IBM Systems and Technology Group (STG) © Copyright International Business Machines Corporation...

IBM Systems and Technology Group (STG)

© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2011-2013.

Legacy of the IBM System/360

As presented to the NIU Student Chapter of the ACM

Dan Greiner

[email protected]

IBM z/Server Architecture

10 October 2013, 4:00 pm

2

The Legal Stuff

Trademarks:► The following terms are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States,

other countries, or both:– ESA/390– IBM– z/Architecture– z/OS– z/VM

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► Linux is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the United States, other countries or both.► Unicode is a registered trademark of Unicode, Incorporated in the United States, other countries, or both.► Other trademarks and registered trademarks are the properties of their respective companies.

All information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. The products described in this document are not intended for use in applications such as implantation, life support, or other hazardous uses where malfunction could result in death, bodily injury or catastrophic property damage. The information contained in this document does not affect or change IBM product specifications or warranties. Nothing in this document shall operate as an express or implied license or indemnity under the intellectual property rights of IBM or third parties. All information contained in this document was obtained in specific environments, and is presented as an illustration. The results obtained in other operating environments may vary.

While the information contained herein is believed to be accurate, such information is preliminary, and should not be relied upon for accuracy or completeness, and no representations or warranties of accuracy or completeness are made.

The information in contained in this document is provided on an “AS IS” basis. In no event will IBM be liable for damages arising directly or indirectly from any use of the information contained in this document.

© Copyright International Business Machines Corporation 2011-2013. Permission is granted to Northern Illinois University to record this presentation.

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Topics du Jour:

Data processing prior to the

System/360

The System/360 Project

► Requirements

► Development

► Software

► Challenges

System/360 Legacy

► 49½ years of industry-leading

information processing

IBM System/360 Model 65 Operator’s Console

4

Ancient History: 1952

Beginning of the “computer age”:

► 8:30 p.m. EST, 4 November 1952

► Remington Rand’s Univac-I predicted U. S. General

election results

– Eisenhower – 438 electoral votes; Stephenson – 93

– With only 5% of the votes counted, Univac was within 1% of

the final results!

– CBS (Walter Cronkite’s 1st election coverage) delayed

broadcasting Univac results until after midnight because

they couldn’t believe it!

In that era, IBM was world leader in electro-

mechanical accounting machines

► A legacy of Herman Hollerith’s 1890’s punched-card

technology

IBM enters the “modern” computer era in late 1952

with the IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine

► 19 units built and sold

IBM 701 Data-Processing Machine

5

Setting the Stage

From 1952-1960:

► IBM revenues grew almost 10x

► Earnings - $305 million; Revenue – 2.6 billion

► Employees grew from 30,000 to over 125,000

IBM computing product line in the early 1960s:

► Eight separate products

► Completely different architectures, software, & peripherals

► Migrating from one to another – or to a new product – was

difficult

6

S/360’s Ancestors

SAGE – Early Warning Air-Defense System (late ’50s – early ’60s)

► First real-time, integrated, online system over North America

► Each system weighed >250 tons, 60,000 vacuum tubes

NASA Projects (late ’50s & on)

► Real-time systems for Vanguard, Mercury, Gemini, & Apollo missions

► Key to developing multi-processing systems

SABRE – Airline Reservations System (early 1960s & on)

► Initially 1,000 reservations terminals in 60 cities

► Also handled seat selection, rental car info, crew scheduling, fuel management, stand-by

lists, aircraft maintenance info

Stretch – Supercomputer for AEC lab at Los Alamos (IBM 7030, delivered 1961)

► Advanced expertise in ferrite core memory & semiconductors

► 200 x faster than IBM 701 processors; 3 x faster than SAGE processors

► Evolved into IBM 7090 commercial system

7

1962 Environment

Competition was nipping at IBM’s heels

► Burroughs, Control Data Corp., GE, Honeywell, NCR, RCA, & Univac

IBM had eight separate, totally incompatible products

► Data-Systems Division (Poughkeepsie, NY):

– Systems that leased for more then $10,000 / month

– IBM 7000-series systems (proposed new 8000-series)

► General-Products Division

– Burlington, VT, Endicott, NY, Rochester, NY, & San Jose, CA

– Systems that leased for less than $10,000 / month

– IBM 1400-series systems (1st computer to sell > 10,000 units);

IBM 1600-series in development

► World-Trade Corporation

– Developing small scientific computer (SCAMP)

► Intense inter-divisional rivalry (and secrecy)

8

1962 Technology

Solid-state technology was relatively new

► IBM’s Standard-Modular System (SMS) contained a handful of transistors on a 2.5” x 4.5” card

► Solid-Logic Technology (SLT) – 3 to 6 times the density of SMS cards– 100 times more reliable

► Integrated circuits– 100 times the density of SMS cards– Leading edge, very little background

available– But … being used by RCA in

competitive products

IBM Standard-Modular-System Card

IBM Solid-Logic-Technology Module

Dual-Inline-

Package (DIP)

Integrated Circuit

9

1962 – A Momentous Decision !

Customers were fed up with incompatible systems

The SPREAD (Systems, Programming, Research, Engineering & Development) team

► 11-member team from across divisions

SPREAD Report:► Recommended future development on all mainframe

projects be scrapped

► New product line (NPL) would be developed:– Initially planned on five models (ended up with six)– Largest system to be 200x faster than smallest– Performance range accomplished using SLT technology of

differing speed, data-path-width differences, &c.– Each CPU to have high-speed memory using permanently-

stored control information

10

1962 – A Momentous Decision !!

SPREAD Report:►Software will be compatible on all levels of the system

– upward and downward!

►Each processor will be economically competitive in its own marketplace

►Standard I/O interfaces will be used across the entire product line

– Required development of dozens of new peripherals: disk drives, tape drives, printers, card readers, magnetic & optical character readers, communications adapters, and terminals

►“Since such processors must have capabilities not now present in any IBM processor product, the new family of products will not be compatible with our existing processors.”

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1962 – 1964: Development

Estimated total cost in 1962 was $675 million

Actual development cost closer to $5 billion►~ $35 billion in 2013 dollars, adjusted for inflation

►Accustomed to “swimming in cash”, IBM came close to not being able to meet payroll

►$750 million invested in engineering

►$4.5 billion invested in factories, equipment, and the product itself

►Fortune called it, “IBM’s $5,000,000,000 Gamble”

12

1962 – 1964: Development

Honeywell’s H-200 computer (announced 1963):►“Liberator” program allowed translation of IBM 1401

programs on the Honeywell platform

► IBM lost nearly 200 customers within 2 months after announcement.

– Overall computer demand up 15% … IBM grew only 7%– IBM head of sales: “Help, I’m being slaughtered.”– Potential that the entire NPL would be scrapped

Emulator option:►With relatively small microcode investment, NPL could

run existing (1401 & 7090) customer applications on NPL faster than on existing systems

►Salvaged many customers ready to jump ship

13

System/360 – the Name

Initially plans for NPL – IBM 500► Not particularly attractive … but we

needed a number

► 360 represented the number of degrees on a compass

– Indicated the processor was suited to any application

– Stylized compass rose chosen as an icon

– “System” and the slash added “because it looked nice.”

Much corporate churn about the name► President & VP of data-products

division, VP of communications battled it out

► System/360 won by default when some clever entrepreneur painted it on the nose of the corporate aircraft

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7 April 1964

IBM System/360 announced to the world

► Announcement efforts planned for over a year in advance

► Press conferences in 165 cities & 14 countries

► Estimated 100,000 customers & prospects

► Special train from NYC to Poughkeepsie

“A new generation of electronic computing equipment was introduced by the IBM Corporation

IBM Board Chairman Thomas J. Watson, Jr. called the event the most important announcement in the company’s history.

The new equipment is known as the IBM System/360”

15

Post-Announcement Reaction

Within 4 weeks of the announcement, orders for 1,000 systems were received

► Within the second 4 weeks, 1,000 more orders

T. J. Watson memoirs:► [System/360] was the biggest, riskiest decision I ever

made, and I agonized about it for weeks, but deep down, I believed there was nothing IBM couldn’t do.

► Within IBM there was a great feeling of celebration because a new era was opening up, … But when I looked at those new products, I didn’t feel as confident as I’d have liked. Not all the equipment on display was real; some units were just mockups made of wood … an uncomfortable reminder to me of how far we had to go before we could call the program a success.

16

The Next 18 Months – Major Problem #1

Technology problems with Solid

Logic Technology (SLT) modules► Volume requirements would exceed

capacity of vendors

► Pressure for production causing yield failures

– End of 1965 … 25% SLT failure

► In-house manufacturing facilities developed:

– East Fishkill, NY plant SLT module output: 1963 – ½ million; 1964 – 12 million; 1965 – 28 million; 1966 – 90 million

– Plants in Burlington, VT & Essonnes, France – 26 million each

17


Logistics Problems►Component delays

– Running out of circuit breakers halted manufacturing

►Software delays

►Competitor announcements

– Marketing pressure to change System/360 to address competition

►Personality problems

– Friction between engineering and manufacturing (led by Dick Watson – T.J.’s younger brother) and sales led to Dick Watson being replaced.

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Software Problems► Upward- & downward-compatibility requirements.

► Multiprogramming challenges

► Developing interim products to counter competitive challenges

► Moving target – constantly changing due to dynamic marketing requirements

► SW-development, led by Fred Brooks, grew to over 1,000 people

– Brook’s Law: Adding manpower to a late software project makes it later.

► Some teams working 60-hour weeks

► Initially, over 1,000,000 lines of code (LOC)– Grew to 10,000,000 LOC– Budgeted $30-40 million; actual ~ $500 million

19

The Next 18 Months & Onwards

By December 1966:► Over 7,000 systems installed

► $4 billion in new revenue

– $1 billion in pre-tax profits

► IBM hired 25,000 new employees in 1966

► Added 3 million square feet of manufacturing space

► Producing 1,000 System/360 units per month

► SLT modules reached projected 33-million-hour MTBF

By 1970:► Revenues went from $3.2 billion to $7.5 billion

► Earnings went from $431 million to over $ 1 billion

► Employees grew nearly 120,000 … to 269,000.

20

The System/360 Architectural Legacy

IBM System/360 Model 44

21

In the Beginning … System/360 (1964)

CPU Architecture

► 32-bit arithmetic

► 16 general-purpose registers► 24-bit addressing (16,777,216 bytes max.)

– More than a few megabytes was quite rare

► Real addressing only! No virtual memory► Approximately 142 instructions total► Some features were optional

– Decimal instructions (in-storage only)

– Floating point (with 4 floating-point registers)

– Direct control (specialty I/O for check sorters, &c.)

– Protection feature (i.e., storage keys)

I/O architecture

► Maximum of 7 channels– One byte-multiplexor channel (printers, card

readers, &c)

– Up to seven selector channels (disks, tape)

► Maximum of 256 devices per channel

► Most machines had far fewer channels &

devices


22

In the Beginning … System/360 (1964)

Storage technology

► Ferrite core storage

– Each toroid “donut” represented one

bit

► Architectural maximum: 16 megabytes

– Reality: Most customers had no more

than 1-2 megabytes

► Increasing density … the donut-hole

test:

– New product’s core toroid fit through

the donut hole of the previous

product’s core


IBM System/360 Core-Memory Panels (approx. 32K)

23

System/360 Software

Operating Systems

► Basic Operating System (BOS)

► Tape Operating System (TOS)

► Disk Operating System (DOS)

► Operating System / Multiple Fixed Tasks (OS/MFT)

► Operating System / Multiple Variable Tasks (OS/MVT)

► SABRE (Airline Reservations)

► Time-Sharing System (TSS)

► Control Program / 67 (CP/67) with the Cambridge Monitor System (CMS)

Languages

►ALGOL

►Assembler

►Basic

►COBOL

►Fortran

►PL/1

►RPG

Online Transaction Processing

►Customer Information Control System (CICS)

►Conversational Programming System (CPS)

Numerous independent-

software-vendor packages

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System 370 (1970)

Virtual addressing► One or multiple 24-bit virtual spaces► Ability to over-commit real storage► Ability to segregate data according to

subsystem and user

Real storage still limited to 24-bit addressing

► Most CPUs still had (far) less than 16 M-bytes

► Monolithic solid-state memory … no more core

Introduced new 16 control registers

Introduced 13 new instructions► Load/store control registers► Compare / move long streams of characters► Compare / insert / store character under

mask

I/O subsystem expanded to (up to) 16

channels► 32 channel option on some later machines

Hardware-assisted debugging (PER)


25

System/370 Software

Operating Systems

► Disk Operating System / Virtual

Storage Extended (DOS/VSE)

► Single Virtual Storage (SVS)

► Multiple Virtual Storage (MVS)

► Transaction Processing Facility

(TPF, successor to SABRE)

► Virtual Machine / 370 (VM/370)

Database Systems

► Information Management System

(IMS)

► DB/2

► System Query Language (SQL)


26

System 370 Enhancements (1978-1982)

26-bit real addressing (up to 64 MB)► Single virtual address space still

limited to 24 bits (16 MB)

Various specialty facilities► Operating-system assist

instructions for obtaining / releasing locks, tracing, &c.

► Mathematical assists (transcendental functions, &c.)

► High-accuracy arithmetic

Dual-address space► Primary & secondary spaces► New instructions:

– PROGRAM CALL / PROGRAM RETURN

– INSERT / SET ADDRESS SPACE CONTROL

– MOVE TO PRIMARY / SECONDARY

IBM 3031 Processor Complex

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370 Extended Architecture (1983)

31-bit virtual addressing► Single address space providing up to 2

G-bytes

► Bimodal addressing (1 bit of the 32-bit address stolen to designate 24- or 31-bit addressing mode)

31-bit real addressing (2 gigabytes max.)► Most customers still had much less

memory

Entirely new I/O subsystem► Up to 256 I/O channels

► Up to 65,536 I/O devices

New instructions for I/O, storage key manipulation, and program linkage

Hardware tracing► Eliminated significant bottleneck in

multiprocessor tracing


28

Interpretive Execution (1984)

Hardware virtualization

► Used by Processor Resource /

System Manager (PR/SM)

– Provides logical partitioning of

physical machine

► Used by VM/370 Operating System

► Apportions physical resources to

“guest” programs

– CPUs, I/O channels, real memory

► Allows multiple operating systems to

operate concurrently / separately

► Extremely fast context switch from

one guest to another


29

A Few Side Trips (1980s)

4300-series processor models

► Three models of mid-sized, lower-

cost processors for department-

level or small business applications

► Same CPU architecture and I/O

capabilities

Vector facility

► Single-engine multiple-data (SIMD)

instruction extension

► Intended for large-array analytics:

oil research, weather prediction,

fluid-dynamics modeling



30

Enterprise Systems Architecture / 370 (1989)

Introduced access-register translation (ART)

► Provided the means by which a program could access multiple address spaces with minimum overhead

► Up to 2,048 31-bit (2 G-byte) address spaces (i.e., up to 4 T-bytes)

► New nonprivileged instructions for manipulation of ARs

Introduced the home address space► Location for principal task (process)

control structures

► Where to go (i.e., who to blame) when a task abnormally ends

Introduced the linkage stack ► Push-down stack for semi-authorized

tasks

► New instructions for manipulation of linkage stack.

IBM System 390

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Enterprise Systems Architecture / 390 (1990-1999)

Numerous new facilities:► Arithmetic instructions with 16-bit

immediate operands ► Branch instructions with 16-bit

relative-branch location► Binary-floating-point instructions

(IEEE standard)– 95 new instructions and floating-

point control register► Compression facility► Check-sum instruction (for TCP/IP

& others)► Extended-translation instructions

(Unicode™ conversion)► Sorting-assist instructions► String-manipulation instructions

Enhancements to dual-address-space facilities

IBM Enterprise Server 9000

32

Mainframe Perceptions in the 1990s

Reports of the death of the

mainframe were premature

► “I predict that the last

mainframe will be unplugged on

March 15, 1996.”

– Stewart Alsop, March 1991

► “It’s clear that corporate

customers still like to have

centrally controlled, very

predictable, reliable computing

systems—exactly the kind of

systems that IBM specializes

in.”

– Stewart Alsop, February 2002Stuart Alsop (from IBM 2001 Annual Report)

33

z/Architecture & the zSeries z900 & z800 (2000)

General registers grew to 64 bits► Existing 32-bit instructions retained

– Used rightmost 32 bits of the 64-bit registers

► Large suite of 64-bit analogues added

► 163 new instructions (139 general, 11 control, 12 floating point)

Provides 64-bit virtual address space► Up to 16 exabytes in a single space

– 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 bytes► With access-register translation, up

to 2,048 spaces (275 bytes)– 37,778,931,862,957,161,709,568 bytes

► Trimodal (24-, 31-, or 64-bit) addressing

– Ability to dynamically switch between addressing modes

64-bit real storage addressing► Current models offer up to six

terabytes of real storage

IBM eServer zSeries 900

34

zSeries 64-Bit Operating Systems

z/OS

► Successor to MFT, MVT, SVS, MVS, OS/390

► “Western civilization runs on z/OS” – Bob Rogers, IBM DE Emeritus

z/VM

► Successor to CP/67, VM/370 and follow-on systems

► Gold standard of virtualization

z/TPF

► Continuing support of large-scale transaction processing used by

airlines, hotels, car-rentals, &c

zLinux

► Mainframe-class server software with attitude

35

Facilities Added to to the z900 & z800

Extended-translation facilities

► Provides for translating, comparing, and moving single- and

double-byte character representations

Multiply and add / subtract instructions

► Enhancements to classic hexadecimal floating point

► Key to advanced math & crypto operations

Long-displacement facility

► Provides significant register-constraint relief

► Increases displacement in storage-accessing instructions

from 4K to 1M

36

Facilities Added in the zSeries z990 & z890 (2002)

Message-Security Assist

► Five general instructions that

perform wide variety of HW

cryptographic operations

► DEA-64, -128, 192; SHA-1

More extended-translation facility

enhancements

► Instructions to perform

Unicode™ conversions

Functional enhancements to

cross-memory linkage operationsIBM eServer zSeries 990

37

Facilities Added in the z9-109 (2005)

Decimal floating point facility

► 54 new instructions based on the emerging

DFP standard

Additional instructions with extended (32-

bit) immediate operands

► Relieves register constraints & cache

accesses

Improved timing-facility instructions

► Allows synchronization of TOD clocks to

within nanoseconds across great distances

Unnormalized extensions for classic

hexadecimal floating point (useful for

crypto operations)

Message-security-assist enhancements #1

► SHA-256, AES-128, & PRNG

IBM eServer zSeries z9-109

38

Facilities Added in the System z10 (2008)

Instructions to provide better indication of

machine topology

► Cache cognizance / prefetching of

operands

New compare-and-branch / compare-and-

trap combo instructions

Additional instructions with long

immediate operands

Additional instructions with relative

addresses

Rotate-then-***-selected bits instructions

Instructions to facilitate text parsing

Message-security-assist enhancements # 2

► AES-192, AES-256, & SHA-512

“Large page” dynamic address translation

CPU measurement facility

IBM Enterprise Class z10

39

Facilities Added in the z196 (2010)

High-word facility

► Effectively provides 16 additional 32-bit general registers

Interlocked-access facility

► Improved multiprocessor serialized access to storage

Load / store-on-condition facility

► Conditional execution of an instruction based on CC

► Significant code performance improvement

Distinct-operands facility

BFP and DFP floating-point enhancements

Message-security-assist enhancements #3 & 4

► Provides hardware-secured encrypted keys for existing

functions

► CFB-, OFB-, CMAC-, CC-, GC-, and XTS-modes of encryption

Numerous other performance enhancements.

BladeCenter – direct attachment of blade-technology

servers of other architectures.

IBM zEnterprise z196

40

Facilities Added in the zEC12 (2012)

DFP zoned-conversion facility

► Allows efficient calculation of packed / zoned values, with

minimum storage accesses

Enhanced-DAT Facility 2

► 2 G-byte storage frame

Interlocked-access facility 2

► Simplifies multi-programming

Optimizations for Java

► Load-and-trap facility

► Execution-hint & branch-prediction facilities

► Miscellaneous general instruction enhancements

► Run-time instrumentation facility

– Dynamically monitor and alter workloads

Transactional-execution facility

► First generally-available processor to provide transactional

memory implementation.

► Potential for significant multiprocessing improvements

► Lock elision

► Speculative execution

IBM zEnterprise EC12

41

S/360 Legacy Systems – Instruction Growth

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2010

0

200

400

600

800

1000

YEAR

INS

TR

UC

TIO

NS

System/360 – ESA/390

z/Architecture

??

42

Summary (1)

System/360 was the evolutionary outgrowth of the IBM products of the early 1960s

► An amalgam of existing hardware technology

► A completely new CPU architecture

Significant corporate gamble

► Costs greatly exceeded expectations … but

► Results were successful beyond all expectations

CPU architecture that is robust and enduring

► Upwards and downwards software compatibility across all product models

► Application programs from 1964 can still successfully execute on the latest z/Architecture processors

► Architectural legacy that continues to grow

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Summary (2)

S/360 architecture has evolved to provide numerous enhancements:

► Additional addressing (24 31 64-bit addresses)

► Larger binary data (32 64-bit registers)

► Two additional floating-point representations (HFP + BFP & DFP)

► Advanced program-linkage operations

► Ability to access multiple address spaces simultaneously

► Much broader I/O capacity– Over 1,000 I/O channels using fibre-channel, Ethernet, PCI, &c

► Additional instructions for compiler efficiency– Register constraint relief

– Cache optimization

– General performance benefit

– z/Architecture now includes over 1,000 instructions !!

All while retaining application-program compatibility with the original S/360 instruction set

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