IB Sports, exercise and health science Sub-topics Anatomy Starter-Group Activity Decide whether the...

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Sports, exercise and health science

Sub-topics

Anatomy

Starter-Group ActivityDecide whether the following statements are true or false

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Anatomy

1. There are over 1,000 muscles in your body.

2. Skeletal, or voluntary, muscles are the muscles you can control.

3. Ligaments connect muscles to bones.

4. Your heart is a muscle.

5. A muscle gets strained when it is stretched too much.

6. A sprain happens when a tendon is stretched too much.

7. Muscles that are not used can get smaller and weaker

8. You don’t need more than 30 min. of physical activity every day.

9. If something hurts when playing sports, you should play through the pain

and it will go away.

1. The Skeletal System

2. The Muscular System

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STARTER – Group Activity

Decide whether the following statements are true or false:

10. A balanced diet: a) Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt. b) Includes protein from lean meats, poultry, seafood, beans, eggs, and nuts. c) Is low in solid fats, saturated fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), added sugars, and refined grains. d) All of the above



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1. There are over 1,000 muscles in your body.

-False. There are over 600 muscles in the body.

2. Skeletal, or voluntary muscles are the muscles you can control.

True. You can control your skeletal muscles to walk, run,

pick up things, play an instrument, throw a baseball, kick a soccer ball,

push a lawnmower, or ride a bicycle

3. Ligaments connect muscles to bones.

False. Ligaments connect bones to other bones. Tendons connect

muscles to bones.



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4. Your heart is a muscle.

True. The heart is a special muscle called “cardiac muscle.” It works

constantly to pump blood through your body.

5. A muscle gets strained when it is stretched too much.

True. Muscles can be strained by stretching them too much, as when

you lift something that is too heavy.

6. A sprain happens when a tendon is stretched too much. False.

Sprains happen when ligaments (which connect bones to bones) are

stretched too much. A stretching injury to a tendon (which connects a

muscle to a bone) is called a strain.



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7. Muscles that are not used can get smaller and weaker

True. If a muscle is not used, it will get smaller and weaker. This is

known as atrophy.

8. You don’t need more than 30 minutes of physical activity every day.

False. You should get at least 60 minutes of exercise every day. It

doesn’t have to be a whole hour all at once, but it does need to be in at

least 10-minute increments to count toward your 60 minutes of physical

activity per day.



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9. If something hurts when playing sports, you should play through the

pain and it will go away.

False. If something starts to hurt, stop playing or exercising. You

might just need to rest the injured part, or you might need to see a

doctor.



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10. A balanced diet:

a) Emphasizes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and fat-free or low-fat

dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt.

b) Includes protein from lean meats, poultry, seafood, beans, eggs, and

nuts.

c) Is low in solid fats, saturated fats, cholesterol, salt (sodium), added

sugars, and refined grains.

d) All of the above



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1.2.1 Outline the general characteristics common to muscle tissue

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Learning Objectives

Everyone should

Distinguish between the different types of muscle

Outline the general characteristics common to muscle

tissue

Most will

Identify the location of skeletal muscles in various regions of the body

Some might

Explain the need for antogonistic pairs



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1.2.2 Distinguish between the different types of muscle

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Smooth Cardiac Skeletal

DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme.



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Different types muscle tissue

Skeletal Muscles (striated and voluntary muscles)

are those which attach to bones and have the main function of contracting to facilitate movement of our skeletons.

Striated-appearance of light and dark stripes



Now complete the Types of Muscles section in your workbook!

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Different types muscle tissue

Skeletal Muscles1. The Skeletal System



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Different types muscle tissueSmooth muscle

(Unstriated) Involuntary muscle due to our inability to control its movements.

Found in the walls of hollow organs such as the stomach, esophagus, bronchi and in the walls of blood vessels.




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Different types muscle tissueSmooth

muscle 1. The Skeletal System



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Different types muscle tissueCardiac muscle only in the walls of the heart.

Similar to:skeletal muscle -striated

smooth muscle- involuntarily controlled




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Different types muscle tissueCardiac muscle 1. The Skeletal

System



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1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal muscle

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AnatomyGroup Thought

What do we use our muscles for?

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• Skeletal musclescontract exertingforces on the tendons• Tendons then pull onthe bones causingjoint movement

• Generating body heat

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• Postural muscles stabilize and maintain body positions

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• Movement of substances within the body e.g. peristalsis

Now complete the Functions of Musclessection in your workbook!

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• Contractility: ability to receive and respond to stimuli via generation of an electrical pulse which causes contraction of the muscle cells

• Excitability: ability to shorten.• Extensibility: ability of muscle to lengthen.• Elasticity: ability of muscle to return to

normal size.



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Atrophy: is the wasting of muscle tissue Hypertrophy: is the increase in size of

muscle tissue.

Controlled by nerve stimuli. Fed by capillaries.

DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme



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Can you write a definition for the words below without using your notes?



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Muscle Structure

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Epimysium: This is the connective tissue wrap just under the deep fascia that surrounds the entire muscle

Perimysium: This connective tissue surrounds each individual fascicle (bundle of muscle fibers).

Endomysium: This is the connective tissue

wrapped around each individual muscle cell

(fiber).



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Individual Activity Carry out the investigation in your workbook “The effect of temperature on muscle function”

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Muscle fibers are made up of a group of myofibrils.

Myofibril: the muscle cells are filled with cylindrical structures called myofibrils.These contain the myofilaments whose action is responsible for the contraction of the myofibrils and therefore the muscle as a whole.

Solomon & Davis



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Muscle Structure



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Sub-topics There are 2 kinds of

myofilaments:(Thick and Thin) Myosin: thick

filaments Actin: thin filaments


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A unit of thick and thin filaments is known as a Sarcomere.These structures hold the key to muscle contraction. Because of the staggered thin and thick filaments it has the effect as one might pull a rope towards oneself hand over hand.

Solomon & Davis



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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xhgDbjrrmFg

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Anatomy1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal muscle

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Anatomy1.2.4 Define the terms origin and insertion of muscles

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The Origin and Insertion•When a muscle contracts, only one bone moves leaving the other stationary. The points at which the tendons are attached to the bone are known as the origin and the insertion.• •The origin is where the tendon of the muscle joins the stationary bone(s). •The insertion is where the tendon of the muscle joins the moving bone(s)



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Now complete the section in your workbook

Arm is being flexed



Origin

Insertion

The radius and ulna are the moving bones- INSERTION The humerus and scapula are stationary bones- ORIGIN

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1.2.4 Define the terms origin and insertion of muscles

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Origin: the point where the tendon attaches to the bone which does not move during muscle action.

Insertion: the point where the tendon attaches to the bone which moves during an action.

e.g. Action of biceps muscle: Scapula is origin (Proximal point) and radius is the insertion. (distal point)

DET PDHPE Distance Education Programme



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Antagonistic Muscles• Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are

attached to the bones by strong cords known as tendons.

• They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create movement.

Ex.Biceps brachii and triceps brachii work in what is called Antagonistic Muscle Action. As one muscle shortens the other one lengthens.

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Flexion (Bending) of the Arm

• The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement is called the agonist.

• The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place is called the antagonist.

Agonist(The biceps contract)

Antagonist (The triceps relaxes)

• Other muscles support the agonist in creating movement and these are called synergist (neutralizer).

• Fixator (stabilizer) muscles that allow the agonist to work, stabilizing the origin

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STARTER – Label the diagramUsing the muscles listed below

* Transverse abdominus

* ExternalOblique

* Rectus abdominus

* Internal Oblique

* PectoralisMajor

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Anterior musclesRectus AbdominusExternal obliquesInternal obliquesTransverse AbdominisDeltoidPectoralis major & minorIliopsoasSartoriusQuadriceps group (rectus femoris, vastus intermedialis, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis.)Tibialis anteriorBiceps brachii

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Exercise: Crunches

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External Obliques

Movement: Flexion

Origin: Lower eight ribs

Insertion: Ilium

Exercise: Russian Twist

http://videos.bodybuilding.com/video/30361/Exercise-Guides-Russian-Twist-MaleShort-Clip



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Internal Oblique

Movement: Flexion and rotation of the spine

Origin: Ilium, Thoracolumbar Fascia

Insertion: Ribs 8-12

Exercise: Twisting Crunches

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Transverse Abdominus

Movement: Compresses abdomen

Origin: Iliac Crest, Ribs 12-16, Inguinal Ligement

Insertion: Xiphoid Process and Pubic Symphasis

Exercises: Flutter Kicks, Superman, Bicycles

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Deltoid

Movement: Flexion, Extension and Abduction of the shoulders

Origin: Clavicle and Scapula

Insertion: Lateral Humerus

Exercise: Back press Military press Overhead press

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Pectoralis Major

Movement: Flexion, Adduction of the shoulder

Origin: Clavicle, Sternum, Anterior Ribs

Insertion: Humerus

Exercise: Bench press

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Pectoralis Minor

Movement: Assists serratus anterior and Adduction of the Scapula

Origin: Anterior Ribs

Insertion: Scapula

Exercise: Bench press

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Iliopsoas

Movement: Flexion of the hip

Origin: Ilium and Lumbar Vertebrae

Insertion: Inner Femur

Exercise: Sit-ups

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Sartorius

Movement: Flexion, Abduction and lateral rotation of the hip.

Origin: Ilium

Insertion: Medial Tibia

Exercise: Walking LungesJump lunges

http://www.builtlean.com/2011/09/29/jump-lunges-plyometric-leg-exercise/



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Quadriceps

Movement: Flexion at the hip Extension at the knee

Exercise: Squats

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Tibialis AnteriorMovement: Dorsiflexion

Origin: Lateral tibia

Insertion: 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform

Exercise: Toe raises

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Biceps Brachii Triceps Brachii

Flexion Extension

Origin: Scapula Origin: Scapula and Humerus

Insertion: Radius and Ulna Insertion: Ulna

Agonist: BicepsAntagonist: Triceps

Exercise: Biceps curls Triceps extensions

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Body Draw

• Draw around one of your group members on butcher paper.• Without looking at your notes, shade in and label all the muscles you can remember from last lesson!

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Posterior MusclesTriceps brachii TrapeziusLatissimus dorsiGluteus maximusHamstrings group(biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)GastrocnemiusSoleusErector spinae

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Biceps Brachii Triceps Brachii

Flexion Extension

Origin: Scapula Origin: Scapula and Humerus

Insertion: Radius and Ulna Insertion: Ulna

Agonist: BicepsAntagonist: Triceps

Exercise: Biceps curls Triceps extensions

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TrapeziusMovement: Extension and adduction of the shoulder

Origin: Cervical and thoracic vertebrae, base of the skull

Insertion: Clavicle and Scapula

Exercise: Shrugs, Seated Row

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Latissimus Dorsi

Movement: Adduction and internal rotation of the shoulder joint.

Origin: Sacrum, Ileum, Thoracic and Lumbar Vertebrae

Insertion: Humerus

Exercise: Chin-ups. Pull-downs

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Latissimus Dorsi

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Gluteus Maximus

Movement: Extension and rotation of the hip

Origin: Posterior Ilium, Sacrum and Coccx

Insertion: Femur and IT band

Exercise: Deadlift

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Gluteus Maximus

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Hamstrings

Movement: Flexion of the knee and extension of the hip

Exercise: Leg Curls

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Gastrocnemius

Movement: Knee Flexion and Plantarflexion

Origin: Posterior Femur

Insertion: Calcaneus via Achilles Tendon

Exercise: Calf Raises

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Soleus

Exercise: Seated calf raises

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Erector Spinae

Movement: Extension

Origin: ribs, Vertebrae, Ilium

Insertion: Ribs and Vertebrae

Exercise: Chest raise

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Body Draw

• On the other side of your first drawing, make a duplicate body.• Without looking at your notes, shade in and label all the muscles you can remember from last lesson!

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Anatomy1.2.3 Annotate the structure of skeletal muscle

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http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/instructor/animations/actin_myosin/actin_myosin.swf

Homework:Go to the following site and go through the discussion. Pay close attention to the parts on Actin and Myosin. In your notebooks write an explanation of how Actin and Myosin function within muscle cells.

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AnatomyRecruitment of Muscle Tissue

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Loa

d

Frequency of recruitment

Inactivity

Controls

Continuum of Physical Activity

Endurance Trained

Strength Trained

Muscle “adapts” to meet the habitual level of demand placed on it, i.e. level of physical activity. This results in muscular hypertrophy which is a result in an increase of myofibrils as a result of increased exercise.

Adapted from Faulkner, Green and White In: Physical Activity, Fitness, and Health, Ed. Bouchard, Shephard and Stephens Human Kinetics Publishers, 1994

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Level of physical activity determined by the frequency of recruitment and the load.

Increase muscle use •endurance training •strength training (cannot be optimally trained for both strength and endurance) Decrease muscle use •prolonged bed rest •limb casting•denervation •space flight.

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Endurance training Little hypertrophy but major biochemical adaptations within muscle fibers.

Increased numbers of mitochondria; concentration and activities of oxidative enzymes (e.g. succinate dehydrogenase, see below).

Control 12 week Treadmill

Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity:Low activity light High activity dark

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Disuse causes atrophy -- USE IT OR LOSE IT!

Muscular Atrophy is a result of decrease in myofibrils through disuse Individual fiber atrophy (loss of myofibrils) with no loss in fibers. Effect more pronounced in Type II fibers. “Completely reversible” (in young healthy individuals).

Control Cast for 6 weeks

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AnatomyAging and Muscle Performance

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Performance Declines with AgingDespite maintenance of physical activity

Per

form

ance

(%

of

Pea

k) 100

80

60

40

20

0

10 20 30 40 50 60

Ages (years)

Shotput/Discus

MarathonBasketball (rebounds/game)

Write a CONCLUSION for this graphTry and explain what you see not just describe

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Age-related changes in muscle

Muscle loses size and strength as we get older, which can contribute to fatigue, weakness and reduced tolerance to exercise. This is caused by a number of factors working in combination, including:•Muscle fibers reduce in number and shrink in size.•Muscle tissue is replaced more slowly and lost muscle tissue is replaced with a tough, fibrous tissue.•Changes in the nervous system cause muscles to have reduced tone and ability to contract.

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Age-related changes in bone

Bone is living tissue. As we age, the structure of bone changes and this results in loss of bone tissue. Low bone mass means bones are weaker and places people at risk of breaks from a sudden bump or fall.

Bones become less dense as we age for a number of reasons, including:•An inactive lifestyle causes bone wastage.•Hormonal changes – in women, menopause triggers the loss of minerals in bone tissue. In men, the gradual decline in sex hormones leads to the later development of osteoporosis.•Bones lose calcium and other minerals.

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Age-related changes in joints

In a joint, bones are cushioned by cartilage that lines your joints (articular cartilage), synovial membranes around the joint and a lubricating fluid inside your joints (synovial fluid). As you age, joint movement becomes stiffer and less flexible because the amount of lubricating fluid inside your joints decreases and the cartilage becomes thinner. Ligaments also tend to shorten and lose some flexibility, making joints feel stiff.

Many of these age-related changes to joints are caused by lack of exercise. Movement of the joint, and the associated ‘stress’ of movement, helps keep the fluid moving. Being inactive causes the cartilage to shrink and stiffen, reducing joint mobility.

Use your “Design Check list” to complete this design internal assessment. Investigate the effects of sensory deprivation on performance. Using the general aim given above, design (D) your own scientific investigation to answer this question.

Design Lab

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Group Activity

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Myosin ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the following chemical reaction:

ATP + H2O ADP + phosphate

ATP hydrolysis provides energy for actomyosin contraction.

Myoglobin is the primary oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissue.

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Glycogen

is a multi-branched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals. The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body.

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In humans, glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and the muscles, and funtions as the secondary long-term energy storage (with the primary energy stores being fat cells found in adipose tissue. Muscle glycogen is converted into glucose by muscle cells.

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Anatomy Basics WorkbookDue Wednesday Dec. 4

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