UnitI: Business Environment: Concept and significance Internal and External factors (Socio, Cultural, Political, legal, Technological, Ecological) Influencing Business. Emerging trends in Indian Business Environment.

MEANING OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

The success of every business depends on adapting itself to the environment within which it functions. For example, when there is a change in the government polices, the business has to make the necessary changes to adapt itself to the new policies. Similarly, a change in the technology may render the existing products obsolete, as we have seen that the introduction of computer has replaced the typewriters; the colour television has made the black and white television out of fashion. Again a change in the fashion or customers taste may shift the demand in the market for a particular product, e.g., the demand for jeans reduced the sale of other traditional wear. All these aspects are external factors that are beyond the control of the business. So the business units must have to adapt themselves to these changes in order to survive and succeed in business. Hence, it is very necessary to have a clear understanding of the concept of business environment and the nature of its various components.

FEATURES OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTOn the basis of the above discussion the features of business environment can be summarized as follows.

(a) Business environment is the sum total of all factors external to the business firm and that greatly influence their functioning.

(b) It covers factors and forces like customers, competitors, suppliers, government, and the social, cultural, political, technological and legal conditions.

FEATURES OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTOn the basis of the above discussion the features of business environment can besummarized as follows.

(a) Business environment is the sum total of all factors external to the business firm and that greatly influence their functioning.

(b) It covers factors and forces like customers, competitors, suppliers, government, and the social, cultural, political, technological and legal conditions.

IMPORTANCE OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTThere is a close and continuous interaction between the business and its environment. This interaction helps in strengthening the business firm and using its resources more effectively. As stated above, the business environment is multifaceted, complex, and dynamic in nature and has a far-reaching impact on the survival and growth of the business. To be more specific, proper understanding of the social, political, legal and economic environment helps the business in the following ways:

(a) Determining Opportunities and Threats: The interaction between the business and its environment would identify opportunities for and threats to the business. It helps the business enterprises for meeting the challenges successfully.

(b) Giving Direction for Growth: The interaction with the environment leads to opening up new frontiers of growth for the business firms. It enables the business to identify the areas for growth and expansion of their activities.

(c) Continuous Learning: Environmental analysis makes the task of managers easier in dealing with business challenges. The managers are motivated to continuously update their knowledge, understanding and skills to meet the predicted changes in realm ofbusiness.

(d) Image Building: Environmental understanding helps the business organisations in improving their image by showing their sensitivity to the environment within which they are working. For example, in view of the shortage of power, many companies have set up Captive Power Plants (CPP) in their factories to meet their own requirement of power.

(e) Meeting Competition: It helps the firms to analyse the competitors strategies and formulate their own strategies accordingly.

(f) Identifying Firms Strength and Weakness: Business environment helps to identify the individual strengths and weaknesses in view of the technological and global developments.

TYPES OF BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTThe survival and success of each and every business enterprise depend fully on its economic environment. The main factors that affect the economic environment are:

(a) Economic Conditions: The economic conditions of a nation refer to a set of economic factors that have great influence on business organisations and their operations. These include gross domestic product, per capita income, markets for goods and services, availability of capital, foreign exchange reserve, growth of foreign trade, strength of capital market etc. All these help in improving the pace of economic growth.

(b) Economic Policies: All business activities and operations are directly influenced by the economic policies framed by the government from time to time. Some of the important economic policies are:(i) Industrial policy(ii) Fiscal policy(iii) Monetary policy(iv) Foreign investment policy(v) Export Import policy (Exim policy)

The government keeps on changing these policies from time to time in view of the developments taking place in the economic scenario, political expediency and the changing requirement. Every business firm has to function strictly within the policy framework and respond to the changes therein.

(c) Economic System: The world economy is primarily governed by three types of economic systems, viz., (i) Capitalist economy; (ii) Socialist economy; and (iii) Mixed economy. India has adopted the mixed economy system which implies co-existence of public sector and private sector.

NON-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTThe various elements of non-economic environment are as follow:(A) SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

The social environment of business includes social factors like customs, traditions, values, beliefs, poverty, literacy, life expectancy rate etc. The social structure and the values that a society cherishes have a considerable influence on the functioning of business firms. For example, during festive seasons there is an increase in the demand for new clothes, sweets, fruits, flower, etc. Due to increase in literacy rate the consumers are becoming more conscious of the quality of the products. Due to change in family composition, more nuclear families with single child concepts have come up. This increases the demand for the different types of household goods. It may be noted that the consumption patterns, the dressing and living styles of people belonging to different social structures and culture vary significantly.

(B) POLITICAL ENVIRONMENTThis includes the political system, the government policies and attitude towards the business community and the unionism. All these aspects have a bearing on the strategies adopted by the business firms. The stability of the government also influences business and related activities to a great extent. It sends a signal of strength, confidence to various interest groups and investors. Further, ideology of the political party also influences the business organisation and its operations. You may be aware that Coca-Cola, a cold drink widely used even now, had to wind up operations in India in late seventies. Again the trade union activities also influence the operation of business enterprises. Most of the labour unions in India are affiliated to various political parties. Strikes, lockouts and labour disputes etc. also adversely affect the business operations. However, with the competitive business environment, trade unions are now showing great maturity and started contributing positively to the success of the business organisation and its operations through workers participation in management.

(C) LEGAL ENVIRONMENTThis refers to set of laws, regulations, which influence the business organisations and their operations. Every business organisation has to obey, and work within the framework of the law. The important legislations that concern the business enterprises include:

(i) Companies Act, 1956(ii) Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999(iii) The Factories Act, 1948(iv) Industrial Disputes Act, 1972(v) Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972(vi) Industries (Development and Regulation) Act, 1951(vii) Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954(viii) Essential Commodities Act, 2002(ix) The Standards of Weights and Measures Act, 1956(x) Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969(xi) Trade Marks Act, 1999(xii) Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986(xiii) Consumer Protection Act, 1986(xiv) Environment Protection Act(xv) Competition Act, 2002Besides, the above legislations, the following are also form part of the legal environment of business.

(i) Provisions of the Constitution: The provisions of the Articles of the Indian Constitution, particularly directive principles, rights and duties of citizens, legislative powers of the central and state government also influence the operation of business enterprises.

(ii) Judicial Decisions: The judiciary has to ensure that the legislature and the government function in the interest of the public and act within the boundaries of the constitution. The various judgments given by the court in different matters relating to trade and industry also influence the business activities.

(D) TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTTechnological environment include the methods, techniques and approaches adopted for production of goods and services and its distribution. The varying technological environments of different countries affect the designing of products. For example, in USA and many other countries electrical appliances are designed for 110 volts. But when these are made for India, they have to be of 220 volts. In the modern competitive age, the pace of technological changes is very fast. Hence, in order to survive and grow in the market, a business has to adopt the technological changes from time to time. It may be noted that scientific research for improvement and innovation in products and services is a regular activity in most of the big industrial organisations. Now a days infact, no firm can afford to persist with the outdated technologies.

(E) DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTThis refers to the size, density, distribution and growth rate of population. All these factors have a direct bearing on the demand for various goods and services. For example a country where population rate is high and children constitute a large section of population, then there is more demand for baby products. Similarly the demand of the people of citiesand towns are different than the people of rural areas. The high rise of population indicates the easy availability of labour. These encourage the business enterprises to use labour intensive techniques of production. Moreover, availability of skill labour in certain areas motivates the firms to set up their units in such area. For example, the business units from America, Canada, Australia, Germany, UK, are coming to India due to easy availability of skilled manpower. Thus, a firm that keeps a watch on the changes on the demographic front and reads them accurately will find opportunities knocking at its doorsteps.

(F) NATURAL ENVIRONMENTThe natural environment includes geographical and ecological factors that influence the business operations. These factors include the availability of natural resources, weather and climatic condition, location aspect, topographical factors, etc. Business is greatly influenced by the nature of natural environment. For example, sugar factories are set up only at those places where sugarcane can be grown. It is always considered better to establish manufacturing unit near the sources of input. Further, governments policies to maintain ecological balance, conservation of natural resources etc. put additional responsibility on the business sector.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIAN ECONOMY

The economic environment of business in India has been changing at a fast rate mainly due to the changes in the economic policies of the government. At the time of independence, the Indian economy was basically agrarian with a weak industrial base. To speed up the industrial growth and solve various economic problems, the government took several steps like state ownership on certain categories of industries, economic planning, reduced role of private sector, etc. The Government adopted several control measures on the functioning of private sector enterprises. All these efforts resulted a mixed response. There was growth in net national product, per capita income and development of capital goods sector and infrastructure. But rate of industrial growth was slow, inflation increased and government faced a serious foreign exchange crisis during eighties. As a result, the government of India introduced a radical change in economic policies in 1991. This policy abolished industrial licensing in most of the cases, allowed private participation in most industries, disinvestment was carried out in many public sector industrial enterprises and opened up the economy considerably. Foreign Investment Promotion Board was set up to channelize foreign capital investment in India. Let us discuss the developments under three heads, viz., (a) Liberalisation, (b) Privatisation, and (c) Globalisation.

(A) LIBERALISATIONLiberalisation refers to the process of eliminating unnecessary controls and restrictions onthe smooth functioning of business enterprises. It includes:

(i) abolishing industrial licensing requirement in most of the industries;(ii) freedom in deciding the scale of business activities;.iii) freedom in fixing prices of goods and services;(iv) simplifying the procedure for imports and exports;(v) reduction in tax rates; and(vi) simplified policies to attract foreign capital and technology to India.

Through this liberalisation process, Indian Economy has opened up and started interacting with the world in a big way. This has resulted in easy entry of foreign business organisations in India. This has further resulted in stiff competition and efficiency. Ultimately, liberalization has helped us in achieving a high growth rate, easy availability of goods at competitive rates, a healthy and flourishing stock market, high foreign exchange reserve, low inflation rate, strong rupee, good industrial relations, etc

(B) PRIVATISATIONPrivatisation refers to reducing the role of public sector by involving the private sectors in most activities. Due to the policy reforms announced in 1991, the expansion of public sector has literally come to a halt and the private sector registered fast growth in the postliberalised period.

The issues of privatisation include:(i) reduction in the number of industries reserved for the public sector from 17 to 8 (reduced further to 3 later on) and the introduction of selective competition in the reserved area;(ii) disinvestment of shares of selected public sector industrial enterprises in order to raiseresources and to encourage wider participation of general public and workers in the ownership in business;(iii) improvement in performance through an MOU system by which managements are to be granted greater autonomy but held accountable for specified results.

In India, as a result of these steps, the post liberalisation phase has witnessed a massive expansion of the private sector business in India. You can have an idea of their expansion from the fact that the total capital employed in top 500 private sector companies rose from Rs. 1,39,806 crores in 1992-93 to Rs. 2, 34, 751 crores in 1994-95 (an expansion of 68% in just two years).

(C) GLOBALISATIONGlobalisation means integrating the economy of a country with the world economy. This implies free flow of goods and services, capital, technology and labour across national boundaries. To achieve these objectives of globalisation, the government has adopted various measures such as reduction in custom duties, removal of quantitative restrictions or quotas on exports and imports, facilitating foreign investment and encouragement of foreign technology. These measures are expected to achieve a higher rate of growth, enlargement of employment potential, and reduction of regional disparities

Nature of BusinessBusiness may be understood as the organized efforts of enterprise to supply consumers with goods and services for a profit. Businesses vary in size, as measured by the number of employees or by sales volume. But, all businesses share the same purpose: to earn profits.

The purpose of business goes beyond earning profit. There are: It is an important institution in society. Be it for the supply of goods and services. Creation of job opportunities. Offer of better quality of life. Contributing to the economic growth of the country.Hence, it is understood that the role of business is crucial. Society cannot do withoutbusiness. It needs no emphasis that business needs society as much

TYPES OF ENVIRONMENT

On the basis of the extent of intimacy with the firm, the environmental factors may be classified in to different types or levels. As indicated BELOW, there are, broadly, two types of environment, the internal environment, i.e., factors internal to the firm and external environment, i.e., factors external to the firm which have relevance to it.

The internal factors are generally regarded as controllable factors because the company has control over these factors; it can alter or modify such factors as its personnel, physical facilities, organization and functional means, such as marketing mix, to suit the environment.

The external factors, on the other hand, are, by and large, beyond the control of a company. The external or environmental factors such as the economic "factors, sociocultural factors, government and legal factors, demographic factors, geo-physical factors etc; are, therefore, generally regarded as uncontrollable factors.

It may, however, be noted that a firm may not sometimes have complete control over all the internal factors. Also, it is some times possible to change certain external factors. Some of the external factors have a direct and intimate impact on the firm (like the suppliers and distributors of the firm). These factors are classified as micro environment, also known as task environment and operating environment. There are other external factors which affect an industry very generally (such as industrial policy demographic factors etc). They constitute what is called macro environment, general environment or remote environment.

Although business environment consists of both the internal and external environments, many people often confine the term to the external environment of business.

Internal EnvironmentThe important internal factors which have a bearing on the strategy and other decisionsare outlined below.Value SystemThe value system of the founders and those at the helm of affairs has important bearing on the choice of business, the mission and objectives of the organization, business policies and practices. It is a widely acknowledged fact that the extent to which the value system is shared by all in the organization is an important factor contributing to success. The value system of JRD Tata and the acceptance of it by others who matter were responsible for the voluntary incorporation in the Articles of Association of TISCO its social and moral responsibilities to consumers, employees, shareholders, society and the people.

After the EID Parry group was taken over by the Murugappa group, one of the most profitable businesses (liquor) of the ailing Parry group was sold off as the liquor business did not fit into the value system of the Murugappa group. The value system and ethical standards are also among the factors evaluated by many companies in the selection of suppliers, distributors, collaborators etc.

Vision, Mission and ObjectivesThe business domain of the company, priorities, direction of development, business philosophy, business policy etc., is guided by the vision mission and objectives of the company. Ranbaxy's thrust in to the foreign markets and development has been driven by its mission "to become a research based international pharmaceutical company.

Arvind Mills' mission - "To achieve global dominance in select business built around our core competencies through continuous product and technical innovation, customer orientation and focus on cost effectiveness", - has driven its future development strategy including the portfolio strategy, and indicated the thrusts required in the functional areas to help achieve the mission.

Management Structure and NatureThe organizational structure, the composition of the Board of Directors, extent of professionalisation of management etc., are important factors influencing business decisions. Some management structures and styles delay decision making while some others facilitate quick decision making. The Board of Directors being the highest decision making body which sets the direction for the development of the organization and which overseas the performance of theorganization, the quality of the Board is a very critical factor for the development and performance of company. The private sector in India presents extreme cases in this respect. At one end there are companies with highly qualified and responsible Board and at the other end there are companies which do not possess these qualities.

The share-holding pattern could have important managerial implications. There are very large companies where majority of the share is held by the promoters (like Wipro) and there are large firms where the promoters' position is very vulnerable (like the Tata group of companies). Financial institutions had large share holding in many Indian companies. The stand of nominees of financial institutions could be very decisive in several critical instances.

Internal Power RelationshipFactors like the amount of support the top management enjoys from different levels of employees, shareholders and Board of Directors have important influence on the decisions and their implementation. The relationship between the members of Board of Directors and between the chief executive and the Board are also critical factors.

Human ResourcesThe characteristics of the human resources like skill, quality, morale, commitment, attitude etc., could contribute to the strength -and weakness, of an organization. Some organizations find it difficult to carry out restructuring or modernization because of resistance by employees whereas they are smoothly done in some others. The involvement, initiative etc., of people at different levels may vary from organization to organization. The organizational culture and overall environment have bearing on them. John Towers, M.D., Rover Group, observes that a Japanese company of 30,000 employees is 30,000 process improvers. In a Western company, it is 2,000 process improvers and 28,000 workers. And in an Indian company?

Company Image and Brand EquityThe image of the company matters while raising finance, forming joint ventures or other alliances, soliciting marketing intermediaries, entering purchase or sale contracts, launching new, products etc. Brand equity is also relevant in several of these cases.

Miscellaneous FactorsThere are a number of other internal factors which contribute to the business success/failures or influence the decision-making. They include the following.

1. Physical Assets and Facilities like the production capacity, technology and efficiency of the productive apparatus, distribution logistics etc., are among the factors which influence the competitiveness of a firm. For example, as quality is very important in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly for a global player, in the case of Core Healthcare not only there is no compromise on quality but also the company made the quality norms stricter than international or other relevant standards and the quality mantra has been wellimbibed throughout the organization.

2. R & D and Technological Capabilities, among other things, determine a company's ability to innovate and compete.

3. Marketing Resources like the organization for marketing, quality of the marketing men, brand equity and distribution network have direct bearing on marketing efficiency. They are important also for brand extension, new product introduction etc.

4. Financial Factors like financial policies, financial position and capital structure are also important internal environment affecting business performances, strategies and decisions.

EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAs stated earlier, the external business environment consists of a micro environment anda macro environment.

MICRO ENVIRONMENT"The micro environment consists of the actors in the company's immediate environment that affects the performance of the company. These include the suppliers, marketing intermediaries, competitors, customers and the publics." The macro environment consists larger societal forces that affect all the actors in the company's micro environment namely, the demographic, economic, natural, technical, political and cultural forces." It is quite obvious that the micro environmental factors are more intimately linked with the company than the macro factors. The micro forces need not necessarily affect all the firms in a particular industry in the same way. Some of the micro factors may be particular to a firm. For example, a firm which depends on a supplier may have a supplier environment which is entirely different from that of a firm whose supply source is different. When competing firms in an industry have the same' micro elements, the relative success of the firms depends, inter alia, on their relative effectiveness in dealingwith these elements.

SuppliersAn important force, in the micro environment of a company is the suppliers, i.e., those who supply the inputs like raw materials and components to the company. The importance of reliable source/sources of supply to the smooth functioning of the business is obvious. Uncertainty regarding the supply or other supply constraints often compels companies to maintain high inventories causing cost increases. It had been pointed out that factories in India maintained indigenous stocks of 3-4 months and imported stocks of 9 months as against an average of a few hours to two weeks in Japan.4 The liberalization however, has caused a significant change in the situation.

Because of the sensitivity of the supply, many companies give high importance to Vendor development. Vertical integration where feasible, helps to solve the supply problem. For example, Nirma has always been a believer of the logic'" that captive production plants for raw materials is the best way to production costs in check and it has gone for a mammoth backward integration. In many cases, however, outsourcing is more beneficial. It is very risky to depend on a single supplier because a strike, lock out or any other production problem with that supplier may seriously affect the company. Similarly, a change in the attitude or behavior of the supplier may also affect the company. Hence, multiple sources of supply often help reduce such risks.The supply management assumes more importance in a scarcity environment. "Company purchasing agents are learning how to "wine and dine" suppliers to obtain favorable treatment during periods of shortages. In other words, the purchasing department might have to "market itself to suppliers." Recognizing the critical importance of the supply factor, companies all around the world are increasingly resorting to partnering / relationship marketing.

CustomersAs it is often exhorted, the major task of a business is to create and sustain customers. A business exists only because, of its customers. Monitoring the customer sensitivity is, therefore, a prerequisite for the business success. A company may have different categories of consumers like individuals, households, industries and other commercial establishments, and government and other institutions.

For example, the customers of a tyre company may include individual automobile' owners, automobile manufacturers, public sector transport undertakings and other transport operators.Depending on a single customer is often too risky because it may place the company in a poor bargaining position, apart from he risks of losing business consequent to the winding up of business by the customer or due to the customer's - switching over to the competitors of the company.

With the growing globalization, the customer environment is increasingly becoming global. Not only that the markets of other countries are becoming more open, the Indian market is becoming more exposed to the global competition and the Indian customer is becoming more "global" in his shopping.CompetitorsA firm's competitors include not only the other firms which market the same or similar products but also all those who compete for thee discretionary income of the consumers. For example, the competition for a company's televisions may come not only from other

T.V manufacturers but also from two-wheelers, refrigerators, cooking ranges, stereo sets and so on and from Firms offering savings and investment schemes like banks, Unit Trust of India, companies accepting public deposits or issuing shares or debentures etc. This competition among these products may be described as desire competition as the primary task here is to influence the basic desire of the consumer. Such desire competition is generally very high in countries characterized by limited disposable incomes and many unsatisfied desires (and, of course, with many alternatives for spending/investing the disposable income).

If the consumer decides to spend his discretionary income on recreation (or recreation cum education) he will still be confronted with a number of alternatives to choose from like T.V., stereo, two-in-one, three-in-one etc. The competition among such alternatives which satisfy a particular category of desire is called generic competition. If the consumer decides to go in for a T.V., the next question is which form of the T.V black and white .or Colour with remote control or without it etc. In other words, there is a product form competition. Finally, the consumer encounters the brand competition i.e. the competition between the different brands of the same product form. An implication of these different demands is that a marketer should strive to createprimary and selective demand for his products. Consequent to the liberalization, the competitive environment in India has been undergoing a sea change. Many companies restructured their business portfolio and strategies. In many industries where a seller's market existed a buyer's market has emerged.

Marketing Intermediaries

The immediate environment of a company may consist of a number of marketing intermediaries which are "firms that aid the company in promoting, selling and distributing its goods to final buyers.

The marketing intermediaries include middlemen such as agents and merchants who "help the company find customers or close sales with them", physical distribution firms which "assist the company in stocking and moving goods from their origin to their destination such as warehouses and transportation firms; marketing service agencies which "assist the company in targeting and promoting its products to the right markets such as advertising agencies, marketing research firms, media firms and consulting firms; and financial intermediaries which finance marketing activities and insure business risks. Marketing intermediaries are vital links between the company and the final consumers. A dislocation or disturbance of the link, or a wrong choice of the link, may cost the company very heavily. Retail chemists and druggists in India once decided to boycott the/products .of a leading company on some issue such as poor retail margin. This move far collective boycott was, however, objected to by the MRTP Commission; but for this the company would, perhaps, have been in trouble. Hindustan Lever too faced major challenge when it faced a collective boycott in Kerala on the issue of trade margin.

FinanciersAnother important micro environmental factor is the financiers of the company. Besides the financing capabilities, their policies and strategies, attitudes (including attitude towards risk), ability to provide non-financial assistance etc. are very important.

PublicsA company may encounter certain publics in its environment. A public is any group that has an actual or potential interest in or impact on an organizations ability to achieve its interests. Media publics, citizens action publics and local publics are some examples.

MACRO ENVIRONMENTA company and the forces in its micro environment operate in a larger macro environment of forces that shape opportunities and pose threats to the company. The macro forces are, generally, more uncontrollable than the micro forces. When the macro environment is uncontrollable, the success of a company depends on its adaptability to the environment. For example, if the cost of the imported components increases substantially because of the depreciation of the domestic currency, a solution may be their domestic manufacture.

Important macro environment factors include economic environment, political and regulatory environment, social/cultural environment, demographic environment, technological environment, natural environment, and global environment.

a) Technological EnvironmentTechnology is understood as the systematic application of scientific or other organized knowledge to practical tasks. Technology changes fast and to keep pace with it, businessmen should be ever alert to adopt changed technology in their businesses.

b) Economic EnvironmentThere is close relationship between business and its economic environment. Business obtains all its needed inputs from the economic environment and it absorbs the output of business units.

c) Political Environment It refers to the influence exerted by the three political institutions viz., legislature executive and the judiciary in shaping, directing, developing and controlling business activities. A stable and dynamic political environment is indispensable for business growth.

d) Natural EnvironmentBusiness, an economic pursuit of man, continues to be dictated by nature. To whatextend business depends on nature and what is the relationship between the two constitutesan interesting study.

e) Global or international EnvironmentThanks to liberalization, Indian companies are forces to view business issues from a global perspective. Business responses and managerial practices must be fine-tuned to survive in the global environment.

f) Social and culture EnvironmentIt refers to peoples attitude to work and wealth; role of family, marriage, religion andeducation; ethical issues and social responsiveness of business.