IB HOA ~ Unit 1, Day 12

Objectives:• SWBAT…1. describe the significance of the CW.2. understand the manner in which the CW was waged/fought.

Agenda:• Submit HW (battle chart)• Lecture, discussion,

reading, video segments….

Relevance to P3 Exam?

• The Union (U.S.A.) vs. the Confederacy (C.S.A.): strengths and weaknesses; economic resources; significance of leaders during the U.S. Civil War (suitable examples could be Grant and Lee, Sherman and Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson)• Major battles of the Civil War and their impact on the

conflict: Antietam and Gettysburg; role of foreign powers.

Fatalities of Americans in War (#s are approximate):• Revolutionary War: 25,000• War of 1812: 20,000• Mexican-American War: 13,000• Civil War: 625,000• WWI: 116,000• WWII: 405,000• Korean War: 36,000 • Vietnam War: 58,000• Afghanistan: 2,000• Iraq War: 4,500

USA & CSA in 1861:USA & CSA in 1861:

Significance of the Civil War?

• THE watershed event - i.e. landmark/event that marked a major turning point - in U.S. History• restored Union • united Americans (the U.S. “are” vs. the U.S. “is”)

• no more political fighting (sectionalism)

• defined Americans, who were never the same again…lots of (SPICE) changes!• e.g. changed gender roles for women; strengthened role/power of fed.

government; military tactics & technology changed, etc.• finally settled fed.-power-vs.-state-power issue

• ended slavery; started the 100+ year-long (racial) Civil Rights Movement• accelerated industrialization & modernization (e.g. factories, railroads,

etc.)• ended plantation system in S.

Significance, continued: • 1st modern war– yet last old-fashioned war, too• (e.g. started w/ straight lines of soldiers and ended w/ miles of

trenches)

• deadliest war in U.S. history (over 600,000 died – more than the combined death tolls of all other wars in U.S. history)• 1st photographed war• CW has been the most serious test yet of the ability of the U.S. to remain one nation• 1st military drafts (1862 – CSA; 1863 - USA• 1st national cemeteries est. (earliest: 1862)• began → start of fed. govnt’s formal response to notify families of dead

Tragic but needed to be fought!

•Slavery had to end. Period.•But there is always a cost for war.• friends, family members fought against one another • e.g. JEB Stuart’s father-in-law: union general;

General Longstreet’s cousin: Julian Dent Grant; Mary Todd Lincoln’s brothers: confederates; Hancock & Armistead; Robert E. Lee’s decision…

• poor treatment of civilians by union soldiers left bitter taste in the mouths of southerners • LOTS of human interest stories (e.g. Lincoln – rejecting execution orders)

The CW was fought “at the end of the medical Middle Ages….”

•amputations•an assembly-line operation• little/no chloroform; doctors didn’t clean knives

•more men died from disease than battle wounds•didn’t know washing hands kept infections from spreading• infected water sources, etc.•dysentery: big killer

Vice President

Hannibal Hamlin

President Abraham Lincoln

Leaders of the Union (USA):Leaders of the Union (USA):

USA’s strategy:• Total War:• To fight one’s enemy totally - in all possible ways – e.g. morale,

economically, infrastructure, militarily, etc.• Anaconda Plan:• Likened to an anaconda suffocating its victim, the N’s goal →

naval blockade of southern ports & to control S. from Mississippi River to Richmond (CSA’s capital)

•War of Attrition: • when a stubborn side attempts to win by wearing down its

enemy through continuous losses in personnel and materials (as opposed to relying on strategy/tactics)• e.g. “Grant the Butcher” • e.g. during World War I when the Allied Powers wore down the Central

Powers to the point of capitulation.

USA’s “Anaconda” PlanUSA’s “Anaconda” Plan

Some USA GeneralsSome USA Generals

Irwin McDowellIrwin McDowell

Winfield ScottWinfield Scott

George McClellan,

Again!

George McClellan,

Again!

George McClellanGeorge

McClellanAmbrose BurnsideAmbrose Burnside

Joseph HookerJoseph Hooker

George MeadeGeorge MeadeUlysses S.

GrantUlysses S.

Grant

CSA’s Strategy:

• Two main goals: 1) to capture Washington, D.C. 2) to invade the North. → S. hoped to shatter northern morale, disrupt Union communications, win European support, & end War quickly.

• courted European allies (but support never came)• CSA felt Britain etc. needed S. cotton so badly they would

intervene to keep S. ports open (“King Cotton Diplomacy”)

• “offensive-defensive strategy” (J. Davis)• defend CSA (most of war fought in S.) while attacking offensively

when opportunity existed• avoided large-scale battles that could annihilate CSA army when

poss.• retreated, using advantage of space• a.k.a. winning by not losing

Leaders of the Confederacy:Leaders of the Confederacy:

Pres. Jefferson DavisPres. Jefferson Davis VP Alexander StevensVP Alexander Stevens

Some CSA Generals:Some CSA Generals:

Jeb StuartJeb Stuart

James Longstreet

James Longstreet

George PickettGeorge Pickett

“Stonewall” Jackson

“Stonewall” Jackson

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee

Soldiers• carried his own things• approx. 40 lbs.

• Drew Gilpin Faust…

Soldiers’ Occupations ~ USA/CSA Combined

Soldiers’ Occupations ~ USA/CSA Combined

Why did armies continue to march in straight lines during the American Civil War?

1. 16th c. Europe: wars = very bloody affairs. Enemy considered wicked; soldiers had duty to show the enemy no mercy.

- The defeated were treated with inhuman cruelty (e.g. tortured and executed - e.g. by hanging and disemboweling)

• By 18th c., known as the Age of Reason, warfare considered as an unfortunate breakdown in civilized relations• Thus, by the 18th c., war in Europe = highly conventionalized (e.g. conventions are

accepted ways of doing things. There are many possible ways of eating food, but in China people use chopsticks, while in the West they use knives and forks.)• Regiments of soldiers in distinctive, brightly-colored uniforms,

lined up and faced each other on reasonably-level ground - while their generals on horseback on rising ground behind, sent down orders, moving them about like chess pieces.

2. artillery not effective (in terms of aim) – so more advantageous to fire in large, concentrated masses

Rifled Muskets:

• Eli Whitney’s (1798) interchangeable parts made this one of the first mass–produced items in America• usually used by privates• could only fire one round/shot at a time• had to reload for each shot• often “fixed bayonets” for close-range fighting

Ammunition:• Minnie ball • cone-shaped• a spiral groove was

carved into the barrel which imparted a spin to the bullet, making it more accurate and increasing the maximum range to over 1,000 yards – compared to 270 yards before that)

• Effect: ↑ in frontal assaults (since close-range firing more accurate), which ↑ casualty rates

Repeating Carbines:• rifles that could fire more than one round without having to reload• usually used by officers

Canister…

Civil War Generals…

Robert Gould Shaw ~ USA• son of wealthy,

prominent, Bostonian abolitionists • commanded 1st black

regiment to fight for North• only 24 years-old when he

took command (as colonel)

• wrote over 200 letters to his family during Civil War• intellectual, spiritual, &

believed deeply in the cause of not only abolitionism, but also, all African American rights in general

Robert E. Lee ~ CSA

Joshua “Lawrence” Chamberlain ~ USA

James Longstreet ~ CSA

George Picket ~ CSA

J.E.B. Stuart ~ CSA

Lewis “Lo” Armistead ~ CSA

Winfield Scott Hancock ~ USA

Richard Garnett ~ CSA

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson ~ CSA