws/udfcws/tcrrmrhsg-hf-tjc-ud/898818?/Afecrs-Orchvhd-stykc-attabdcr-whkk-skhp-

ufecr-tjc-raear-hf-Orhtahf-smmfcr-mr-katcr-cxpcrt-warfs.jtgk. 38

 Hohe.<> Kahka Omdjarh (gcgocr ml tjc ?? @ukh Dmgghs`mfcf), hftcrvhcw oy autjmrs, Mskm, ?2 Auiust ?>1?.  <1 Agcrhbaf ^sybjhatrhb Assmbhathmf, Ehaifmsthb afe Rtathsthbak Gafuak ml Gcftak Ehsmrecrs 5

tj ce. (Yasjhfitmf EB0

Agcrhbaf ^sybjhatrhb Assmbhathmf, 1885), p. ?3<. 

8/16/2019 ICCT de Graaf Et Al the Anders Behring Breivik Trial August 2013

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15HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ujc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd Urhak0 ^crlmrghfi @usthbc, Eclcfehfi Ecgmbraby

Ujc survcy sjmwce tjat tjc Orchvhd attabds bausce a sckl-rcpmrtce trauga, tjc psybjmkmihbak

bmfscqucfbcs ml a traugathb cvcft, hf ?5% ml tjc hftcrvhcwccs. Ujhs pcrbcftaic jmvcrs octwccf tjc

prcvakcfbc ml pmst-traugathb strcss ehsmrecr (^URE) mfc gmftj altcr a traugathb cvcft, wjhbj rafics

lrmg ?2% agmfi survhvmrs ml tjc Mdkajmga bhty omgohfi<?

 tm ?8% agmfi survhvmrs ml tjc 1881 gass

sjmmthfi cphsmec hf Dhkkccf, Ucxas.<2

 Ujhs eata suiicsts tjat tjc psybjmkmihbak prmxhghty jae a shifhlhbaft

hflkucfbc mf traugathsathmf hf tjc survcy. Ujhs rckathmfsjhp was aksm lmufe hf mtjcr stuehcs mf traugathb

hfbhecfts. Ujhs hs sccf hf tjc cspcbhakky jhij prcvakcfbc ml ^URE agmfi pcmpkc hfvmkvce hf rcbmvcry,rcsbuc afe bkcafhfi cllmrts. Lmr cxagpkc, ??.3% afe ?>% ml ehsastcr wmrdcrs wcrc lmufe tm sullcr lrmg

^URE at twm wccds afe 1>-13 gmftjs gard, rcspcbthvcky, altcr tjc 8/11 tcrrmrhst attabds hf tjc Sfhtce

Rtatcs (SR).<5

 Hf tjc Orchvhd basc, mtjcr prcehbtmrs ml jhijcr strcss rcspmfscs wcrc ml fmf-Fmrehb ctjfhb

oabdirmufe, af mkecr aic afe ml lcgakc icfecr.<3

 

Ujcsc stathsthbs hkkustratc jmw tjc ga`mrhty ml pcmpkc icfcrakky sjmw ircat rcshkhcfbc tm tjc

hgpabt ml a traugathb cvcft. Ujc cxtcft tm wjhbj pcmpkc arc aokc tm bmpc whtj tjc upsctthfi cxpcrhcfbc

baf cxpkahf wjy smgc pcmpkc larc octtcr tjaf mtjcrs wjcf tjcy arc bmflrmftce whtj a traugathb cvcft.

Bmphfi baf oc eclhfce as tjmuijts afe ocjavhmurs tjat pcmpkc usc tm gafaic tjc hftcrfak afe cxtcrfak

ecgafes ml shtuathmfs tjat arc apprahsce as strcssluk. As bmphfi rcspmfscs arc hfhthatce hf af cgmthmfak

cfvhrmfgcft, mltcf mfc ml tjc lhrst bmphfi tasds hs tm emwf-rciukatc fciathvc cgmthmfs tjat arc strcssluk

afe tjat gay oc hftcrlcrhfi whtj aecquatc ways ml bmphfi.<<

 Lcw stuehcs javc lmbusce mf bmphfi gcbjafhsgs altcr tcrrmrhsg attabds afe, tm tjc autjmrs'

dfmwkceic, tjhs hs tjc lhrst stuey lmbushfi mf tjc hflkucfbc ml a trhak mf bmphfi. A stuey oy Rbjustcr ct

ak.<9

  hfehbatcs tjat Agcrhbafs rcspmfece tm tjc 8/11 attabds hf varhmus ways. Gmst turfce tm rckhihmf,

afe aksm tm mfc-afmtjcr lmr smbhak suppmrt. Ujcy bjcbdce mf tjc salcty ml tjmsc tjcy barce aomut, takdce

aomut tjchr tjmuijts afe lcckhfis, afe parthbhpatce hf abthvhthcs subj as vhihks, wjhbj baf prmvhec a scfsc

ml bmggufhty. Ujcy aksm gaec emfathmfs. Hf suggary, tjcy pukkce bkmscr tm cabj mtjcr. Ujhs

pjcfmgcfmf was aksm bkcarky rclkcbtce hf Mskm, wjcrc 5>,>>> pcmpkc safi a smfi tmictjcr as a prmtcst

aiahfst Orchvhd‘s hecas.

Ujhs smbhak sjarhfi ml cgmthmfs rckatce tm bmkkcbthvc trauga, wjhbj mbburrce lrcqucftky hf tjc

ycar octwccf tjc Orchvhd attabd afe tjc trhak, luklhks psybjmsmbhak lufbthmfs tjat arc shghkar tm tjmsc

attahfce oy rhtuaks. Lhrst ml akk, smbhak sjarhfi rchflmrbcs cgpatjy, attrabthmf, afe smbhak suppmrt mr smbhakhftcirathmf. Rcbmfeky, ht aksm rchflmrbcs afe jckps tm rcbmfstrubt oashb assugpthmfs mr smbhak pmshthvc

ockhcls. Ujhre, smbhak sjarhfi lmstcrs tjc trafsghsshmf ml bmggmf lcckhfis afe tjc bmfstrubthmf ml a

bmggmf cgmthmfak atgmspjcrc afe bkhgatc, oy omtj vcroak afe fmf-vcroak bmftaihmf ml shghkar

lcckhfis. Lhfakky, ocbausc ml tjc rchflmrbcgcft ml smbhak hftcirathmf afe pmshthvc ockhcls, smbhak sjarhfi

aksm jckps tm bmfstrubt a pmshthvc cgmthmfak bkhgatc, cgpjashshfi trust, jmpc afe pmshthvc lcckhfis.<:

 

<? B.R. Fmrtj, K. Uhvhs, @.B. GbGhkkcf, O. ^lcllcroaug, C.K. Rphtzfaick, @. Bmx, R. Fhxmf, D.^. Oufbj afe C.G. Rghtj,

‛^sybjhatrhb ehsmrecrs hf rcsbuc wmrdcrs altcr tjc Mdkajmga Bhty omgohfi‗, Agcrhbaf @murfak ml ^sybjhatry, fm.

138 (?>>?), pp. :39-8.

<2 B.R. Fmrtj, C.G. Rghtj afe C.K. Rphtzfaick, ‛^msttraugathb strcss ehsmrecr hf survhvmrs ml a gasssjmmthfi‗, Agcrhbaf @murfak ml ^sybjhatry , fm. 131 (1885), pp. :?-:.<5

 B.R. Lukkcrtmf, _.@. Srsafm, @. _ccvcs, @. Rjhicgura afe U. Irhcicr, ‛^crbchvce salcty hf ehsastcr wmrdcrs lmkkmwhfi

8/11‗, @murfak ml Fcrvmus afe Gcftak Ehscasc, fm. 1<1 (?>><), pp. <1-<24 afe Bcftcrs lmr Ehscasc Bmftrmk afe

^rcvcfthmf, ‛Gcftak jcaktj status ml Ymrke Uraec Bcftcr rcsbuc afe rcbmvcry wmrdcrs afe vmkuftccrs @uky ?>>?-

Auiust ?>>5‗, GGY_ Yccdky  32, fm. 23 (1> Rcptcgocr ?>>5),

jttp0//www.beb.imv/ggwr/prcvhcw/ggwrjtgk/gg3223a?.jtg. <3

 R. Ujmrcscf, J. Lkmme Aadvaai, U. Ycftzck-Karscf, I. Eyo afe M.D. J`cgeak, ‛Ujc eay Fmrway brhce0 ^rmxhghty

afe ehstrcss hf Fmrwcihaf bhthzcfs lmkkmwhfi tjc ??fe

 @uky ?>11 tcrrmrhst attabds hf Mskm afe mf Stúya Hskafe‗,

Curmpcaf @murfak ml ^sybjmtraugatmkmiy, fm. 2 (?>1?).<<

 R. Lmkdgaf afe @.U. Gmsdmwhtz, ‛Bmphfi0 ^htlakks afe prmghsc‗, Affuak _cvhcw ml ^sybjmkmiy , fm. 33 (?>>5), pp.

953-95.<9

 G.A. Rbjustcr, O.E. Rtchf, K.J. @aybmx, ct ak. ‛A fathmfak survcy ml strcss rcabthmfs altcr tjc Rcptcgocr 11, ?>>1tcrrmrhst attabds‗, Fcw Cfikafe @murfak ml Gcehbhfc, fm. ?> (?>>1), pp. 13>9-1?.<:

 O. _hgc, ‛Cgmthmf ckhbhts tjc smbhak sjarhfi ml cgmthmf0 Ujcmry afe cgphrhbak rcvhcw‗, Cgmthmf _cvhcw, fm. 1 

(?>>8), pp. <>-:3.

8/16/2019 ICCT de Graaf Et Al the Anders Behring Breivik Trial August 2013

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13HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ec Iraal, vaf ecr Jchec, Yafgadcr & Yciicgafs

 

^mshthvc gcafhfiluk cvcfts, khdc smbhak iatjcrhfis, arc khfdce tm pmshthvc cgmthmf ocbausc tjcy

rcallhrg wjat mfc vakucs, afe jckp tm lmbus mf tjmsc vakucs wjhkc bmphfi whtj tjc mf-imhfi strcssluk

cvcft. Eata bmflhrgs tjat parthbhpafts hf ecgmfstrathmfs cxpcrhcfbc lcckhfis ml smkhearhty, pcrbchvhfi

tjat pcmpkc abt afe lcck tmictjcr, afe tjat subj parthbhpathmf rchflmrbcs sjarce ockhcls.<8

 Hl wc lmbus mf

tjc strmfi smbhak sjarhfi hf Mskm, tjc survcy sjmwce tjat 59% aircce whtj tjc statcgcft tjat ‛sjarhfi

ml lcckhfis cfaokce gc tm octtcr bmpc whtj gy mwf lcckhfis‗. A sgakkcr sjarc ml 2:% bjmsc tjc fcutrak

afswcr afe 9% ehsaircce whtj tjhs htcg. Jcfbc, ht baf oc bmfbkuece tjat lmr a ohi part ml tjc Mskmhfjaohtafts survcyce, tjc smbhak sjarhfi ml cgmthmfs jas jckpce tm ecbrcasc tjchr fciathvc lcckhfis oy

brcathfi a bmkkcbthvc vmhbc aiahfst tjc hecas ml Orchvhd.

Ujus, ht appcars tjat smbhak sjarhfi afe tjc way tjc Fmrwcihaf imvcrfgcft gafaice tjc trhak

javc jckpce pcmpkc tm rclragc tjchr pcrbcpthmf ml tjc Orchvhd attabds. Ujc survcy qucrhce wjctjcr tjc

hfehvheuak pcrbcpthmf ml tjc trhak bmuke jckp pcmpkc tm octtcr bmpc whtj tjchr fciathvc lcckhfis. Ml tjc

rcspmfecfts, 2?% sahe tjc trhak hfecce jckpce tjcg tm octtcr bmpc whtj tjchr lcckhfis, wjcrcas 3?%

wcrc fcutrak aomut tjc hflkucfbc ml tjc trhak mf tjchr bmphfi. Ujc rcst ml tjc hftcrvhcwccs (:%) tjmuijt

tjc trhak gaec tjcg bmpc wmrsc.

Ht bmuke oc ariuce tjat pcmpkc ufecrcsthgatc tjc hflkucfbc ml tjc trhak mf tjchr aohkhty tm bmpc

whtj tjc traugathb cxpcrhcfbc. A trafsparcft afe lahr trhak hs mltcf tadcf lmr iraftce, as arc tjc pmshthvc

bmfscqucfbcs ml trhaks lmr hfehvheuaks‘ bmphfi gcbjafhsgs. A lahr trhak baf kcae, lmr cxagpkc, tm kcssprmvmbathmf wjcf bmflrmftce whtj gcgmrhcs ml tjc trauga, ocbausc tjcsc gcgmrhcs arc gmrc

asshghkatce afe hftciratce. Ujc trhak lmkkmwhfi tjc Kmbdcrohc omgohfis ml 18:: ecgmfstratce tjc hgpabt

tjat a fciathvc pcrbcpthmf ml a trhak baf javc mf tjc vhbthgs. As tjc brhgc tmmd pkabc mutshec tjc SR, fm

bmmrehfatce vhbthg scrvhbcs wcrc mllcrce lmr chijt ycars oy tjc SR imvcrfgcft. Laghkhcs ml tjc vhbthgs

wcrc vcry ufsathslhce whtj tjc hflmrgathmf tjcy rcbchvce aomut tjc omgohfi, hfvcsthiathmf afe trhak.

Altcr chijt ycars, tjc Mllhbc lmr \hbthgs ml Brhgc (M\B) ml tjc SR Ecpartgcft ml @usthbc prmvhece

suppmrt, afe laghky gcgocrs hfehbatce tjat tjchr atthtuecs tmware tjc imvcrfgcft‘s rcspmfsc tm tjc

vhbthgs‘ laghky gcgocrs hgprmvce shifhlhbaftky. Ujc hfbrcasce trafsparcfby was ircatky apprcbhatce. 9> 

^rmvhehfi vhbthg scrvhbcs prmvce tm oc hgpmrtaft tm gmrc strubturak vhbthg parthbhpathmf hf, afe

sathslabthmf whtj, tjc brhghfak `usthbc systcg.

Ujc lmbus mf prmokcg smkvhfi afe psybjm-ceubathmf hf gafy psybjmkmihbak hftcrvcfthmfs lmrtrauga

91  sjmws tjc hgpmrtafbc ml `usthbc afe hflmrgathmf lmr jcaktjy bmphfi. A lahr afe trafsparcft

trhak baf pkay a shifhlhbaft rmkc hf jckphfi pcmpkc whtj tjhs. Hf rckathmf tm tjc rmkc ml tjc Orcvhd trhak mf

pcmpkcs‘ bmphfi aohkhthcs tjc psybjhatrhst Skrhd Lrcecrhd Gakt lrmg Mskm Sfhvcrshty Jmsphtak ariuce0

Rjmwhfi tjc Fmrwcihaf pcmpkc tjat tjc statc baf jafekc tjhs hf a systcgathb afe jugafc way

baf jckp pcmpkc, hf gy mphfhmf. Afe akk tjc psybjhatrhb ehsbusshmfs, aktjmuij ht whkk oc bmflushfi

smgcthgcs, sjmw tjat hf Fmrway wc try tm ufecrstafe pcmpkc afe wc em fmt `ust jht oabd. Yc

trhce tm ufecrstafe wjat was imhfi mf tjcrc4 H tjhfd tjhs jckpce pcmpkc tm bmpc.9? 

Mtjcr hftcrvhcwccs, hfbkuehfi `murfakhsts, rcscarbjcrs afe Mskm hfjaohtafts, sjarce tjhs mphfhmf. Ujc

survcy rclkcbtce tjcsc hecas parthakky, whtj a tjhre ml tjc rcspmfecfts hfehbathfi tjat tjc trhak jckpcetjcg tm octtcr bmpc whtj tjchr lcckhfis. Bmgohfhfi tjcsc rcsukts, ht gay oc tcftathvcky bmfbkuece tjat

tjc way tjc trhak was gafaice jae a pmshthvc hflkucfbc mf bmphfi aohkhthcs ml tjc ga`mrhty ml tjc pcmpkc.

<8 @. Erury, B. Bmbdhfi, @. Ocakc, B. Jafsmf afe L. _apkcy, ‛Ujc pjcfmgcfmkmiy ml cgpmwcrgcft hf bmkkcbthvc

abthmf‗, Orhthsj @murfak ml Rmbhak ^sybjmkmiy , fm. 55 (?>>3), pp. 2>8-?:.9>

 E.^. Dckkcy afe C. Crcz, ‛\hbthg parthbhpathmf hf tjc brhghfak `usthbc systcg‗ hf _.B. Eavhs, A.@. Kurhihm afe Y.I.

Rdmiafs, ces., \hbthgs ml brhgc (?fe ce.) (Raic0 Ujmusafe Mads, ?>>9), p. ?99-89.91 E.Y. Rghtj, E.I. Dhkpatrhbd, R.A. Laksctth afe B.K. Ocst, ‛^msttcrrmrhsg scrvhbcs lmr vhbthgs afe survhvhfi laghky

gcgocrs0 kcssmfs lrmg paf ag 1>2‗, Bmifhthvc afe Ocjavhmrak ^rabthbc, fm. 8 (?>>?), pp. ?:>-<.9?

 S.L. Gakt, hftcrvhcw oy autjmrs, Mskm, ?2 Auiust ?>1?. 

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1<HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ujc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd Urhak0 ^crlmrghfi @usthbc, Eclcfehfi Ecgmbraby

<.  Bmfbkushmf

Ujhs rcscarbj jas hfvcsthiatce jmw tjc Orchvhd trhak was usce oy tjc parthcs hfvmkvce tm lurtjcr tjchr

pcrlmrgathvc stratcihcs, jmw tjcsc stratcihcs rckatc tm bkasshbak `uehbhak imaks, jmw tjhs rckathmfsjhp was

pcrbchvce whtjhf Fmrwcihaf smbhcty afe jmw tjc trhak jckpce smbhcty hf bmghfi tm tcrgs whtj wjat

jappcfce mf ?? @uky. Ujhs rcscarbj papcr lmbusce mf tjc `uehbhak imaks, tjc stratcihcs pursuce oy tjc

parthcs hf tjc trhak (prmscbuthmf afe eclcfbc tcags) afe tjc puokhb pcrbcpthmfs ml tjmsc stratcihcs.

Ujmsc hftcrvhcwce hfbkuece a rafic ml abtmrs hfvmkvce hf tjc trhak afe ?3> pcmpkc wjm bmgpkctce tjc

survcy.

Oasce mf tjmsc bmgohfce rcsukts, ht baf oc bmfbkuece tjat tjc trhak ehe hfecce hflkucfbc tjc

bmphfi gcbjafhsgs ml mur rcspmfecfts hf a pmshthvc way afe tjat gmst vhcwce tjc trhak as part ml tjchr

afswcr tm Orchvhd‘s abts, pcrbchvhfi tjc trhak as a bmuftcr-farrathvc tm Orchvhd‘s stmry. Mvcrakk, tjc trhak

was vhcwce as af cxagpkc ml a pcrlmrgafbc ml `usthbc afe as a trhak tjat lmbusce mf tjc ecgmbrathb

vakucs ml Fmrwcihaf smbhcty ‒ bmftrary tm Orchvhd‘s vakucs. Mfc survcy rcspmfecft suggarhsce tjhs oy

sayhfi, ‛Emf‘t kct mfc tcrrmrhst tadc mur rhijts‗. 92  Fmrwcihafs karicky suppmrtce tjc prmscbuthmf‘s

stratciy, whtj tjc ga`mr cxbcpthmf tjat tjcy ehe fmt waft Orchvhd tm oc ecbkarce hfsafc.

Ujc prmscbuthmf‘s stratciy tm try afe javc Orchvhd ecbkarce hfsafc afe scft tm a gcftak

hfsthtuthmf prmvmdce varhce rcabthmfs hf Fmrwcihaf smbhcty afe ufvchkce a tcfshmf octwccf tjcprmscbuthmf‘s stratciy afe tjc imak ml rctrhouthmf. As Orchvhd jhgsckl jae sahe, javhfi jhg ecbkarce

hfsafc wmuke javc occf ‛tjc ukthgatc jughkhathmf‗, afe tjcrclmrc tjat stratciy bmuke javc scrvce tjc

imak ml rctrhouthmf hf tjc scfsc tjat Orchvhd wmuke javc rcbchvce cxabtky wjat jc ehe fmt waft. Jmwcvcr,

ecsphtc tjc prmscbuthmf‘s stratciy, tjc bmkkcbthvc lcckhfi was tjat tjc trhak htsckl afe tjc lahr way hf wjhbj

Orchvhd was trcatce was tjc ukthgatc afswcr tm Orchvhd‘s abts. Hf sphtc ml tjchr ehvcrihfi mphfhmfs, tjc

prmscbuthmf‘s aejcrcfbc tm lahr trhak stafeares was rcspcbtce oy tjc ga`mrhty ml tjc rcspmfecfts ml tjhs

rcscarbj. Fmrwcihafs‘ mpcf afe rcspcbtluk atthtuec was rclkcbtce hf tjchr vhcws mf tjc hgpmrtafbc ml

 `uehbhak imaks0 prcvcfthmf afe ecgmbrathb imaks wcrc sccf as tjc gmst hgpmrtaft ahgs ml tjc trhak, wjhkc

rcjaohkhtathmf was tjc kcast hgpmrtaft imak lmr tjc rcspmfecfts. Ujc rcabthmf ml gceha armufe tjc wmrke

tm tjc trhak afe hf parthbukar tm tjc prmscbutmrs‘ jafesjadc whtj Orchvhd sjmwce tjat Fmrway ghijt oc a

ufhquc bmuftry hf rckathmf tm tjhs tmphb.Orchvhd‘s stratcihcs rcbchvce whecsprcae attcfthmf hf tjc gceha0 omtj jhs hfhthak pkca lmr hfsafhty

tm csbapc a kcfitjy prhsmf scftcfbc afe jhs stratciy tm csbapc tjc hfsafhty kaock hf mrecr tm oc

pcrbchvce as a rathmfak rmkc gmeck lmr rhijt-whfi cxtrcghsts wcrc bmvcrce oy fcws gceha. Gafy

(hftcrfathmfak) bmggcftatmrs qucsthmfce wjctjcr Orchvhd cxcrtce tmm gubj bmggufhbathvc pmwcr

eurhfi tjc trhak. A suostafthak fugocr ml tjc rcspmfecfts (29%) aircce tjat Orchvhd rcbchvce tmm gubj

attcfthmf ‒ omtj hf tcrgs ml tjc agmuft ml thgc jc was ihvcf tm prcscft jhs pcrspcbthvc hf bmurt afe tjc

attcfthmf jc rcbchvce lrmg tjc gceha. Mf tjc mtjcr jafe, gafy rcspmfecfts lckt tjat tjhs attcfthmf ehe

fmt ckcvatc jhs status, out hf labt ufecrghfce jhs pmshthmf hf tjc scfsc tjat afymfc bmuke fmw scc tjat

jhs statcgcfts wcrc hfbmjcrcft afe fmfscfshbak, as Kahka Omdjarh ariuce. Ujcsc rcsukts aiahf sjmw tjat

Fmrwcihafs trustce tjat Orchvhd‘s mphfhmfs wmuke oc mvcrrukce oy gmecratc mphfhmfs afe ocjavhmur,

kcaehfi tcrrmrhsg rcscarbjcr Umrc O`úrim tm say hf af mvcrakk asscssgcft ml tjc trhak tjat, ‛wc emf‘t tjhfdtjat tjc trhak jas mr whkk prmeubc bmpy-bats, out wc jmpc tjat ht whkk hfstcae prmeubc bmpy-bat trhaks‗.

95 

Ujc hflkucfbc ml a brhghfak trhak mf bmphfi hs a jhijky ufecr-rcscarbjce tmphb hf icfcrak, out tjc

hflkucfbc ml a tcrrmrhsg trhak mf bmphfi whtj tjc hfhthak attabd hs af ufcxpkmrce hssuc. Ujhs _cscarbj ^apcr

prmvhecs smgc prckhghfary cvhecfbc lmr a pmshthvc rckathmfsjhp octwccf a lahr trhak ‒ whtj rcspcbt tm

bkasshbak `uehbhak imaks ‒ afe bmphfi gcbjafhsgs hf smbhcty. Yjcf lmbushfi mf hfehvheuaks, a ghke pmshthvc

hflkucfbc was lmufe0 2?% ml tjc survcy parthbhpafts rcspmfece tjat tjc trhak jckpce tjcg tm octtcr bmpc

whtj tjchr lcckhfis. Ujhs ghijt bmfsthtutc af ufecrcsthgathmf ocbausc pcmpkc arc fmt awarc ml a ehrcbt

pmshthvc hflkucfbc ml tjc trhak mf tjchr lcckhfis, wjhkst a fciathvc hgpabt wmuke prmoaoky javc bausce a

gubj jhijcr fciathvc rcsukt. Ht baf oc bmfbkuece, tjcrclmrc, tjat a lahr afe trafsparcft trhak whtj cfmuij

92

 K. vaf ecr Jchec, R. Yafgadcr, E. Yciicgafs afe O. ec Iraal, ‛Ujc ??fe ml @uky Urhak rcabjcs hts lhfak staic‗(1? Rcptcgocr ?>1?), jttp0//hbbt.fk/puokhbathmfs/hbbt-bmggcftarhcs/tjc-??fe-ml-`uky-trhak-rcabjcs-hts-lhfak-staic . 95

 ‛^ast Cvcfts0Ucrrmrhsts mf Urhak0 Ujc Basc ml Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd‗, HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc Gccthfi _cpmrt  (11 Aprhk

?>12), jttp0//www.hbbt.fk/abthvhthcs/past-cvcfts/tcrrmrhsts-mf-trhak-tjc-basc-ml-afecrs-ocjrhfi-orchvhd . 

8/16/2019 ICCT de Graaf Et Al the Anders Behring Breivik Trial August 2013

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19HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ec Iraal, vaf ecr Jchec, Yafgadcr & Yciicgafs

 

mppmrtufhthcs lmr akk abtmrs tm ecgmfstratc tjchr vhcwpmhft hs a fcbcssary bmfehthmf lmr strmfi bmphfi

gcbjafhsgs hf smbhcty. Jmwcvcr, gmrc rcscarbj hs fccece tm vcrhly tjcsc prckhghfary lhfehfis.

Akk hf akk, tjc Orchvhd trhak bmuke oc bmfshecrce a ‛pcrlmrgafbc ml `usthbc‗, hf tjc ormaecst, fmt

 `ust lmrgak, out aksm smbhak scfsc ml tjc wmre. As Omdjarh pmhfts mut0

Ht jckpce us hf tjc prmbcss ml ufecrstafehfi wjat rcakky jappcfce. Ht put tjhfis hf pcrspcbthvc.

Hf mfc way tjc trhak ihvcs Fmrwcihaf smbhcty a bjafbc tm sjmw tjchr vakucs as a rcspmfsc tmOrchvhd afe hf afmtjcr way ht ihvcs pcmpkc a bjafbc tm ufecrstafe, iahf hfshijt afe ecak whtj

wjat jappcfce. Hf a way wc javc occf lmrbce tm asd ‒ afe afswcr ‒ tjc qucsthmf ml iuhkt.93

 

93 Kahka Omdjarh (gcgocr ml tjc ?? @ukh Dmgghs`mfcf), hftcrvhcw oy autjmrs, Mskm, ?2 Auiust ?>1?.  

8/16/2019 ICCT de Graaf Et Al the Anders Behring Breivik Trial August 2013

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1:HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ujc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd Urhak0 ^crlmrghfi @usthbc, Eclcfehfi Ecgmbraby

Ohokhmirapjy 

Omstmf, Y. ‛Fmrway Attabds0 Ujc Ymrryhfi _hsc ml tjc Kmfc-Ymkl Ucrrmrhst‗. Uhgc (?: @uky ?>11),

jttp0//www.thgc.bmg/thgc/wmrke/arthbkc/>,:388,?>:3<3:,>>.jtgk . 

O`úrim, U. afe B. Jcgghfioy. ‛Rtratcihcs hf Bmurt0 tjc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd-basc‗. ^rcscftathmf eurhfi HBBU ‒Ujc Jaiuc cxpcrt gccthfi mf tjc Orchvhd basc (Ujc Jaiuc, 11 Aprhk ?>12).

O`úrim, U. afe @. Jmriaf, ces. Kcavhfi tcrrmrhsg ocjhfe0 Ehscfiaicgcft lrmg pmkhthbak vhmkcfbc. Fcw Xmrd0

_mutkceic, ?>>8.

Orchvhd, A. ‛?>:20 A Curmpcaf Ecbkarathmf ml Hfecpcfecfbc‗ (Kmfemf, ?>11),

jttp0//www.las.mri/prmirags/tap/]embs/?>:2]-]A]Curmpcaf]Ecbkarathmf]ml]Hfecpcfecfbc.pel . 

‛Orchvhd h avjúr0 - Rkhd var ghf pmgpúsc ufhlmrgsokúll‗. Eaiokaect  (13 Aprhk ?>1?),

jttp0//www.eaiokaect.fm/?>1?/>5/13/fyjctcr/orchvhd/afecrs]ocjrhfi]orchvhd/tcrrmrafircpct/hffcfrhds

/?11115.2>/. 

‛Orchvhd icts kmvc kcttcrs lrmg 1<-ycar mke ihrks‗. Ujc Kmbak  (1: @ufc ?>1?),

jttp0//www.tjckmbak.fm/?>1?><1:/orchvhd-icts-kmvc-kcttcrs-lrmg-1<-ycar-mke-ihrks . 

Orhthsj Ormaebasthfi Bmrpmrathmf Fcwsfhijt. ‛Bjhcl prmscbutmr hf tjc trhak ml Fmrwcihaf dhkkcr Afecrs Orchvhd, Hfia

Oc`cr Cfij‗ (?>1?).

Orhthsj Ormaebasthfi Bmrpmrathmf. ‛Orchvhd trhak0 Dcy gmgcfts ml mpcfhfi eay‗ (?>1?),

jttp0//www.oob.bm.ud/fcws/wmrke-curmpc-19922:<8. 

Bcftcrs lmr Ehscasc Bmftrmk afe ^rcvcfthmf. ‛Gcftak jcaktj status ml Ymrke Uraec Bcftcr rcsbuc afe rcbmvcry

wmrdcrs afe vmkuftccrs @uky ?>>?-Auiust ?>>5‗. GGY_ Yccdky  32, fm. 23 (1> Rcptcgocr ?>>5),

jttp0//www.beb.imv/ggwr/prcvhcw/ggwrjtgk/gg3223a?.jtg. 

Ec Iraal, O. ‛Ucrrmrhsts mf Urhak0 A ^crlmrgathvc ^crspcbthvc‗. HBBU Cxpcrt Gccthfi ^apcr  (Ujc Jaiuc0 HBBU ‒ Ujc

Jaiuc, ?>11), jttp0//www.hbbt.fk/emwfkmae/lhkc/HBBU-ec-Iraal-CG-^apcr-Ucrrmrhsg-Urhaks-as-

Ujcatrc.pel . 

Erury, @., Bmbdhfi, B., Ocakc, @., Jafsmf, B. & _apkcy, L. ‛Ujc pjcfmgcfmkmiy ml cgpmwcrgcft hf bmkkcbthvc

abthmf‗. Orhthsj @murfak ml Rmbhak ^sybjmkmiy , fm. 55 (?>>3), pp. 2>8‒?:.

Lhsjcr, G. ‛Yjat Agcrhba baf kcarf lrmg Fmrway‘s Afecrs Orchvhd trhak‗. Ujc Atkafthb (1: Aprhk ?>1?),

jttp0//www.tjcatkafthb.bmg/hftcrfathmfak/arbjhvc/?>1?/>5/wjat-agcrhba-baf-kcarf-lrmg-fmrways-

afecrs-orchvhd-trhak/?3<><</. 

Lmkdgaf, R. & Gmsdmwhtz, @.U. ‛Bmphfi0 ^htlakks afe prmghsc‗. Affuak _cvhcw ml ^sybjmkmiy , fm. 33 (?>>5), pp. 953‒

95.

Lmre _m`as, @.-^. ‛_hsd ml ‚kmfc wmkl‘ tcrrmrhst attabd irmwhfi‗. Ujc Eahky Uckcirapj (15 @afuary 12),

jttp0//www.tckcirapj.bm.ud/fcws/udfcws/tcrrmrhsg-hf-tjc-ud/898818?/Afecrs-Orchvhd-stykc-attabdcr-

whkk-skhp-ufecr-tjc-raear-hf-Orhtahf-smmfcr-mr-katcr-cxpcrt-warfs.jtgk. 

Lukkcrtmf, B. R., Srsafm, _. @., _ccvcs, @., Rjhicgura, @. & Irhcicr, U. ‛^crbchvce salcty hf ehsastcr wmrdcrs lmkkmwhfi

8/11‗. @murfak ml Fcrvmus afe Gcftak Ehscasc, fm. 1<1 (?>><), pp. <1-2.

Jmriaf, @. ‛^sybjmkmihbak labtmrs rckatce tm ehscfiaihfi lrmg tcrrmrhsg0 Rmgc prckhghfary assugpthmfs afe

asscrthmfs‗. Hf B. Ocfare, ce. A luturc lmr tjc ymufi0 Mpthmfs lmr jckphfi Gheekc Castcrf Xmutj csbapc tjc

trap ml raehbakhzathmf. Rafta Gmfhba, BA0 _AFE Bmrpmrathmf, ?>>3.

‛@ci jar hddc sfaddct gce Orchvhd shecf vh avskuttct sadcf‗. Eaiokaect  (?1 Fmvcgocr ?>1?),

8/16/2019 ICCT de Graaf Et Al the Anders Behring Breivik Trial August 2013

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18HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ec Iraal, vaf ecr Jchec, Yafgadcr & Yciicgafs

 

jttp0//www.eaiokaect.fm/?>1?/11/?1/fyjctcr/hffcfrhds/ichr]khppcstae/tcrrmrafircpct/tcrrmr/?55<89>

9/. 

Dckd, B., Jafeommd Gatcrhak Brhghfak @usthbc. Agstcreag0 Dkuwcr, ?>>3.

Dckkcy, E.^. & Crcz C. ‛\hbthg parthbhpathmf hf tjc brhghfak `usthbc systcg‗. Hf Eavhs, _. B., Kurhihm, A. @., Rdmiafs, Y.

I., ces. \hbthgs ml brhgc (?fe ce.), pp. ?99-89. Raic0 Ujmusafe Mads, ?>>9.

Dcsskcr, M. & Y.I. Ycrfcr. ‛Cxtra`uehbhak Dhkkhfi as _hsd Gafaicgcft‗. Rcburhty Ehakmiuc, fm. 28 (?>>:), pp. ?31-

2:>.

Kazarus, _.R., & Lmkdgaf, R. Rtrcss, apprahsak, afe bmphfi. Fcw Xmrd0 Rprhficr, 18:5.

Khkkcas, J. & U. Kcppcrme. ‛Khppcstae0- Rkhd Orchvhd trmeec‗. Fcttavhscf (1> Aprhk ?>1?),

jttp0//www.fcttavhscf.fm/fyjctcr/arthbkc229?5?3.cbc. 

Khppcstae, I. Ect daf vh stã lmr. Mskm0 Asbjcjmui & Bm., ?>12.

Kmozhfa, A. ‛‚_ussha‘s Orchvhd‘ suspcbt bjarice whtj gass gurecr‗. Ujc Gmsbmw Fcws (11 Auiust ?>1?),

jttp0//tjcgmsbmwfcws.bmg/kmbak/?>1?11>:/18>:?:?98.jtgk. 

Gb^jcrsmf, O. ‛^rmscbuthfi Orchvhd‗. Ujc Lmrchifcr  (9 @uky ?>1?),

jttp0//tjclmrchifcr.fm/paics/bmkugfs/prmscbuthfi-orchvhd/. 

Fctjcrkafes Hfsthtutc lmr Aevafbce Rtuey (FHAR). ‛Fubkcus0 Ucrrmrhsts mf Urhak. Ujc Bmurt _mmg as a Rtaic hf tjc

Rtruiikc lmr ^uokhbhty, ^uokhb Ruppmrt afe Kcihthgaby‗ (?>1>),

jttp0//www.fhas.dfaw.fk/^aics/FHA/?5/938.oILuPz1LUdb.jtgk. 

Fmrtj, B.R., Rghtj, C.G. & Rphtzfaick, C.K. ‛^msttraugathb strcss ehsmrecr hf survhvmrs ml a gass sjmmthfi‗. Agcrhbaf

 @murfak ml ^sybjhatry , fm. 131 (1885), pp. :?-:.

Fmrtj, B.R., Uhvhs, @.B. GbGhkkcf, O. ^lcllcroaug, C.K. Rphtzfaick, @. Bmx, R. Fhxmf, D.^. Oufbj, C.G. Rghtj, C.G.‛^sybjhatrhb ehsmrecrs hf rcsbuc wmrdcrs altcr tjc Mdkajmga Bhty omgohfi‗. Agcrhbaf @murfak ml

^sybjhatry, fm. 138 (?>>?), pp. :39-38.

F_D. ‛_cttsadcf ‒ Eai 1‗. Bmurt trafsbrhpt  (18 Aprhk ?>1?).

jttp0//www.frd.fm/??9/eai-lmr-eai/rcttssadcf-]-eai-1-1.:>9:5?1. 

F_D. ‛Khppcstae0 \urecrcr ã oc mg utscttcksc av sadcf‗ (1< Aprhk ?>1?),

jttp0//www.frd.fm/??9/eai-lmr-eai/lmrsvarcrfc-vhk-dafsd`c-utscttc-1.:>9<?1< . 

Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt. ‛Kcs emggcf h ??. `ukh-sadcf, avsait ?5.auiust h Mskm thfirctt‗, Lhfak vcrehbt hf tjc ??fe

 ml @uky

trhak (?5 Auiust ?>1?), jttp0//www.emgstmk.fm/upkmae/EA/Hftcrfctt/emgstmk.fm/Adtuckt/?>1?/tmskm-

?>11-1::<?9-?5.pel . 

‛^ast Cvcfts0Ucrrmrhsts mf Urhak0 Ujc Basc ml Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd‗. HBBU- Ujc Jaiuc Gccthfi _cpmrt  (11 Aprhk

?>12), jttp0//www.hbbt.fk/abthvhthcs/past-cvcfts/tcrrmrhsts-mf-trhak-tjc-basc-ml-afecrs-ocjrhfi-orchvhd.  

_cutcrs. ‛ Ehaifmshs ml hfsafhty wmuke oc ‚wmrsc tjaf ecatj‘, Fmrway dhkkcr says‗. Ujc Ikmoc afe Gahk  (5 Aprhk

?>1?),

jttp0//www.tjcikmocafegahk.bmg/fcws/wmrke/ehaifmshs-ml-hfsafhty-wmuke-oc-wmrsc-tjaf-ecatj-

fmrway-dhkkcr-says/arthbkc?2813:2/. 

_hgc, O. ‛Cgmthmf ckhbhts tjc smbhak sjarhfi ml cgmthmf0 Ujcmry afe cgphrhbak rcvhcw‗. Cgmthmf _cvhcw , fm. 1

(?>>8), pp. <>-:3.

_httcr, D. ‛Afecrs Orchvhd Urhak0 Ruspcbt Eclcfes Fmrway Gassabrc, Hfshsts Jc Ymuke Em Ht Aiahf‗. Ujc Jullhfitmf

^mst  (19 Aprhk ?>1?),

jttp0//www.jullhfitmfpmst.bmg/?>1?/>5/19/afecrs-ocjrhfi-orchvhd-tjmgas-hfercomc]f]152>5:2.jtgk. 

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?>HBBU ‒ Ujc Jaiuc _cscarbj ^apcr Ujc Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd Urhak0 ^crlmrghfi @usthbc, Eclcfehfi Ecgmbraby

Raicgaf, G., Sfecrstafehfi tcrrmr fctwmrds. ^jhkaeckpjha0 Sfhvcrshty ml ^cffsykvafha ^rcss, ?>>5.

Rbjustcr, G.A, Rtchf, O.E., @aybmx, K.J., Bmkkhfs, _.K., Iraft, G.F., Ckkhmtt, G.F., Pjmu, A.@., Dafmusc, E.C., Gmrrhsmf,

@.K., Ocrry, R.J. ‛A fathmfak survcy ml strcss rcabthmfs altcr tjc Rcptcgocr 11, ?>>1 tcrrmrhst attabds‗. Fcw

Cfikafe @murfak ml Gcehbhfc, fm. ?> (?>>1), pp. 13>9-1?.

Rghtj, E.Y., Dhkpatrhbd, E.I., Laksctth R.A. & Ocst B.K. ‛^msttcrrmrhsg scrvhbcs lmr vhbthgs afe survhvhfi laghky

gcgocrs0 kcssmfs lrmg ^af Ag 1>2‗. Bmifhthvc afe Ocjavhmrak ^rabthbc, fm. 8 (?>>?), pp. ?:>-<.

Ujmrcscf, R., Lkmme Aadvaai, J., Ycftzck-Karscf, U., Eyo, I. & J`cgeak, M.D. ‛Ujc eay Fmrway brhce0 ^rmxhghty afe

ehstrcss hf Fmrwcihaf bhthzcfs lmkkmwhfi tjc ??fe

 @uky ?>11 tcrrmrhst attabds hf Mskm afe mf Stúya Hskafe‗.

Curmpcaf @murfak ml ^sybjmtraugatmkmiy, fm. 2 (?>1?).

Umwfscfe, G. ‛Afecrs Ocjrhfi Orchvhd‘s ?1-ycar `ahk tcrg bkmscs Fmrway‘s eardcst bjaptcr. Bakks lmr ecoatc mf

gukthbukturakhsg as lar rhijt cxtrcghst hs scftcfbce lmr dhkkhfi 99 hf twhf attabds mf Stúya hskafe afe Mskm‗.

Ujc Iuarehaf (Ecbcgocr ?>1?), jttp0//www.iuarehaf.bm.ud/wmrke/?>1?/aui/?5/afecrs-ocjrhfi-orchvhd-

vcrehbt-fmrway-utmya. 

\af ecr Jchec, K., R. Yafgadcr, E. Yciicgafs afe O. ec Iraal. ‛Ujc ??fe ml @uky Urhak rcabjcs hts lhfak staic‗ (1?Rcptcgocr ?>1?), jttp0//hbbt.fk/puokhbathmfs/hbbt-bmggcftarhcs/tjc-??fe-ml-`uky-trhak-rcabjcs-hts-lhfak-

staic. 

\crecfs Iafi. ‛^ãtakcgyfehijctcf gcfcr Orchvhd hddc daf strallcs‗. \crecfs Iafi (?1 @ufc ?>1?),

jttp0//www.vi.fm/fyjctcr/hffcfrhds/??-`ukh/rcttssadcf/arthddck.pjp=arthe71>>3:58: . 

\crecfs Iafi. ‛Orchvhds cifc mre lra lcfiscksbckkcf‗. \crecfs Iafi (?9 Garbj ?>1?),

jttp0//www.vi.fm/fyjctcr/hffcfrhds/??-`ukh/arthddck.pjp=arthe71>><5988 . 

\crecfs Iafi. ‛Kcs eckcr av hffkcefhficf h Orchvhd-orcv‗. \crecfs Iafi (5 Aprhk ?>1?).

jttp0//www.vi.fm/fyjctcr/hffcfrhds/??-`ukh/arthddck.pjp=arthe71>>583:5 . 

Ycrfcr, Y.I. ‛Ujc Bjafihfi Labc ml Cfghty0 Bark Rbjghtt‘s Hftcrfathmfak Ujcmry afe tjc Cvmkuthmf ml tjc Kciak

Bmfbcpt ml Yar‗. Hftcrfathmfak Ujcmry ?, fm. 2 (?>11), pp. 231-:>.

Bmurt Urafsbrhpts afe mtjcr wcosmurbcs 

??fe

  ml @uky Bmurt Urafsbrhpt. ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?->5-?2‗. Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt   (5 Aprhk ?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/trafsbrhpts/afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-trafsbrhpt-?>1?->5-?2-khvc-rcpmrt . 

??fe

  ml @uky Bmurt Urafsbrhpt. ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?->5-1<‗. Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt   (1< Aprhk ?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/trafsbrhpts/afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-trafsbrhpt-?>1?->5-1<-khvc-rcpmrt . 

??fe

  ml @uky Urhak Bmurt Urafsbrhpt. ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?->5-?>‗. Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt   (?> Aprhk ?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/trafsbrhpts/afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-trafsbrhpt-?>1?->5-?>-khvc-rcpmrt . 

??fe

  ml @uky Bmurt Urafsbrhpt. ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?-><->:‗. Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt   (: @ufc ?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/trafsbrhpts/afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-trafsbrhpt-?>1?-><->:-khvc-rcpmrt . 

??fe

  ml @uky Bmurt Urafsbrhpt. ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?-><-??‗. Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt   (?? @ufc ?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/embugcfts/ afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-statcgcft-?>1?-><-??.

??fe

  ml @uky Bmurt Urafsbrhpt. ‛Urafsbrhpt ?>1?->:-?5‗. Mskm Ehstrhbt Bmurt   (?5 Auiust ?>1?),

jttps0//shtcs.immikc.bmg/shtc/orchvhdrcpmrt/trafsbrhpts/afecrs-orchvhd-bmurt-trafsbrhpt-?>1?->:-?5-khvc-rcpmrt . 

?? `ukh Dmgghs`mfcf (?>12). jttp0//??`ukhdmgghs`mfcf.fm/cf.