IB Questionbank Chemistry1Date:------------------ IB Chemistry Name:-------------------- November Homework Test#:----, Period#:---- Topic (15): Medicines & Drugs OPTION (D)Now that you have completed reading your book Topic(15) and have presented you Constructed Meaning (D1-D7), this following is your homework for this month.

Supplies needed to be with you at home everyday :

Topic 15( Option D) Rubric. Topic 15 (Option D) STUDY GUIDE IB Practice Problems Packet IB Chemistry Book

What to Do? Review the IB Rubric again! Ro understand the requirements and what you need to LEARN. Use your BOOK and your STUDY GUIDE and any other resource to answer the Practice Problems in the given packet (ODD NUMBER QUESTIONS).Please use appropriate KEY WORDS.Please practice your BEST handwriting.

When? Due 1st class in December.How?SUBMIT your neat packet. Be ready for a short QUIZ.***********************************************************************************

Date:------------------ IB Chemistry Name:-------------------- December Homework Test#:----, Period#:---- Topic (15): Medicines & Drugs OPTION (D)Now that you have completed reading your book Topic(15) and have presented you Constructed Meaning (D1-D7), this following is your homework for this month.

Supplies needed to be with you at home everyday:

Topic 15( Option D) Rubric. Topic 15 (option D) STUDY GUIDE IB Practice Problems Packet IB Chemistry Book

What to Do?1. Review the IB Rubric again! Ro understand the requirements and what you need to LEARN.2. Use your BOOK and your STUDY GUIDE and any other resource to answer the Practice Problems in the given packet (COMPLETE).3.Please use appropriate KEY WORDS.4.Please practice your BEST handwriting.When? Due 1st class in January.How?SUBMIT your COMPLETE & neat packet. Be ready for a TOPIC TEST.

Bioavailability refers to the percentage of a dose of a drug that reaches the bloodstream .This will be influenced by all the following factors except

Breakdown of the drug by HCl in the stomach

Solubility of the drug in aqueous solution

Solubility of the blood in non-polar solvents

Binding of the drug to carrier molecules

If antacids were prepared each containing 0.1 mole of the following compounds, which would neutralize the greatest amount of HCl?

Magnesium Hydroxide

Aluminum Hydroxide

Sodium Hydroxide

Calcium Carbonate

When the action of mild and strong analgesics is compared, which statement is true?

Mild analgesics stimulate the production of prostaglandins at the site of injury.

Strong analgesics prevent the production of prostaglandins at the site of injury.

Mild analgesics block the transmission of pain signals between nerve cells.

Strong analgesics bind to opioid receptors in the brain.

Ethanol is said to have synergistic effects with some other drugs. Which of the following follows from this?

A. Higher doses of the other drugs must be taken in the presence of ethanol.B. Ethanol consumption should be limited in the presence of these other drugs. C. The effects of intoxication due to ethanol will be decreased in the presence of these other drugs.D. Tolerance to ethanol will be increased in the presence of these other drugs.

Which of the following is the best description of bacterial resistance to penicillin?

A. Resistant bacteria are able to produce the enzyme transpeptidase. B. Resistant bacteria lack the enzyme transpeptidase.C. Resistant bacteria are able to produce the enzyme beta-lactamase. D. Resistant bacteria lack the enzyme beta-lactamase.The conversion of morphine into heroin produces a stronger analgesic. This is because

A. heroin has a stronger affinity for the opioid receptors in the brain. B. morphine is broken down in the body more quickly.C. heroin is more able to cross the blood-brain barrier as it is more non-polar D. morphine must undergo hydrolysis before it can react in the body.7. Antibiotics treat infections by stopping the growth of bacteria or destroying them. (a.). Identify the side-chain by drawing a circle around the side-chain in the structure of benzylpenicillin given below. (The structure of penicillin is given in section 37 of the IB data booklet.)

.

(b) Discuss two problems associated with the over-prescription of penicillin and explain how these are overcome...8. Two substances commonly used in antacid tablets are magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide. State an equation to represent a neutralization reaction with one of the above antacids.

(b) State and explain whether 0.1 mol of magnesium hydroxide is more effective or less effective than 0.1 mol of aluminum hydroxide. 9. (a) State two differences in structure between viruses and bacteria.............

(b) Describe two ways in which antiviral drugs work..

(c )Discuss two difficulties associated with the development of drugs for the effective treatment of AIDS. 10. Morphine is a strong analgesic which is administered parenterally. (a) Explain why morphine is normally injected intravenously.

(b) Diamorphine (heroin) is a more effective painkiller than morphine. The structures of morphine and diamorphine are shown in section 37 of the IB data booklet. Explain at the molecular level why diamorphine is absorbed into fatty tissue more rapidly than morphine. 11. During drug development, trials are conducted to determine the therapeutic window. Explain the meaning of the term therapeutic window and discuss its importance in drug administration.

12. Examples of strong analgesics are morphine, codeine, and diamorphine (heroin). Their structures are shown in section 37 of the IB data booklet. (a) Identify two functional groups present in all three of these analgesics.

Identify one functional group present in morphine, but not in diamorphine.

(c )State the name of the type of chemical reaction which is used to convert morphine into diamorphine. 13. The first penicillin to be used was benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G), and its structure is shown below

Explain how penicillins are able to act as antibacterials.

Modern penicillins have a similar structure to Penicillin G but a different side-chain. State two advantages of modifying the side- chain.

.

The active part of penicillins is the beta-lactam ring. Determine the functional group present in the beta-lactam ring and explain why the ring is important in the functioning of penicillin as an antibacterial.

.

14. Drugs can be prescribed for treating various diseases and assisting in healing with human body; however, any drug presents potential risks. The properties of three drugs are summarized.

Drug Physiological effectSide-effectsTherapeutic windowAHighSevereMedium BModerateModerateNarrowCLowMinimalWide Suggest which drug (A, B, or C) could beConsidered safe enough to be taken by patients without supervision.

Administered only by qualified staff

..

Used only in a medical emergency

15. The effectiveness of a drug depends on the method of administration. One method of injecting drugs into the body results in the drug having a very rapid effect. State the method and explain its rapid approach.

List the two other methods which can be used to inject drugs into the body.

Identify the method of administration used to treat respiratory diseases such as asthma.

16.During drug development, trials are conducted to determine the therapeutic window.(a)Explain the meaning of the term therapeutic window and discuss its importance in drug administration................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (4)(b)Explain the use of placebos in clinical trials on humans.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3) (c)Identify one other effect of a drug which must be determined during clinical trials......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 8 marks)

17.Explain what is meant by the term tolerance and suggest why this is a particular problem for heroin users................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (Total 2 marks)18 .Drugs can be prescribed for treating various diseases and assisting in healing the human body, however, any drug presents potential risks. The properties of three drugs are summarized below.

DrugPhysiological effectSide-effectsTherapeutic windowAhighseveremediumBmoderatemoderatenarrowClowminimalwide Suggest which drug (A, B or C) could be(a)considered safe enough to be taken by patients without supervision.......................................................................................................................................(1) (b)Administered only by qualified staff.......................................................................................................................................(1) (c)Used only in a medical emergency.......................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 3 marks)

1

19.Medicines and drugs alter the physiological state of the body including consciousness and coordination.(a)State one other effect of medicines and drugs on the body.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (b)Explain the meaning of the following terms:(i)therapeutic window..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (ii)tolerance..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(iii)placebo effect..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 4 marks)

20.Outline the major stages in the development of a new drug.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total 3 marks)

21.Medicines and drugs can influence the functioning of the body.Discuss the term therapeutic window. Your answer should include its meaning, a quantitative description and an explanation of wide and narrow therapeutic windows.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total 4 marks)22.Explain the meaning of the terms:(i)side-effect............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (ii)therapeutic window............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (iii)placebo effect.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 3 marks)

23.The effectiveness of a drug depends on the method of administration.(i)One method of injecting drugs into the body results in the drug having a very rapid effect. State the method and explain its rapid action................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (2)(ii)List the two other methods which can be used to inject drugs into the body.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (iii)Identify the method of administration used to treat respiratory diseases such as asthma.......................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 4 marks)

24.Many drugs are taken orally. State three other ways in which drugs may be taken by a patient..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total 2 marks)25.Two substances commonly used in antacid tablets are magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide.(a)State an equation to represent a neutralization reaction with one of the above antacids.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (b)State and explain whether 0.1 mol of magnesium hydroxide is more effective or less effective than 0.1 mol of aluminium hydroxide.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)

(c)Suggest why compounds such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide cannot be used as an antacid.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (d)Explain why alginates and dimethicone are often included in antacid tablets.Alginates:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Dimethicone:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 5 marks)26.(a)Sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3, and magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, can both be used as antacids.(i)Give the equations for the reactions of sodium hydrogencarbonate and magnesium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (ii)Compare the effectiveness of 1.00 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate to 0.50 g of magnesium hydroxide in combating acidity in the stomach.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (3) (b)Explain why alginates are often added to antacids.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 6 marks) 27.Dyspepsia, commonly known as indigestion, is due to excess acid in the stomach and can be treated using antacids.(a)State the name of the acid found in the gastric juices of the stomach.......................................................................................................................................(1) (b)Two examples of antacids are aluminium hydroxide and calcium carbonate. State the equations to show the action of each antacid.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (c)Antacid medicines often contain alginates and anti-foaming agents.(i)Explain briefly how alginates prevent heartburn....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (ii)Explain why anti-foaming agents are added and state one example..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 7 marks) 28.The walls of the human stomach contain cells that produce gastric juices. Sodium hydrogencarbonate is an antacid often used to neutralize excess acid.(a)State an equation for the reaction of stomach acid with this antacid.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)

(b)Calcium carbonate can also neutralize stomach acid. The same amounts (in moles) of sodium hydrogencarbonate and calcium carbonate are available. Deduce which antacid will neutralize the greater amount of acid present in the stomach and explain your reasoning...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(2)(Total 3 marks)29.One common type of medicine taken orally is an antacid. Antacids such as sodium hydrogencarbonate are taken to reduce stomach acidity.(a)State the names of two metals, other than sodium, whose compounds are often used in antacids......................................................................................................................................

(b)Write an equation for the neutralization of hydrochloric acid in the stomach by sodium hydrogencarbonate......................................................................................................................................(1)(c)Explain how heartburn is caused...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (d)Explain why dimethicone is added to some antacids...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 4 marks)30.Aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen) are mild analgesics.(i)State one advantage of aspirin and one disadvantage of paracetamol (acetaminophen).Advantage of aspirin:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Disadvantage of paracetamol:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(ii)Explain why it is dangerous to take aspirin when ethanol has also been consumed.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 3 marks)

34.Morphine is a strong analgesic which is administered parenterally.(i)State the meaning of the term parenteral.......................................................................................................................................(1)(ii)Explain how a strong analgesic such as morphine prevents pain................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (2) (iii)The structures of morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are shown in Table 20 of the Data Booklet. State the name of a functional group present in diamorphine (heroin) but not in morphine.......................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 4 marks)

[4]35.Aspirin, paracetamol (acetaminophen), morphine and diamorphine (heroin) are all pain killers.Their structures are given in Table 20 of the Data Booklet.(a)Aspirin is thought to interfere with the production of prostaglandins. Explain how this produces an analgesic effect.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (b)Explain how morphine can prevent pain.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(c)Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is generally considered to be safe to use as an analgesic in small doses. Other than the possibility of death, outline the problems associated with taking larger doses of paracetamol.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (d)State one important use for aspirin other than the relief of pain and fever.......................................................................................................................................(1) (e)Other than the phenyl group, state the name of one other functional group that is common to(i)both paracetamol and morphine............................................................................................................................(1) (ii)both aspirin and diamorphine............................................................................................................................(1)(Total 7 marks) 36.Suggest a reagent that could be used to convert morphine into diamorphine and state the name of the type of reaction taking place.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total 2 marks)37.State the differences between the structures of morphine and diamorphine (heroin). State the names of all functional groups in the molecule of morphine.Differences:................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Functional groups:................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total 3 marks)38.Mild analgesics such as aspirin, and strong analgesics such as opiates, differ not only in their potency but also in the ways they act on the central nervous system.(a)Describe how mild and strong analgesics provide pain relief.Mild analgesics:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Strong analgesics:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (b)Discuss two advantages and two disadvantages of using morphine and other opiates for pain relief.Advantages:........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Disadvantages:........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(4)(Total 6 marks) 39.Two examples of mild analgesics are aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen).Paracetamol is often used as an alternative to aspirin. State one advantage and one disadvantage of the use of paracetamol.Advantage:................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Disadvantage:................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total 2 marks) 40.Examples of strong analgesics are morphine, codeine and diamorphine (heroin).Their structures are shown in Table 20 of the Data Booklet.(i)Identify two functional groups present in all three of these analgesics.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (ii)Identify one functional group present in morphine, but not in diamorphine.......................................................................................................................................(1) (iii)State the name of the type of chemical reaction which is used to convert morphine into diamorphine.......................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 4 marks) 41.Analgesics are used to relieve pain in the body. Aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen) are both mild analgesics.(a)Discuss the advantages of using aspirin instead of paracetamol................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (2) (b)Compare how mild and strong analgesics relieve pain in the body................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (2)(Total 4 marks)42.The structures of the strong analgesics morphine and heroin (diamorphine) can be found in Table 20 of the Data Booklet.(i)Identify the amine functional group in the morphine molecule below by drawing a ring around it.(1) (ii)Classify the type of amine present in morphine.......................................................................................................................................(1) (iii)State the name of the functional group found in heroin but not in morphine.......................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 3 marks) 43.State one advantage and one disadvantage of using morphine as a strong analgesic................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (Total 2 marks)

44.Outline what is meant by the term synergistic effect of ethanol using a suitable example.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total 2 marks) 45.Fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac) is a common depressant. Depressants have many therapeutic uses.(a)State three other common depressants...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3) (b)Describe one effect, other than relieving depression, of moderate doses of depressants on patients.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 4 marks)

46.Describe the effect on the individual of consuming depressants at moderate and high doses................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (Total 2 marks)

47.at moderate doses sedation/soothing/reduction of anxiety/impaired judgement;at higher doses induce sleep/unconsciousness / extremely high dose may causedeath/organ failure;2[2]

48.One problem associated with ethanol consumption is an increased risk of traffic accidents. Police in many countries use a breathalyser to test drivers. The breathalyser contains potassium dichromate(VI).(i)Describe the colour change of potassium dichromate(VI) when it reacts with ethanol.......................................................................................................................................(1) (ii)State with a reason whether chromium in potassium dichromate(VI) is oxidised or reduced by ethanol.......................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 2 marks) 49.(i)orange to green;..1 (ii)reduced because oxidation number of Cr decreases / Cr gains electrons;.......Explanation needed for mark.1[2] 50.Ethanol, a depressant, is sufficiently volatile to pass into the lungs from the bloodstream.The roadside breathalyser test uses acidified potassium dichromate(VI) which reacts with any ethanol present in the breath and converts it to ethanoic acid.(a)(i)State the oxidation and reduction half-equations that occur in the breathalyser when ethanol is present in the breath.Oxidation:......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Reduction:......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (ii)Describe the colour change that occurs to the acidified dichromate(VI) if ethanol is present in the breath.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (b)Police use the intoximeter, an infrared spectrophotometer to confirm a roadside breathalyser test. Explain how the amount of ethanol is determined from the infrared spectrum.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 5 marks) 51.Suggest why it is advisable not to drink alcohol when taking other drugs.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total 2 marks)

52.(a)One method for detecting ethanol in breath involves blowing through a tube containing crystals of potassium dichromate(VI). The ethanol turns the crystals from orange to green.Explain what happens to both the dichromate(VI) ion and the ethanol in this reaction.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (b)A modern method for accurately determining the amount of ethanol in breath uses an intoximeter. Describe how an intoximeter works.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (3)(Total 5 marks) 53.Nicotine and caffeine are commonly classified as stimulants.(a)State the name of one functional group which is present in caffeine but absent in nicotine.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)

(b)Other than methyl groups, state the name of one functional group present in both caffeine and nicotine.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 2 marks)

[2]54.(a)State two symptoms associated with caffeine being consumed in large amounts.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1(b)State two short-term and two long-term effects of nicotine consumption.Short-term:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Long-term:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 3 marks)55.(i)Outline the meaning of the term sympathomimetic drug.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(ii)State one example of a sympathomimetic drug other than nicotine.......................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 2 marks) 56.Caffeine and nicotine are two common stimulants.(a)Describe two effects of large amounts of caffeine on the human body.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(b)(i)State the name of the functional group circled on the structure of caffeine............................................................................................................................(1) (ii)Deduce which functional group is common to both nicotine and caffeine..............................................................................................................................(1)

(iii)Identify one short-term effect of nicotine consumption..............................................................................................................................(1)(Total 5 marks)

57.Amphetamine and methamphetamine are widely abused drugs.(a)State one short-term effect of amphetamine on the human body.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (b)Explain why amphetamine is classified as a sympathomimetic drug and relate this to its structure.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (c)Regular use of amphetamine and methamphetamine can lead to tolerance. Explain why this is potentially dangerous.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 5 marks) 58.Caffeine is a stimulant with the following structure. (a)Determine whether both amine groups in caffeine are primary, secondary or tertiary......................................................................................................................................(1) (b)Caffeine contains the group . State the general name for this functional group......................................................................................................................................(1) (c)Tablets of the drug Ecstasy are sometimes contaminated with a substance called 4MTA.

(i)Ecstasy and 4-MTA are sympathomimetic drugs. Identify the structural similarity between the two drugs and epinephrine (adrenaline), the structure of which is given in Table 20 of the Data Booklet.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1) (ii)Outline what is meant by the term sympathomimetic drug and state two examples of short-term effects sympathomimetic drugs have on the human body.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3) (iii)State one example of a long-term effect of taking stimulants............................................................................................................................(1)(Total 7 marks) 59.The first penicillin to be used was benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G), its structure is shown below.(a)Explain how penicillins are able to act as antibacterials.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (b)Modern penicillins have a similar structure to Penicillin G but a different side-chain.State two advantages of modifying the side-chain.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)

(c)Discuss the reason why a cocktail of different antibacterials may be needed to treat tuberculosis (TB).............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 5 marks)

60.Bacterial and viral infections require different types of medication.(a)Outline two differences between bacteria and viruses.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (b)Antiviral drugs are used for the treatment of HIV and other viral infections. Describe two ways in which antiviral drugs work.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (c)Discuss why viral infections are generally harder to treat than bacterial infections.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3)(Total 7 marks) 61.(a)State one difference between viruses and bacteria.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(b)Discuss three methods in which the activities of humans has created an increase in the resistance to penicillin in bacteria populations..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (3)(Total 4 marks)

62.Antibacterials are drugs that kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms that cause infectious diseases. The general structure of penicillin, an antibacterial, is given below. (a)With reference to the structure above, state what the letter R represents and discuss how penicillins can be made more resistant to the penicillinase enzyme................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... (b)Describe and explain one effect of overprescription of antibacterials.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 4 marks) 63.Alexander Fleming, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain shared the Nobel Prize for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases.(i)Outline the contributions of Fleming, Florey and Chain to the development of penicillins.Fleming:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Florey and Chain:............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (ii)Describe the mode of action of penicillins in treating infectious diseases.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 4 marks) 64.Ampicillin is a semi-synthetic penicillin used to treat lung infections. The structure of the antibiotic is shown below. (i)Identify two functional groups present in the side chain (R) of ampicillin by comparing its structure to that of penicillin in Table 20 in the Data Booklet.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (ii)Explain why it is important to continue to develop semi-synthetic penicillins...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(2)(Total 4 marks)65.State two differences in structure between viruses and bacteria................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 66.Describe two ways in which antiviral drugs work.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total 2 marks)67.Discuss two difficulties associated with the development of drugs for the effective treatment of AIDS.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total 2 marks)

68.AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide since it was first recorded in 1981. The control and treatment of HIV is made worse by the high price of anti-retroviral agents and sociocultural issues. Discuss one sociocultural difficulty facing society today associated with solving this global problem.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total 3 marks)69.Describe and explain difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(Total 4 marks)

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